Stem cells therapies in basic science and translational medicine: Current status and treatment monitoring strategies

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 469-487

  Banerjee, Chaitali ^a  

^a BiomedOne wwwbiomedonecom   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Biomedical imaging; Cell therapy; Molecular imaging; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADULT STEM CELL; ARTICLE; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL HOMING; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EPITHELIUM CELL; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CELL; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; SKIN EPITHELIUM; STEM CELL; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD;

ADULT STEM CELLS; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

EID: 79953795914     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920111795164002     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Thomson, J. A.; Itskovitz-Eldor, J.; Shapiro, S. S.; Waknitz, M. A.; Swiergiel, J. J.; Marshall, V. S.; Jones, J. M. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science, 1998, 282, 1145-1147.
2. Trounson, A. The production and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Endocr. Rev., 2006, 27, 208-219.
3. Adewumi, O.; Aflatoonian, B.; Ahrlund-Richter, L.; Amit, M.; Andrews, P. W.; Beighton, G.; Bello, P. A.; Benvenisty, N.; Berry, L. S.; Bevan, S.; Blum, B.; Brooking, J.; Chen, K. G.; Choo, A. B.; Churchill, G. A.; Corbel, M.; Damjanov, I.; Draper, J. S.; Dvorak, P.; Emanuelsson, K.; Fleck, R. A.; Ford, A.; Gertow, K.; Gertsenstein, M.; Gokhale, P. J.; Hamilton, R. S.; Hampl, A.; Healy, L. E.; Hovatta, O.; Hyllner, J.; Imreh, M. P.; Itskovitz-Eldor, J.; Jackson, J.; Johnson, J. L.; Jones, M.; Kee, K.; King, B. L.; Knowles, B. B.; Lako, M.; Lebrin, F.; Mallon, B. S.; Manning, D.; Mayshar, Y.; McKay, R. D.; Michalska, A. E.; Mikkola, M.; Mileikovsky, M.; Minger, S. L.; Moore, H. D.; Mummery, C. L.; Nagy, A.; Naka tsuji, N.; O'Brien, C. M.; Oh, S. K.; Olsson, C.; Otonkoski, T.; Park, K. Y.; Passier, R.; Patel, H.; Patel, M.; Pedersen, R.; Pera, M. F.; Piekarczyk, M. S.; Pera, R. A.; Reubinoff, B. E.; Robins, A. J.; Rossant, J.; Rugg-Gunn, P.; Schulz, T. C.; Semb, H.; Sherrer, E. S.; Siemen, H.; Stacey, G. N.; Stojkovic, M.; Suemori, H.; Szatkiewicz, J.; Turetsky, T.; Tuuri, T.; van den Brink, S.; Vintersten, K.; Vuoristo, S.; Ward, D.; Weaver, T. A.; Young, L. A.; Zhang, W. Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative. Nat. Biotechnol., 2007, 25, 803-816.
4. Niwa, H.; Miyazaki, J.; Smith, A. G. Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nat. Genet., 2000, 24, 372-376.
5. Looijenga, L. H.; Stoop, H.; de Leeuw, H. P.; de Gouveia Brazao, C. A.; Gillis, A. J.; van Roozendaal, K. E.; van Zoelen, E. J.; Weber, R. F.; Wolffenbuttel, K. P.; van Dekken, H.; Honecker, F.; Bokemeyer, C.; Perlman, E. J.; Schneider, D. T.; Kononen, J.; Sauter, G.; Oosterhuis, J. W. POU5F1 (OCT3/4) identifies cells with pluripotent potential in human germ cell tumors. Cancer Res., 2003, 63, 2244-2250.
6. Avilion, A. A.; Nicolis, S. K.; Pevny, L. H.; Perez, L.; Vivian, N.; Lovell-Badge, R. Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function. Genes Dev., 2003, 17, 126-140.
7. Mitsui, K.; Tokuzawa, Y.; Itoh, H.; Segawa, K.; Murakami, M.; Takahashi, K.; Maruyama, M.; Maeda, M.; Yamanaka, S. The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells. Cell, 2003, 113, 631-642.
8. Chambers, I.; Colby, D.; Robertson, M.; Nichols, J.; Lee, S.; Tweedie, S.; Smith, A. Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells. Cell, 2003, 113, 643-655.
9. Lowry, N. A.; Temple, S. Making human neurons from stem cells after spinal cord injury. PLoS Med., 2007, 4, e48.
10. Kumagai, G.; Okada, Y.; Yamane, J.; Nagoshi, N.; Kitamura, K.; Mukaino, M.; Tsuji, O.; Fujiyoshi, K.; Katoh, H.; Okada, S.; Shibata, S.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Toh, S.; Toyama, Y.; Nakamura, M.; Okano, H. Roles of ES cell-derived gliogenic neural stem/progenitor cells in functional recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS ONE, 2009, 4, e7706.
11. Yamada, S.; Nelson, T. J.; Crespo-Diaz, R. J.; Perez-Terzic, C.; Liu, X. K.; Miki, T.; Seino, S.; Behfar, A.; Terzic, A. Embryonic stem cell therapy of heart failure in genetic cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells, 2008, 26, 2644-2653.
12. Menard, C.; Hagege, A. A.; Agbulut, O.; Barro, M.; Morichetti, M. C.; Brasselet, C.; Bel, A.; Messas, E.; Bissery, A.; Bruneval, P.; Desnos, M.; Puceat, M.; Menasche, P. Transplantation of cardiaccommitted mouse embryonic stem cells to infarcted sheep myocardium: a preclinical study. Lancet, 2005, 366, 1005-1012.
13. Gouon-Evans, V.; Boussemart, L.; Gadue, P.; Nierhoff, D.; Koehler, C. I.; Kubo, A.; Shafritz, D. A.; Keller, G. BMP-4 is required for hepatic specification of mouse embryonic stem cellderived definitive endoderm. Nat. Biotechnol., 2006, 24, 1402-1411.
