Self assembling polymers as polymersomes for drug delivery

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 65-79

  Jain, Jay Prakash ^a   Ayen, Wubeante Yenet ^a   Kumar, Neeraj ^a  

^a Natl Inst Pharmaceutical Educ R   (India)

Author keywords

(peg)3 pla; Drug delivery; Peg pla; Polymeric vesicles; Polymers; Polymersomes; Self assembly; Stimuli responsive

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL END CAPPED POLY(2 METHACRYLOYLOXYETHYL PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE); COPOLYMER; DEXTRAN B POLYSTYRENE; DIMETICONE; METHOXY POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 3 CITRATE POLY(LACTIC ACID); POLY(2 HYDROXYETHYL ASPARTAMIDE); POLY(2 METHACRYLOYLOXY ETHYL PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE)B POLY(2 DIISOPROPYLAMINO ETHYL METHACRYLATE); POLY(AMINDOAMINE)DENDRON B POLY(L LYSINE); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) B (2 NITROPHENYLALANINE)B POLY(CAPROLACTONE); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLY(2,4,6 TRIMETHOXYBENZYLIDENEPENTAERYTHRITOL CARBONATE); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLY(CAPROLACTONE); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLY(CAPROLACTONE)B POLY(L GLUTAMIC ACID); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLY(LACTIC ACID); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLY(TRIMETHYLENE CARBONATE); POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)B POLYSTYRENE BORONIC ACID; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)BPOLY(LACTIC ACID)B POLY(L GLUTAMIC ACID); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) B POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) B POLY(N ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(2 DIISOPROPYLAMINO ETHYL METHACRYLATE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(BUTYLENE OXIDE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(CAPROLACTONE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(GAMMA METHYL CAPROLACTONE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(ISOBUTYLENE); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(LACTIC ACID); POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)B POLY(PROPYLENE SULFIDE)B POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); POLY(GAMMA BENZYL L GLUTAMATE)B HYALURONAN; POLY(GAMMA L GLUTAMIC ACID B POLY(BUTADIENE); POLY(L GLUTAMIC ACID)B POLY(TRIMETHYLENE CARBONATE); POLY[2 (DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL METHACRYLATE]; POLYSTYRENE B POLY(ISOCYANOALANINE(2 THIOPHENE 3 YL ETHYL)AMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CANCER THERAPY; CYTOARCHITECTURE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG RELEASE; HUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE;

DENDRIMERS; DRUG CARRIERS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA; POLYMERIZATION; SOLUBILITY; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 79953737541     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161211795049822     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Bangham AD. Liposomes: The Babraham connection. Chem Phys Lipids 1993; 64: 275-285.
2. Bangham AD, Horne RW. Negative staining of phospholipids and their structural modification by surface active agents as observed in the electron microscope. J Mol Biol 1964; 8: 660-668.
3. Bangham AD, Standish MM, Watkins JC. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J Mol Bio 1965; 13: 238-252.
4. Maruyama K, Takizawa T, Takahashi N, et al. Targeting efficiency of PEG-immunoliposome-conjugated antibodies at PEG terminals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997; 24: 235-242.
5. Zalipsky S, Hansen CB, Lopes de Menezes DE, Allen TM. Longcirculating, polyethylene glycol-grafted immunoliposomes. J. Controlled Release 1996; 39: 153-161.
6. Discher BM, Won YY, Ege DS, et al. Polymersomes: Tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers. Science 1999; 284: 1143-1146.
7. Lin JJ, Silas JA, Bermudez H, et al. The effect of polymer chain length and surface density on the adhesiveness of functionalized polymersomes. Langmuir 2004; 20: 5493-5500.
8. Meng F, Hiemstra C, Engbers GHM, Feijen J. Biodegradable polymersomes. Macromolecules 2003; 36: 3004-3006.
9. Zhang L, Yu K, Eisenberg A. Ion-induced morphological changes in crew-cut aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers. Science 1996; 272: 1777-1779.
10. Zhang L, Eisenberg A. Morphogenic effect of added ions on crewcut aggregates of polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers in solutions. Macromolecules 1996; 29: 8805-8815.
11. Yu Y, Eisenberg A. Control of morphology through polymersolvent interactions in crew-cut aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers. J. Am. Chem Soc 1997; 119: 8383-8384.
