Epidemiology of infections acquired in intensive care units

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 115-138

  Doyle, Joseph S ^a   Buising, Kirsty L ^a,b   Thursky, Karin A ^a,c   Worth, Leon J ^c,d   Richards, Michael J ^a,d  

^a ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

^d VICNISS Coordinating Centre   (Australia)

Author keywords

critical care; device related infections; epidemiology; Hospital acquired infections; intensive care; nosocomial infections

Indexed keywords

CHLORHEXIDINE;

ARTICLE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INFECTION; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED STATES;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CATHETER-RELATED INFECTIONS; CHLORHEXIDINE; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HANDWASHING; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; MYCOSES; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 79955041516     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1275525     Document Type: Article

References (303)

1. Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Burchardi H et al. Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2002 28 2 108-121 (Pubitemid 34293822)
2. Vincent J L., Bihari D J., Suter P M. et al, EPIC International Advisory Committee. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA 1995 274 8 639-644
3. Richards M J., Edwards J R., Culver D H., Gaynes R P., National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med 1999 27 5 887-892 (Pubitemid 29266004)
4. Esen S, Leblebicioglu H. Prevalence of nosocomial infections at intensive care units in Turkey: a multicentre 1-day point prevalence study. Scand J Infect Dis 2004 36 2 144-148 (Pubitemid 38313043)
5. Toufen Junior C, Hovnanian A L., Franca S A., Carvalho C R. Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2003 58 5 254-259
6. Hidron A I., Edwards J R., Patel J et al, National Healthcare Safety Network Team Participating National Healthcare Safety Network Facilities. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008 29 11 996-1011
7. Tacconelli E, Smith G, Hieke K, Lafuma A, Bastide P. Epidemiology, medical outcomes and costs of catheter-related bloodstream infections in intensive care units of four European countries: literature- and registry-based estimates. J Hosp Infect 2009 72 2 97-103
8. Horan T C., Andrus M, Dudeck M A. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008 36 5 309-332 (Pubitemid 351763841)
9. van der Kooi T I., de Boer A S., Mannien J et al. Incidence and risk factors of device-associated infections and associated mortality at the intensive care in the Dutch surveillance system. Intensive Care Med 2007 33 2 271-278 (Pubitemid 46221232)
10. Dettenkofer M, Ebner W, Els T et al. Surveillance of nosocomial infections in a neurology intensive care unit. J Neurol 2001 248 11 959-964 (Pubitemid 36124721)
11. Cuellar L E., Fernandez-Maldonado E, Rosenthal V D. et al. Device-associated infection rates and mortality in intensive care units of Peruvian hospitals: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2008 24 1 16-24
12. Zuschneid I, Schwab F, Geffers C, Behnke M, Ruden H, Gastmeier P. Trends in ventilator-associated pneumonia rates within the German nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 3 314-318 (Pubitemid 46480730)
13. Dima S, Kritsotakis E I., Roumbelaki M et al. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units in Greece. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 5 602-605 (Pubitemid 46814553)
14. Kwak Y G., Lee S O., Kim H Y. et al, Korean Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (KONIS). Risk factors for device-associated infection related to organisational characteristics of intensive care units: findings from the Korean Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J Hosp Infect 2010 75 3 195-199
15. Rosenthal V D., Guzmán S, Crnich C. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units of Argentina. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004 25 3 251-255 (Pubitemid 38339632)
16. Edwards J R., Peterson K D., Mu Y et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 10 783-805
17. Rosenthal V D. Device-associated nosocomial infections in limited-resources countries: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Am J Infect Control 2008 36 10 S171 e7-e12
18. Jones R N. Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010 51 Suppl 1 S81-S87
19. Safdar N, Dezfulian C, Collard H R., Saint S. Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2005 33 10 2184-2193
20. Worth L J., Brett J, Bull A L., McBryde E S., Russo P L., Richards M J. Impact of revising the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System definition for catheter-related bloodstream infection in ICU: reproducibility of the National Healthcare Safety Network case definition in an Australian cohort of infection control professionals. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 8 643-648
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: central line-associated blood stream infectionsUnited States 2001, 2008 and 2009. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rpt 2001 60 8 243-248
22. Siempos I I., Kopterides P, Tsangaris I, Dimopoulou I, Armaganidis A E. Impact of catheter-related bloodstream infections on the mortality of critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2009 37 7 2283-2289
23. Talaat M, Hafez S, Saied T, Elfeky R, El-Shoubary W, Pimentel G. Surveillance of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in 4 intensive care units at Alexandria university hospitals in Egypt. Am J Infect Control 2010 38 3 222-228
24. Januel J M., Harbarth S, Allard R et al. Estimating attributable mortality due to nosocomial infections acquired in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010 31 4 388-394
25. Salomao R, Rosenthal V D., Grimberg G et al. Device-associated infection rates in intensive care units of Brazilian hospitals: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2008 24 3 195-202
26. Clec'h C, Schwebel C, Français A et al, OutcomeRea Study Group. Does catheter-associated urinary tract infection increase mortality in critically ill patients? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 12 1367-1373 (Pubitemid 351412086)
27. Tambyah P A., Knasinski V, Maki D G. The direct costs of nosocomial catheter-associated urinary tract infection in the era of managed care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002 23 1 27-31 (Pubitemid 34157773)
28. Madani N, Rosenthal V D., Dendane T, Abidi K, Zeggwagh A A., Abouqal R. Health-care associated infections rates, length of stay, and bacterial resistance in an intensive care unit of Morocco: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Int Arch Med 2009 2 1 29
29. Oldfield M M., El-Masri M M., Fox-Wasylyshyn S M. Examining the association between chest tube-related factors and the risk of developing healthcare-associated infections in the ICU of a community hospital: a retrospective case-control study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2009 25 1 38-44
30. Sharples L, Buxton M, Caine N et al. Evaluation of the ventricular assist device programme in the UK. Health Technol Assess 2006 10 48 1-119 iii-iv
31. Saggau W, Sack F U., Lange R et al. Superiority of endocardial versus epicardial implantation of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992 6 4 195-200
32. Bota D P., Lefranc F, Vilallobos H R., Brimioulle S, Vincent J L. Ventriculostomy-related infections in critically ill patients: a 6-year experience. J Neurosurg 2005 103 3 468-472 (Pubitemid 43186639)
33. Arabi Y, Memish Z A., Balkhy H H. et al. Ventriculostomy-associated infections: incidence and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 2005 33 3 137-143 (Pubitemid 40417928)
34. Hanberger H, Arman D, Gill H et al. Surveillance of microbial resistance in European intensive care units: a first report from the Care-ICU programme for improved infection control. Intensive Care Med 2009 35 1 91-100