14. Sharma, A. D.; Cantz, T.; Vogel, A.; Schambach, A.; Haridass, D.; Iken, M.; Bleidissel, M.; Manns, M. P.; Scholer, H. R.; Ott, M. Murine embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic progenitor cells engraft in recipient livers with limited capacity of liver tissue formation. Cell Transplant, 2008, 17, 313-323.
15. Zaret, K. S.; Grompe, M. Generation and regeneration of cells of the liver and pancreas. Science, 2008, 322, 1490-1494.
16. Kroon, E.; Martinson, L. A.; Kadoya, K.; Bang, A. G.; Kelly, O. G.; Eliazer, S.; Young, H.; Richardson, M.; Smart, N. G.; Cunningham, J.; Agulnick, A. D.; D'Amour, K. A.; Carpenter, M. K.; Baetge, E. E. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol., 2008, 26, 443-452.
17. Guo, T.; Hebrok, M. Stem cells to pancreatic beta-cells: new sources for diabetes cell therapy. Endocr. Rev., 2009, 30, 214-27.
18. Yechoor, V.; Chan, L. Minireview: {beta}-cell replacement therapy for diabetes in the 21st century: manipulation of cell fate by directed differentiation. Mol. Endocrinol., 2010, 24(8),1501-1511
19. Agarwal, S.; Holton, K. L.; Lanza, R. Efficient differentiation of functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 2008, 26, 1117-1127.
20. Hay, D. C.; Zhao, D.; Fletcher, J.; Hewitt, Z. A.; McLean, D.; Urruticoechea-Uriguen, A.; Black, J. R.; Elcombe, C.; Ross, J. A.; Wolf, R.; Cui, W. Efficient differentiation of hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells exhibiting markers recapitulating liver development in vivo. Stem Cells, 2008, 26, 894-902.
21. Pittenger, M. F.; Mackay, A. M.; Beck, S. C.; Jaiswal, R. K.; Douglas, R.; Mosca, J. D.; Moorman, M. A.; Simonetti, D. W.; Craig, S.; Marshak, D. R. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 1999, 284, 143-147.
22. Lee, J. H.; Kosinski, P. A.; Kemp, D. M. Contribution of human bone marrow stem cells to individual skeletal myotubes followed by myogenic gene activation. Exp. Cell Res., 2005, 307, 174-182.
23. Makino, S.; Fukuda, K.; Miyoshi, S.; Konishi, F.; Kodama, H.; Pan, J.; Sano, M.; Takahashi, T.; Hori, S.; Abe, H.; Hata, J.; Umezawa, A.; Ogawa, S. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, 103, 697-705.
24. Krause, D. S.; Theise, N. D.; Collector, M. I.; Henegariu, O.; Hwang, S.; Gardner, R.; Neutzel, S.; Sharkis, S. J. Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell, 2001, 105, 369-377.
25. Kuo, T. K.; Hung, S. P.; Chuang, C. H.; Chen, C. T.; Shih, Y. R.; Fang, S. C.; Yang, V. W.; Lee, O. K. Stem cell therapy for liver disease: parameters governing the success of using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134, 2111-21, 2121 e1-3.
26. Vija, L.; Farge, D.; Gautier, J. F.; Vexiau, P.; Dumitrache, C.; Bourgarit, A.; Verrecchia, F.; Larghero, J. Mesenchymal stem cells: Stem cell therapy perspectives for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab., 2009, 35, 85-93.
27. Hermann, A.; Gastl, R.; Liebau, S.; Popa, M. O.; Fiedler, J.; Boehm, B. O.; Maisel, M.; Lerche, H.; Schwarz, J.; Brenner, R.; Storch, A. Efficient generation of neural stem cell-like cells from adult human bone marrow stromal cells. J. Cell Sci., 2004, 117, 4411-4422.
28. Erices, A.; Conget, P.; Minguell, J. J. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br. J. Haematol., 2000, 109, 235-242.
29. Di Rocco, G.; Iachininoto, M. G.; Tritarelli, A.; Straino, S.; Zacheo, A.; Germani, A.; Crea, F.; Capogrossi, M. C. Myogenic potential of adipose-tissue-derived cells. J. Cell Sci., 2006, 119, 2945-2952.
30. Koc, O. N.; Day, J.; Nieder, M.; Gerson, S. L.; Lazarus, H. M.; Krivit, W. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell infusion for treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and Hurler syndrome (MPS-IH). Bone Marrow Transplant, 2002, 30, 215-222.
31. Koc, O. N.; Gerson, S. L.; Cooper, B. W.; Dyhouse, S. M.; Haynesworth, S. E.; Caplan, A. I.; Lazarus, H. M. Rapid hematopoietic recovery after coinfusion of autologous-blood stem cells and culture-expanded marrow mesenchymal stem cells in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol., 2000, 18, 307-316.
32. Meuleman, N.; Tondreau, T.; Ahmad, I.; Kwan, J.; Crokaert, F.; Delforge, A.; Dorval, C.; Martiat, P.; Lewalle, P.; Lagneaux, L.; Bron, D. Infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells can aid hematopoietic recovery following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell myeloablative transplant: a pilot study. Stem Cells Dev., 2009, 18, 1247-1252.
33. Poh, K. K.; Sperry, E.; Young, R. G.; Freyman, T.; Barringhaus, K. G.; Thompson, C. A. Repeated direct endomyocardial transplantation of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: safety of a high dose, "off-the-shelf", cellular cardiomyoplasty strategy. Int. J. Cardiol., 2007, 117, 360-364.