12. Shen HW, Eisenberg A. Block length dependence of morphological phase diagrams of the ternary system of PS-b-PAA/dioxane/H2O. Macromolecules 2000; 33: 2561-2572.
13. Kita-Tokarczyk K, Grumelard J, Haefele T, Meier W. Block copolymer vesicles--using concepts from polymer chemistry to mimic biomembranes. Polymer 2005; 46: 3540-3563.
14. Foster T, Dorfman KD, Davis HT. Giant biocompatible and biodegradable PEG-PMCL vesicles and microcapsules by solvent evaporation from double emulsion droplets. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010; 351: 140-150.
15. Discher DE, Eisenberg A. Polymer vesicles. Science 2002; 297: 967-973.
16. Choucair A, Lavigueur C, Eisenberg A. Polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) vesicle size control using solution properties and hydrophilic block length. Langmuir 2004; 20: 3894-3900.
17. Burke SE, Eisenberg A. Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the morphology of polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) aggregates in dioxane-water mixtures. Langmuir 2001; 17: 8341-8347.
18. Ahmed F, Pakunlu RI, Brannan A, et al. Biodegradable polymersomes loaded with both paclitaxel and doxorubicin permeate and shrink tumors, inducing apoptosis in proportion to accumulated drug. J. Controlled Release 2006; 116: 150-158.
19. Sharma A, Sharma US. Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int. J. Pharm 1997; 154: 123-140.
20. Dimova R, Seifert U, Pouligny B, Forster S, Dobereiner HG. Hyperviscous diblock copolymer vesicles. Eur. Phys J. E 2002; 7: 241-250.
21. Nardin C, Widmer J, Winterhalter M, Meier W. Amphiphilic block copolymer nanocontainers as bioreactors. Eur. Phys J. E 2001; 4: 403-410.
22. Bermudez H, Brannan AK, Hammer DA, Bates FS, Discher DE. Molecular weight dependence of polymersome membrane structure, elasticity, and stability. Macromolecules 2002; 35: 8203-8208.
23. Discher BM, Bermudez H, Hammer DA, et al. Cross-linked polymersome membranes: Vesicles with broadly adjustable properties. J. Phys Chem B 2002; 106: 2848-2854.
24. Nardin C, Hirt T, Leukel J, Meier W. Polymerized ABA-triblock copolymer vesicles. Langmuir 2000; 16: 1035-1041.
25. Joralemon MJ, O'Reilly RK, Hawker CJ, Wooley KL. Shell clickcrosslinked (SCC) nanoparticles: a new methodology for synthesis and orthogonal functionalization. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005; 127: 16892-16899.
26. Lee JCM, Bermudez H, Discher BM, et al. Preparation, stability, and in vitro performance of vesicles made with diblock copolymers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2001; 73: 135-145.
27. Photos PJ, Bacakova L, Discher B, Bates FS, Discher DE. Polymer vesicles in vivo: correlations with PEG molecular weight. J. Controlled Release 2003; 90: 323-334.
28. Sanson C, Schatz C, Le Meins J-F, et al. Biocompatible and biodegradable Poly(trimethylene carbonate)-b-Poly(L-glutamic acid) polymersomes: Size control and stability. Langmuir 2010; 26: 27512760.
29. Nielsen SO, Lopez CF, Srinivas G, Klein ML. Coarse grain models and the computer simulation of soft materials. J. Phys: Condens. Matter 2004; 16: R418-R512.
30. Vriezema DM, Aragones MC, Elemans JAAW, et al. Selfassembled nanoreactors. Chem Rev. 2005; 105: 1445-1489.
31. Jain S, Bates FS. On the origins of morphological complexity in block copolymer surfactants. Science 2003; 300: 460-464.
32. Avgoustakis K, Beletsi A, Panagi Z, et al. PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles of cisplatin: In vivo nanoparticle degradation, in vitro drug release and in vivo drug residence in blood properties. J. Controlled Release 2002; 79: 123-135.
33. Govender T, Riley T, Ehtezazi T, et al. Defining the drug incorporation properties of PLA-PEG nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 2000; 199: 95-110.