35. Hsueh P R., Badal R E., Hawser S P. et al, 2008 Asia-Pacific SMART Group. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections in the Asia-Pacific region: 2008 results from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010 36 5 408-414
36. Rosenthal V D., Maki D G., Jamulitrat S et al, INICC Members. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009. Am J Infect Control 2010 38 2 95-104 e2
37. Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Schwab F et al. Ten years of KISS: the most important requirements for success. J Hosp Infect 2008 70 Suppl 1 11-16
38. Meyer E, Schwab F, Schroeren-Boersch B, Gastmeier P. Dramatic increase of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli in German intensive care units: secular trends in antibiotic drug use and bacterial resistance, 2001 to 2008. Crit Care 2010 14 3 R113
39. Kohlenberg A, Schwab F, Meyer E, Behnke M, Geffers C, Gastmeier P. Regional trends in multidrug-resistant infections in German intensive care units: a real-time model for epidemiological monitoring and analysis. J Hosp Infect 2009 73 3 239-245
40. Bronzwaer S L., Goettsch W, Olsson-Liljequist B, Wale M C., Vatopoulos A C., Sprenger M J. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS): objectives and organisation. Euro Surveill 1999 4 4 41-44
41. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, data summary from October 1986-April 1998, issued June 1998. Am J Infect Control 1998 26 5 522-533
42. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004 32 8 470-485
43. Rosenthal V D. Central line-associated blood stream infection in limited-resource countries: a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2009 49 12 1899-1907
44. Hugonnet S, Chevrolet J C., Pittet D. The effect of workload on infection risk in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007 35 1 76-81 (Pubitemid 46035680)
45. Kumarasamy K K., Toleman M A., Walsh T R. et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 2010 10 9 597-602
46. Ben-Ami R, Rodriguez-Bao J, Arslan H et al. A multinational survey of risk factors for infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in nonhospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2009 49 5 682-690
47. Hawkey P M. The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008 62 Suppl 1 i1-i9
48. Walsh T R., Toleman M A., Jones R N. Comment on: occurrence, prevalence and genetic environment of CTX-M beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae from Indian hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 59 4 799-800 author reply 800-801 (Pubitemid 47073423)
49. Hawkey P M. Prevalence and clonality of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008 14 Suppl 1 159-165 (Pubitemid 350269196)
50. Malacarne P, Boccalatte D, Acquarolo A et al. Epidemiology of nosocomial infection in 125 Italian intensive care units. Minerva Anestesiol 2010 76 1 13-23
51. Zahar J R., Lortholary O, Martin C, Potel G, Plesiat P, Nordmann P. Addressing the challenge of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009 10 2 172-180
52. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-first informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S21. Wayne, PA CLSI 2011 42-49
53. Walsh T R. The emergence and implications of metallo-beta-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005 11 Suppl 6 2-9 (Pubitemid 41535939)
54. Hayashi Y, Paterson D L. Imipenem. In: Grayson M L. ed. Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics. 6th ed. London Hodder Arnold 2010 471-499
55. Bradford P A., Bratu S, Urban C et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella species possessing the class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing KPC-2 and inhibitor-resistant TEM-30 beta-lactamases in New York City. Clin Infect Dis 2004 39 1 55-60 (Pubitemid 38879549)
56. Queenan A M., Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007 20 3 440-458
57. Vatopoulos A. High rates of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greecea review of the current evidence. Euro Surveill 2008 13 4
58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Detection of Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying metallo-beta-lactamaseUnited States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 59 24 750
59. Fernando GATP, Collignon P J., Bell J M. A risk for returned travellers: the post-antibiotic era. Med J Aust 2010 193 1 59
60. Deurenberg R H., Vink C, Kalenic S, Friedrich A W., Bruggeman C A., Stobberingh E E. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007 13 3 222-235 (Pubitemid 46603352)
61. Robinson D A., Enright M C. Evolutionary models of the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 47 12 3926-3934 (Pubitemid 37485009)
62. Enright M C. The evolution of a resistant pathogenthe case of MRSA. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003 3 5 474-479 (Pubitemid 37221126)
63. Kallen A J., Mu Y, Bulens S et al, Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators of the Emerging Infections Program. Health care - associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005-2008. JAMA 2010 304 6 641-648
64. Gosbell I B. Epidemiology, clinical features and management of infections due to community methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (cMRSA). Intern Med J 2005 35 Suppl 2 S120-S135 (Pubitemid 44933545)
65. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright M C. et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 9 8 978-984 (Pubitemid 36944519)
66. Boyle-Vavra S, Daum R S. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Lab Invest 2007 87 1 3-9 (Pubitemid 44973648)
67. Freitas E A., Harris R M., Blake R K., Salgado C D. Prevalence of USA300 strain type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients with nasal colonization identified with active surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010 31 5 469-475
68. Zhanel G G., DeCorby M, Laing N et al, Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARA). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 52 4 1430-1437 (Pubitemid 351522009)
69. Pfaller M A., Castanheira M, Messer S A., Moet G J., Jones R N. Variation in Candida spp. distribution and antifungal resistance rates among bloodstream infection isolates by patient age: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008-2009). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010 68 3 278-283
70. Hsueh P R., Graybill J R., Playford E G. et al. Consensus statement on the management of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units in the Asia-Pacific region. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009 34 3 205-209
71. Garnacho-Montero J, Diaz-Martin A, Garcia-Cabrera E et al. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010 54 8 3149-3154
72. Slavin M A., Sorrell T C., Marriott D et al, Australian Candidemia Study, Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Candidaemia in adult cancer patients: risks for fluconazole-resistant isolates and death. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010 65 5 1042-1051
73. Playford E G., Marriott D, Nguyen Q et al. Candidemia in nonneutropenic critically ill patients: risk factors for non-albicans Candida spp. Crit Care Med 2008 36 7 2034-2039
74. Fridkin S K., Kaufman D, Edwards J R., Shetty S, Horan T. Changing incidence of Candida bloodstream infections among NICU patients in the United States: 1995-2004. Pediatrics 2006 117 5 1680-1687 (Pubitemid 46071397)
75. Riddle D J., Dubberke E R. Clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009 23 3 727-743
76. Lawrence S J., Puzniak L A., Shadel B N., Gillespie K N., Kollef M H., Mundy L M. Clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 2 123-130 (Pubitemid 46374151)
77. Kenneally C, Rosini J M., Skrupky L P. et al. Analysis of 30-day mortality for clostridium difficile-associated disease in the ICU setting. Chest 2007 132 2 418-424 (Pubitemid 47282371)
