The biology of cancer testis antigens: Putative function, regulation and therapeutic potential

Molecular Oncology

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 164-182

  Fratta, Elisabetta ^a   Coral, Sandra ^a   Covre, Alessia ^a,b   Parisi, Giulia ^a,b   Colizzi, Francesca ^a   Danielli, Riccardo ^a,b   Marie Nicolay, Hugues Jean ^a,b   Sigalotti, Luca ^a   Maio, Michele ^a,b  

^a CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO ONCOLOGICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

5 AZA 2 deoxycytidine; Cancer testis antigens; DNA methylation; Immunotherapy

Indexed keywords

CANCER TESTIS ANTIGEN; CISPLATIN; DACARBAZINE; GSK 1572932; GSK2132231A; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; MAGE A3; MELAN A; MELANOMA ANTIGEN 3; METRONIDAZOLE; MONTANIDE ISA 51; NAVELBINE; NY ESO 1 ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN FUNCTION; CANCER CELL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW;

EID: 79955475321     PISSN: 15747891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Adair S.J., Hogan K.T. Treatment of ovarian cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine upregulates the expression of cancer-testis antigens and class I major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2009, 58:589-601.
2. Akiyama Y., Tanosaki R., Inoue N., Shimada M., Hotate Y., Yamamoto A., Yamazaki N., Kawashima I., Nukaya I., Takesako K., Maruyama K., Takaue Y., Yamaguchi K. Clinical response in Japanese metastatic melanoma patients treated with peptide cocktail-pulsed dendritic cells. J. Transl. Med. 2005, 3:4.
3. Almeida L.G., Sakabe N.J., deOliveira A.R., Silva M.C., Mundstein A.S., Cohen T., Chen Y.T., Chua R., Gurung S., Gnjatic S., Jungbluth A.A., Caballero O.L., Bairoch A., Kiesler E., White S.L., Simpson A.J., Old L.J., Camargo A.A., Vasconcelos A.T. CT database: a knowledge-base of high-throughput and curated data on cancer-testis antigens. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37:D816-D819.
4. Andrade V.C., Vettore A.L., Felix R.S., Almeida M.S., Carvalho F., Oliveira J.S., Chauffaille M.L., Andriolo A., Caballero O.L., Zago M.A., Colleoni G.W. Prognostic impact of cancer/testis antigen expression in advanced stage multiple myeloma patients. Cancer Immun. 2008, 8:2.
5. Antequera F., Bird A. CpG islands as genomic footprints of promoters that are associated with replication origins. Curr. Biol. 1999, 9:R661-R667.
6. Atanackovic D., Altorki N.K., Cao Y., Ritter E., Ferrara C.A., Ritter G., Hoffman E.W., Bokemeyer C., Old L.J., Gnjatic S. Booster vaccination of cancer patients with MAGE-A3 protein reveals long-term immunological memory or tolerance depending on priming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2008, 105:1650-1655.
7. Atanackovic D., Altorki N.K., Stockert E., Williamson B., Jungbluth A.A., Ritter E., Santiago D., Ferrara C.A., Matsuo M., Selvakumar A., Dupont B., Chen Y.T., Hoffman E.W., Ritter G., Old L.J., Gnjatic S. Vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell responses to MAGE-3 protein in lung cancer patients. J. Immunol. 2004, 172:3289-3296.
8. Atanackovic D., Arfsten J., Cao Y., Gnjatic S., Schnieders F., Bartels K., Schilling G., Faltz C., Wolschke C., Dierlamm J., Ritter G., Eiermann T., Hossfeld D.K., Zander A.R., Jungbluth A.A., Old L.J., Bokemeyer C., Kroger N. Cancer-testis antigens are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and induce systemic immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2007, 109:1103-1112.
9. Atanackovic D., Luetkens T., Hildebrandt Y., Arfsten J., Bartels K., Horn C., Stahl T., Cao Y., Zander A.R., Bokemeyer C., Kroger N. Longitudinal analysis and prognostic effect of cancer-testis antigen expression in multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15:1343-1352.
10. Bai S., He B., Wilson E.M. Melanoma antigen gene protein MAGE-11 regulates androgen receptor function by modulating the interdomain interaction. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:1238-1257.
11. Banchereau J., Palucka A.K., Dhodapkar M., Burkeholder S., Taquet N., Rolland A., Taquet S., Coquery S., Wittkowski K.M., Bhardwaj N., Pineiro L., Steinman R., Fay J. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:6451-6458.
12. Banchereau J., Ueno H., Dhodapkar M., Connolly J., Finholt J.P., Klechevsky E., Blanck J.P., Johnston D.A., Palucka A.K., Fay J. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. J. Immunother. 2005, 28:505-516.
13. Bart J., Groen H.J., van der Graaf W.T., Hollema H., Hendrikse N.H., Vaalburg W., Sleijfer D.T., de Vries E.G. An oncological view on the blood-testis barrier. Lancet Oncol. 2002, 3:357-363.
14. Bender A., Karbach J., Neumann A., Jager D., Al-Batran S.E., Atmaca A., Weidmann E., Biskamp M., Gnjatic S., Pan L., Hoffman E., Old L.J., Knuth A., Jager E. LUD 00-009: phase 1 study of intensive course immunization with NY-ESO-1 peptides in HLA-A2 positive patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing cancer. Cancer Immun. 2007, 7:16.
15. Boel P., Wildmann C., Sensi M.L., Brasseur R., Renauld J.C., Coulie P., Boon T., van der B.P. BAGE: a new gene encoding an antigen recognized on human melanomas by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1995, 2:167-175.
16. Brasseur F., Rimoldi D., Lienard D., Lethe B., Carrel S., Arienti F., Suter L., Vanwijck R., Bourlond A., Humblet Y. Expression of MAGE genes in primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 1995, 63:375-380.
17. Brett D., Whitehouse S., Antonson P., Shipley J., Cooper C., Goodwin G. The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997, 6:1559-1564.
18. Brichard V.G., Lejeune D. GSK's antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy programme: pilot results leading to Phase III clinical development. Vaccine 2007, 25(Suppl. 2):B61-B71.
19. Brinkmann U., Vasmatzis G., Lee B., Pastan I. Novel genes in the PAGE and GAGE family of tumor antigens found by homology walking in the dbEST database. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:1445-1448.
20. Brinkmann U., Vasmatzis G., Lee B., Yerushalmi N., Essand M., Pastan I. PAGE-1, an X chromosome-linked GAGE-like gene that is expressed in normal and neoplastic prostate, testis, and uterus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1998, 95:10757-10762.
21. Caballero O.L., Chen Y.T. Cancer/testis (CT) antigens: potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Sci. 2009, 100:2014-2021.
22. Calabro L., Fonsatti E., Altomonte M., Pezzani L., Colizzi F., Nanni P., Gattei V., Sigalotti L., Maio M. Methylation-regulated expression of cancer testis antigens in primary effusion lymphoma: immunotherapeutic implications. J. Cell Physiol. 2005, 202:474-477.
23. Chen C.D., Welsbie D.S., Tran C., Baek S.H., Chen R., Vessella R., Rosenfeld M.G., Sawyers C.L. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat. Med. 2004, 10:33-39.