34. Won YY, Brannan AK, Davis HT, Bates FS. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) of micelles and vesicles formed in water by poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers. J. Phys Chem B 2002; 106: 3354-3364.
35. Yasugi K, Nakamura T, Nagasaki Y, Kato M, Kataoka K. Sugarinstalled polymer micelles: Synthesis and micellization of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymers having sugar groups at the PEG chain end. Macromolecules 1999; 32: 8024-8032.
36. Ghoroghchian PP, Li G, Levine DH, et al. Bioresorbable vesicles formed through spontaneous self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polycaprolactone. Macromolecules 2006; 39: 1673-1675.
37. Jain JP, Kumar N. Self assembly of amphiphilic (PEG)3-PLA copolymer as polymersomes: Preparation, characterization, and their evaluation as drug carrier. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11: 1027-1035.
38. Ayen WY, Bhavsar C, Jain JP, Kumar N. Effect of PEG chain length and hydrophilic weight fraction on polymersomes prepared from branched (PEG)3-PLA co-polymers. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2010; 22: 158-165.
39. Ahmed F, Discher DE. Self-porating polymersomes of PEG-PLA and PEG-PCL: Hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles. J. Controlled Release 2004; 96: 37-53.
40. Yu K, Eisenberg A. Bilalyer morphologies of self-assembled crewcut aggregates of amphiphilic PS-b-PEO diblock copolymers in solution. Macromolecules 1998; 31: 3509-3518.
41. Soo PL, Eisenberg A. Preparation of block copolymer vesicles in solution. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys 2004; 42: 923-938.
42. Kyoung TK, Jeroen JLMC, Roeland JMN, Jan CMvH. A polymersome nanoreactor with controllable permeability induced by stimuli-responsive block copolymers. Adv. Mater. 2009; 27: 2787-2791.
43. Ding JF, Liu GJ. Polyisoprene-block-poly(2-cinnamoylethyl methacrylate) vesicles and their aggregates. Macromolecules 1997; 30: 655-657.
44. Schillen K, Bryskhe K, Mel'nikova YS. Vesicles formed from a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer in dilute aqueous solution. Macromolecules 1999; 32: 6885-6888.
45. Kukula H, Schlaad H, Antonietti M, Foerster S. The formation of polymer vesicles or Peptosomes by polybutadiene-block-poly(Lglutamate)s in dilute aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2002; 124: 1658-1663.
46. Li S, Byrne B, Welsh J, Palmer AF. Self-assembled poly(butadiene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) polymersomes as paclitaxel carriers. Biotechnol. Progr. 2007; 23: 278-285.
47. Hammer DA, Robbins GP, Haun JB, et al. Leuko-polymersomes. Faraday Discuss. 2008; 139: 129-141.
48. Katz JS, Levine DH, Davis KP, et al. Membrane stabilization of biodegradable polymersomes. Langmuir 2009; 25: 4429-4434.
49. Lee JS, Zhou W, Zhang D, Otto C, Feijen J. Hydrosomes, novel thermosensitive gel-containing polymersomes. J. Controlled Release 2008; 132: e28-e29.
50. Rameez S, Alosta H, Palmer AF. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a potential oxygen carrier. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19: 1025-1032.
51. Christian DA, Cai S, Bowen DM, et al. Polymersome carriers: From self-assembly to siRNA and protein therapeutics. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2009; 71: 463-474.
52. Kim Y, Tewari M, Pajerowski JD, et al. Polymersome delivery of siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides. J. Controlled Release 2009; 134: 132-140.
53. Sanson C, Schatz C, Le Meins J-F, Soum A, Lecommandoux S. Temperature and pH-responsive polymersomes from polycarbonate-b-polypeptide block copolymers. PMSE Preprints 2009; 101: 1479-1480.
54. Napoli A, Boerakker MJ, Tirelli N, et al. Glucose oxidase-based self-destructing polymeric vesicles. Langmuir 2004; 20: 3487-3491.
55. Napoli A, Valentini M, Tirelli N, Muller M, Hubbell JA. Oxidation-responsive polymeric vesicles. Nat. Mater. 2004; 3: 183-189.
56. Xu H, Meng F, Zhong Z. Reversibly crosslinked temperatureresponsive nano-sized polymersomes: Synthesis and triggered drug release. J. Mater. Chem 2009; 19: 4183-4190.