34. Longoni, B.; Szilagyi, E.; Quaranta, P.; Paoli, G. T.; Tripodi, S.; Urbani, S.; Mazzanti, B.; Rossi, B.; Fanci, R.; Demontis, G. C.; Marzola, P.; Saccardi, R.; Cintorino, M.; Mosca, F. Mesenchymal stem cells prevent acute rejection and prolong graft function in pancreatic islet transplantation. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2010 12, 435-446.
35. Horwitz, E. M.; Gordon, P. L.; Koo, W. K.; Marx, J. C.; Neel, M. D.; McNall, R. Y.; Muul, L.; Hofmann, T. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 8932-8937.
36. Le Blanc, K.; Ringden, O. Use of mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention of immune complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica, 2005, 90, 438.
37. Till, J. E.; Mc, C. E. A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiat. Res., 1961, 14, 213-222.
38. Huang, X.; Cho, S.; Spangrude, G. J. Hematopoietic stem cells: generation and self-renewal. Cell Death Differ., 2007, 14, 1851-1859.
39. Wilson, A.; Trumpp, A. Bone-marrow haematopoietic-stem-cell niches. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2006, 6, 93-106.
40. Tran, K. D.; Ho, A.; Jandial, R. Stem cell transplantation methods. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2010, 671, 41-57.
41. Palmer, T. D.; Schwartz, P. H.; Taupin, P.; Kaspar, B.; Stein, S. A.; Gage, F. H. Cell culture. Progenitor cells from human brain after death. Nature, 2001, 411, 42-43.
42. Jang, Y. K.; Park, J. J.; Lee, M. C.; Yoon, B. H.; Yang, Y. S.; Yang, S. E.; Kim, S. U. Retinoic acid-mediated induction of neurons and glial cells from human umbilical cord-derived hematopoietic stem cells. J. Neurosci. Res., 2004, 75, 573-584.
43. Lindvall, O.; Kokaia, Z. Stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nature, 2006, 441, 1094-1096.
44. Kim, B. G.; Hwang, D. H.; Lee, S. I.; Kim, E. J.; Kim, S. U. Stem cell-based cell therapy for spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant, 2007, 16, 355-364.
45. Nakatomi, H.; Kuriu, T.; Okabe, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Hatano, O.; Kawahara, N.; Tamura, A.; Kirino, T.; Nakafuku, M. Regeneration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons after ischemic brain injury by recruitment of endogenous neural progenitors. Cell, 2002, 110, 429-441.
46. Kim, S. U.; de Vellis, J. Stem cell-based cell therapy in neurological diseases: a review. J. Neurosci Res., 2009, 87, 2183-2200.
47. Singec, I.; Knoth, R.; Meyer, R. P.; Maciaczyk, J.; Volk, B.; Nikkhah, G.; Frotscher, M.; Snyder, E. Y. Defining the actual sensitivity and specificity of the neurosphere assay in stem cell biology. Nat. Methods, 2006, 3, 801-806.
48. Ronfard, V.; Rives, J. M.; Neveux, Y.; Carsin, H.; Barrandon, Y. Long-term regeneration of human epidermis on third degree burns transplanted with autologous cultured epithelium grown on a fibrin matrix. Transplantation, 2000, 70, 1588-1598.
49. Stenn, K. S.; Cotsarelis, G. Bioengineering the hair follicle: fringe benefits of stem cell technology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2005, 16, 493-497.
50. Alonso, L.; Fuchs, E. Stem cells in the skin: waste not, Wnt not. Genes Dev., 2003, 17, 1189-1200.
51. Zheng, Y.; Du, X.; Wang, W.; Boucher, M.; Parimoo, S.; Stenn, K. Organogenesis from dissociated cells: generation of mature cycling hair follicles from skin-derived cells. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2005, 124, 867-876.
52. Oertel, M.; Menthena, A.; Chen, Y. Q.; Teisner, B.; Jensen, C. H.; Shafritz, D. A. Purification of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells containing all the repopulation potential for normal adult rat liver. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134, 823-832.
53. Piscaglia, A. C.; Novi, M.; Campanale, M.; Gasbarrini, A. Stem cell-based therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol., 2008, 17, 100-118.
54. Quante, M.; Wang, T. C. Stem cells in gastroenterology and hepatology. Nat. Rev.Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2009, 6, 724-737.
55. Bird, T. G.; Lorenzini, S.; Forbes, S. J. Activation of stem cells in hepatic diseases. Cell Tissue Res., 2008, 331, 283-300.
56. Apte, U.; Thompson, M. D.; Cui, S.; Liu, B.; Cieply, B.; Monga, S. P. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling mediates oval cell response in rodents. Hepatology, 2008, 47, 288-295.
57. Oertel, M.; Shafritz, D. A. Stem cells, cell transplantation and liver repopulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, 1782, 61-74.
58. Ruhnke, M.; Nussler, A. K.; Ungefroren, H.; Hengstler, J. G.; Kremer, B.; Hoeckh, W.; Gottwald, T.; Heeckt, P.; Fandrich, F. Human monocyte-derived neohepatocytes: a promising alternative to primary human hepatocytes for autologous cell therapy. Transplantation, 2005, 79, 1097-1103.
59. Ruhnke, M.; Ungefroren, H.; Nussler, A.; Martin, F.; Brulport, M.; Schormann, W.; Hengstler, J. G.; Klapper, W.; Ulrichs, K.; Hutchinson, J. A.; Soria, B.; Parwaresch, R. M.; Heeckt, P.; Kremer, B.; Fandrich, F. Differentiation of in vitro-modified human peripheral blood monocytes into hepatocyte-like and pancreatic islet-like cells. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128, 1774-1786.
60. Ehnert, S.; Nussler, A. K.; Lehmann, A.; Dooley, S. Blood monocyte-derived neohepatocytes as in vitro test system for drug metabolism. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2008, 36, 1922-1929.
61. Stanger, B. Z.; Tanaka, A. J.; Melton, D. A. Organ size is limited by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the pancreas but not the liver. Nature, 2007, 445, 886-891.