24. Chen C.H., Chen G.J., Lee H.S., Huang G.T., Yang P.M., Tsai L.J., Chen D.S., Sheu J.C. Expressions of cancer-testis antigens in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 2001, 164:189-195.
25. Chen C.H., Huang G.T., Lee H.S., Yang P.M., Yan M.D., Chen D.S., Sheu J.C. High frequency of expression of MAGE genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 1999, 19:110-114.
26. Chen H., Cai S., Wang Y., Zhao H., Peng J., Pang X., Zhu J., Cong X., Rui J., Leng X., Du R., Wang Y., Vaughan H., Cebon J., Burgess A.W., Chen W. Expression of the MAGE-1 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Chin. Med. J. (Engl) 2000, 113:1112-1118.
27. Chen M.E., Lin S.H., Chung L.W., Sikes R.A. Isolation and characterization of PAGE-1 and GAGE-7. New genes expressed in the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model that share homology with melanoma-associated antigens. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:17618-17625.
28. Chen Y.T., Scanlan M.J., Sahin U., Tureci O., Gure A.O., Tsang S., Williamson B., Stockert E., Pfreundschuh M., Old L.J. A testicular antigen aberrantly expressed in human cancers detected by autologous antibody screening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1997, 94:1914-1918.
29. Cho B., Lim Y., Lee D.Y., Park S.Y., Lee H., Kim W.H., Yang H., Bang Y.J., Jeoung D.I. Identification and characterization of a novel cancer/testis antigen gene CAGE. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 292:715-726.
30. Chomez P., De B.O., Bertrand M., De P.E., Boon T., Lucas S. An overview of the MAGE gene family with the identification of all human members of the family. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:5544-5551.
31. Cilensek Z.M., Yehiely F., Kular R.K., Deiss L.P. A member of the GAGE family of tumor antigens is an anti-apoptotic gene that confers resistance to Fas/CD95/APO-1, Interferon-gamma, taxol and gamma-irradiation. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2002, 1:380-387.
32. Coral S., Sigalotti L., Altomonte M., Engelsberg A., Colizzi F., Cattarossi I., Maraskovsky E., Jager E., Seliger B., Maio M. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-induced expression of functional cancer testis antigens in human renal cell carcinoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8:2690-2695.
33. Coral S., Sigalotti L., Colizzi F., Spessotto A., Nardi G., Cortini E., Pezzani L., Fratta E., Fonsatti E., Di Giacomo A.M., Nicotra M.R., Natali P.G., Altomonte M., Maio M. Phenotypic and functional changes of human melanoma xenografts induced by DNA hypomethylation: immunotherapeutic implications. J. Cell Physiol. 2006, 207:58-66.
34. Coral S., Sigalotti L., Covre A., Nicolay H.J., Natali P.G., Maio M. 5-AZA-2′-deoxycytidine in cancer immunotherapy: a mouse to man story. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:2900-2901.
35. Coral S., Sigalotti L., Gasparollo A., Cattarossi I., Visintin A., Cattelan A., Altomonte M., Maio M. Prolonged upregulation of the expression of HLA class I antigens and costimulatory molecules on melanoma cells treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR). J. Immunother. 1999, 22:16-24.
36. Crew A.J., Clark J., Fisher C., Gill S., Grimer R., Chand A., Shipley J., Gusterson B.A., Cooper C.S. Fusion of SYT to two genes, SSX1 and SSX2, encoding proteins with homology to the Kruppel-associated box in human synovial sarcoma. EMBO J. 1995, 14:2333-2340.
37. Cuffel C., Rivals J.P., Zaugg Y., Salvi S., Seelentag W., Speiser D.E., Lienard D., Monnier P., Romero P., Bron L., Rimoldi D. Pattern and clinical significance of cancer-testis gene expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 2010.
38. Davis I.D., Chen W., Jackson H., Parente P., Shackleton M., Hopkins W., Chen Q., Dimopoulos N., Luke T., Murphy R., Scott A.M., Maraskovsky E., McArthur G., MacGregor D., Sturrock S., Tai T.Y., Green S., Cuthbertson A., Maher D., Miloradovic L., Mitchell S.V., Ritter G., Jungbluth A.A., Chen Y.T., Gnjatic S., Hoffman E.W., Old L.J., Cebon J.S. Recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant induces broad integrated antibody and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:10697-10702.
39. De Backer O., Arden K.C., Boretti M., Vantomme V., De Smet C., Czekay S., Viars C.S., De Plaen E., Brasseur F., Chomez P., van den E.B., Boon T., van der B.P. Characterization of the GAGE genes that are expressed in various human cancers and in normal testis. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:3157-3165.
40. de Bruijn D.R., dos Santos N.R., Kater-Baats E., Thijssen J., van den B.L., Stap J., Balemans M., Schepens M., Merkx G., van Kessel A.G. The cancer-related protein SSX2 interacts with the human homologue of a Ras-like GTPase interactor, RAB3IP, and a novel nuclear protein, SSX2IP. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002, 34:285-298.
41. De Plaen E., Arden K., Traversari C., Gaforio J.J., Szikora J.P., De Smet C., Brasseur F., van der B.P., Lethe B., Lurquin C. Structure, chromosomal localization, and expression of 12 genes of the MAGE family. Immunogenetics 1994, 40:360-369.
42. De Smet C., Courtois S.J., Faraoni I., Lurquin C., Szikora J.P., De Backer O., Boon T. Involvement of two Ets binding sites in the transcriptional activation of the MAGE1 gene. Immunogenetics 1995, 42:282-290.
43. De Smet C., De Backer O., Faraoni I., Lurquin C., Brasseur F., Boon T. The activation of human gene MAGE-1 in tumor cells is correlated with genome-wide demethylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:7149-7153.
44. De Smet C., Loriot A., Boon T. Promoter-dependent mechanism leading to selective hypomethylation within the 5' region of gene MAGE-A1 in tumor cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 24:4781-4790.
45. De Smet C., Lurquin C., Lethe B., Martelange V., Boon T. DNA methylation is the primary silencing mechanism for a set of germ line- and tumor-specific genes with a CpG-rich promoter. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19:7327-7335.
46. dos Santos N.R., Torensma R., de Vries T.J., Schreurs M.W., de Bruijn D.R., Kater-Baats E., Ruiter D.J., Adema G.J., van Muijen G.N., van Kessel A.G. Heterogeneous expression of the SSX cancer/testis antigens in human melanoma lesions and cell lines. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:1654-1662.
47. Duan Z., Duan Y., Lamendola D.E., Yusuf R.Z., Naeem R., Penson R.T., Seiden M.V. Overexpression of MAGE/GAGE genes in paclitaxel/doxorubicin-resistant human cancer cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9:2778-2785.
48. Escudier B., Dorval T., Chaput N., Andre F., Caby M.P., Novault S., Flament C., Leboulaire C., Borg C., Amigorena S., Boccaccio C., Bonnerot C., Dhellin O., Movassagh M., Piperno S., Robert C., Serra V., Valente N., Le Pecq J.B., Spatz A., Lantz O., Tursz T., Angevin E., Zitvogel L. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous dendritic cell (DC) derived-exosomes: results of the first phase I clinical trial. J. Transl. Med. 2005, 3:10.