57. Najafi F, Sarbolouki MN. Biodegradable micelles/polymersomes from fumaric/sebacic acids and poly(ethylene glycol). Biomaterials 2003; 24: 1175-1182.
58. Zheng C, Qiu L, Zhu K. Novel polymersomes based on amphiphilic graft polyphosphazenes and their encapsulation of watersoluble anti-cancer drug. Polymer 2009; 50: 1173-1177.
59. Marsden HR, Handgraaf J-W, Nudelman F, Sommerdijk NAJM, Kros A. Uniting polypeptides with sequence-designed peptides: Synthesis and assembly of poly(-benzyl L-glutamate)-b-coiledcoil peptide copolymers. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2010; 132: 2370-2377.
60. Upadhyay KK, Le Meins JF, Misra A, et al. Biomimetic doxorubicin loaded polymersomes from hyaluronan-block-Poly(-benzyl glutamate) copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10: 2802-2808.
61. Jain JP, Jatana M, Chakrabarti A, Kumar N. Amphotericin-BLoaded polymersomes formulation (PAMBO) based on (PEG)3PLA copolymers: An in vivo evaluation in a murine model. Mol Pharm. 2010; 8: 204-212.
62. Jain JP, Kumar N. Development of amphotericin B-loaded polymersomes based on (PEG)3-PLA co-polymers: Factors affecting size and in vitro evaluation. Eur. J. Pharm. sci. 2010; 40: 456-465.
63. Schrage S, Sigel R, Schlaad H. Formation of amphiphilic polyion complex vesicles from mixtures of oppositely charged block ionomers. Macromolecules 2003; 36: 1417-1420.
64. Sanson C, Schatz C, Le Meins J-F, et al. A simple method to achieve high doxorubicin loading in biodegradable polymersomes. J. Controlled Release 2010; 147: 428-435.
65. Agut W, Sanson C, Taton D, et al. Polypeptide-based polymersomes as biomimetic nano-carriers. PMSE Preprints 2007; 97: 232233.
66. Hearnden V, Lomas H, MacNeil S, et al. Diffusion studies of nanometer polymersomes across tissue engineered human oral mucosa. Pharm. Res. 2009; 26: 1718-1728.
67. Xu JP, Ji J, Chen W-D, Shen J-C. Novel biomimetic polymersomes as polymer therapeutics for drug delivery. J. Controlled Release 2005; 107: 502-512.
68. Upadhyay KK, Bhat AN, Castro E, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of docetaxel loaded biodegradable polymersomes. MacroMol Biosci. 2010; 10: 503-512.
69. Arifin DR, Palmer AF. Polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin: a novel type of oxygen carrier. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6: 21722181.
70. Rameez S, Bamba I, Palmer AF. Large scale production of vesicles by hollow fiber extrusion: A Novel method for generating polymersome encapsulated hemoglobin dispersions. Langmuir 2010; 26: 5279-5285.
71. Langereis S, Gruell H, Messager LLP, Pikkemaat JA, Burdinski D, inventor; Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., Neth., assignee. Polymeric drug carrier for MRI image-guided delivery. World Intellectual Property Organization WO 2009072079. 2009 Dec.
72. Demirgoz D, Pangburn TO, Davis KP, et al. PR_b-targeted delivery of tumor necrosis factorby polymersomes for the treatment of prostate cancer. Soft Matter 2009; 5: 2011-2019.
73. Ghoroghchian PP, Frail PR, Susumu K, et al. Broad spectral domain fluorescence wavelength modulation of visible and nearinfrared emissive polymersomes. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005; 127: 15388-15390.
74. Ghoroghchian PP, Frail PR, Susumu K, et al. Near-infraredemissive polymersomes: self-assembled soft matter for in vivo optical imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2005; 102: 2922-2927.
75. Cheng Z, Tsourkas A. Paramagnetic porous polymersomes. Langmuir 2008; 24: 8169-8173.
76. Smart TP, Ryan AJ, Howse JR, Battaglia G. Homopolymer induced aggregation of poly(ethylene oxide)n-b-poly(butylene oxide)m polymersomes. Langmuir 2010; 26: 7425-7430.
77. Smart TP, Fernyhough C, Ryan AJ, Battaglia G. Controlling fusion and aggregation in polymersome dispersions. MacroMol Rapid Commun. 2008; 29: 1855-1860.
