Ion-induced morphological changes in 'crew-cut' aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers

Science

Volumn 272, Issue 5269, 1996, Pages 1777-1779

  Zhang, Lifeng ^a   Yu, Kui ^a   Eisenberg, Adi ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACRYLICS; CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; CROSSLINKING; GELATION; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; IONS; MICELLES; MORPHOLOGY; POLYETHYLENE OXIDES; POLYSTYRENES; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS; CREW CUT AGGREGATES; LARGE COMPOUND VESICLES; POLYACRYLIC ACID;

BLOCK COPOLYMERS;

AMPHOPHILE; COPOLYMER;

ARTICLE; CROSS LINKING; DILUTION; DISSOLUTION; DRUG TRANSPORT; GEL; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 15844399879     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1777     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
2. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
3. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
4. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
5. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
6. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
7. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
8. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
9. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
10. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
11. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
12. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
13. C. Price, in Developments in Block Copolymers, I. Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 39-80; J. Selb and Y. Gallot, ibid., I Goodman, Ed. (Applied Science, London, 1985), vol 2, pp. 27-96; Z. Tuzar and P. Kratochvil, in Surface and Colloid Science, E. Matijevic, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1993), vol. 15, pp. 1-83; M. D Whitmore and J. Noolandi, Macromolecules 18, 657 (1985); A Halpenn, ibid. 20, 2943 (1987); R. Nagarajan and K. Ganesh, J. Chem Phys. 90, 5843 (1989), R. Hilfiker, D Q Wu, B Chu, J Colloid Interface Sci. 135, 573 (1990); A. P Gast, P. K. Vinson, K A. Cogan-Farinas, Macromolecules 26, 1774 (1993); I. Astafieva, X. F Zhong, A Eisenberg ibid , p 7339; A. Qin, M. Tian, C. Ramireddy, S. E. Webber, P. Munk, ibid 27, 120 (1994); M. Antonietti, S. Heinz. M Schmidt, C Rosenauer, ibid., p. 3276, O. Glatter, G. Scherf, K. Schillén, W. Brown, ibid., p. 6046; L. Zhang, R. J. Barlow, A. Eisenberg, ibid. 28, 6055 (1995).
14. L. Zhang and A Eisenberg, Science 268, 1728 (1995).
15. _, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 3168 (1996).
16. K Yu and A. Eisenberg, unpublished results.
17. A Phillips EM410 microscope was used for the TEM studies. Samples were deposited from aqueous solutions onto copper EM grids that had been precoated with a thin film of polyvinyl formaldehyde plastic (Formvar) and then coated with carbon; the grids were then shadowed with a palladium-platinum alloy. A detailed description of the experimental conditions can be found elsewhere (3).
18. H. Shen and A. Eisenberg, unpublished results.
19. S. Chiruvolu et al., Science 264, 1753 (1994).
20. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
21. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
22. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
23. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
24. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
25. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
26. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
27. S. Ozeki and S. Ikeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87, 424 (1982); Y. Talmon. D F. Evans, B. W Ninham, Science 221, 1047 (1983); D D. Miller, D. F. Evans, G. G. Warr, J. R. Belare, B. W. Ninham, J. Colloid Interface Sci 116, 598 (1987); F. J. Schepers, W. K. Toet, J. C. van de Pas, Langmuir 9, 956 (1993); B. J. Ravoo and J.B F N Engberts, ibid. 10, 1735 (1994); A Sein and J B.F.N. Engberts, ibid. 11, 455 (1995); S. Miyagishi, H. Kurimoto, T. Asakawa, ibid., p. 2951, L. L. Brasher, K. L. Hemngton, E. W. Kaler, ibid., p. 4267.
28. L Zhang and A. Eisenberg, unpublished results.
29. We thank H. Shen for his consent to report results of preliminary experiments with the PS-b-P4VP.Mel system and C. J. Clarke, M. Moffitt, and L. Cuccia for useful discussions. We also thank the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for continuing support of this research.