49. Filho P.A., Lopez-Albaitero A., Xi L., Gooding W., Godfrey T., Ferris R.L. Quantitative expression and immunogenicity of MAGE-3 and -6 in upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2009, 125:1912-1920.
50. Fiszer D., Kurpisz M. Major histocompatibility complex expression on human, male germ cells: a review. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1998, 40:172-176.
51. Fonsatti E., Nicolay H.J., Sigalotti L., Calabro L., Pezzani L., Colizzi F., Altomonte M., Guidoboni M., Marincola F.M., Maio M. Functional up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen class I antigens expression by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in cutaneous melanoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:3333-3338.
52. Fratta E., Sigalotti L., Colizzi F., Covre A., Nicolay H.J., Danielli R., Fonsatti E., Altomonte M., Calabro L., Coral S., Maio M. Epigenetically regulated clonal heritability of CTA expression profiles in human melanoma. J. Cell Physiol. 2010, 223:352-358.
53. Fujita S., Wada H., Jungbluth A.A., Sato S., Nakata T., Noguchi Y., Doki Y., Yasui M., Sugita Y., Yasuda T., Yano M., Ono T., Chen Y.T., Higashiyama M., Gnjatic S., Old L.J., Nakayama E., Monden M. NY-ESO-1 expression and immunogenicity in esophageal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10:6551-6558.
54. Gattei V., Fonsatti E., Sigalotti L., Degan M., Di Giacomo A.M., Altomonte M., Calabro L., Maio M. Epigenetic immunomodulation of hematopoietic malignancies. Semin. Oncol. 2005, 32:503-510.
55. Gaugler B., van den E.B., van der B.P., Romero P., Gaforio J.J., De Plaen E., Lethe B., Brasseur F., Boon T. Human gene MAGE-3 codes for an antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1994, 179:921-930.
56. Gillespie A.M., Rodgers S., Wilson A.P., Tidy J., Rees R.C., Coleman R.E., Murray A.K. MAGE, BAGE and GAGE: tumour antigen expression in benign and malignant ovarian tissue. Br. J. Cancer 1998, 78:816-821.
57. Gjerstorff M.F., Ditzel H.J. An overview of the GAGE cancer/testis antigen family with the inclusion of newly identified members. Tissue Antigens 2008, 71:187-192.
58. Gnjatic S., Nishikawa H., Jungbluth A.A., Gure A.O., Ritter G., Jager E., Knuth A., Chen Y.T., Old L.J. NY-ESO-1: review of an immunogenic tumor antigen. Adv. Cancer. Res. 2006, 95:1-30.
59. Grau E., Oltra S., Martinez F., Orellana C., Canete A., Fernandez J.M., Hernandez-Marti M., Castel V. MAGE-A1 expression is associated with good prognosis in neuroblastoma tumors. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 135:523-531.
60. Guo Z.S., Hong J.A., Irvine K.R., Chen G.A., Spiess P.J., Liu Y., Zeng G., Wunderlich J.R., Nguyen D.M., Restifo N.P., Schrump D.S. De novo induction of a cancer/testis antigen by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine augments adoptive immunotherapy in a murine tumor model. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:1105-1113.
61. Gure A.O., Chua R., Williamson B., Gonen M., Ferrera C.A., Gnjatic S., Ritter G., Simpson A.J., Chen Y.T., Old L.J., Altorki N.K. Cancer-testis genes are coordinately expressed and are markers of poor outcome in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:8055-8062.
62. Gure A.O., Tureci O., Sahin U., Tsang S., Scanlan M.J., Jager E., Knuth A., Pfreundschuh M., Old L.J., Chen Y.T. SSX: a multigene family with several members transcribed in normal testis and human cancer. Int. J. Cancer 1997, 72:965-971.
63. Hersey P., Menzies S.W., Halliday G.M., Nguyen T., Farrelly M.L., DeSilva C., Lett M. Phase I/II study of treatment with dendritic cell vaccines in patients with disseminated melanoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2004, 53:125-134.
64. Higashitsuji H., Itoh K., Nagao T., Dawson S., Nonoguchi K., Kido T., Mayer R.J., Arii S., Fujita J. Reduced stability of retinoblastoma protein by gankyrin, an oncogenic ankyrin-repeat protein overexpressed in hepatomas. Nat. Med. 2000, 6:96-99.
65. Honda T., Tamura G., Waki T., Kawata S., Terashima M., Nishizuka S., Motoyama T. Demethylation of MAGE promoters during gastric cancer progression. Br. J. Cancer 2004, 90:838-843.
66. Hong J.A., Kang Y., Abdullaev Z., Flanagan P.T., Pack S.D., Fischette M.R., Adnani M.T., Loukinov D.I., Vatolin S., Risinger J.I., Custer M., Chen G.A., Zhao M., Nguyen D.M., Barrett J.C., Lobanenkov V.V., Schrump D.S. Reciprocal binding of CTCF and BORIS to the NY-ESO-1 promoter coincides with derepression of this cancer-testis gene in lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:7763-7774.
67. Iizuka M., Smith M.M. Functional consequences of histone modifications. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2003, 13:154-160.
68. Jager E., Chen Y.T., Drijfhout J.W., Karbach J., Ringhoffer M., Jager D., Arand M., Wada H., Noguchi Y., Stockert E., Old L.J., Knuth A. Simultaneous humoral and cellular immune response against cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1: definition of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-binding peptide epitopes. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187:265-270.
69. Jager E., Gnjatic S., Nagata Y., Stockert E., Jager D., Karbach J., Neumann A., Rieckenberg J., Chen Y.T., Ritter G., Hoffman E., Arand M., Old L.J., Knuth A. Induction of primary NY-ESO-1 immunity: CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses in peptide-vaccinated patients with NY-ESO-1+ cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2000, 97:12198-12203.
70. Jager E., Karbach J., Gnjatic S., Neumann A., Bender A., Valmori D., Ayyoub M., Ritter E., Ritter G., Jager D., Panicali D., Hoffman E., Pan L., Oettgen H., Old L.J., Knuth A. Recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox NY-ESO-1 vaccines induce both humoral and cellular NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses in cancer patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2006, 103:14453-14458.
71. Jager E., Nagata Y., Gnjatic S., Wada H., Stockert E., Karbach J., Dunbar P.R., Lee S.Y., Jungbluth A., Jager D., Arand M., Ritter G., Cerundolo V., Dupont B., Chen Y.T., Old L.J., Knuth A. Monitoring CD8 T cell responses to NY-ESO-1: correlation of humoral and cellular immune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2000, 97:4760-4765.
72. Jones P.L., Veenstra G.J., Wade P.A., Vermaak D., Kass S.U., Landsberger N., Strouboulis J., Wolffe A.P. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 1998, 19:187-191.
73. Jonuleit H., Giesecke-Tuettenberg A., Tuting T., Thurner-Schuler B., Stuge T.B., Paragnik L., Kandemir A., Lee P.P., Schuler G., Knop J., Enk A.H. A comparison of two types of dendritic cell as adjuvants for the induction of melanoma-specific T-cell responses in humans following intranodal injection. Int. J. Cancer 2001, 93:243-251.