78. Binder WH, Sachsenhofer R. Polymersome/silica capsules by 'click'-chemistry. MacroMol Rapid Commun. 2008; 29: 1097-1093.
79. Checot F, Lecommandoux S, Klok HA, Gnanou Y. From supramolecular polymersomes to stimuli-responsive nano-capsules based on poly(diene-b-peptide) diblock copolymers. Eur. Phys J. E 2003; 10: 25-35.
80. Houga C, Giermanska J, Lecommandoux S, et al. Micelles and polymersomes obtained by self-assembly of dextran and polystyrene based block copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10: 32-40.
81. Kim KT, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. A Polymersome nanoreactor with controllable permeability induced by stimuli-responsive block copolymers. Adv. Mater. 2009; 21: 2787-2791.
82. Kim KT, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Permeability of polymersomes induced by stimuli-responsive block copolymers. PMSE Preprints 2009; 101: 1115-1116.
83. De Hoog H-PM, Vriezema DM, Nallani M, et al. Tuning the properties of PS-PIAT block copolymers and their assembly into polymersomes. Soft Matter 2008; 4: 1003-1010.
84. Zhou W, Feijen J. Biodegradable polymersomes for controlled drug release. J. Controlled Release 2008; 132: e35-e36.
85. Pang Z, Lu W, Gao H, et al. Preparation and brain delivery property of biodegradable polymersomes conjugated with OX26. J. Controlled Release 2008; 128: 120-127.
86. Katz JS, Zhong S, Ricart BG, et al. Modular synthesis of biodegradable diblock copolymers for designing functional polymersomes. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2010; 132: 3654-3655.
87. Katz JS, Burdick JA, Hammer DA, inventor; University of Pennsylvania, USA, assignee. Stabilization of macromolecular membranes. World Intellectual Property Organization WO 2009117188. 2009 Feb.
88. Katz JS, Levine DH, Hammer DA, Burdick JA. Acrylation of PCLPEO diblock copolymers to slow the passive release of doxorubicin from self-assembled polymersomes. Polym. Prepr. 2008; 49: 1032-1033.
89. Ghoroghchian PP, Frail PR, Li G, et al. Controlling bulk optical properties of emissive polymersomes through intramembranous polymer-fluorophore interactions. Chem Mater. 2007; 19: 1309-1318.
90. Cheng Z, Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Porous polymersomes with encapsulated Gd-Labeled dendrimers as highly efficient MRI contrast agents. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009; 19: 3753-3759.
91. Ahmed F, Pakunlu RI, Srinivas G, et al. Shrinkage of a rapidly growing tumor by drug-doaded polymersomes: PH-triggered release through copolymer degradation. Mol Pharm. 2006; 3: 340-350.
92. Meng F, Engbers GHM, Feijen J. Biodegradable polymersomes as a basis for artificial cells: encapsulation, release and targeting. J. Controlled Release 2005; 101: 187-198.
93. Cabane E, Boukhal Z, Claverie JP, Durant YG. Nanoparticle mediated oral delivery of insulin. Polym. Prepr. 2007; 48: 946-947.
94. Lee HJ, Yang SR, An EJ, Kim J-D. Biodegradable polymersomes from poly(2-hydroxyethyl aspartamide) grafted with lactic acid oligomers in aqueous solution. Macromolecules 2006; 39: 4938-4940.
95. Chen W, Meng F, Cheng R, Zhong Z. pH-Sensitive degradable polymersomes for triggered release of anticancer drugs: A comparative study with micelles. J. Controlled Release 2010; 142: 40-46.
96. Upadhyay KK, Bhatt AN, Mishra AK, et al. The intracellular drug delivery and anti tumor activity of doxorubicin loaded poly(benzyl -glutamate)-b-hyaluronan polymersomes. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 2882-2892.
97. Battaglia G, inventor; Biocompatibles UK Limited, UK, assignee. Polymersomes comprising amphiphilic block copolymers for epithelial delivery. World Intellectual Property Organization WO 2009138477. 2009 May.
98. Lewis AL, Battaglia G, Canton I, Stratford PW, inventor; Biocompatibles UK Limited, UK, assignee. Amphiphilic block copolymers for nucleic acid delivery. World Intellectual Property Organization WO 2009138472. 2009 May.