78. Loo V G., Poirier L, Miller M A. et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005 353 23 2442-2449 (Pubitemid 41770165)
79. McDonald L C., Killgore G E., Thompson A et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005 353 23 2433-2441 (Pubitemid 41770164)
80. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005 366 9491 1079-1084 (Pubitemid 41338761)
81. Muto C A., Pokrywka M, Shutt K et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005 26 3 273-280 (Pubitemid 40445086)
82. Pépin J, Saheb N, Coulombe M A. et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005 41 9 1254-1260 (Pubitemid 41532667)
83. Pépin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005 173 9 1037-1042
84. Wenzel R P., Thompson R L., Landry S M. et al. Hospital-acquired infections in intensive care unit patients: an overview with emphasis on epidemics. Infect Control 1983 4 5 371-375 (Pubitemid 14071658)
85. Richards M J., Thursky K, Buising K L. Epidemiology, prevalence, and sites of infections in intensive care units. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003 24 1 3-22 (Pubitemid 36268567)
86. Dennesen P J., Bonten M J., Weinstein R A. Multiresistant bacteria as a hospital epidemic problem. Ann Med 1998 30 2 176-185 (Pubitemid 28227258)
87. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H et al, WHO Global Patient Safety Challenge, World Alliance for Patient Safety. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis 2006 6 10 641-652 (Pubitemid 44427733)
88. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000 356 9238 1307-1312
89. Gordin F M., Schultz M E., Huber R A., Gill J A. Reduction in nosocomial transmission of drug-resistant bacteria after introduction of an alcohol-based handrub. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005 26 7 650-653 (Pubitemid 41073407)
90. Voss A, Widmer A F. No time for handwashing!? Handwashing versus alcoholic rub: can we afford 100% compliance? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997 18 3 205-208 (Pubitemid 127469875)
91. Rosenthal V D., Guzman S, Safdar N. Reduction in nosocomial infection with improved hand hygiene in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Am J Infect Control 2005 33 7 392-397 (Pubitemid 41253664)
92. Davis K A., Stewart J J., Crouch H K., Florez C E., Hospenthal D R. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004 39 6 776-782 (Pubitemid 39244289)
93. Wendt C, Schinke S, Wurttemberger M, Oberdorfer K, Bock-Hensley O, von Baum H. Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 9 1036-1043 (Pubitemid 47345262)
94. Watanakunakorn C, Brandt J, Durkin P, Santore S, Bota B, Stahl C J. The efficacy of mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine body scrubs in the eradication of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Am J Infect Control 1992 20 3 138-141
95. Climo M W., Sepkowitz K A., Zuccotti G et al. The effect of daily bathing with chlorhexidine on the acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and healthcare-associated bloodstream infections: results of a quasi-experimental multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 2009 37 6 1858-1865
96. Ridenour G, Lampen R, Federspiel J, Kritchevsky S, Wong E, Climo M. Selective use of intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection among intensive care unit patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 10 1155-1161 (Pubitemid 47580458)
97. Evans H L., Dellit T H., Chan J, Nathens A B., Maier R V., Cuschieri J. Effect of chlorhexidine whole-body bathing on hospital-acquired infections among trauma patients. Arch Surg 2010 145 3 240-246
98. Sandri A M., Dalarosa M G., Ruschel de Alcantara L, da Silva Elias L, Zavascki A P. Reduction in incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in an intensive care unit: role of treatment with mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine baths for nasal carriers of MRSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 2 185-187 (Pubitemid 43384766)
99. Vernon M O., Hayden M K., Trick W E., Hayes R A., Blom D W., Weinstein R A., Chicago Antimicrobial Resistance Project (CARP). Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med 2006 166 3 306-312 (Pubitemid 43244318)
100. Borer A, Gilad J, Porat N et al. Impact of 4% chlorhexidine whole-body washing on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii skin colonisation among patients in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007 67 2 149-155 (Pubitemid 47534969)
101. El Helali N, Carbonne A, Naas T et al. Nosocomial outbreak of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonates: epidemiological investigation and control. J Hosp Infect 2005 61 2 130-138 (Pubitemid 41283337)
102. Bleasdale S C., Trick W E., Gonzalez I M., Lyles R D., Hayden M K., Weinstein R A. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients. Arch Intern Med 2007 167 19 2073-2079 (Pubitemid 350036706)
103. Popovich K J., Hota B, Hayes R, Weinstein R A., Hayden M K. Effectiveness of routine patient cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate for infection prevention in the medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 10 959-963
104. Warren D K., Yokoe D S., Climo M W. et al. Preventing catheter-associated bloodstream infections: a survey of policies for insertion and care of central venous catheters from hospitals in the prevention epicenter program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 1 8-13 (Pubitemid 46939744)
105. Lobo R D., Levin A S., Gomes L M. et al. Impact of an educational program and policy changes on decreasing catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a medical intensive care unit in Brazil. Am J Infect Control 2005 33 2 83-87 (Pubitemid 40283470)
106. Eggimann P, Hugonnet S, Sax H, Harbarth S, Chevrolet J C., Pittet D. Long-term reduction of vascular access-associated bloodstream infection. Ann Intern Med 2005 142 10 875-876 (Pubitemid 40664055)
107. Hamilton H C., Foxcroft D R. Central venous access sites for the prevention of venous thrombosis, stenosis and infection in patients requiring long-term intravenous therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 18 3 CD004084
108. Lorente L, Henry C, Martin M M., Jiménez A, Mora M L. Central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters. Crit Care 2005 9 6 R631-R635
109. Pratt R J., Pellowe C M., Wilson J A. et al. epic2: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2007 65 Suppl 1 S1-S64
110. Raad I I., Hohn D C., Gilbreath B J. et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994 15 4 Pt 1 231-238
111. Casey A L., Mermel L A., Nightingale P, Elliott T S. Antimicrobial central venous catheters in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2008 8 12 763-776
112. Hockenhull J C., Dwan K M., Smith G W. et al. The clinical effectiveness of central venous catheters treated with anti-infective agents in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2009 37 2 702-712
113. Niel-Weise B S., Stijnen T, van den Broek P J. Anti-infective-treated central venous catheters: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 2007 33 12 2058-2068 (Pubitemid 350164582)
114. Gillies D, O'Riordan L, Carr D, Frost J, Gunning R, O'Brien I. Gauze and tape and transparent polyurethane dressings for central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 4 4 CD003827
115. Casey A L., Worthington T, Lambert P A., Quinn D, Faroqui M H., Elliott T S. A randomized, prospective clinical trial to assess the potential infection risk associated with the PosiFlow needleless connector. J Hosp Infect 2003 54 4 288-293 (Pubitemid 37554924)
116. Rupp M E., Sholtz L A., Jourdan D R. et al. Outbreak of bloodstream infection temporally associated with the use of an intravascular needleless valve. Clin Infect Dis 2007 44 11 1408-1414 (Pubitemid 46801581)