74. Jungbluth A.A., Chen Y.T., Stockert E., Busam K.J., Kolb D., Iversen K., Coplan K., Williamson B., Altorki N., Old L.J. Immunohistochemical analysis of NY-ESO-1 antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Int. J. Cancer 2001, 92:856-860.
75. Jungbluth A.A., Ely S., DiLiberto M., Niesvizky R., Williamson B., Frosina D., Chen Y.T., Bhardwaj N., Chen-Kiang S., Old L.J., Cho H.J. The cancer-testis antigens CT7 (MAGE-C1) and MAGE-A3/6 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and correlate with plasma-cell proliferation. Blood 2005, 106:167-174.
76. Jungbluth A.A., Stockert E., Chen Y.T., Kolb D., Iversen K., Coplan K., Williamson B., Altorki N., Busam K.J., Old L.J. Monoclonal antibody MA454 reveals a heterogeneous expression pattern of MAGE-1 antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung tumours. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 83:493-497.
77. Kalejs M., Erenpreisa J. Cancer/testis antigens and gametogenesis: a review and "brain-storming" session. Cancer Cell Int. 2005, 5:4.
78. Karpf A.R. A potential role for epigenetic modulatory drugs in the enhancement of cancer/germ-line antigen vaccine efficacy. Epigenetics 2006, 1:116-120.
79. Karpf A.R., Bai S., James S.R., Mohler J.L., Wilson E.M. Increased expression of androgen receptor coregulator MAGE-11 in prostate cancer by DNA hypomethylation and cyclic AMP. Mol. Cancer Res. 2009, 7:523-535.
80. Karpf A.R., Jones D.A. Reactivating the expression of methylation silenced genes in human cancer. Oncogene 2002, 21:5496-5503.
81. Kienstra M.A., Neel H.B., Strome S.E., Roche P. Identification of NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1, and MAGE-3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2003, 25:457-463.
82. Kim J., Reber H.A., Hines O.J., Kazanjian K.K., Tran A., Ye X., Amersi F.F., Martinez S.R., Dry S.M., Bilchik A.J., Hoon D.S. The clinical significance of MAGEA3 expression in pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2006, 118:2269-2275.
83. Klose R.J., Bird A.P. Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2006, 31:89-97.
84. Kobayashi Y., Higashi T., Nouso K., Nakatsukasa H., Ishizaki M., Kaneyoshi T., Toshikuni N., Kariyama K., Nakayama E., Tsuji T. Expression of MAGE, GAGE and BAGE genes in human liver diseases: utility as molecular markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2000, 32:612-617.
85. Koivisto P., Kononen J., Palmberg C., Tammela T., Hyytinen E., Isola J., Trapman J., Cleutjens K., Noordzij A., Visakorpi T., Kallioniemi O.P. Androgen receptor gene amplification: a possible molecular mechanism for androgen deprivation therapy failure in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:314-319.
86. Koslowski M., Tureci O., Bell C., Krause P., Lehr H.A., Brunner J., Seitz G., Nestle F.O., Huber C., Sahin U. Multiple splice variants of lactate dehydrogenase C selectively expressed in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2002, 62:6750-6755.
87. Kruit W.H., Suciu S., Dreno B., Chiarion-Sileni V., Mortier L., Robert C., Maio M., Brichard V.G., Lehmann F., Keilholz U. Immunization with recombinant MAGE-A3 protein combined with adjuvant systems AS15 or AS02B in patients with unresectable and progressive metastatic cutaneous melanoma: a randomized open-label phase II study of the EORTC Melanoma Group (16032-18031). J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) 2008, 26:9065.
88. Kruit W.H., van Ojik H.H., Brichard V.G., Escudier B., Dorval T., Dreno B., Patel P., van B.N., Avril M.F., Piperno S., Khammari A., Stas M., Ritter G., Lethe B., Godelaine D., Brasseur F., Zhang Y., van der B.P., Boon T., Eggermont A.M., Marchand M. Phase 1/2 study of subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with a recombinant MAGE-3 protein in patients with detectable metastatic melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 117:596-604.
89. Kular R.K., Yehiely F., Kotlo K.U., Cilensek Z.M., Bedi R., Deiss L.P. GAGE, an antiapoptotic protein binds and modulates the expression of nucleophosmin/B23 and interferon regulatory factor 1. J. Interferon. Cytokine. Res. 2009, 29:645-655.
90. Kurashige T., Noguchi Y., Saika T., Ono T., Nagata Y., Jungbluth A., Ritter G., Chen Y.T., Stockert E., Tsushima T., Kumon H., Old L.J., Nakayama E. Ny-ESO-1 expression and immunogenicity associated with transitional cell carcinoma: correlation with tumor grade. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:4671-4674.
91. Laduron S., Deplus R., Zhou S., Kholmanskikh O., Godelaine D., De S.C., Hayward S.D., Fuks F., Boon T., De P.E. MAGE-A1 interacts with adaptor SKIP and the deacetylase HDAC1 to repress transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32:4340-4350.
92. Landry C., Brasseur F., Spagnoli G.C., Marbaix E., Boon T., Coulie P., Godelaine D. Monoclonal antibody 57B stains tumor tissues that express gene MAGE-A4. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86:835-841.
93. Lee M.H., Son E.I., Kim E., Kim I.S., Yim M.B., Kim S.P. Expression of cancer-testis genes in brain tumors. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc. 2008, 43:190-193.
94. Lethe B., Lucas S., Michaux L., De Smet C., Godelaine D., Serrano A., De Plaen E., Boon T. LAGE-1, a new gene with tumor specificity. Int. J. Cancer 1998, 76:903-908.
95. Li M., Yuan Y.H., Han Y., Liu Y.X., Yan L., Wang Y., Gu J. Expression profile of cancer-testis genes in 121 human colorectal cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:1809-1814.
96. Lim F.L., Soulez M., Koczan D., Thiesen H.J., Knight J.C. A KRAB-related domain and a novel transcription repression domain in proteins encoded by SSX genes that are disrupted in human sarcomas. Oncogene 1998, 17:2013-2018.
97. Link P.A., Gangisetty O., James S.R., Woloszynska-Read A., Tachibana M., Shinkai Y., Karpf A.R. Distinct roles for histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP in cancer germ-line antigen gene regulation in human cancer cells and murine embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2009, 7:851-862.
98. Liu B.B., Ye S.L., He P., Liu Y.K., Tang Z.Y. MAGE-1 and related MAGE gene expression may be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1999, 125:685-689.
99. Liu G., Ying H., Zeng G., Wheeler C.J., Black K.L., Yu J.S. HER-2, gp100, and MAGE-1 are expressed in human glioblastoma and recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Cancer Res. 2004, 64:4980-4986.
100. Liu X.F., Helman L.J., Yeung C., Bera T.K., Lee B., Pastan I. XAGE-1, a new gene that is frequently expressed in Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:4752-4755.
101. Louahed J., Gruselle O., Gaulis S., Coche T., Eggermont A.M., Kruit W., Dreno B., Sileni V.C., Lehmann F., Brichard V.G. Expression of defined genes identified by pretreatment tumor profiling: association with clinical responses to the GSK MAGE- A3 immunotherapeutic in metastatic melanoma patients (EORTC 16032-18031). J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts) 2008, 26:9045.