99. Lomas H, Massignani M, Abdullah KA, et al. Non-cytotoxic polymer vesicles for rapid and efficient intracellular delivery. Faraday Discuss. 2008; 139: 143-159.
100. Sullivan S, Yuan B, Cannon G, Heinhorst S, Morgan SE. Preparation of polymersomes from ABA triblock copolymers for biodetection applications. Polym. Prepr. 2009; 50.
101. Ruysschaert T, Sonnen AFP, Haefele T, et al. Hybrid nanocapsules: Interactions of ABA block copolymers with liposomes. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005; 127: 6242-6247.
102. Cerritelli S, Velluto D, Hubbell JA. PEG-SS-PPS: ReductionSensitive disulfide block copolymer vesicles for intracellular drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8: 1966-1972.
103. Christian NA, Milone MC, Ranka SS, et al. Tat-Functionalized near-infrared emissive polymersomes for dendritic cell labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18: 31-40.
104. Del Barrio J, Oriol L, Sanchez C, et al. Self-Assembly of lineardendritic diblock copolymers: From nanofibers to polymersomes. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2010; 132: 3762-3769.
105. Harada A, Nakanishi K-i, Kojima C, Kono K. Spontaneous formation of narrowly distributed polymersomes from PAMAM dendron-b-poly(L-lysine). PMSE Preprints 2008; 99: 58-59.
106. Jun YJ, Park MK, Jadhav VB, et al. Tripodal amphiphiles tunable for self-assembly to polymersomes. J. Controlled Release 2010; 142: 132-137.
107. Yin H, Kang SW, Bae YH. Polymersome formation from AB2 Type 3-Miktoarm star copolymers. Macromolecules 2009; 42: 7456-7464.
108. Murphy RM. Static and dynamic light scattering of biological macromolecules: What can we learn? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol 1997; 8: 25-30.
109. Chen L, Shen H, Eisenberg A. Kinetics and mechanism of the rod to vesical transition of block coploymer aggregates in solution. J. Phys Chem B 1999; 103: 9488-9497.
110. Reinecke AA, Doebereiner H-G. Slow relaxation dynamics of tubular polymersomes after thermal quench. Langmuir 2003; 19: 605-608.
111. Manz W, Arp G, Schumann-Kindela G, Szewzyka U, Reitner J. Widefield deconvolution epifluorescence microscopy combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals the spatial arrangement of bacteria in sponge tissue. J. Microbiol. Methods 2000; 40: 125-134.
112. Morgan CG, Mitchell AC. Fluorescence lifetime imaging: An emerging technique in fluorescence microscopy. Chromosome Res 1996; 4: 261-263.
113. Swanson JA. Ratiometric fluorescence microscopy. Method Microbiol. 2002; 31: 1-18.
114. Hinterdorfer P, Baber G, Tamm LK. Reconstitution of membrane fusion sites. A total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy study of influenza hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion. J. Biol. Chem 1994; 269: 20360-20368.
115. Oheim M, Loerke D, Stuhmer W, Chow RH. The last few milliseconds in the life of a secretory granule. Docking, dynamics and fusion visualized by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Eur. BioPhys J 1998; 27: 83-98.
116. Yip KP, Kurtz I. Confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements of pH and calcium in living cells. Methods Cell Biol. 2002; 70: 417-427.
117. Gozdz WT. Spontaneous curvature induced shape transformations of tubular polymersomes. Langmuir 2004; 20: 7385-7391.
118. Bagatolli LA, Gratton E. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy observation of shape changes at the phase transition in phospholipid giant unilamellar vesicles. BioPhys J 1999; 77: 2090-2101.
119. Ding JF, Liu GJ. Water-soluble hollow nanospheres as potential drug carriers. J. Phys Chem B 1998; 102: 6107-6113.
120. Peng H, Chen D, Jiang M. Self-assembly of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PS-b-P4VP in chloroform and the encapsulation of PFOA in the formed aggregates as the nanocrystallites. J. Phys Chem B 2003; 107: 12461-12462.
121. Erlanson M, Daniel-Szolgay E, Carlsson J. Relations between the penetration, binding and average concentration of cytostatic drugs in human tumor spheroids. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol 1992; 29: 343-353.
