An overview of HCV molecular biology, replication and immune responses

Virology Journal

Volumn 8, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Ashfaq, Usman A ^a   Javed, Tariq ^a   Rehman, Sidra ^a   Nawaz, Zafar ^b   Riazuddin, Sheikh ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

HCV; HCV entry; immune responses; replication

Indexed keywords

NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 2; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 3; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4B; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; RIBAVIRIN; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN;

ARTICLE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER INJURY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; ANIMAL; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VIROLOGY;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

ANIMALS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 79953797938     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1743422X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-161     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Pakistan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. N S Raja K A Janjua, J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2008 41 4 8 18327420 (Pubitemid 351792115)
2. Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. M Berenguer FX Lopez-Labrador TL Wright, J Hepatol 2001 35 666 678 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00179-9 11690716 (Pubitemid 33078280)
3. Approaching a new era for hepatitis C virus therapy: inhibitors of the NS3-4A serine protease and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. R De Francesco L Tomei S Altamura V Summa G Migliaccio, Antiviral Res 2003 58 1 16 10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00028-7 12719002 (Pubitemid 36507217)
4. Inhibitors of the HCV NS5B polymerase: new hope for the treatment of hepatitis C infections. PL Beaulieu YS Tsantrizos, Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2004 5 838 850 15600240
5. Sequence analysis of the core gene of 14 hepatitis C virus genotypes. J Bukh RH Purcell RH Miller, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994 91 8239 8243 10.1073/pnas.91.17.8239 8058787 (Pubitemid 24253922)
6. Biosynthesis and biochemical properties of the hepatitis C virus core protein. E Santolini G Migliaccio N La Monica, J Virol 1994 68 3631 3641 8189501 (Pubitemid 24177387)
7. The domains required to direct core proteins of hepatitis C virus and GB virus-B to lipid droplets share common features with plant oleosin proteins. RG Hope DJ Murphy J McLauchlan, J Biol Chem 2002 277 4261 4270 10.1074/jbc. M108798200 11706032 (Pubitemid 34968690)
8. Steatosis and liver cancer in transgenic mice expressing the structural and nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus. H Lerat M Honda MR Beard K Loesch J Sun Y Yang M Okuda R Gosert SY Xiao SA Weinman SM Lemon, Gastroenterology 2002 122 352 365 10.1053/gast.2002.31001 11832450 (Pubitemid 34116987)
9. Interaction between hepatitis C virus proteins and host cell factors. TL Tellinghuisen CM Rice, Curr Opin Microbiol 2002 5 419 427 10.1016/S1369-5274(02) 00341-7 12160863
10. Cell surface expression of functional hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins. HE Drummer A Maerz P Poumbourios, FEBS Lett 2003 546 385 390 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00635-5 12832074 (Pubitemid 36782444)
11. Role of N-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. A Goffard N Callens B Bartosch C Wychowski FL Cosset C Montpellier J Dubuisson, J Virol 2005 79 8400 8409 10.1128/JVI.79.13.8400-8409. 2005 15956584 (Pubitemid 40853542)
12. HCV E2 glycoprotein: mutagenesis of N-linked glycosylation sites and its effects on E2 expression and processing. T Slater-Handshy DA Droll X Fan AM Di Bisceglie TJ Chambers, Virology 2004 319 36 48 10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.008 14967486 (Pubitemid 38221053)
13. In vitro assay for neutralizing antibody to hepatitis C virus: evidence for broadly conserved neutralization epitopes. B Bartosch J Bukh JC Meunier C Granier RE Engle WC Blackwelder SU Emerson FL Cosset RH Purcell, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 14199 14204 10.1073/pnas.2335981100 14617769 (Pubitemid 37499214)
14. Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles. M Hsu J Zhang M Flint C Logvinoff C Cheng-Mayer CM Rice JA McKeating, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 7271 7276 10.1073/pnas.0832180100 12761383 (Pubitemid 36706428)
15. The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. E Scarselli H Ansuini R Cerino RM Roccasecca S Acali G Filocamo C Traboni A Nicosia R Cortese A Vitelli, Embo J 2002 21 5017 5025 10.1093/emboj/cdf529 12356718
16. Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. P Pileri Y Uematsu S Campagnoli G Galli F Falugi R Petracca AJ Weiner M Houghton D Rosa G Grandi S Abrignani, Science 1998 282 938 941 10.1126/science.282.5390.938 9794763 (Pubitemid 28507525)
17. Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. V Agnello G Abel M Elfahal GB Knight QX Zhang, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 96 12766 12771 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12766 10535997 (Pubitemid 29513577)
18. L-SIGN (CD 209L) is a liver-specific capture receptor for hepatitis C virus. JP Gardner RJ Durso RR Arrigale GP Donovan PJ Maddon T Dragic WC Olson, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 4498 4503 10.1073/pnas.0831128100 12676990 (Pubitemid 36457759)
19. Genetic heterogeneity of the envelope 2 gene and eradication of hepatitis C virus after a second course of interferon-alpha. A Boulestin K Sandres-Saune JL Payen L Alric M Dubois C Pasquier JP Vinel JP Pascal J Puel J Izopet, J Med Virol 2002 68 221 228 10.1002/jmv.10192 12210411
20. Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in hypervariable region 1 and the putative interferon sensitivity-determining region during interferon therapy and natural infection. SJ Polyak S McArdle SL Liu DG Sullivan M Chung WT Hofgartner RL Carithers Jr BJ McMahon JI Mullins L Corey DR Gretch, J Virol 1998 72 4288 4296 9557719 (Pubitemid 28188735)
21. Sequence analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 to 5 reveals multiple novel subtypes in the Benelux countries. LJ van Doorn GE Kleter L Stuyver G Maertens JT Brouwer SW Schalm RA Heijtink WG Quint, J Gen Virol 1995 76 Pt 7 1871 1876 10.1099/0022-1317-76-7-1871 9049395
22. The p7 protein of hepatitis C virus forms an ion channel that is blocked by the antiviral drug, Amantadine. SD Griffin LP Beales DS Clarke O Worsfold SD Evans J Jaeger MP Harris DJ Rowlands, FEBS Lett 2003 535 34 38 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03851-6 12560074 (Pubitemid 36126351)
23. Hepatitis C virus p7 protein is crucial for assembly and release of infectious virions. E Steinmann F Penin S Kallis AH Patel R Bartenschlager T Pietschmann, PLoS Pathog 2007 3 103 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030103 17658949
24. Subgenomic replicons of the flavivirus Kunjin: construction and applications. AA Khromykh EG Westaway, J Virol 1997 71 1497 1505 8995675 (Pubitemid 27030325)
25. Construction and characterization of infectious intragenotypic and intergenotypic hepatitis C virus chimeras. T Pietschmann A Kaul G Koutsoudakis A Shavinskaya S Kallis E Steinmann K Abid F Negro M Dreux FL Cosset R Bartenschlager, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006 103 7408 7413 10.1073/pnas. 0504877103 16651538 (Pubitemid 43727846)
26. A second hepatitis C virus-encoded proteinase. A Grakoui DW McCourt C Wychowski SM Feinstone CM Rice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 10583 10587 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10583 8248148 (Pubitemid 23347086)
27. Hepatitis C virus-encoded NS2-3 protease: cleavage-site mutagenesis and requirements for bimolecular cleavage. KE Reed A Grakoui CM Rice, J Virol 1995 69 4127 4136 7769671
28. Structure of the catalytic domain of the hepatitis C virus NS2-3 protease. IC Lorenz J Marcotrigiano TG Dentzer CM Rice, Nature 2006 442 831 835 10.1038/nature04975 16862121 (Pubitemid 44258915)
29. Multiple enzymatic activities associated with recombinant NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus. P Gallinari D Brennan C Nardi M Brunetti L Tomei C Steinkuhler R De Francesco, J Virol 1998 72 6758 6769 9658124 (Pubitemid 28323995)