102. Loukinov D.I., Pugacheva E., Vatolin S., Pack S.D., Moon H., Chernukhin I., Mannan P., Larsson E., Kanduri C., Vostrov A.A., Cui H., Niemitz E.L., Rasko J.E., Docquier F.M., Kistler M., Breen J.J., Zhuang Z., Quitschke W.W., Renkawitz R., Klenova E.M., Feinberg A.P., Ohlsson R., Morse H.C., Lobanenkov V.V. BORIS, a novel male germ-line-specific protein associated with epigenetic reprogramming events, shares the same 11-zinc-finger domain with CTCF, the insulator protein involved in reading imprinting marks in the soma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2002, 99:6806-6811.
103. Lucas S., De Plaen E., Boon T. MAGE-B5, MAGE-B6, MAGE-C2, and MAGE-C3: four new members of the MAGE family with tumor-specific expression. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 87:55-60.
104. Lucas S., De Smet C., Arden K.C., Viars C.S., Lethe B., Lurquin C., Boon T. Identification of a new MAGE gene with tumor-specific expression by representational difference analysis. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:743-752.
105. Lurquin C., De S.C., Brasseur F., Muscatelli F., Martelange V., De P.E., Brasseur R., Monaco A.P., Boon T. Two members of the human MAGEB gene family located in Xp21.3 are expressed in tumors of various histological origins. Genomics 1997, 46:397-408.
106. Mackensen A., Herbst B., Chen J.L., Kohler G., Noppen C., Herr W., Spagnoli G.C., Cerundolo V., Lindemann A. Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86:385-392.
107. Maio M., Coral S., Fratta E., Altomonte M., Sigalotti L. Epigenetic targets for immune intervention in human malignancies. Oncogene 2003, 22:6484-6488.
108. Maio M., Coral S., Sigalotti L., Elisei R., Romei C., Rossi G., Cortini E., Colizzi F., Fenzi G., Altomonte M., Pinchera A., Vitale M. Analysis of cancer/testis antigens in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: expression and humoral response to NY-ESO-1. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 88:748-754.
109. Marchand M., Punt C.J., Aamdal S., Escudier B., Kruit W.H., Keilholz U., Hakansson L., van B.N., Humblet Y., Mulders P., Avril M.F., Eggermont A.M., Scheibenbogen C., Uiters J., Wanders J., Delire M., Boon T., Stoter G. Immunisation of metastatic cancer patients with MAGE-3 protein combined with adjuvant SBAS-2: a clinical report. Eur. J. Cancer 2003, 39:70-77.
110. Marchand M., van Baren N., Weynants P., Brichard V., Dreno B., Tessier M.H., Rankin E., Parmiani G., Arienti F., Humblet Y., Bourlond A., Vanwijck R., Lienard D., Beauduin M., Dietrich P.Y., Russo V., Kerger J., Masucci G., Jager E., De Greve J., Atzpodien J., Brasseur F., Coulie P.G., van der B.P., Boon T. Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int. J. Cancer 1999, 80:219-230.
111. Margolin J.F., Friedman J.R., Meyer W.K., Vissing H., Thiesen H.J., Rauscher F.J. Kruppel-associated boxes are potent transcriptional repression domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1994, 91:4509-4513.
112. Martelange V., De Smet C., De Plaen E., Lurquin C., Boon T. Identification on a human sarcoma of two new genes with tumor-specific expression. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:3848-3855.
113. Mashino K., Sadanaga N., Tanaka F., Yamaguchi H., Nagashima H., Inoue H., Sugimachi K., Mori M. Expression of multiple cancer-testis antigen genes in gastrointestinal and breast carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer 2001, 85:713-720.
114. Melero I., Hervas-Stubbs S., Glennie M., Pardoll D.M., Chen L. Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7:95-106.
115. Melloni G., Ferreri A.J., Russo V., Gattinoni L., Arrigoni G., Ceresoli G.L., Zannini P., Traversari C. Prognostic significance of cancer-testis gene expression in resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol. Rep. 2004, 12:145-151.
116. Monte M., Simonatto M., Peche L.Y., Bublik D.R., Gobessi S., Pierotti M.A., Rodolfo M., Schneider C. MAGE-A tumor antigens target p53 transactivation function through histone deacetylase recruitment and confer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2006, 103:11160-11165.
117. Mori M., Inoue H., Mimori K., Shibuta K., Baba K., Nakashima H., Haraguchi M., Tsuji K., Ueo H., Barnard G.F., Akiyoshi T. Expression of MAGE genes in human colorectal carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 1996, 224:183-188.
118. Morse M.A., Garst J., Osada T., Khan S., Hobeika A., Clay T.M., Valente N., Shreeniwas R., Sutton M.A., Delcayre A., Hsu D.H., Le Pecq J.B., Lyerly H.K. A phase I study of dexosome immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J. Transl. Med. 2005, 3:9.
119. Muscatelli F., Walker A.P., De Plaen E., Stafford A.N., Monaco A.P. Isolation and characterization of a MAGE gene family in the Xp21.3 region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1995, 92:4987-4991.
120. Nagao T., Higashitsuji H., Nonoguchi K., Sakurai T., Dawson S., Mayer R.J., Itoh K., Fujita J. MAGE-A4 interacts with the liver oncoprotein gankyrin and suppresses its tumorigenic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:10668-10674.
121. Nakamura S., Nouso K., Noguchi Y., Higashi T., Ono T., Jungbluth A., Chen Y.T., Old L.J., Nakayama E., Shiratori Y. Expression and immunogenicity of NY-ESO-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006, 21:1281-1285.
122. Nestle F.O., Alijagic S., Gilliet M., Sun Y., Grabbe S., Dummer R., Burg G., Schadendorf D. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 1998, 4:328-332.
123. Nguyen P., Bar-Sela G., Sun L., Bisht K.S., Cui H., Kohn E., Feinberg A.P., Gius D. BAT3 and SET1A form a complex with CTCFL/BORIS to modulate H3K4 histone dimethylation and gene expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 2008, 28:6720-6729.
124. Nicholaou T., Ebert L.M., Davis I.D., McArthur G.A., Jackson H., Dimopoulos N., Tan B., Maraskovsky E., Miloradovic L., Hopkins W., Pan L., Venhaus R., Hoffman E.W., Chen W., Cebon J. Regulatory T-cell-mediated attenuation of T-cell responses to the NY-ESO-1 ISCOMATRIX vaccine in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15:2166-2173.
125. Nishiyama T., Tachibana M., Horiguchi Y., Nakamura K., Ikeda Y., Takesako K., Murai M. Immunotherapy of bladder cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with human lymphocyte antigen-A24-specific MAGE-3 peptide. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7:23-31.
126. Oba-Shinjo S.M., Caballero O.L., Jungbluth A.A., Rosemberg S., Old L.J., Simpson A.J., Marie S.K. Cancer-testis (CT) antigen expression in medulloblastoma. Cancer Immun. 2008, 8:7.