117. Timsit J F., Schwebel C, Bouadma L et al, Dressing Study Group. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009 301 12 1231-1241
118. Smulders K, van der Hoeven H, Weers-Pothoff I, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C M. A randomized clinical trial of intermittent subglottic secretion drainage in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 2002 121 3 858-862 (Pubitemid 34251455)
119. Kollef M H., Skubas N J., Sundt T M. A randomized clinical trial of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in cardiac surgery patients. Chest 1999 116 5 1339-1346 (Pubitemid 29535990)
120. Dezfulian C, Shojania K, Collard H R., Kim H M., Matthay M A., Saint S. Subglottic secretion drainage for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2005 118 1 11-18 (Pubitemid 40082451)
121. Segers P, Speekenbrink R G., Ubbink D T., van Ogtrop M L., de Mol B A. Prevention of nosocomial infection in cardiac surgery by decontamination of the nasopharynx and oropharynx with chlorhexidine gluconate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006 296 20 2460-2466 (Pubitemid 44791202)
122. Koeman M, van der Ven A J., Hak E et al. Oral decontamination with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 12 1348-1355 (Pubitemid 43900709)
123. Chan E Y., Ruest A, Meade M O., Cook D J. Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007 334 7599 899
124. Silvestri L, van Saene H K., Casarin A, Berlot G, Gullo A. Impact of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on carriage and infection due to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008 36 3 324-338
125. D'Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C, Torri V, Tinazzi A, Liberati A. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998 316 7140 1275-1285 (Pubitemid 28181936)
126. Drakulovic M B., Torres A, Bauer T T., Nicolas J M., Nogué S, Ferrer M. Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999 354 9193 1851-1858
127. O'Grady N P., Alexander M, Dellinger E P. et al, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002 51 RR-10 1-29
128. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006 355 26 2725-2732 (Pubitemid 46021509)
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Respir Care 1994 39 12 1191-1236
130. Ibrahim E H., Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser V J., Kollef M H. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 2000 118 1 146-155 (Pubitemid 30485502)
131. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood K E. et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006 34 6 1589-1596 (Pubitemid 43810035)
132. Cosgrove S E. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006 42 Suppl 2 S82-S89 (Pubitemid 43054219)
133. Roberts R R., Hota B, Ahmad I et al. Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2009 49 8 1175-1184
134. Molstad S, Cars O, Struwe J. Stramaa Swedish working model for containment of antibiotic resistance. Euro Surveill 2008 13 46
135. Cars O, Mölstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001 357 9271 1851-1853 (Pubitemid 32539121)
136. Bager F. DANMAP: monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Denmark. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000 14 4 271-274 (Pubitemid 30224488)
137. Ansari F, Erntell M, Goossens H, Davey P. The European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC) point-prevalence survey of antibacterial use in 20 European hospitals in 2006. Clin Infect Dis 2009 49 10 1496-1504
138. Vander Stichele R H., Elseviers M M., Ferech M, Blot S, Goossens H, European Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption (ESAC) Project Group. Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997-2002). J Antimicrob Chemother 2006 58 1 159-167 (Pubitemid 44295000)
139. McNeil V, Cruickshank M, Duguid M. Safer use of antimicrobials in hospitals: the value of antimicrobial usage data. Med J Aust 2010 193 8, Suppl S114-S117
140. Pakyz A L., MacDougall C, Oinonen M, Polk R E. Trends in antibacterial use in US academic health centers: 2002 to 2006. Arch Intern Med 2008 168 20 2254-2260
141. MacDougall C, Polk R E. Variability in rates of use of antibacterials among 130 US hospitals and risk-adjustment models for interhospital comparison. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008 29 3 203-211 (Pubitemid 351269185)
142. Polk R E., Fox C, Mahoney A, Letcavage J, MacDougall C. Measurement of adult antibacterial drug use in 130 US hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007 44 5 664-670
143. Fridkin S K., Steward C D., Edwards J R. et al. Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in United States hospitals: project ICARE phase 2. Project Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 1999 29 2 245-252 (Pubitemid 29380178)
144. Meyer E, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, Rueden H, Daschner F D. Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in German intensive care units (SARI): a summary of the data from 2001 through 2004. Infection 2006 34 6 303-309 (Pubitemid 46001355)
145. de With K, Meyer E, Steib-Bauert M, Schwab F, Daschner F D., Kern W V. Antibiotic use in two cohorts of German intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2006 64 3 231-237 (Pubitemid 44480708)
146. Meyer E, Schwab F, Gastmeier P, Rueden H, Daschner F D., Jonas D. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and antibiotic use in German intensive care units: data from Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in German Intensive Care Units). J Hosp Infect 2006 64 3 238-243 (Pubitemid 44480720)
147. Meyer E, Schwab F, Jonas D, Rueden H, Gastmeier P, Daschner F D. Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units (SARI), I: Antimicrobial use in German intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004 30 6 1089-1096 (Pubitemid 38833360)
148. Walther S M., Erlandsson M, Burman L G. et al, Icustrama Study Group. Antibiotic prescription practices, consumption and bacterial resistance in a cross section of Swedish intensive care units. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002 46 9 1075-1081
149. Hanberger H, Burman L G., Cars O et al, ICU STRAMA Study Group. Low antibiotic resistance rates in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp but not in Enterobacter spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a prospective observational study in 14 Swedish ICUs over a 5-year period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007 51 7 937-941 (Pubitemid 47063015)
150. Liem T B., Krediet T G., Fleer A, Egberts T C., Rademaker C M. Variation in antibiotic use in neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010 65 6 1270-1275
151. Harbarth S, Harris A D., Carmeli Y, Samore M H. Parallel analysis of individual and aggregated data on antibiotic exposure and resistance in gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 2001 33 9 1462-1468 (Pubitemid 34246137)
152. Graffunder E M., Venezia R A. Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 49 6 999-1005 (Pubitemid 34692894)
153. Weber S G., Gold H S., Hooper D C., Karchmer A W., Carmeli Y. Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 9 11 1415-1422 (Pubitemid 37356215)
154. Aldeyab M A., Monnet D L., Lopez-Lozano J M. et al. Modelling the impact of antibiotic use and infection control practices on the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a time-series analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008 62 3 593-600
155. Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, Cataldo M A. et al. Antibiotic usage and risk of colonization and infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a hospital population-based study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 53 10 4264-4269
156. Harbarth S, Cosgrove S, Carmeli Y. Effects of antibiotics on nosocomial epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 46 6 1619-1628 (Pubitemid 34535173)
157. Bronzwaer S L., Cars O, Buchholz U et al, European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 8 3 278-282 (Pubitemid 34266265)