30. Subcellular localization, stability, and trans-cleavage competence of the hepatitis C virus NS3-NS4A complex expressed in tetracycline-regulated cell lines. B Wolk D Sansonno HG Krausslich F Dammacco CM Rice HE Blum D Moradpour, J Virol 2000 74 2293 2304 10.1128/JVI.74.5.2293-2304.2000 10666260 (Pubitemid 30091484)
31. Nonstructural protein 3 of the hepatitis C virus encodes a serine-type proteinase required for cleavage at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 junctions. R Bartenschlager L Ahlborn-Laake J Mous H Jacobsen, J Virol 1993 67 3835 3844 8389908 (Pubitemid 23180705)
32. Kinetic and structural analyses of hepatitis C virus polyprotein processing. R Bartenschlager L Ahlborn-Laake J Mous H Jacobsen, J Virol 1994 68 5045 5055 8035505 (Pubitemid 24226572)
33. Characterization of the hepatitis C virus-encoded serine proteinase: determination of proteinase-dependent polyprotein cleavage sites. A Grakoui DW McCourt C Wychowski SM Feinstone CM Rice, J Virol 1993 67 2832 2843 8386278 (Pubitemid 23118883)
34. Nonstructural protein 3 of hepatitis C virus blocks the distribution of the free catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. P Borowski K Oehlmann M Heiland R Laufs, J Virol 1997 71 2838 2843 9060639 (Pubitemid 27119923)
35. Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus. M Gale Jr EM Foy, Nature 2005 436 939 945 10.1038/nature04078 16107833 (Pubitemid 41191669)
36. Periodic cycles of RNA unwinding and pausing by hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. V Serebrov AM Pyle, Nature 2004 430 476 480 10.1038/nature02704 15269774 (Pubitemid 38987912)
37. A Brownian motor mechanism of translocation and strand separation by hepatitis C virus helicase. MK Levin M Gurjar SS Patel, Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005 12 429 435 10.1038/nsmb920 15806107 (Pubitemid 43085903)
38. Crystal structure of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease domain complexed with a synthetic NS4A cofactor peptide. JL Kim KA Morgenstern C Lin T Fox MD Dwyer JA Landro SP Chambers W Markland CA Lepre ET O'Malley,, et al. Cell 1996 87 343 355 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81351-3 8861917 (Pubitemid 26359011)
39. The N-terminal region of hepatitis C virus-encoded NS5A is important for NS4A-dependent phosphorylation. SI Asabe Y Tanji S Satoh T Kaneko K Kimura K Shimotohno, J Virol 1997 71 790 796 8985418 (Pubitemid 26412360)
40. Dual topology of the processed hepatitis C virus protein NS4B is influenced by the NS5A protein. M Lundin H Lindstrom C Gronwall MA Persson, J Gen Virol 2006 87 3263 3272 10.1099/vir.0.82211-0 17030859 (Pubitemid 44608361)
41. The hepatitis C virus NS4A protein: interactions with the NS4B and NS5A proteins. C Lin JW Wu K Hsiao MS Su, J Virol 1997 71 6465 6471 9261364 (Pubitemid 27355300)
42. The hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 4B is an integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein. T Hugle F Fehrmann E Bieck M Kohara HG Krausslich CM Rice HE Blum D Moradpour, Virology 2001 284 70 81 10.1006/viro.2001.0873 11352669 (Pubitemid 32476697)
43. Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins induces distinct membrane alterations including a candidate viral replication complex. D Egger B Wolk R Gosert L Bianchi HE Blum D Moradpour K Bienz, J Virol 2002 76 5974 5984 10.1128/JVI.76.12.5974-5984.2002 12021330 (Pubitemid 34556292)
44. Mobility of the hepatitis C virus NS4B protein on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and membrane-associated foci. SN Gretton AI Taylor J McLauchlan, J Gen Virol 2005 86 1415 1421 10.1099/vir.0.80768-0 15831953 (Pubitemid 40613259)
45. Expression of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 4B in transgenic mice. AG Wang HB Moon JM Kim SB Hwang DY Yu DS Lee, Exp Mol Med 2006 38 241 246 16819282
46. The hepatitis C virus NS5A protein binds to members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases and regulates kinase activity. A Macdonald K Crowder A Street C McCormick M Harris, J Gen Virol 2004 85 721 729 10.1099/vir.0.19691-0 14993658 (Pubitemid 38379876)