127. Odunsi K., Jungbluth A.A., Stockert E., Qian F., Gnjatic S., Tammela J., Intengan M., Beck A., Keitz B., Santiago D., Williamson B., Scanlan M.J., Ritter G., Chen Y.T., Driscoll D., Sood A., Lele S., Old L.J. NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 cancer-testis antigens are potential targets for immunotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:6076-6083.
128. Odunsi K., Qian F., Matsuzaki J., Mhawech-Fauceglia P., Andrews C., Hoffman E.W., Pan L., Ritter G., Villella J., Thomas B., Rodabaugh K., Lele S., Shrikant P., Old L.J., Gnjatic S. Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2007, 104:12837-12842.
129. Ohman F.K., Nordqvist K. The melanoma antigen genes-any clues to their functions in normal tissues?. Exp. Cell Res. 2001, 265:185-194.
130. Old L.J., Chen Y.T. New paths in human cancer serology. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187:1163-1167.
131. Ono T., Kurashige T., Harada N., Noguchi Y., Saika T., Niikawa N., Aoe M., Nakamura S., Higashi T., Hiraki A., Wada H., Kumon H., Old L.J., Nakayama E. Identification of proacrosin binding protein sp32 precursor as a human cancer/testis antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2001, 98:3282-3287.
132. Otte M., Zafrakas M., Riethdorf L., Pichlmeier U., Loning T., Janicke F., Pantel K. MAGE-A gene expression pattern in primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:6682-6687.
133. Palucka A.K., Dhodapkar M.V., Paczesny S., Burkeholder S., Wittkowski K.M., Steinman R.M., Fay J., Banchereau J. Single injection of CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine can lead to induction of T-cell immunity in patients with stage IV melanoma. J. Immunother. 2003, 26:432-439.
134. Pellat-Deceunynck C., Mellerin M.P., Labarriere N., Jego G., Moreau-Aubry A., Harousseau J.L., Jotereau F., Bataille R. The cancer germ-line genes MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and PRAME are commonly expressed by human myeloma cells. Cancer Lett. 2000, 30:803-809.
135. Riener M.O., Wild P.J., Soll C., Knuth A., Jin B., Jungbluth A., Hellerbrand C., Clavien P.A., Moch H., Jochum W. Frequent expression of the novel cancer testis antigen MAGE-C2/CT-10 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 2009, 124:352-357.
136. Ries J., Mollaoglu N., Vairaktaris E., Neukam F.W., Nkenke E. Diagnostic and therapeutic relevance of NY-ESO-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2009, 29:5125-5130.
137. Rimoldi D., Salvi S., Schultz-Thater E., Spagnoli G.C., Cerottini J.C. Anti-MAGE-3 antibody 57B and anti-MAGE-1 antibody 6C1 can be used to study different proteins of the MAGE-A family. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86:749-751.
138. Roeder C., Schuler-Thurner B., Berchtold S., Vieth G., Driesch P., Schuler G., Luftl M. MAGE-A3 is a frequent tumor antigen of metastasized melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2005, 296:314-319.
139. Roman-Gomez J., Jimenez-Velasco A., Agirre X., Castillejo J.A., Navarro G., Jose-Eneriz E.S., Garate L., Cordeu L., Cervantes F., Prosper F., Heiniger A., Torres A. Epigenetic regulation of PRAME gene in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Res. 2007, 31:1521-1528.
140. Roman-Gomez J., Jimenez-Velasco A., Agirre X., Castillejo J.A., Navarro G., San Jose-Eneriz E., Garate L., Cordeu L., Cervantes F., Prosper F., Heiniger A., Torres A. Epigenetic regulation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, HAGE, in chronic myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2007, 92:153-162.
141. Romanienko P.J., Camerini-Otero R.D. Cloning, characterization, and localization of mouse and human SPO11. Genomics 1999, 61:156-169.
142. Ruault M., van der B.P., Brun M.E., Boyle S., Roizes G., De S.A. New BAGE (B melanoma antigen) genes mapping to the juxtacentromeric regions of human chromosomes 13 and 21 have a cancer/testis expression profile. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2002, 10:833-840.
143. Sadanaga N., Nagashima H., Mashino K., Tahara K., Yamaguchi H., Ohta M., Fujie T., Tanaka F., Inoue H., Takesako K., Akiyoshi T., Mori M. Dendritic cell vaccination with MAGE peptide is a novel therapeutic approach for gastrointestinal carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7:2277-2284.
144. Sahin U., Koslowski M., Tureci O., Eberle T., Zwick C., Romeike B., Moringlane J.R., Schwechheimer K., Feiden W., Pfreundschuh M. Expression of cancer testis genes in human brain tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000, 6:3916-3922.
145. Sahin U., Tureci O., Chen Y.T., Seitz G., Villena-Heinsen C., Old L.J., Pfreundschuh M. Expression of multiple cancer/testis (CT) antigens in breast cancer and melanoma: basis for polyvalent CT vaccine strategies. Int. J. Cancer 1998, 78:387-389.
146. Sahin U., Tureci O., Pfreundschuh M. Serological identification of human tumor antigens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1997, 9:709-716.
147. Santos-Rosa H., Caldas C. Chromatin modifier enzymes, the histone code and cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2005, 41:2381-2402.
148. Sato S., Noguchi Y., Wada H., Fujita S., Nakamura S., Tanaka R., Nakada T., Hasegawa K., Nakagawa K., Koizumi F., Ono T., Nouso K., Jungbluth A., Chen Y.T., Old L.J., Shiratori Y., Nakayama E. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1a mRNA expression in normal tissues and tumors, and correlation of the protein expression with the mRNA copy number. Int. J. Oncol. 2005, 26:57-63.
149. Scanlan M.J., Altorki N.K., Gure A.O., Williamson B., Jungbluth A., Chen Y.T., Old L.J. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in lung cancer: definition of bromodomain testis-specific gene (BRDT) as a new CT gene, CT9. Cancer Lett. 2000, 150:155-164.
150. Scanlan M.J., Gout I., Gordon C.M., Williamson B., Stockert E., Gure A.O., Jager D., Chen Y.T., Mackay A., O'Hare M.J., Old L.J. Humoral immunity to human breast cancer: antigen definition and quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. Cancer Immun. 2001, 1:4.
151. Scanlan M.J., Gure A.O., Jungbluth A.A., Old L.J., Chen Y.T. Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev. 2002, 188:22-32.
152. Scanlan M.J., Simpson A.J., Old L.J. The cancer/testis genes: review, standardization, and commentary. Cancer Immun. 2004, 4:1.
153. Schrump D.S., Fischette M.R., Nguyen D.M., Zhao M., Li X., Kunst T.F., Hancox A., Hong J.A., Chen G.A., Pishchik V., Figg W.D., Murgo A.J., Steinberg S.M. Phase I study of decitabine-mediated gene expression in patients with cancers involving the lungs, esophagus, or pleura. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:5777-5785.
154. Schrump D.S., Nguyen D.M. Targeting the epigenome for the treatment and prevention of lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2005, 32:488-502.
155. Sharma P., Shen Y., Wen S., Bajorin D.F., Reuter V.E., Old L.J., Jungbluth A.A. Cancer-testis antigens: expression and correlation with survival in human urothelial carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:5442-5447.