62. Dor, Y.; Brown, J.; Martinez, O. I.; Melton, D. A. Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation. Nature, 2004, 429, 41-46.
63. Xu, X.; D'Hoker, J.; Stange, G.; Bonne, S.; De Leu, N.; Xiao, X.; Van de Casteele, M.; Mellitzer, G.; Ling, Z.; Pipeleers, D.; Bouwens, L.; Scharfmann, R.; Gradwohl, G.; Heimberg, H. Beta cells can be generated from endogenous progenitors in injured adult mouse pancreas. Cell, 2008, 132, 197-207.
64. Ungefroren, H.; Fandrich, F. The programmable cell of monocytic origin (PCMO): a potential adult stem/progenitor cell source for the generation of islet cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2010, 654, 667-682.
65. Messina, E.; De Angelis, L.; Frati, G.; Morrone, S.; Chimenti, S.; Fiordaliso, F.; Salio, M.; Battaglia, M.; Latronico, M. V.; Coletta, M.; Vivarelli, E.; Frati, L.; Cossu, G.; Giacomello, A. Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ. Res., 2004, 95, 911-921.
66. Bearzi, C.; Rota, M.; Hosoda, T.; Tillmanns, J.; Nascimbene, A.; De Angelis, A.; Yasuzawa-Amano, S.; Trofimova, I.; Siggins, R. W.; Lecapitaine, N.; Cascapera, S.; Beltrami, A. P.; D'Alessandro, D. A.; Zias, E.; Quaini, F.; Urbanek, K.; Michler, R. E.; Bolli, R.; Kajstura, J.; Leri, A.; Anversa, P. Human cardiac stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 14068-14073.
67. Laugwitz, K. L.; Moretti, A.; Lam, J.; Gruber, P.; Chen, Y.; Woodard, S.; Lin, L. Z.; Cai, C. L.; Lu, M. M.; Reth, M.; Platoshyn, O.; Yuan, J. X.; Evans, S.; Chien, K. R. Postnatal isl1+ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages. Nature, 2005, 433, 647-653.
68. Wilmut, I.; Schnieke, A. E.; McWhir, J.; Kind, A. J.; Campbell, K. H. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature, 1997, 385, 810-813.
69. Gurdon, J. B.; Melton, D. A. Nuclear reprogramming in cells. Science, 2008, 322, 1811-1815.
70. Miller, R. A.; Ruddle, F. H. Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. Cell, 1976, 9, 45-55.
71. Takahashi, K.; Yamanaka, S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 2006, 126, 663-676.
72. Yu, J.; Vodyanik, M. A.; Smuga-Otto, K.; Antosiewicz-Bourget, J.; Frane, J. L.; Tian, S.; Nie, J.; Jonsdottir, G. A.; Ruotti, V.; Stewart, R.; Slukvin, II; Thomson, J. A. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science, 2007 318, 1917-1920.
73. Aoi, T.; Yae, K.; Nakagawa, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Okita, K.; Takahashi, K.; Chiba, T.; Yamanaka, S. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach cells. Science, 2008, 321, 699-702.
74. Hanna, J.; Markoulaki, S.; Schorderet, P.; Carey, B. W.; Beard, C.; Wernig, M.; Creyghton, M. P.; Steine, E. J.; Cassady, J. P.; Foreman, R.; Lengner, C. J.; Dausman, J. A.; Jaenisch, R. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency. Cell, 2008, 133, 250-264.
75. Takahashi, K.; Tanabe, K.; Ohnuki, M.; Narita, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Tomoda, K.; Yamanaka, S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell, 2007, 131, 861-872.
76. Park, I. H.; Lerou, P. H.; Zhao, R.; Huo, H.; Daley, G. Q. Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Protoc., 2008, 3, 1180-1186.
77. Stadtfeld, M.; Brennand, K.; Hochedlinger, K. Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Curr. Biol., 2008, 18, 890-894.
78. Park, I. H.; Arora, N.; Huo, H.; Maherali, N.; Ahfeldt, T.; Shimamura, A.; Lensch, M. W.; Cowan, C.; Hochedlinger, K.; Daley, G. Q. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell, 2008, 134, 877-886.
79. Nakagawa, M.; Koyanagi, M.; Tanabe, K.; Takahashi, K.; Ichisaka, T.; Aoi, T.; Okita, K.; Mochiduki, Y.; Takizawa, N.; Yamanaka, S. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat. Biotechnol., 2008, 26, 101-106.
80. Kim, J. B.; Zaehres, H.; Wu, G.; Gentile, L.; Ko, K.; Sebastiano, V.; Arauzo-Bravo, M. J.; Ruau, D.; Han, D. W.; Zenke, M.; Scholer, H. R. Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors. Nature, 2008, 454, 646-650.
81. Okita, K.; Nakagawa, M.; Hyenjong, H.; Ichisaka, T.; Yamanaka, S. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors. Science, 2008, 322, 949-953.
82. Stadtfeld, M.; Nagaya, M.; Utikal, J.; Weir, G.; Hochedlinger, K. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science, 2008, 322, 945-949.
83. Gonzalez, F.; Barragan Monasterio, M.; Tiscornia, G.; Montserrat Pulido, N.; Vassena, R.; Batlle Morera, L.; Rodriguez Piza, I.; Izpisua Belmonte, J. C. Generation of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells by transient expression of a single nonviral polycistronic vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 8918-8922.
84. Soldner, F.; Hockemeyer, D.; Beard, C.; Gao, Q.; Bell, G. W.; Cook, E. G.; Hargus, G.; Blak, A.; Cooper, O.; Mitalipova, M.; Isacson, O.; Jaenisch, R. Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell, 2009, 136, 964-977.