47. Phosphorylation of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein in vitro and in vivo: properties of the NS5A-associated kinase. KE Reed J Xu CM Rice, J Virol 1997 71 7187 7197 9311791 (Pubitemid 27391652)
48. An amino-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix mediates membrane association of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A. V Brass E Bieck R Montserret B Wolk JA Hellings HE Blum F Penin D Moradpour, J Biol Chem 2002 277 8130 8139 10.1074/jbc.M111289200 11744739 (Pubitemid 34968267)
49. Structure and function of the membrane anchor domain of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A. F Penin V Brass N Appel S Ramboarina R Montserret D Ficheux HE Blum R Bartenschlager D Moradpour, J Biol Chem 2004 279 40835 40843 10.1074/jbc.M404761200 15247283 (Pubitemid 39287681)
50. Hyperphosphorylation of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein requires an active NS3 protease, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5A encoded on the same polyprotein. P Neddermann A Clementi R De Francesco, J Virol 1999 73 9984 9991 10559312
51. Amphipathic helix-dependent localization of NS5A mediates hepatitis C virus RNA replication. M Elazar KH Cheong P Liu HB Greenberg CM Rice JS Glenn, J Virol 2003 77 6055 6061 10.1128/JVI.77.10.6055-6061.2003 12719597 (Pubitemid 36546191)
52. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. V Lohmann F Korner J Koch U Herian L Theilmann R Bartenschlager, Science 1999 285 110 113 10.1126/science.285.5424.110 10390360 (Pubitemid 29307577)
53. Hepatitis C virus NS5A colocalizes with the core protein on lipid droplets and interacts with apolipoproteins. ST Shi SJ Polyak H Tu DR Taylor DR Gretch MM Lai, Virology 2002 292 198 210 10.1006/viro.2001.1225 11878923 (Pubitemid 34920540)
54. Function follows form: the structure of the N-terminal domain of HCV NS5A. D Moradpour V Brass F Penin, Hepatology 2005 42 732 735 10.1002/hep.20851 16116650 (Pubitemid 41233668)
55. How hepatitis C virus counteracts the interferon response: the jury is still out on NS5A. SL Tan MG Katze, Virology 2001 284 1 12 10.1006/viro.2001. 0885 11352662 (Pubitemid 32476690)
56. Evidence that hepatitis C virus resistance to interferon is mediated through repression of the PKR protein kinase by the nonstructural 5A protein. MJ Gale Jr MJ Korth NM Tang SL Tan DA Hopkins TE Dever SJ Polyak DR Gretch MG Katze, Virology 1997 230 217 227 10.1006/viro.1997.8493 9143277 (Pubitemid 27211852)
57. Comparison of full-length sequences of interferon-sensitive and resistant hepatitis C virus 1b. Sensitivity to interferon is conferred by amino acid substitutions in the NS5A region. N Enomoto I Sakuma Y Asahina M Kurosaki T Murakami C Yamamoto N Izumi F Marumo C Sato, J Clin Invest 1995 96 224 230 10.1172/JCI118025 7542279
58. Identification and properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus. SE Behrens L Tomei R De Francesco, Embo J 1996 15 12 22 8598194 (Pubitemid 26020384)
59. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the soluble recombinant hepatitis C virus NS5B protein truncated at the C-terminal region. T Yamashita S Kaneko Y Shirota W Qin T Nomura K Kobayashi S Murakami, J Biol Chem 1998 273 15479 15486 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15479 9624134 (Pubitemid 28298156)
60. Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from hepatitis C virus reveals a fully encircled active site. CA Lesburg MB Cable E Ferrari Z Hong AF Mannarino PC Weber, Nat Struct Biol 1999 6 937 943 10.1038/13305 10504728 (Pubitemid 29463307)
61. Challenges and successes in developing new therapies for hepatitis C. R De Francesco G Migliaccio, Nature 2005 436 953 960 10.1038/nature04080 16107835 (Pubitemid 41191671)
62. Long-term follow-up of chimpanzees inoculated with the first infectious clone for hepatitis C virus. ME Major K Mihalik J Fernandez J Seidman D Kleiner AA Kolykhalov CM Rice SM Feinstone, J Virol 1999 73 3317 3325 10074186 (Pubitemid 29135725)
63. Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapy. AU Neumann NP Lam H Dahari DR Gretch TE Wiley TJ Layden AS Perelson, Science 1998 282 103 107 10.1126/science.282.5386.103 9756471 (Pubitemid 28471138)