156. Shigematsu Y., Hanagiri T., Shiota H., Kuroda K., Baba T., Mizukami M., So T., Ichiki Y., Yasuda M., So T., Takenoyama M., Yasumoto K. Clinical significance of cancer/testis antigens expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010, 68:105-110.
157. Sigalotti L., Altomonte M., Colizzi F., Degan M., Rupolo M., Zagonel V., Pinto A., Gattei V., Maio M. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) treatment of hematopoietic malignancies: a multimechanism therapeutic approach?. Blood 2003, 101:4644-4646.
158. Sigalotti L., Coral S., Altomonte M., Natali L., Gaudino G., Cacciotti P., Libener R., Colizzi F., Vianale G., Martini F., Tognon M., Jungbluth A., Cebon J., Maraskovsky E., Mutti L., Maio M. Cancer testis antigens expression in mesothelioma: role of DNA methylation and bioimmunotherapeutic implications. Br. J. Cancer 2002, 86:979-982.
159. Sigalotti L., Coral S., Nardi G., Spessotto A., Cortini E., Cattarossi I., Colizzi F., Altomonte M., Maio M. Promoter methylation controls the expression of MAGE2, 3 and 4 genes in human cutaneous melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 25:16-26.
160. Sigalotti L., Covre A., Zabierowski S., Himes B., Colizzi F., Natali P.G., Herlyn M., Maio M. Cancer testis antigens in human melanoma stem cells: expression, distribution, and methylation status. J. Cell Physiol. 2008, 215:287-291.
161. Sigalotti L., Fratta E., Coral S., Cortini E., Covre A., Nicolay H.J., Anzalone L., Pezzani L., Di Giacomo A.M., Fonsatti E., Colizzi F., Altomonte M., Calabro L., Maio M. Epigenetic drugs as pleiotropic agents in cancer treatment: biomolecular aspects and clinical applications. J. Cell Physiol. 2007, 212:330-344.
162. Sigalotti L., Fratta E., Coral S., Tanzarella S., Danielli R., Colizzi F., Fonsatti E., Traversari C., Altomonte M., Maio M. Intratumor heterogeneity of cancer/testis antigens expression in human cutaneous melanoma is methylation-regulated and functionally reverted by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res. 2004, 64:9167-9171.
163. Simpson A.J., Caballero O.L., Jungbluth A., Chen Y.T., Old L.J. Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5:615-625.
164. Slingluff C.L., Petroni G.R., Chianese-Bullock K.A., Smolkin M.E., Hibbitts S., Murphy C., Johansen N., Grosh W.W., Yamshchikov G.V., Neese P.Y., Patterson J.W., Fink R., Rehm P.K. Immunologic and clinical outcomes of a randomized phase II trial of two multipeptide vaccines for melanoma in the adjuvant setting. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:6386-6395.
165. Smith I.M., Glazer C.A., Mithani S.K., Ochs M.F., Sun W., Bhan S., Vostrov A., Abdullaev Z., Lobanenkov V., Gray A., Liu C., Chang S.S., Ostrow K.L., Westra W.H., Begum S., Dhara M., Califano J. Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4961.
166. Soling A., Schurr P., Berthold F. Expression and clinical relevance of NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 in neuroblastoma. Anticancer Res. 1999, 19:2205-2209.
167. Stockert E., Jager E., Chen Y.T., Scanlan M.J., Gout I., Karbach J., Arand M., Knuth A., Old L.J. A survey of the humoral immune response of cancer patients to a panel of human tumor antigens. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 187:1349-1354.
168. Sun F., Chan E., Wu Z., Yang X., Marquez V.E., Yu Q. Combinatorial pharmacologic approaches target EZH2-mediated gene repression in breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2009, 8:3191-3202.
169. Tachibana M., Sugimoto K., Nozaki M., Ueda J., Ohta T., Ohki M., Fukuda M., Takeda N., Niida H., Kato H., Shinkai Y. G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 2002, 16:1779-1791.
170. Tachibana M., Ueda J., Fukuda M., Takeda N., Ohta T., Iwanari H., Sakihama T., Kodama T., Hamakubo T., Shinkai Y. Histone methyltransferases G9a and GLP form heteromeric complexes and are both crucial for methylation of euchromatin at H3-K9. Genes Dev. 2005, 19:815-826.
171. Tajima K., Obata Y., Tamaki H., Yoshida M., Chen Y.T., Scanlan M.J., Old L.J., Kuwano H., Takahashi T., Takahashi T., Mitsudomi T. Expression of cancer/testis (CT) antigens in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2003, 42:23-33.
172. Taylor B.J., Reiman T., Pittman J.A., Keats J.J., de Bruijn D.R., Mant M.J., Belch A.R., Pilarski L.M. SSX cancer testis antigens are expressed in most multiple myeloma patients: co-expression of SSX1, 2, 4, and 5 correlates with adverse prognosis and high frequencies of SSX-positive PCs. J. Immunother. 2005, 28:564-575.
173. Thaete C., Brett D., Monaghan P., Whitehouse S., Rennie G., Rayner E., Cooper C.S., Goodwin G. Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM in the nucleus. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999, 8:585-591.
174. Thurner B., Haendle I., Roder C., Dieckmann D., Keikavoussi P., Jonuleit H., Bender A., Maczek C., Schreiner D., von den D.P., Brocker E.B., Steinman R.M., Enk A., Kampgen E., Schuler G. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 1999, 190:1669-1678.
175. Traversari C. Tumor-antigens recognised by T lymphocytes. Minerva Biotecnol. 1999, 11:243-253.
176. Tureci O., Chen Y.T., Sahin U., Gure A.O., Zwick C., Villena C., Tsang S., Seitz G., Old L.J., Pfreundschuh M. Expression of SSX genes in human tumors. Int. J. Cancer 1998, 77:19-23.
177. Tureci O., Sahin U., Koslowski M., Buss B., Bell C., Ballweber P., Zwick C., Eberle T., Zuber M., Villena-Heinsen C., Seitz G., Pfreundschuh M. A novel tumour associated leucine zipper protein targeting to sites of gene transcription and splicing. Oncogene 2002, 21:3879-3888.
178. Tureci O., Sahin U., Zwick C., Koslowski M., Seitz G., Pfreundschuh M. Identification of a meiosis-specific protein as a member of the class of cancer/testis antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1998, 95:5211-5216.
179. Tyagi P., Mirakhur B. MAGRIT: the largest-ever phase III lung cancer trial aims to establish a novel tumor-specific approach to therapy. Clin. Lung Cancer 2009, 10:371-374.
180. Valmori D., Qian F., Ayyoub M., Renner C., Merlo A., Gnjatic S., Stockert E., Driscoll D., Lele S., Old L.J., Odunsi K. Expression of synovial sarcoma X (SSX) antigens in epithelial ovarian cancer and identification of SSX-4 epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:398-404.
181. Valmori D., Souleimanian N.E., Tosello V., Bhardwaj N., Adams S., O'Neill D., Pavlick A., Escalon J.B., Cruz C.M., Angiulli A., Angiulli F., Mears G., Vogel S.M., Pan L., Jungbluth A.A., Hoffmann E.W., Venhaus R., Ritter G., Old L.J., Ayyoub M. Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 protein and CpG in Montanide induces integrated antibody/Th1 responses and CD8 T cells through cross-priming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2007, 104:8947-8952.