122. Wartenberg M, Frey C, Diedershagen H, et al. Development of an intrinsic P-glycoprotein-mediated doxorubicin resistance in quiescent cell layers of large, multicellular prostate tumor spheroids. Int. J. Cancer 1998; 75: 855-863.
123. Young SD, Hill RP. Effects of reoxygenation on cells from hypoxic regions of solid tumors: anticancer drug sensitivity and metastatic potential. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 371-380.
124. Young SD, Marshall RS, Hill RP. Hypoxia induces DNA overreplication and enhances metastatic potential of murine tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 9533-9537.
125. Nori A, Kopecek J. Intracellular targeting of polymer-bound drugs for cancer chemotherapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005; 57: 609-636.
126. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC. Long-circulating and targetspecific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev. 2001; 53: 283-318.
127. Levine DH, Ghoroghchian PP, Freudenberg J, et al. Polymersomes: A new multi-functional tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Methods 2008; 46: 25-32.
128. Yang X, Grailer JJ, Rowland IJ, et al. Multifunctional SPIO/DOXloaded wormlike polymer vesicles for cancer therapy and MR imaging. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 9065-9073.
129. Yang X, Grailer JJ, Rowland IJ JA, et al. Multifunctional stable and pH-responsive polymer vesicles formed by heterofunctional triblock copolymer for targeted anticancer drug delivery and ultrasensitive MR imaging. ACS Nano 2010; 4: 6805-6817.
130. Lomas H, Canton I, MacNeil S, et al. Biomimetic pH sensitive polymersomes for efficient DNA encapsulation and delivery. Adv. Mater. 2007; 19: 4238-4243.
131. O'Neil CP, Suzuki T, Demurtas D, Finka A, Hubbell JA. A Novel method for the encapsulation of biomolecules into polymersomes via direct hydration. Langmuir 2009; 25: 9025-9029.
132. Wittemann A, Azzam T, Eisenberg A. Biocompatible polymer vesicles from biamphiphilic triblock copolymers and their interaction with bovine serum albumin. Langmuir 2007; 23: 2224-2230.
133. Ben-Haim N, Broz P, Marsch S, Meier W, Hunziker P. Cellspecific integration of artificial organelles based on functionalized polymer vesicles. Nano Lett. 2008; 8: 1368-1373.
134. Nardin C, Thoeni S, Widmer J, Winterhalter M, Meier W. Nanoreactors based on (polymerized) ABA-triblock copolymer vesicles. Chem Commun. 2000; 15: 1433-1434.
135. Chiang WH, Hsu YH, Tang F-F, Chern CS, Chiu HC. Temperature/pH-induced morphological regulations of shell cross-linked graft copolymer assemblies. Polymer 2010; 51: 6248-6257.
136. Qin SH, Geng Y, Discher DE, Yang S. Temperature controlled assembly and release from polymer vesicles of poly (ethylene oxide)-block-(N-isopropyl acrylamide). Adv. Mater. 2006; 18: 2905-2909.
137. Lee JS, Zhou W, Meng F, et al. Thermosensitive hydrogelcontaining polymersomes for controlled drug delivery. J. Controlled Release 2010; 146: 400-408.
138. Zhang H, Xin F, An W, et al. Oxidizing-responsive vesicles made from tadpole-like supramolecular amphiphiles based on inclusion complexes between driving molecules and [beta]-cyclodextrin. Colloids Surf., A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2010; 363: 78-85.
139. Discher DE, Ortiz V, Srinivas G, et al. Emerging applications of polymersomes in delivery: From molecular dynamics to shrinkage of tumors. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007; 32: 838-857.
140. Du JZ, Tang YP, Lewis AL, Armes SP. pH sensitive vesicles based on a biocompatible zwitterionic diblock copolymer. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005; 127: 17982-17983.
141. Adams DJ, Adams S, Atkins D, Butler MF, Furzeland S. Impact of mechanism of formation on encapsulation in block copolymer vesicles. J. Controlled Release 2008; 128: 165-170.
142. Zhou W, Meng F, Engbers GHM, Feijen J. Biodegradable polymersomes for targeted ultrasound imaging. J. Controlled release 2006; 116: e62-e64.