85. Woltjen, K.; Michael, I. P.; Mohseni, P.; Desai, R.; Mileikovsky, M.; Hamalainen, R.; Cowling, R.; Wang, W.; Liu, P.; Gertsenstein, M.; Kaji, K.; Sung, H. K.; Nagy, A. piggy Bac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature, 2009, 458, 766-770.
86. Yusa, K.; Rad, R.; Takeda, J.; Bradley, A. Generation of transgenefree induced pluripotent mouse stem cells by the piggyBac transposon. Nat. Methods, 2009, 6, 363-369.
87. Kaji, K.; Norrby, K.; Paca, A.; Mileikovsky, M.; Mohseni, P.; Woltjen, K. Virus-free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors. Nature, 2009, 458, 771-775.
88. Lyssiotis, C. A.; Foreman, R. K.; Staerk, J.; Garcia, M.; Mathur, D.; Markoulaki, S.; Hanna, J.; Lairson, L. L.; Charette, B. D.; Bouchez, L. C.; Bollong, M.; Kunick, C.; Brinker, A.; Cho, C. Y.; Schultz, P. G.; Jaenisch, R. Reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells with chemical complementation of Klf4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 8912-8917.
89. Shi, Y.; Desponts, C.; Do, J. T.; Hahm, H. S.; Scholer, H. R.; Ding, S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule compounds. Cell Stem Cell, 2008, 3, 568-574.
90. Kim, D.; Kim, C. H.; Moon, J. I.; Chung, Y. G.; Chang, M. Y.; Han, B. S.; Ko, S.; Yang, E.; Cha, K. Y.; Lanza, R.; Kim, K. S. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell Stem Cell, 2009, 4, 472-476.
91. McCulloch, E. A.; Minden, M. D.; Miyauchi, J.; Kelleher, C. A.; Wang, C. Stem cell renewal and differentiation in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. J. Cell Sci. Suppl, 1988, 10, 267-281.
92. Dick, J. E. Stem cell concepts renew cancer research. Blood, 2008, 112, 4793-4807.
93. Oliveira, L. R.; Jeffrey, S. S.; Ribeiro-Silva, A. Stem cells in human breast cancer. Histol. Histopathol., 2010, 25, 371-385.
94. Al-Hajj, M.; Wicha, M. S.; Benito-Hernandez, A.; Morrison, S. J.; Clarke, M. F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 3983-3988.
95. Singh, S. K.; Hawkins, C.; Clarke, I. D.; Squire, J. A.; Bayani, J.; Hide, T.; Henkelman, R. M.; Cusimano, M. D.; Dirks, P. B. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature, 2004, 432, 396-401.
96. Matsui, W.; Huff, C. A.; Wang, Q.; Malehorn, M. T.; Barber, J.; Tanhehco, Y.; Smith, B. D.; Civin, C. I.; Jones, R. J. Characterization of clonogenic multiple myeloma cells. Blood, 2004, 103, 2332-2336.
97. Sneddon, J. B.; Werb, Z. Location, location, location: the cancer stem cell niche. Cell Stem Cell, 2007, 1, 607-611.
98. Cherry, S. R. Multimodality imaging: beyond PET/CT and SPECT/CT. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2009, 39, 348-353.
99. Pichler, B. J.; Kolb, A.; Nagele, T.; Schlemmer, H. P. PET/MRI: paving the way for the next generation of clinical multimodality imaging applications. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51, 333-336.
100. Schafer, R.; Kehlbach, R.; Muller, M.; Bantleon, R.; Kluba, T.; Ayturan, M.; Siegel, G.; Wolburg, H.; Northoff, H.; Dietz, K.; Claussen, C. D.; Wiskirchen, J. Labeling of human mesenchymal stromal cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide leads to a decrease in migration capacity and colony formation ability. Cytotherapy, 2009, 11, 68-78.
101. Pouliquen, D.; Le Jeune, J. J.; Perdrisot, R.; Ermias, A.; Jallet, P. Iron oxide nanoparticles for use as an MRI contrast agent: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1991, 9, 275-283.
102. Janic, B.; Rad, A. M.; Jordan, E. K.; Iskander, A. S.; Ali, M. M.; Varma, N. R.; Frank, J. A.; Arbab, A. S. Optimization and validation of FePro cell labeling method. PLoS ONE, 2009, 4, e5873.
103. Bulte, J. W.; Douglas, T.; Witwer, B.; Zhang, S. C.; Strable, E.; Lewis, B. K.; Zywicke, H.; Miller, B.; van Gelderen, P.; Moskowitz, B. M.; Duncan, I. D.; Frank, J. A. Magnetodendrimers allow endosomal magnetic labeling and in vivo tracking of stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol., 2001, 19, 1141-1147.
104. Jung, C. W.; Jacobs, P. Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agents: ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1995 13, 661-674.
105. Natarajan, A.; Gruettner, C.; Ivkov, R.; DeNardo, G. L.; Mirick, G.; Yuan, A.; Foreman, A.; DeNardo, S. J. NanoFerrite particle based radioimmunonanoparticles: binding affinity and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Bioconjug. Chem., 2008, 19, 1211-1218.
106. Toma, A.; Otsuji, E.; Kuriu, Y.; Okamoto, K.; Ichikawa, D.; Hagiwara, A.; Ito, H.; Nishimura, T.; Yamagishi, H. Monoclonal antibody A7-superparamagnetic iron oxide as contrast agent of MR imaging of rectal carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer, 2005, 93, 131-136.
107. Song, Y.; Morikawa, S.; Morita, M.; Inubushi, T.; Takada, T.; Torii, R.; Tooyama, I. Magnetic resonance imaging using hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope vector successfully detects localization of intra-cardially administered microglia in normal mouse brain. Neurosci. Lett., 2006, 395, 42-45.
108. Ma, B.; Hankenson, K. D.; Dennis, J. E.; Caplan, A. I.; Goldstein, S. A.; Kilbourn, M. R. A simple method for stem cell labeling with fluorine 18. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2005, 32, 701-705.