64. Variability of hepatitis C virus. P Simmonds, Hepatology 1995 21 570 583 10.1002/hep.1840210243 7531173
65. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic associations of hepatitis C types in western European patients. P Simmonds J Mellor A Craxi JM Sanchez-Tapias A Alberti J Prieto M Colombo MG Rumi O Lo Iacano S Ampurdanes-Mingall,, et al. J Hepatol 1996 24 517 524 10.1016/S0168-8278(96) 80135-8 8773905 (Pubitemid 26168636)
66. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus: quasispecies and genotypes. J Bukh RH Miller RH Purcell, Semin Liver Dis 1995 15 41 63 10.1055/s-2007-1007262 7597443
67. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. P Simmonds EC Holmes TA Cha SW Chan F McOmish B Irvine E Beall PL Yap J Kolberg MS Urdea, J Gen Virol 1993 74 Pt 11 2391 2399 10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2391 8245854 (Pubitemid 23332300)
68. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. MJ Alter, Hepatology 2002 36 93 98 10.1002/hep.1840360712 12407581
69. Frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in different geographical regions of Pakistan and their possible routes of transmission. M Idrees S Riazuddin, BMC Infect Dis 2008 8 69 10.1186/1471-2334-8-69 18498666
70. Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. WHO, J Viral Hepat 1999 6 35 47 10.1046/j.1365-2893. 1999.6120139.x 10847128
71. Hepatitis C virus entry into host cells. F Helle J Dubuisson, Cell Mol Life Sci 2008 65 100 112 10.1007/s00018-007-7291-8 17914604 (Pubitemid 351152228)
72. Hepatitis C virus entry: molecular biology and clinical implications. H Barth TJ Liang TF Baumert, Hepatology 2006 44 527 535 10.1002/hep.21321 16941688 (Pubitemid 44433708)
73. Retrovirus restriction factors. SP Goff, Mol Cell 2004 16 849 859 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.001 15610729 (Pubitemid 40018396)
74. Cyclophilin A, TRIM5, and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Luban, J Virol 2007 81 1054 1061 10.1128/JVI.01519-06 16956947 (Pubitemid 46170755)
75. The CD81 partner EWI-2wint inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. V Rocha-Perugini C Montpellier D Delgrange C Wychowski F Helle A Pillez H Drobecq F Le Naour S Charrin S Levy,, et al. PLoS One 2008 3 1866 10.1371/journal.pone. 0001866 18382656
76. Replication of hepatitis C virus RNA occurs in a membrane-bound replication complex containing nonstructural viral proteins and RNA. N El-Hage G Luo, J Gen Virol 2003 84 2761 2769 10.1099/vir.0.19305-0 13679611 (Pubitemid 37220255)
77. Identification of the hepatitis C virus RNA replication complex in Huh-7 cells harboring subgenomic replicons. R Gosert D Egger V Lohmann R Bartenschlager HE Blum K Bienz D Moradpour, J Virol 2003 77 5487 5492 10.1128/JVI.77.9.5487-5492.2003 12692249 (Pubitemid 36460961)
78. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. JT Gerlach HM Diepolder R Zachoval NH Gruener MC Jung A Ulsenheimer WW Schraut CA Schirren M Waechtler M Backmund GR Pape, Gastroenterology 2003 125 80 88 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00668-1 12851873 (Pubitemid 36799109)
79. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. E Jaeckel M Cornberg H Wedemeyer T Santantonio J Mayer M Zankel G Pastore M Dietrich C Trautwein MP Manns, N Engl J Med 2001 345 1452 1457 10.1056/NEJMoa011232 11794193
80. Hepatitis C virus-related resistance mechanisms to interferon alpha-based antiviral therapy. WP Hofmann S Zeuzem C Sarrazin, J Clin Virol 2005 32 86 91 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.08.004 15653410 (Pubitemid 40093958)
81. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma. AM Di Bisceglie, J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002 13 169 171 10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61783-7 12354833
82. Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C. JJ Feld JH Hoofnagle, Nature 2005 436 967 972 10.1038/nature04082 16107837 (Pubitemid 41191673)
83. Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). T Poynard P Marcellin SS Lee C Niederau GS Minuk G Ideo V Bain J Heathcote S Zeuzem C Trepo J Albrecht, Lancet 1998 352 1426 1432 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07124-4 9807989 (Pubitemid 28510876)