158. Ortega M, Marco F, Soriano A et al. Analysis of 4758 Escherichia coli bacteraemia episodes: predictive factors for isolation of an antibiotic-resistant strain and their impact on the outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009 63 3 568-574
159. Lodise T P. Jr, Miller C, Patel N, Graves J, McNutt L A. Identification of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infections at greatest risk of infection with carbapenem-resistant isolates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 8 959-965 (Pubitemid 47218276)
160. Wener K M., Schechner V, Gold H S., Wright S B., Carmeli Y. Treatment with fluoroquinolones or with beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations is a risk factor for isolation of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species in hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010 54 5 2010-2016
161. Daikos G L., Vryonis E, Psichogiou M et al. Risk factors for bloodstream infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae producing VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010 65 4 784-788
162. Hanberger H, Erlandsson M, Burman L G. et al, ICU-STRAMA Study Group. High antibiotic susceptibility among bacterial pathogens in Swedish ICUs. Report from a nation-wide surveillance program using TA90 as a novel index of susceptibility. Scand J Infect Dis 2004 36 1 24-30
163. Dancer S J., Coyne M, Robertson C, Thomson A, Guleri A, Alcock S. Antibiotic use is associated with resistance of environmental organisms in a teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 2006 62 2 200-206 (Pubitemid 43056662)
164. Rogues A M., Dumartin C, Amadéo B et al. Relationship between rates of antimicrobial consumption and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 47 French hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 12 1389-1395 (Pubitemid 351412089)
165. Mölstad S, Erntell M, Hanberger H et al. Sustained reduction of antibiotic use and low bacterial resistance: 10-year follow-up of the Swedish Strama programme. Lancet Infect Dis 2008 8 2 125-132
166. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M, ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005 365 9459 579-587 (Pubitemid 40247914)
167. Goossens H, Ferech M, Coenen S, Stephens P, European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Group. Comparison of outpatient systemic antibacterial use in 2004 in the United States and 27 European countries. Clin Infect Dis 2007 44 8 1091-1095 (Pubitemid 46580279)
168. Bassetti M, Cruciani M, Righi E et al. Antimicrobial use and resistance among gram-negative bacilli in an Italian intensive care unit (ICU). J Chemother 2006 18 3 261-267 (Pubitemid 44098074)
169. Jacoby T S., Kuchenbecker R S., Dos Santos R P., Magedanz L, Guzatto P, Moreira L B. Impact of hospital-wide infection rate, invasive procedures use and antimicrobial consumption on bacterial resistance inside an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2010 75 1 23-27
170. Messadi A A., Lamia T, Kamel B, Salima O, Monia M, Saida B R. Association between antibiotic use and changes in susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an intensive care burn unit: a 5-year study, 2000-2004. Burns 2008 34 8 1098-1102
171. Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F et al. Impact of limited cephalosporin use on prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit. J Chemother 2009 21 6 633-638
172. Thabet L, Memmi M, Turki A, Messadi A A. The impact of fluoroquinolones use on antibiotic résistance in an intensive care burn department. Tunis Med 2010 88 10 696-699
173. Fridkin S K., Hill H A., Volkova N V. et al, Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology Project Hospitals. Temporal changes in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 23 US hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 8 7 697-701 (Pubitemid 34764735)
174. Dellit T H., Owens R C., McGowan J E. Jr et al, Infectious Diseases Society of America Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2007 44 2 159-177 (Pubitemid 46084814)
175. Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 4 CD003543
176. Thursky K A., Buising K L., Bak N et al. Reduction of broad-spectrum antibiotic use with computerized decision support in an intensive care unit. Int J Qual Health Care 2006 18 3 224-231 (Pubitemid 43997308)
177. Ntagiopoulos P G., Paramythiotou E, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H, Karabinis A. Impact of an antibiotic restriction policy on the antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative microorganisms in an intensive care unit in Greece. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007 30 4 360-365 (Pubitemid 47361710)
178. Siddiqui S, Hussein K, Manasia R et al. Impact of antibiotic restriction on broad spectrum antibiotic usage in the ICU of a developing country. J Pak Med Assoc 2007 57 10 484-487 (Pubitemid 351251066)
179. Meyer E, Schwab F, Pollitt A, Bettolo W, Schroeren-Boersch B, Trautmann M. Impact of a change in antibiotic prophylaxis on total antibiotic use in a surgical intensive care unit. Infection 2010 38 1 19-24
180. De Waele J J., Ravyts M, Depuydt P, Blot S I., Decruyenaere J, Vogelaers D. De-escalation after empirical meropenem treatment in the intensive care unit: fiction or reality? J Crit Care 2010 25 4 641-646
181. Erlandsson M, Burman L G., Cars O et al, Strama-Icu Study Group. Prescription of antibiotic agents in Swedish intensive care units is empiric and precise. Scand J Infect Dis 2007 39 1 63-69 (Pubitemid 46277150)
182. Peto Z, Benko R, Matuz M, Csullog E, Molnar A, Hajdu E. Results of a local antibiotic management program on antibiotic use in a tertiary intensive care unit in Hungary. Infection 2008 36 6 560-564
183. Edwards J R., Peterson K D., Mu Y et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 10 783-805
184. Kalpoe J S., Hogenbirk K, van Maarseveen N M. et al. Dissemination of Bacillus cereus in a paediatric intensive care unit traced to insufficient disinfection of reusable ventilator air-flow sensors. J Hosp Infect 2008 68 4 341-347
185. Bustinza A, Solana M J., Padilla B, Lopez-Herce J, Santiago M J., Marin M. Nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a pediatric intensive care unit in Madrid. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 2 199-201
186. Ergaz Z, Arad I, Bar-Oz B et al. Elimination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from a neonatal intensive care unit following an outbreak. J Hosp Infect 2010 74 4 370-376
187. Zhu X, Zheng B, Wang S et al. Molecular characterisation of outbreak-related strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from an intensive care unit in Beijing, China. J Hosp Infect 2009 72 2 147-154
188. Peta M, Carretto E, Barbarini D et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. in an Italian general intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006 12 2 163-169 (Pubitemid 43379345)
189. Strabelli T M., Cais D P., Zeigler R et al. Clustering of Enterococcus faecalis infections in a cardiology hospital neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis 2006 10 2 113-116 (Pubitemid 44194335)
190. Gomez-Gil R, Romero-Gomez M P., Garcia-Arias A et al. Nosocomial outbreak of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection in a tertiary care hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 65 2 175-179
191. Tekerekoglu M S., Ay S, Otlu B, Ciçek A, Kayaba U, Durmaz R. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens of patients with nosocomial infection: are there unnoticed silent outbreaks? New Microbiol 2007 30 2 131-137 (Pubitemid 46984119)
192. Edgeworth J D., Yadegarfar G, Pathak S et al. An outbreak in an intensive care unit of a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 239 associated with an increased rate of vascular access device-related bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2007 44 4 493-501
