Molecular carcinogenesis of canine mammary tumors: News from an old disease

Veterinary Pathology

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 98-116

  Klopfleisch, R ^a   von Euler, H ^b   Sarli, G ^c   Pinho, S S ^d   Gartner F ^d   Gruber, A D ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Canine mammary tumor; Carcinogenesis; Oncogenes; Proliferation

Indexed keywords

TUMOR PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DOG; DOG DISEASE; EXPERIMENTAL NEOPLASM; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, ANIMAL; NEOPLASM PROTEINS;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 79951940506     PISSN: 03009858     EISSN: 15442217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390826     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Ashworth T.: A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med J 14:146, 1869.
2. Benjamin SA, Lee AC, Saunders WJ: Classification and behavior of canine mammary epithelial neoplasms based on life-span observations in beagles. Vet Pathol 36:423-436, 1999.
3. Berx G., Becker KF, Hofler H., van Roy F.: Mutations of the human E-cadherin (CDH1) gene. Hum Mutat 12:226-237, 1998.
4. Birchmeier W., Behrens J.: Cadherin expression in carcinomas: role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 1198:11-26, 1994.
5. Bratulic M., Grabarevic Z., Artukovic B., Capak D.: Number of nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions per nucleus and nucleolus: prognostic value in canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 33:527-532, 1996.
6. Bristow RG, Hill RP: Hypoxia and metabolism: hypoxia, DNA repair and genetic instability. Nat Rev Cancer 8:180-192, 2008.
7. Brunetti B., Sarli G., Preziosi R., Monari I., Benazzi C.: E-cadherin and beta-catenin reduction influence invasion but not proliferation and survival in canine malignant mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 42:781-787, 2005.
8. Bundgaard-Andersen K., Flagstad A., Jensen AL, Hellmén E., Trerè D.: Correlation between the histopathological diagnosis by AgNOR count and AgNOR area in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Intern Med 22:1174-1180, 2008.
9. Chang CC, Tsai MH, Liao JW, Chan JP, Wong ML, Chang SC: Evaluation of hormone receptor expression for use in predicting survival of female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:391-396, 2009.
10. Chu LL, Rutteman GR, Kong JM, Ghahremani M., Schmeing M., Misdorp W., van Garderen E., Pelletier J.: Genomic organization of the canine p53 gene and its mutational status in canine mammary neoplasia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 50:11-25, 1998.
11. Clemente M., Perez-Alenza MD, Illera JC, Peña L.: Histological, immunohistological, and ultrastructural description of vasculogenic mimicry in canine mammary cancer. Vet Pathol 47:265-274, 2010.
12. Cronier L., Crespin S., Strale PO, Defamie N., Mesnil M.: Gap junctions and cancer: new functions for an old story. Antioxid Redox Signal 11:323-338, 2009.
13. Dabelsteen E.: Cell surface carbohydrates as prognostic markers in human carcinomas. J Pathol 179:358-369, 1996.
14. da Costa A., Oliveira JT, FG,et al:Potential markers for detection of circulating canine mammary tumor cells in the peripheral blood [published online ahead of print November 2, 2010]. Vet J.
15. de Las Mulas JM, Millan Y., Dios R.: A prospective analysis of immunohistochemically determined estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor expression and host and tumor factors as predictors of disease-free period in mammary tumors of the dog. Vet Pathol 42:200-212, 2005.
16. De Matos AJ, Lopes CC, Faustino AM, Carvalheira JG, Rutteman GR, Gärtner Mde F.: E-cadherin, beta-catenin, invasion and lymph node metastases in canine malignant mammary tumours. APMIS 115:327-334, 2007.
17. de Oliveira JT, Pinho SS, de Matos AJ, Hespanhol V., Reis CA, Gärtner F.: MUC1 expression in canine malignant mammary tumours and relationship to clinicopathological features. Vet J 182:491-493, 2009.
18. Degli Esposti M., Dive C.: Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by Bax/Bak. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304:455-461, 2003.
19. DeInnocentes P., Agarwal P., Bird RC: Phenotype-rescue of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16/INK4A defects in a spontaneous canine cell model of breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 106:491-505, 2009.
20. Demaria S., Pikarsky E., Karin M., Coussens LM, Chen YC, El-Omar EM, Trinchieri G., Dubinett SM, Mao JT, Szabo E., Krieg A., Weiner GJ, Fox BA, Coukos G., Wang E., Abraham RT, Carbone M., Lotze MT: Cancer and inflammation: promise for biologic therapy. J Immunother 33:335-351, 2010.