84. Old and emerging therapies in chronic hepatitis C: an update. M Deutsch SJ Hadziyannis, J Viral Hepat 2008 15 2 11 18088238 (Pubitemid 350243574)
85. Acute viral hepatitis C should be treated. RK Dhiman Y Chawla, Indian J Gastroenterol 2005 24 68 71 15879654 (Pubitemid 40705109)
86. Oxidative stress inhibits IFN-alpha-induced antiviral gene expression by blocking the JAK-STAT pathway. D Di Bona M Cippitelli C Fionda C Camma A Licata A Santoni A Craxi, J Hepatol 2006 45 271 279 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.01.037 16595158
87. Host factors and failure of interferon-alpha treatment in hepatitis C virus. B Gao F Hong S Radaeva, Hepatology 2004 39 880 890 10.1002/hep.20139 15057887 (Pubitemid 38428923)
88. Relationship of hepatitis C genotype 1 NS5A sequence mutations to early phase viral kinetics and interferon effectiveness. DA Schiappa C Mittal JA Brown BP Mika, J Infect Dis 2002 185 868 877 10.1086/339485 11920310 (Pubitemid 34274429)
89. Hepatitis C virus core protein blocks interferon signaling by interaction with the STAT1 SH2 domain. W Lin SS Kim E Yeung Y Kamegaya JT Blackard KA Kim MJ Holtzman RT Chung, J Virol 2006 80 9226 9235 10.1128/JVI.00459-06 16940534 (Pubitemid 44359995)
90. Discovery of pyrano[3,4-b]indoles as potent and selective HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. A Gopalsamy K Lim G Ciszewski K Park JW Ellingboe J Bloom S Insaf J Upeslacis TS Mansour G Krishnamurthy,, et al. J Med Chem 2004 47 6603 6608 10.1021/jm0401255 15588095 (Pubitemid 39657321)
91. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. L Alexopoulou AC Holt R Medzhitov RA Flavell, Nature 2001 413 732 738 10.1038/35099560 11607032 (Pubitemid 33009951)
92. Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense. U Muller U Steinhoff LF Reis S Hemmi J Pavlovic RM Zinkernagel M Aguet, Science 1994 264 1918 1921 10.1126/science.8009221 8009221 (Pubitemid 24245635)
93. DNA microarray analysis of chimpanzee liver during acute resolving hepatitis C virus infection. CB Bigger KM Brasky RE Lanford, J Virol 2001 75 7059 7066 10.1128/JVI.75.15.7059-7066.2001 11435586 (Pubitemid 32641593)
94. The clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees may not necessarily correlate with the appearance of acquired immunity. M Thomson M Nascimbeni MB Havert M Major S Gonzales H Alter SM Feinstone KK Murthy B Rehermann TJ Liang, J Virol 2003 77 862 870 10.1128/JVI.77.2.862-870.2003 12502802 (Pubitemid 36055508)
95. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C. JM Pawlotsky, J Hepatol 1999 31 Suppl 1 71 79 10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80378-X 10622564
96. Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization. P Farci HJ Alter DC Wong RH Miller S Govindarajan R Engle M Shapiro RH Purcell, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994 91 7792 7796 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7792 7519785
97. Evidence for cross-genotype neutralization of hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles and enhancement of infectivity by apolipoprotein C1. JC Meunier RE Engle K Faulk M Zhao B Bartosch H Alter SU Emerson FL Cosset RH Purcell J Bukh, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 102 4560 4565 10.1073/pnas.0501275102 15767578 (Pubitemid 40397151)
98. Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. R Thimme D Oldach KM Chang C Steiger SC Ray FV Chisari, J Exp Med 2001 194 1395 1406 10.1084/jem.194.10.1395 11714747 (Pubitemid 33081515)
99. The role of hepatitis C virus specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in acute and chronic hepatitis C. HM Diepolder R Zachoval RM Hoffmann MC Jung T Gerlach GR Pape, J Mol Med 1996 74 583 588 10.1007/s001090050062 8912179 (Pubitemid 26343760)
100. Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. LG Guidotti FV Chisari, Annu Rev Immunol 2001 19 65 91 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.65 11244031 (Pubitemid 32368030)
101. IFN-alpha antagonistic activity of HCV core protein involves induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3. JG Bode S Ludwig C Ehrhardt U Albrecht A Erhardt F Schaper PC Heinrich D Haussinger, Faseb J 2003 17 488 490 12551851