193. McDonald J R., Carriker C M., Pien B C. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in an intensive care nursery: potential for interinstitutional spread. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007 26 8 678-683 (Pubitemid 47424635)
194. Lin Y C., Lauderdale T L., Lin H M. et al. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients of a pediatric intensive care unit and high carriage rate among health care workers. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2007 40 4 325-334
195. Umoren I, Nakamatsu R, Sciortino C et al. An investigation of an outbreak: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in an intensive care cardiac unit. J Ky Med Assoc 2009 107 11 443-449
196. Song X, Cheung S, Klontz K, Short B, Campos J, Singh N. A stepwise approach to control an outbreak and ongoing transmission of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2010 38 8 607-611
197. Carey A J., Della-Latta P, Huard R et al. Changes in the molecular epidemiological characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010 31 6 613-619
198. Khan A, Lampitoc M, Salaripour M, McKernan P, Devlin R, Muller M P. Rapid control of a methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak in a medical surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Can J Infect Control 2009 24 1 12-16
199. Safdar N, Marx J, Meyer N A., Maki D G. Effectiveness of preemptive barrier precautions in controlling nosocomial colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a burn unit. Am J Infect Control 2006 34 8 476-483 (Pubitemid 44466130)
200. Rashid A, Solomon L K., Lewis H G., Khan K. Outbreak of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a regional burns unit: management and implications. Burns 2006 32 4 452-457
201. de Lassence A, Hidri N, Timsit J F. et al. Control and outcome of a large outbreak of colonization and infection with glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2006 42 2 170-178 (Pubitemid 43054186)
202. McAdams R M., Ellis M W., Trevino S, Rajnik M. Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Int 2008 50 6 810-815
203. Sax H, Posfay-Barbe K, Harbarth S et al. Control of a cluster of community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in neonatology. J Hosp Infect 2006 63 1 93-100
204. Sánchez Garcia M, De la Torre M A., Morales G et al. Clinical outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. JAMA 2010 303 22 2260-2264
205. Gras-Le Guen C, Fournier S, Andre-Richet B et al. Almond oil implicated in a Staphylococcus capitis outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2007 27 11 713-717 (Pubitemid 350020353)
206. Brito D V., von Dolinger E J., Abdallah V O., Darini A L., Gontijo Filho P P. Two outbreaks of mixed etiology associated with central venous catheters inserted by phlebotomy in critical neonates. Braz J Infect Dis 2009 13 3 177-182
207. Ben Saida N, Ferjéni A, Benhadjtaher N, Monastiri K, Boukadida J. Clonality of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2006 54 6 337-342 (Pubitemid 44056195)
208. Kelly S, Collins J, Maguire M et al. An outbreak of colonization with linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in an intensive therapy unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008 61 4 901-907 (Pubitemid 351426077)
209. MacFarquhar J K., Jones T F., Woron A M. et al. Outbreak of late-onset group B Streptococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2010 38 4 283-288
210. Moro M, Nizzero P, Biancardi A et al. An outbreak caused by multidrug-resistant OXA-58-positive Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit in Italy. J Hosp Infect 2008 68 1 97-99
211. Choi W S., Kim S H., Jeon E G. et al. Nosocomial outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care units and successful outbreak control program. J Korean Med Sci 2010 25 7 999-1004
212. Frickmann H, Crusius S, Walter U, Podbielski A. Management of an outbreak with cases of nosocomial pneumonia caused by a novel multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clone [in German]. Pneumologie 2010 64 11 686-693
213. Raka L, Kalen S, Bosnjak Z et al. Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in central intensive care unit in Kosova Teaching Hospital. Braz J Infect Dis 2009 13 6 408-413
214. Monterrubio-Villar J, González-Velasco C, Valdezate-Ramos S, Cordoba-Lopez A, Villalon-Panzano P, Saéz-Nieto J A. Outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a polyvalent intensive care unit: clinical, epidemiological analysis and PFGE-printing evolution. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 28 10 1281-1284
215. Jamal W, Salama M, Dehrab N, Al Hashem G, Shahin M, Rotimi V O. Role of tigecycline in the control of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2009 72 3 234-242
216. Touati A, Achour W, Cherif A et al. Outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in a neonatal intensive care unit: antimicrobial susceptibility and genotyping analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2009 19 6 372-378
217. Markogiannakis A, Fildisis G, Tsiplakou S et al. Cross-transmission of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal strains causing episodes of sepsis in a trauma intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008 29 5 410-417 (Pubitemid 351589975)
218. Meric M, Kasap M, Gacar G et al. Emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008 282 2 214-218 (Pubitemid 351569460)
219. Longo B, Pantosti A, Luzzi I et al. Molecular findings and antibiotic-resistance in an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2007 43 1 83-88
220. Chan P C., Huang L M., Lin H C. et al. Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007 28 4 423-429
221. Longo B, Pantosti A, Luzzi I et al. An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit: epidemiological and molecular findings. J Hosp Infect 2006 64 3 303-305 (Pubitemid 44480721)
222. Kohlenberg A, BrOmmer S, Higgins P G. et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carrying the carbapenemase OXA-23 in a German university medical centre. J Med Microbiol 2009 58 Pt 11 1499-1507
223. Chang H L., Tang C H., Hsu Y M. et al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a medical center in Taiwan. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 1 34-38
224. De Vegas E Z., Nieves B, Araque M, Velasco E, Ruiz J, Vila J. Outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter strain RUH 1139 in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 4 397-403 (Pubitemid 43736106)
225. Hammami S, Ghozzi R, Ben Redjeb S. Spread of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a teaching hospital. Tunis Med 2008 86 4 312-315
226. Orsi G B., Franchi C, Giordano A et al. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. J Chemother 2008 20 2 219-224 (Pubitemid 351797063)
227. Alp E, Esel D, Yildiz O, Voss A, Melchers W, Doganay M. Genotypic analysis of Acinetobacter bloodstream infection isolates in a Turkish university hospital. Scand J Infect Dis 2006 38 5 335-340 (Pubitemid 43832398)
228. Valencia R, Arroyo L A., Conde M et al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 3 257-263
229. Doidge M, Allworth A M., Woods M et al. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Australia after introduction of environmental cleaning with a commercial oxidizing disinfectant. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010 31 4 418-420
230. La Forgia C, Franke J, Hacek D M., Thomson R B. Jr, Robicsek A, Peterson L R. Management of a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit using novel environmental disinfection: a 38-month report. Am J Infect Control 2010 38 4 259-263
231. Jang T N., Lee S H., Huang C H., Lee C L., Chen W Y. Risk factors and impact of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in the adult intensive care unit: a case-control study. J Hosp Infect 2009 73 2 143-150