21. Destexhe E., Vanmanshoven P., Coignoul F.: Comparison of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions by counting and image analysis in canine mammary tumors. Am J Vet Res 56:185-187, 1995.
22. Dias Pereira P., Lopes CC, Matos AJ, Santos M., Gärtner F., Medeiros R., Lopes C.: COX-2 expression in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland. J Comp Pathol 140:247-253, 2009.
23. Doré M., Lanthier I., Sirois J.: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 40:207-212, 2003.
24. Ferreira E., Bertagnolli AC, Cavalcanti MF, Schmitt FC, Cassali GD: The relationship between tumour size and expression of prognostic markers in benign and malignant canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 7:230-235, 2009.
25. Ferretti G., Felici A., Papaldo P., Fabi A., Cognetti F.: HER2/neu role in breast cancer: from a prognostic foe to a predictive friend. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 19:56-62, 2007.
26. Furuse M., Tsukita S.: Claudins in occluding junctions of humans and flies. Trends Cell Biol 16:181-188, 2006.
27. Gama A., Alves A., Schmitt F.: Identification of molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinomas with clinical implications: application of the human classification. Virchows Arch 453: 123-132, 2008.
28. Gama A., Gartner F., Alves A., Schmitt F.: Immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in canine mammary tissues. Res Vet Sci 87:432-437, 2009.
29. Gama A., Paredes J., Albergaria A., Gartner F., Schmitt F.: P-cadherin expression in canine mammary tissues. J Comp Pathol 130:13-20, 2004.
30. Gama A., Paredes J., Gartner F., Alves A., Schmitt F.: Expression of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and beta-catenin in canine malignant mammary tumours in relation to clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and survival. Vet J 177:45-53, 2008.
31. Gasco M., Shami S., Crook T.: The p53 pathway in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 4:70-76, 2002.
32. George CH, Kendall JM, Evans WH: Intracellular trafficking pathways in the assembly of connexins into gap junctions. J Biol Chem 274:8678-8685, 1999.
33. Geraldes M., Gartner F., Schmitt F.: Immunohistochemical study of hormonal receptors and cell proliferation in normal canine mammary glands and spontaneous mammary tumours. Vet Rec 146: 403-406, 2000.
34. Gerdes J., Schwab U., Lemke H., Stein H.: Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 31:13-20, 1983.
35. Going JJ, Nixon C., Dornan ES, Boner W., Donaldson MM, Morgan IM: Aberrant expression of TopBP1 in breast cancer. Histopathology 50:418-424, 2007.
36. Goodison S., Urquidi V., Tarin D.: CD44 cell adhesion molecules. Mol Pathol 52:189-196, 1999.
37. Gordon MS, Mendelson DS, Kato G.: Tumor angiogenesis and novel antiangiogenic strategies. Int J Cancer 126:1777-1787, 2010.
38. Gotoh H., Harada K., Suzuki K., Hashimoto S., Yamamura H., Sato T., Fukumoto K., Hagiwara H., Ishida T., Yamada K., Asano R., Yano T.: Expression patterns of connexin 26 and connexin 43 mRNA in canine benign and malignant mammary tumours. Vet J 172:178-180, 2006.
39. Graham JC, Myers RK: The prognostic significance of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Intern Med 13:416-418, 1999.
40. Gregory PA, Bert AG, Paterson EL, Barry SC, Tsykin A., Farshid G., Vadas MA, Khew-Goodall Y., Goodall GJ: The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1. Nat Cell Biol 10:593-601, 2008.
41. Halazonetis TD, Gorgoulis VG, Bartek J.: An oncogene-induced DNA damage model for cancer development. Science 319: 1352-1355, 2008.
42. Harris TJ, Tepass U.: Adherens junctions: from molecules to morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:502-514, 2010.
43. Hayes DF, Cristofanilli M., Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A., Miller MC, Matera J., Allard WJ, Doyle GV, Terstappen LW: Circulating tumor cells at each follow-up time point during therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients predict progression-free and overall survival. Clin Cancer Res 12:4218-4224, 2006.
44. He X., Wei C., Song T., Yuan J., Zhang Y., Ma Q., Shi W., Zhong H.: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen destabilizes c-Abl tyrosine kinase and regulates cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Apoptosis 14:268-275, 2009.
45. Heller DA, Clifford CA, Goldschmidt MH, Holt DE, Shofer FS, Smith A., Sorenmo KU: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with histologic tumor type in canine mammary carcinoma. Vet Pathol 42:776-780, 2005.
46. Hoeijmakers JH: Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411:366-374, 2001.
47. Hsu WL, Huang HM, Liao JW, Wong ML, Chang SC: Increased survival in dogs with malignant mammary tumours overexpressing HER-2 protein and detection of a silent single nucleotide polymorphism in the canine HER-2 gene. Vet J 180:116-123, 2009.