102. Hepatitis C virus expression suppresses interferon signaling by degrading STAT1. W Lin WH Choe Y Hiasa Y Kamegaya JT Blackard EV Schmidt RT Chung, Gastroenterology 2005 128 1034 1041 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.006 15825084 (Pubitemid 40523553)
103. Inhibition of natural killer cells through engagement of CD81 by the major hepatitis C virus envelope protein. S Crotta A Stilla A Wack A D'Andrea S Nuti U D'Oro M Mosca F Filliponi RM Brunetto F Bonino,, et al. J Exp Med 2002 195 35 41 10.1084/jem.20011124 11781363 (Pubitemid 34074494)
104. Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 inhibits natural killer cell functions. CT Tseng GR Klimpel, J Exp Med 2002 195 43 49 10.1084/jem.20011145 11781364 (Pubitemid 34074495)
105. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein interacts with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and inhibits antiviral activity of IFN in an IFN sensitivity- determining region-independent manner. T Taguchi M Nagano-Fujii M Akutsu H Kadoya S Ohgimoto S Ishido H Hotta, J Gen Virol 2004 85 959 969 10.1099/vir.0.19513-0 15039538 (Pubitemid 38489561)
106. Control of PKR protein kinase by hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein: molecular mechanisms of kinase regulation. M Gale Jr CM Blakely B Kwieciszewski SL Tan M Dossett NM Tang MJ Korth SJ Polyak DR Gretch MG Katze, Mol Cell Biol 1998 18 5208 5218 9710605 (Pubitemid 28388104)
107. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein induces interleukin-8, leading to partial inhibition of the interferon-induced antiviral response. SJ Polyak KS Khabar DM Paschal HJ Ezelle G Duverlie GN Barber DE Levy N Mukaida DR Gretch, J Virol 2001 75 6095 6106 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6095-6106.2001 11390611 (Pubitemid 32553140)
108. Hepatitis C virus and the immune system: a concise review. C Gremion A Cerny, Rev Med Virol 2005 15 235 268 10.1002/rmv.466 15782389 (Pubitemid 40992779)
109. Immunological significance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope variants in patients chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus. KM Chang B Rehermann JG McHutchison C Pasquinelli S Southwood A Sette FV Chisari, J Clin Invest 1997 100 2376 2385 10.1172/JCI119778 9410918 (Pubitemid 27500163)
110. Hypervariable region 1 variants act as TCR antagonists for hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ T cells. L Frasca Porto P Del L Tuosto B Marinari C Scotta M Carbonari A Nicosia E Piccolella, J Immunol 1999 163 650 658 10395654 (Pubitemid 29328069)
111. Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in a chimpanzee is associated with emergence of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variant. A Weiner AL Erickson J Kansopon K Crawford E Muchmore AL Hughes M Houghton CM Walker, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92 2755 2759 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2755 7708719
112. Limited T cell receptor diversity of HCV-specific T cell responses is associated with CTL escape. D Meyer-Olson NH Shoukry KW Brady H Kim DP Olson K Hartman AK Shintani CM Walker SA Kalams, J Exp Med 2004 200 307 319 10.1084/jem.20040638 15289502 (Pubitemid 39031250)
113. Hepatitis C virus mutation affects proteasomal epitope processing. U Seifert H Liermann V Racanelli A Halenius M Wiese H Wedemeyer T Ruppert K Rispeter P Henklein A Sijts,, et al. J Clin Invest 2004 114 250 259 15254592 (Pubitemid 39071630)
114. Impaired effector function of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. H Wedemeyer XS He M Nascimbeni AR Davis HB Greenberg JH Hoofnagle TJ Liang H Alter B Rehermann, J Immunol 2002 169 3447 3458 12218168 (Pubitemid 35013196)
115. Intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell failure during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. HC Spangenberg S Viazov N Kersting C Neumann-Haefelin D McKinney M Roggendorf F von Weizsacker HE Blum R Thimme, Hepatology 2005 42 828 837 10.1002/hep.20856 16175596 (Pubitemid 41401120)
116. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection. SL Flamm, Jama 2003 289 2413 2417 10.1001/jama.289.18.2413 12746366 (Pubitemid 37430175)