232. Enoch D A., Summers C, Brown N M. et al. Investigation and management of an outbreak of multidrug-carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Cambridge, UK. J Hosp Infect 2008 70 2 109-118
233. Huang L, Sun L, Xu G, Xia T. Differential susceptibility to carbapenems due to the AdeABC efflux pump among nosocomial outbreak isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Chinese hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008 62 3 326-332
234. Kraniotaki E, Manganelli R, Platsouka E, Grossato A, Paniara O, PalO G. Molecular investigation of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, with characterisation of class 1 integrons. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006 28 3 193-199 (Pubitemid 44223988)
235. Máder K, Terhes G, HajdO E et al. Outbreak of septicaemic cases caused by Acinetobacter ursingii in a neonatal intensive care unit. Int J Med Microbiol 2010 300 5 338-340
236. Kilic A, Li H, Mellmann A et al. Acinetobacter septicus sp. nov. association with a nosocomial outbreak of bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 2008 46 3 902-908 (Pubitemid 351379977)
237. Vranken P, Pogue M, Romalewski C, Ratard R. Outbreak of pertussis in a neonatal intensive care unit-Louisiana, 2004. Am J Infect Control 2006 34 9 550-554 (Pubitemid 44692858)
238. Bryant K A., Humbaugh K, Brothers K et al. Measures to control an outbreak of pertussis in a neonatal intermediate care nursery after exposure to a healthcare worker. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 6 541-545 (Pubitemid 44023387)
239. Alvarez-Lerma F, Maull E, Terradas R et al. Moisturizing body milk as a reservoir of Burkholderia cepacia: outbreak of nosocomial infection in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Crit Care 2008 12 1 R10
240. Graindorge A, Menard A, Neto M et al. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of a clone of Burkholderia cenocepacia responsible for nosocomial pulmonary tract infections in a French intensive care unit. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010 66 1 29-40
241. Lee J K. Two outbreaks of Burkholderia cepacia nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Paediatr Child Health 2008 44 1-2 62-66 (Pubitemid 350233432)
242. Maraki S, Scoulica E, Manoura A, Papageorgiou N, Giannakopoulou C, Galanakis E. A Chryseobacterium meningosepticum colonization outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 28 12 1415-1419
243. Ceyhan M, Yildirim I, Tekeli A et al. A Chryseobacterium meningosepticum outbreak observed in 3 clusters involving both neonatal and non-neonatal pediatric patients. Am J Infect Control 2008 36 6 453-457
244. Iaria C, Stassi G, Costa G B. et al. Outbreak of multi-resistant Corynebacterium striatum infection in an Italian general intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007 67 1 102-104 (Pubitemid 47377736)
245. Narayan S A., Kool J L., Vakololoma M et al. Investigation and control of an outbreak of Enterobacter aerogenes bloodstream infection in a neonatal intensive care unit in Fiji. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 8 797-800
246. Dalben M, Varkulja G, Basso M et al. Investigation of an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal unit and review of the literature. J Hosp Infect 2008 70 1 7-14
247. Manzur A, Tubau F, Pujol M et al. Nosocomial outbreak due to extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase- producing Enterobacter cloacae in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 2007 45 8 2365-2369 (Pubitemid 47295460)
248. van der Mee-Marquet N, Girard S, Lagarrigue F et al. Multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae outbreak in an intensive care unit associated with therapeutic beds. Crit Care 2006 10 1 405
249. Caubilla-Barron J, Hurrell E, Townsend S et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in France. J Clin Microbiol 2007 45 12 3979-3985 (Pubitemid 350274880)
250. Campos L C., Lobianco L F., Seki L M., Santos R M., Asensi M D. Outbreak of Enterobacter hormaechei septicaemia in newborns caused by contaminated parenteral nutrition in Brazil. J Hosp Infect 2007 66 1 95-97 (Pubitemid 46657133)
251. Berger P, Barguellil F, Raoult D, Drancourt M. An outbreak of Halomonas phocaeensis sp. nov. bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007 67 1 79-85 (Pubitemid 47385519)
252. Vranic-Ladavac M, Bosnjak Z, Beader N, Barisic N, Kalenic S, Bedenic B. Clonal spread of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Croatian hospital. J Med Microbiol 2010 59 Pt 9 1069-1078
253. CarrOr A, Lassel L, Fortineau N et al. Outbreak of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the intensive care unit of a French hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2009 15 1 47-54
254. Nadkarni A S., Schliep T, Khan L, Zeana C B. Cluster of bloodstream infections caused by KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Manhattan. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 2 121-126
255. Maltezou H C., Giakkoupi P, Maragos A et al. Outbreak of infections due to KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Crete (Greece). J Infect 2009 58 3 213-219
256. Laurent C, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Rost F et al. Intensive care unit outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae controlled by cohorting patients and reinforcing infection control measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008 29 6 517-524 (Pubitemid 351918030)
257. Iregbu K C., Anwaal U. Extended spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae septicaemia outbreak in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2007 36 3 225-228
258. Cassettari V C., Silveira I R., Balsamo A C., Franco F. Outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an intermediate-risk neonatal unit linked to onychomycosis in a healthcare worker. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006 82 4 313-316
259. Van Rostenberghe H, Noraida R, Wan Pauzi W I. et al. The clinical picture of neonatal infection with Pantoea species. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006 59 2 120-121
260. Saida N B., Thabet L, Messadi A, Bouselmi K, Turki A, Boukadida J. Clonality of Providencia stuartii isolates involved in outbreak that occurred in a burn unit. Burns 2008 34 6 829-834
261. Naze F, Jouen E, Randriamahazo R T. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak linked to mineral water bottles in a neonatal intensive care unit: fast typing by use of high-resolution melting analysis of a variable-number tandem-repeat locus. J Clin Microbiol 2010 48 9 3146-3152
262. Eckmanns T, Oppert M, Martin M et al. An outbreak of hospital-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated bottled water in intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008 14 5 454-458 (Pubitemid 351513933)
263. Kohlenberg A, Weitzel-Kage D, van der Linden P et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a surgical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2010 74 4 350-357
264. Crivaro V, Di Popolo A, Caprio A et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: molecular epidemiology and infection control measures. BMC Infect Dis 2009 9 70
265. PeOa C, Suarez C, Tubau F et al. Nosocomial outbreak of a non-cefepime-susceptible ceftazidime-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain overexpressing MexXY-OprM and producing an integron-borne PSE-1 beta-lactamase. J Clin Microbiol 2009 47 8 2381-2387
266. Longtin Y, Troillet N, Touveneau S et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric intensive care unit linked to a humanitarian organization residential center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010 29 3 233-237
267. Yakupogullari Y, Otlu B, Dogukan M et al. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak by alginate-producing pan-antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Infect Control 2008 36 10 e13-e18