109. Hofmann, M.; Wollert, K. C.; Meyer, G. P.; Menke, A.; Arseniev, L.; Hertenstein, B.; Ganser, A.; Knapp, W. H.; Drexler, H. Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation, 2005, 111, 2198-2202.
110. Wong, K. K.; Cahill, J. M.; Frey, K. A.; Avram, A. M. Incremental value of 111-in pentetreotide SPECT/CT fusion imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Acad. Radiol., 2010, 17, 291-297.
111. Ogawa, M.; Regino, C. A.; Seidel, J.; Green, M. V.; Xi, W.; Williams, M.; Kosaka, N.; Choyke, P. L.; Kobayashi, H. Dualmodality molecular imaging using antibodies labeled with activatable fluorescence and a radionuclide for specific and quantitative targeted cancer detection. Bioconjug. Chem., 2009, 20, 2177-2184.
112. Schachinger, V.; Aicher, A.; Dobert, N.; Rover, R.; Diener, J.; Fichtlscherer, S.; Assmus, B.; Seeger, F. H.; Menzel, C.; Brenner, W.; Dimmeler, S.; Zeiher, A. M. Pilot trial on determinants of progenitor cell recruitment to the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation, 2008, 118, 1425-1432.
113. Brenner, W.; Aicher, A.; Eckey, T.; Massoudi, S.; Zuhayra, M.; Koehl, U.; Heeschen, C.; Kampen, W. U.; Zeiher, A. M.; Dimmeler, S.; Henze, E. 111In-labeled CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in a rat myocardial infarction model. J. Nucl. Med., 2004, 45, 512-518.
114. Terrovitis, J.; Stuber, M.; Youssef, A.; Preece, S.; Leppo, M.; Kizana, E.; Schar, M.; Gerstenblith, G.; Weiss, R. G.; Marban, E.; Abraham, M. R. Magnetic resonance imaging overestimates ferumoxide-labeled stem cell survival after transplantation in the heart. Circulation, 2008, 117, 1555-1562.
115. Goverdhana, S.; Puntel, M.; Xiong, W.; Zirger, J. M.; Barcia, C.; Curtin, J. F.; Soffer, E. B.; Mondkar, S.; King, G. D.; Hu, J.; Sciascia, S. A.; Candolfi, M.; Greengold, D. S.; Lowenstein, P. R.; Castro, M. G. Regulatable gene expression systems for gene therapy applications: progress and future challenges. Mol. Ther., 2005, 12, 189-211.
116. Consiglio, A.; Gritti, A.; Dolcetta, D.; Follenzi, A.; Bordignon, C.; Gage, F. H.; Vescovi, A. L.; Naldini, L. Robust in vivo gene transfer into adult mammalian neural stem cells by lentiviral vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 14835-14840.
117. Apolonia, L.; Waddington, S. N.; Fernandes, C.; Ward, N. J.; Bouma, G.; Blundell, M. P.; Thrasher, A. J.; Collins, M. K.; Philpott, N. J. Stable gene transfer to muscle using non-integrating lentiviral vectors. Mol. Ther., 2007, 15, 1947-1954.
118. Ma, Y.; Ramezani, A.; Lewis, R.; Hawley, R. G.; Thomson, J. A. High-level sustained transgene expression in human embryonic stem cells using lentiviral vectors. Stem Cells, 2003, 21, 111-117.
119. Krishnan, M.; Park, J. M.; Cao, F.; Wang, D.; Paulmurugan, R.; Tseng, J. R.; Gonzalgo, M. L.; Gambhir, S. S.; Wu, J. C. Effects of epigenetic modulation on reporter gene expression: implications for stem cell imaging. FASEB J., 2006, 20, 106-108.
120. Chan, K. K.; Wu, S. M.; Nissom, P. M.; Oh, S. K.; Choo, A. B. Generation of high-level stable transgene expressing human embryonic stem cell lines using Chinese hamster elongation factor-1 alpha promoter system. Stem Cells Dev., 2008, 17, 825-836.
121. Yin, D.; Wang, Z.; Gao, Q.; Sundaresan, R.; Parrish, C.; Yang, Q.; Krebsbach, P. H.; Lichtler, A. C.; Rowe, D. W.; Hock, J.; Liu, P. Determination of the fate and contribution of ex vivo expanded human bone marrow stem and progenitor cells for bone formation by 2.3ColGFP. Mol. Ther., 2009, 17, 1967-1978.
122. Kang, J. H.; Lee, D. S.; Paeng, J. C.; Lee, J. S.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, Y. J.; Hwang, D. W.; Jeong, J. M.; Lim, S. M.; Chung, J. K.; Lee, M. C. Development of a sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-transgenic mouse for imaging of cardiomyocyte-specific reporter gene expression. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46, 479-483.
123. Carlsen, H.; Moskaug, J. O.; Fromm, S. H.; Blomhoff, R. In vivo imaging of NF-kappa B activity. J. Immunol., 2002, 168, 1441-1446.
124. Bhaumik, S.; Walls, Z.; Puttaraju, M.; Mitchell, L. G.; Gambhir, S. S. Molecular imaging of gene expression in living subjects by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101, 8693-8698.
125. Paulmurugan, R.; Gambhir, S. S. Monitoring protein-protein interactions using split synthetic renilla luciferase protein-fragmentassisted complementation. Anal. Chem., 2003, 75, 1584-1589.
126. Paulmurugan, R.; Umezawa, Y.; Gambhir, S. S. Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects by using reporter protein complementation and reconstitution strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 15608-15613.
127. Gross, S.; Piwnica-Worms, D. Monitoring proteasome activity in cellulo and in living animals by bioluminescent imaging: technical considerations for design and use of genetically encoded reporters. Methods Enzymol., 2005, 399, 512-530.
128. Vooijs, M.; Jonkers, J.; Lyons, S.; Berns, A. Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumors in mice. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 1862-1867.