182. van den E.B., Peeters O., De Backer O., Gaugler B., Lucas S., Boon T. A new family of genes coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 182:689-698.
183. van der B.P., Traversari C., Chomez P., Lurquin C., De Plaen E., van den E.B., Knuth A., Boon T. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 1991, 254:1643-1647.
184. van der B.P., Zhang Y., Chaux P., Stroobant V., Panichelli C., Schultz E.S., Chapiro J., Van Den Eynde B.J., Brasseur F., Boon T. Tumor-specific shared antigenic peptides recognized by human T cells. Immunol. Rev. 2002, 188:51-64.
185. van B.N., Bonnet M.C., Dreno B., Khammari A., Dorval T., Piperno-Neumann S., Lienard D., Speiser D., Marchand M., Brichard V.G., Escudier B., Negrier S., Dietrich P.Y., Maraninchi D., Osanto S., Meyer R.G., Ritter G., Moingeon P., Tartaglia J., van der B.P., Coulie P.G., Boon T. Tumoral and immunologic response after vaccination of melanoma patients with an ALVAC virus encoding MAGE antigens recognized by T cells. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23:9008-9021.
186. van B.N., Brasseur F., Godelaine D., Hames G., Ferrant A., Lehmann F., Andre M., Ravoet C., Doyen C., Spagnoli G.C., Bakkus M., Thielemans K., Boon T. Genes encoding tumor-specific antigens are expressed in human myeloma cells. Blood 1999, 94:1156-1164.
187. Vatolin S., Abdullaev Z., Pack S.D., Flanagan P.T., Custer M., Loukinov D.I., Pugacheva E., Hong J.A., Morse H., Schrump D.S., Risinger J.I., Barrett J.C., Lobanenkov V.V. Conditional expression of the CTCF-paralogous transcriptional factor BORIS in normal cells results in demethylation and derepression of MAGE-A1 and reactivation of other cancer-testis genes. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:7751-7762.
188. Vaughan H.A., Svobodova S., MacGregor D., Sturrock S., Jungbluth A.A., Browning J., Davis I.D., Parente P., Chen Y.T., Stockert E., St C.F., Old L.J., Cebon J. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of human melanomas for expression of the human cancer-testis antigens NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10:8396-8404.
189. Velazquez E.F., Jungbluth A.A., Yancovitz M., Gnjatic S., Adams S., O'Neill D., Zavilevich K., Albukh T., Christos P., Mazumdar M., Pavlick A., Polsky D., Shapiro R., Berman R., Spira J., Busam K., Osman I., Bhardwaj N. Expression of the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma (MM)-correlation with prognostic factors. Cancer Immun. 2007, 7:11.
190. Visakorpi T., Hyytinen E., Koivisto P., Tanner M., Keinanen R., Palmberg C., Palotie A., Tammela T., Isola J., Kallioniemi O.P. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat. Genet. 1995, 9:401-406.
191. Wade P.A. Methyl CpG binding proteins: coupling chromatin architecture to gene regulation. Oncogene 2001, 20:3166-3173.
192. Wade P.A., Gegonne A., Jones P.L., Ballestar E., Aubry F., Wolffe A.P. Mi-2 complex couples DNA methylation to chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation. Nat. Genet. 1999, 23:62-66.
193. Wang T., Fan L., Watanabe Y., McNeill P., Fanger G.R., Persing D.H., Reed S.G. L552S, an alternatively spliced isoform of XAGE-1, is over-expressed in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2001, 20:7699-7709.
194. Watt F.M. Epidermal stem cells: markers, patterning and the control of stem cell fate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci 1998, 353:831-837.
195. Weber J., Salgaller M., Samid D., Johnson B., Herlyn M., Lassam N., Treisman J., Rosenberg S.A. Expression of the MAGE-1 tumor antigen is up-regulated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:1766-1771.
196. Weinert B.T., Krishnadath K.K., Milano F., Pedersen A.W., Claesson M.H., Zocca M.B. Real-time PCR analysis of genes encoding tumor antigens in esophageal tumors and a cancer vaccine. Cancer Immun. 2009, 9:9.
197. Weiser T.S., Guo Z.S., Ohnmacht G.A., Parkhurst M.L., Tong-On P., Marincola F.M., Fischette M.R., Yu X., Chen G.A., Hong J.A., Stewart J.H., Nguyen D.M., Rosenberg S.A., Schrump D.S. Sequential 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-depsipeptide FR901228 treatment induces apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells and facilitates their recognition by cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for NY-ESO-1. J. Immunother. 2001, 24:151-161.
198. Weiser T.S., Ohnmacht G.A., Guo Z.S., Fischette M.R., Chen G.A., Hong J.A., Nguyen D.M., Schrump D.S. Induction of MAGE-3 expression in lung and esophageal cancer cells. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 71:295-301.
199. Wischnewski F., Pantel K., Schwarzenbach H. Promoter demethylation and histone acetylation mediate gene expression of MAGE-A1, -A2, -A3, and -A12 in human cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2006, 4:339-349.
200. Yoshida N., Abe H., Ohkuri T., Wakita D., Sato M., Noguchi D., Miyamoto M., Morikawa T., Kondo S., Ikeda H., Nishimura T. Expression of the MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigens and T cell infiltration in non-small cell lung carcinoma and their prognostic significance. Int. J. Oncol. 2006, 28:1089-1098.
201. Yuan J., Gnjatic S., Li H., Powel S., Gallardo H.F., Ritter E., Ku G.Y., Jungbluth A.A., Segal N.H., Rasalan T.S., Manukian G., Xu Y., Roman R.A., Terzulli S.L., Heywood M., Pogoriler E., Ritter G., Old L.J., Allison J.P., Wolchok J.D. CTLA-4 blockade enhances polyfunctional NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in metastatic melanoma patients with clinical benefit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2008, 105:20410-20415.
202. Zendman A.J., Ruiter D.J., van Muijen G.N. Cancer/testis-associated genes: identification, expression profile, and putative function. J. Cell Physiol. 2003, 194:272-288.
203. Zendman A.J., Van Kraats A.A., Weidle U.H., Ruiter D.J., van Muijen G.N. The XAGE family of cancer/testis-associated genes: alignment and expression profile in normal tissues, melanoma lesions and Ewing's sarcoma. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 99:361-369.
204. Zhang S., Zhou X., Yu H., Yu Y. Expression of tumor-specific antigen MAGE, GAGE and BAGE in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. BMC Cancer 2010, 10:163.
205. Zhang Y., Ng H.H., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Bird A., Reinberg D. Analysis of the NuRD subunits reveals a histone deacetylase core complex and a connection with DNA methylation. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:1924-1935.
206. Zhao L., Mou D.C., Leng X.S., Peng J.R., Wang W.X., Huang L., Li S., Zhu J.Y. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 2004, 10:2034-2038.
207. Zhou S., Fujimuro M., Hsieh J.J., Chen L., Miyamoto A., Weinmaster G., Hayward S.D. SKIP, a CBF1-associated protein, interacts with the ankyrin repeat domain of NotchIC to facilitate NotchIC function. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:2400-2410.