268. Sánchez-Carrillo C, Padilla B, MarOn M et al. Contaminated feeding bottles: the source of an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 2 150-154
269. Hota S, Hirji Z, Stockton K et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and infection secondary to imperfect intensive care unit room design. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 1 25-33
270. Orsi G B., Villari P, Mondillo V et al. A plasma expander-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak. Scand J Infect Dis 2006 38 11-12 1085-1088 (Pubitemid 44869285)
271. Kikuchi T, Nagashima G, Taguchi K et al. Contaminated oral intubation equipment associated with an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007 65 1 54-57 (Pubitemid 44932968)
272. Bou R, Aguilar A, PerpiOán J et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections related to a flexible bronchoscope. J Hosp Infect 2006 64 2 129-135 (Pubitemid 44688601)
273. Cezário R C., Duarte De Morais L, Ferreira J C., Costa-Pinto R M., da Costa Darini A L., Gontijo-Filho P P. Nosocomial outbreak by imipenem-resistant metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an adult intensive care unit in a Brazilian teaching hospital. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009 27 5 269-274
274. Anil M, Helvaci M, Ozkalay N et al. Salmonella typhimurium outbreak in a neonatal unit in Turkey. Indian J Pediatr 2009 76 6 629-633
275. Boehmer T K., Bamberg W M., Ghosh T S. et al. Health care-associated outbreak of Salmonella Tennessee in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2009 37 1 49-55
276. Buffet-Bataillon S, Rabier V, Bétrémieux P et al. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit: contaminated unmedicated liquid soap and risk factors. J Hosp Infect 2009 72 1 17-22
277. Rabier V, Bataillon S, Jolivet-Gougeon A, Chapplain J M., Beuchée A, Bétrémieux P. Hand washing soap as a source of neonatal Serratia marcescens outbreak. Acta Paediatr 2008 97 10 1381-1385
278. Maragakis L L., Winkler A, Tucker M G. et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008 29 5 418-423 (Pubitemid 351589976)
279. Dhiraputra C, Tribuddharat C, Pongpech P, Chokephaibulkit K, Danchaivijitr S. Endemic Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Med Assoc Thai 2005 88 Suppl 10 S10-S13
280. Arslan U, Erayman I, Kirdar S et al. Serratia marcescens sepsis outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Int 2010 52 2 208-212
281. Ligozzi M, Fontana R, Aldegheri M, Scalet G, Lo Cascio G. Comparative evaluation of an automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR instrument versus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in the setting of a Serratia marcescens nosocomial infection outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 2010 48 5 1690-1695
282. David M D., Weller T M., Lambert P, Fraise A P. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens on the neonatal unit: a tale of two clones. J Hosp Infect 2006 63 1 27-33
283. Gillespie E E., Bradford J, Brett J, Kotsanas D. Serratia marcescens bacteremia - an indicator for outbreak management and heightened surveillance. J Perinat Med 2007 35 3 227-231 (Pubitemid 46700976)
284. Guler E, Davutoglu M, Ucmak H, Karabiber H, Kokoglu O F. An outbreak of Serratia marcescens septicemia in neonates. Indian Pediatr 2009 46 1 61-63
285. de Boer M G., Brunsveld-Reinders A H., Salomons E M. et al. Multifactorial origin of high incidence of Serratia marcescens in a cardio-thoracic ICU: analysis of risk factors and epidemiological characteristics. J Infect 2008 56 6 446-453
286. de Vries J J., Baas W H., van der Ploeg K, Heesink A, Degener J E., Arends J P. Outbreak of Serratia marcescens colonization and infection traced to a healthcare worker with long-term carriage on the hands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 11 1153-1158 (Pubitemid 44807456)
287. Horcajada J P., MartOnez J A., AlcOn A et al. Acquisition of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens by critically ill patients who consumed tap water during receipt of oral medication. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006 27 7 774-777 (Pubitemid 44271965)
288. Abbassi M S., Touati A, Achour W et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia responsible for respiratory infections in neonatal intensive care unit: antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2009 57 5 363-367
289. Hernández-Castro R, Arroyo-Escalante S, Carrillo-Casas E M. et al. Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: a health care workers source. Eur J Pediatr 2010 169 7 783-787
290. Dizbay M, Kalkanci A, Sezer B E. et al. Molecular investigation of a fungemia outbreak due to Candida parapsilosis in an intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis 2008 12 5 395-399
291. van Asbeck E C., Huang Y C., Markham A N., Clemons K V., Stevens D A. Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonates: genotyping results suggest healthcare workers hands as source, and review of published studies. Mycopathologia 2007 164 6 287-293 (Pubitemid 47622127)
292. Gagneur A, Vallet S, Talbot P J. et al. Outbreaks of human coronavirus in a pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 2008 167 12 1427-1434
293. Kusuhara K, Saito M, Sasaki Y et al. An echovirus type 18 outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 2008 167 5 587-589 (Pubitemid 351422647)
294. Engelmann I, Gottlieb J, Meier A et al. Clinical relevance of and risk factors for HSV-related tracheobronchitis or pneumonia: results of an outbreak investigation. Crit Care 2007 11 6 R119
295. Turcios-Ruiz R M., Axelrod P, St John K et al. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by norovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr 2008 153 3 339-344
296. Buehlmann M, Beltraminelli H, Strub C et al. Scabies outbreak in an intensive care unit with 1,659 exposed individualskey factors for controlling the outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 30 4 354-360
297. Ananda-Rajah M R., McBryde E S., Buising K L. et al. The role of general quality improvement measures in decreasing the burden of endemic MRSA in a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2010 36 11 1890-1898
298. Meyer E, Lapatschek M, Bechtold A, Schwarzkopf G, Gastmeier P, Schwab F. Impact of restriction of third generation cephalosporins on the burden of third generation cephalosporin resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli in an ICU. Intensive Care Med 2009 35 5 862-870
299. Yong M K., Buising K L., Cheng A C., Thursky K A. Improved susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria in an intensive care unit following implementation of a computerized antibiotic decision support system. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010 65 5 1062-1069
300. Arda B, Sipahi O R., Yamazhan T et al. Short-term effect of antibiotic control policy on the usage patterns and cost of antimicrobials, mortality, nosocomial infection rates and antibacterial resistance. J Infect 2007 55 1 41-48 (Pubitemid 46888080)
301. Brahmi N, Blel Y, Kouraichi N et al. Impact of ceftazidime restriction on gram-negative bacterial resistance in an intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother 2006 12 4 190-194 (Pubitemid 44327187)
302. Fridkin S K., Lawton R, Edwards J R., Tenover F C., McGowan J E. Jr, Gaynes R P., Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology Project National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Systems Hospitals. Monitoring antimicrobial use and resistance: comparison with a national benchmark on reducing vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 8 7 702-707 (Pubitemid 34764736)
303. Fridkin S K., Edwards J R., Courval J M. et al, Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) Project and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Hospitals. The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 U.S. adult intensive care units. Ann Intern Med 2001 135 3 175-183 (Pubitemid 32738311)