129. Muller-Taubenberger, A. Application of fluorescent protein tags as reporters in live-cell imaging studies. Methods Mol. Biol., 2006, 346, 229-246.
130. Shaner, N. C.; Lin, M. Z.; McKeown, M. R.; Steinbach, P. A.; Hazelwood, K. L.; Davidson, M. W.; Tsien, R. Y. Improving the photostability of bright monomeric orange and red fluorescent proteins. Nat. Methods, 2008, 5, 545-551.
131. Shu, X.; Royant, A.; Lin, M. Z.; Aguilera, T. A.; Lev-Ram, V.; Steinbach, P. A.; Tsien, R. Y. Mammalian expression of infrared fluorescent proteins engineered from a bacterial phytochrome. Science, 2009, 324, 804-807.
132. Tsien, R. Y. Nobel lecture: constructing and exploiting the fluorescent protein paintbox. Integr. Biol., (Camb), 2010, 2, 77-93.
133. Pauli, J.; Vag, T.; Haag, R.; Spieles, M.; Wenzel, M.; Kaiser, W. A.; Resch-Genger, U.; Hilger, I. An in vitro characterization study of new near infrared dyes for molecular imaging. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44, 3496-3503.
134. Hilderbrand, S. A.; Weissleder, R. Near-infrared fluorescence: application to in vivo molecular imaging. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2010, 14, 71-79.
135. Wilson, T.; Hastings, J. W. Bioluminescence. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 1998, 14, 197-230.
136. Bhaumik, S.; Lewis, X. Z.; Gambhir, S. S. Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase, synthetic Renilla luciferase, and firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice. J. Biomed. Opt., 2004, 9, 578-586.
137. Bhaumik, S.; Gambhir, S. S. Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 377-382.
138. Tannous, B. A. Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for monitoring biological processes in culture and in vivo. Nat. Protoc., 2009, 4, 582-591.
139. Branchini, B. R.; Ablamsky, D. M.; Murtiashaw, M. H.; Uzasci, L.; Fraga, H.; Southworth, T. L. Thermostable red and green lightproducing firefly luciferase mutants for bioluminescent reporter applications. Anal. Biochem., 2007, 361, 253-262.
140. Michelini, E.; Cevenini, L.; Mezzanotte, L.; Ablamsky, D.; Southworth, T.; Branchini, B. R.; Roda, A. Combining intracellular and secreted bioluminescent reporter proteins for multicolor cell-based assays. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 212-217.
141. Wilson, K. D.; Huang, M.; Wu, J. C. Bioluminescence reporter gene imaging of human embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and fate. Methods Mol. Biol., 2009, 574, 87-103.
142. Pomper, M. G.; Hammond, H.; Yu, X.; Ye, Z.; Foss, C. A.; Lin, D. D.; Fox, J. J.; Cheng, L. Serial imaging of human embryonic stemcell engraftment and teratoma formation in live mouse models. Cell Res., 2009, 19, 370-379.
143. Dhawan, A. P.; D'Alessandro, B.; Patwardhan, S.; Mullani, N. Multispectral optical imaging of skin-lesions for detection of malignant melanomas. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng., Med. Biol. Soc., 2009, 5352-5355.
144. Anandasabapathy, S. Endoscopic imaging: emerging optical techniques for the detection of colorectal neoplasia. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol., 2008, 24, 64-69.
145. Cerussi, A. E.; Tanamai, V. W.; Mehta, R. S.; Hsiang, D.; Butler, J.; Tromberg, B. J. Frequent optical imaging during breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy reveals dynamic tumor physiology in an individual patient. Acad. Radiol., 2010, 17(8),1031-1039.
146. Thekkek, N.; Richards-Kortum, R. Optical imaging for cervical cancer detection: solutions for a continuing global problem. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2008, 8, 725-731.
147. Wilder-Smith, P.; Lee, K.; Guo, S.; Zhang, J.; Osann, K.; Chen, Z.; Messadi, D. In vivo diagnosis of oral dysplasia and malignancy using optical coherence tomography: preliminary studies in 50 patients. Lasers Surg. Med., 2009, 41, 353-357.
148. Gibbs-Strauss, S. L.; Rosenberg, M.; Clough, B. L.; Troyan, S. L.; Frangioni, J. V. First-in-human clinical trials of imaging devices: an example from optical imaging. Conf. Proc. IEEE. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2009, 2001-2004.
149. Boddington, S. E.; Henning, T. D.; Jha, P.; Schlieve, C. R.; Mandrussow, L.; DeNardo, D.; Bernstein, H. S.; Ritner, C.; Golovko, D.; Lu, Y.; Zhao, S.; Daldrup-Link, H. E. Labeling human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with indocyanine green for noninvasive tracking with optical imaging: an FDA-compatible alternative to firefly luciferase. Cell Transplant, 2010, 19, 55-65.
150. Gilad, A. A.; Winnard, P. T., Jr.; van Zijl, P. C.; Bulte, J. W. Developing MR reporter genes: promises and pitfalls. NMR Biomed., 2007, 20, 275-290.
151. Cohen, B.; Ziv, K.; Plaks, V.; Israely, T.; Kalchenko, V.; Harmelin, A.; Benjamin, L. E.; Neeman, M. MRI detection of transcriptional regulation of gene expression in transgenic mice. Nat. Med., 2007, 13, 498-503.
152. Genove, G.; DeMarco, U.; Xu, H.; Goins, W. F.; Ahrens, E. T. A new transgene reporter for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Med., 2005, 11, 450-454.
153. Gilad, A. A.; McMahon, M. T.; Walczak, P.; Winnard, P. T. Jr.; Raman, V.; van Laarhoven, H. W.; Skoglund, C. M.; Bulte, J. W.; van Zijl, P. C. Artificial reporter gene providing MRI contrast based on proton exchange. Nat. Biotechnol., 2007, 25, 217-219.
154. Gambhir, S. S.; Bauer, E.; Black, M. E.; Liang, Q.; Kokoris, M. S.; Barrio, J. R.; Iyer, M.; Namavari, M.; Phelps, M. E.; Herschman, H. R. A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene shows improved sensitivity for imaging reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97, 2785-2790.
155. Rogers, B. E.; McLean, S. F.; Kirkman, R. L.; Della Manna, D.; Bright, S. J.; Olsen, C. C.; Myracle, A. D.; Mayo, M. S.; Curiel, D. T.; Buchsbaum, D. J. In vivo localization of [(111)In]-DTPA-DPhe1-octreotide to human ovarian tumor xenografts induced to express the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 using an adenoviral vector. Clin. Cancer Res., 1999, 5, 383-393.
156. Ponomarev, V.; Doubrovin, M.; Shavrin, A.; Serganova, I.; Beresten, T.; Ageyeva, L.; Cai, C.; Balatoni, J.; Alauddin, M.; Gelovani, J. A human-derived reporter gene for noninvasive imaging in humans: mitochondrial thymidine kinase type 2. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48, 819-826.
157. MacLaren, D. C.; Gambhir, S. S.; Satyamurthy, N.; Barrio, J. R.; Sharfstein, S.; Toyokuni, T.; Wu, L.; Berk, A. J.; Cherry, S. R.; Phelps, M. E.; Herschman, H. R. Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals. Gene Ther., 1999, 6, 785-791.
158. Haberkorn, U. Gene therapy with sodium/iodide symporter in hepatocarcinoma. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes., 2001, 109, 60-62.
159. Terrovitis, J.; Kwok, K. F.; Lautamaki, R.; Engles, J. M.; Barth, A. S.; Kizana, E.; Miake, J.; Leppo, M. K.; Fox, J.; Seidel, J.; Pomper, M.; Wahl, R. L.; Tsui, B.; Bengel, F.; Marban, E.; Abraham, M. R. Ectopic expression of the sodium-iodide symporter enables imaging of transplanted cardiac stem cells in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52, 1652-1660.
160. Ray, P.; Tsien, R.; Gambhir, S. S. Construction and validation of improved triple fusion reporter gene vectors for molecular imaging of living subjects. Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 3085-3093.
161. Mawlawi, O.; Townsend, D. W. Multimodality imaging: an update on PET/CT technology. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 2009, 36 (Suppl 1), S15-29.
162. Blodgett, T. M.; Meltzer, C. C.; Townsend, D. W. PET/CT: form and function. Radiology, 2007, 242, 360-385.
163. Bolus, N. E.; George, R.; Washington, J.; Newcomer, B. R. PET/MRI: the blended-modality choice of the future? J. Nucl. Med. Technol., 2009, 37, 63-71; quiz 72-3.
164. Nekolla, S. G.; Martinez-Moeller, A.; Saraste, A. PET and MRI in cardiac imaging: from validation studies to integrated applications. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 36 (Suppl 1), S121-130.
165. Beeres, S. L.; Bengel, F. M.; Bartunek, J.; Atsma, D. E.; Hill, J. M.; Vanderheyden, M.; Penicka, M.; Schalij, M. J.; Wijns, W.; Bax, J. J. Role of imaging in cardiac stem cell therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2007, 49, 1137-1148.
166. Cao, F.; Lin, S.; Xie, X.; Ray, P.; Patel, M.; Zhang, X.; Drukker, M.; Dylla, S. J.; Connolly, A. J.; Chen, X.; Weissman, I. L.; Gambhir, S. S.; Wu, J. C. In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery. Circulation, 2006, 113, 1005-1014.
167. Westrich, J.; Yaeger, P.; He, C.; Stewart, J.; Chen, R.; Seleznik, G.; Larson, S.; Wentworth, B.; O'Callaghan, M.; Wadsworth, S.; Akita, G.; Molnar, G. Factors affecting residence time of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) injected into the myocardium. Cell Transplant. 2010, 19(8), 937-948.
168. Willmann, J. K.; Paulmurugan, R.; Rodriguez-Porcel, M.; Stein, W.; Brinton, T. J.; Connolly, A. J.; Nielsen, C. H.; Lutz, A. M.; Lyons, J.; Ikeno, F.; Suzuki, Y.; Rosenberg, J.; Chen, I. Y.; Wu, J. C.; Yeung, A. C.; Yock, P.; Robbins, R. C.; Gambhir, S. S. Imaging gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: from small to large animals. Radiology, 2009, 252, 117-127.
169. Gyongyosi, M.; Blanco, J.; Marian, T.; Tron, L.; Petnehazy, O.; Petrasi, Z.; Hemetsberger, R.; Rodriguez, J.; Font, G.; Pavo, I. J.; Kertesz, I.; Balkay, L.; Pavo, N.; Posa, A.; Emri, M.; Galuska, L.; Kraitchman, D. L.; Wojta, J.; Huber, K.; Glogar, D. Serial noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomographic tracking of percutaneously intramyocardially injected autologous porcine mesenchymal stem cells modified for transgene reporter gene expression. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2008, 1, 94-103.
170. Lee, S. W.; Padmanabhan, P.; Ray, P.; Gambhir, S. S.; Doyle, T.; Contag, C.; Goodman, S. B.; Biswal, S. Stem cell-mediated accelerated bone healing observed with in vivo molecular and small animal imaging technologies in a model of skeletal injury. J. Orthop. Res., 2009, 27, 295-302.
171. Granero-Molto, F.; Weis, J. A.; Miga, M. I.; Landis, B.; Myers, T. J.; O'Rear, L.; Longobardi, L.; Jansen, E. D.; Mortlock, D. P.; Spagnoli, A. Regenerative effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in fracture healing. Stem Cells, 2009, 27, 1887-1898.