48. Hsu WL, Huang YH, Chang TJ, Wong ML, Chang SC: Single nucleotide variation in exon 11 of canine BRCA2 in healthy and cancerous mammary tissue. Vet J 184:351-356, 2010.
49. Jackson SP, Bartek J.: The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature 461:1071-1078, 2009.
50. Jakab C., Halasz J., Kiss A., Schaff Z., Szász AM, Rusvai M., Tóth ZA, Kulka J.: Evaluation of microvessel density (MVD) in canine mammary tumours by quantitative immunohistochemistry of the claudin-5 molecule. Acta Vet Hung 56: 495-510, 2008.
51. Jakab C., Halasz J., Szasz AM, Kiss A., Schaff Z., Rusvai M., Gálfi P., Kulka J.: Expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -7 proteins in benign and malignant canine mammary gland epithelial tumours. J Comp Pathol 139:238-245, 2008.
52. Kato Y., Asano K., Mizutani I., Konno T., Sasaki Y., Kutara K., Teshima K., Edamura K., Kano R., Suzuki K., Shibuya H., Sato T., Hasegawa A., Tanaka S.: Gene expressions of canine angiopoietin-1 and -2 in normal tissues and spontaneous tumours. Res Vet Sci 81:280-286, 2006.
53. Klopfleisch R., Gruber AD: Derlin-1 and stanniocalcin-1 are differentially regulated in metastasizing canine mammary adenocarcinomas. J Comp Pathol 141:113-120, 2009.
54. Klopfleisch R., Gruber AD: Differential expression of cell cycle regulators p21, p27 and p53 in metastasizing canine mammary adenocarcinomas versus normal mammary glands. Res Vet Sci 87:91-96, 2009.
55. Klopfleisch R., Gruber AD: Increased expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 in lymph node metastases of canine mammary adenocarcinomas. Vet Pathol 46:416-422, 2009.
56. Klopfleisch R., Henning H., da Costa A., Klose P., Gruber AD: Insulin receptor is expressed in normal canine mammary gland and benign adenomas but decreased in metastatic canine mammary carcinomas similar to human breast cancer. Vet Comp Oncol, 2010.
57. Klopfleisch R., Klose P., da Costa A., Brunnberg L., Gruber AD: HEPACAM1 and 2 are differentially regulated in canine mammary adenomas and carcinomas and its lymph node metastases. BMC Vet Res 6:15, 2010.
58. Klopfleisch R., Klose P., Gruber AD: The combined expression pattern of BMP2, LTBP4, and DERL1 discriminates malignant from benign canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 47:446-454, 2010.
59. Klopfleisch R., Lenze D., Hummel M.,et al:First steps of the metastastic cascade are reflected in the gene expression of metastatic canine mammary carcinomas. Vet J, in press.
60. Klopfleisch R., Lenze D., Hummel M.,et al:Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles. BMC Cancer 10:618, 2010.
61. Klopfleisch R., Schutze M., Gruber AD: Downregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and latent TGFbeta binding protein (LTBP)-4 expression in late stage canine mammary tumours. Vet J, 2009.
62. Klopfleisch R., Schutze M., Gruber AD: Loss of p27 expression in canine mammary tumors and their metastases. Res Vet Sci 88:300-303.
63. Klopfleisch R., Schutze M., Gruber AD: RAD51 protein expression is increased in canine mammary carcinomas. Vet Pathol 47:98-101.
64. Klopfleisch R., Schutze M., Linzmann H., Brunnberg L., Gruber AD: Increased Derlin-1 expression in metastases of canine mammary adenocarcinomas. J Comp Pathol 142:79-83.
65. Kostova Z., Wolf DH: For whom the bell tolls: protein quality control of the endoplasmic reticulum and the ubiquitin-proteasome connection. EMBO J 22:2309-2317, 2003.
66. Koumenis C.: ER stress, hypoxia tolerance and tumor progression. Curr Mol Med 6:55-69, 2006.
67. Kumaraguruparan R., Prathiba D., Nagini S.: Of humans and canines: Immunohistochemical analysis of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 81:218-224, 2006.
68. Lana SE, Rutteman GR, Withrow SJ: Tumors of the mammary glands. In: Small Animal Clinical Oncology, ed. Vail DM and Withrow SJ, 3th ed., pp. 619-633. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2007.
69. Lavalle GE, Bertagnolli AC, Tavares WL, Cassali GD: Cox-2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas: correlation with angiogenesis and overall survival. Vet Pathol 46:1275-1280, 2009.
70. Lee CH, Kim WH, Lim JH, Kang MS, Kim DY, Kweon OK: Mutation and overexpression of p53 as a prognostic factor in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Sci 5:63-69, 2004.
71. Löhr CV, Teifke JP, Failing K., Weiss E.: Characterization of the proliferation state in canine mammary tumors by the standardized AgNOR method with postfixation and immunohistologic detection of Ki-67 and PCNA. Vet Pathol 34:212-221, 1997.
72. Machado JC, Oliveira C., Carvalho R., Soares P., Berx G., Caldas C, Seruca R, Carneiro F, Sobrinho-Simöes M: E-cadherin gene (CDH1) promoter methylation as the second hit in sporadic diffuse gastric carcinoma. Oncogene 20:1525-1528, 2001.
73. Madrazo J., Garcia-Fernandez RA, Garcia-Iglesias MJ, Durán AJ, Espinosa J., Pérez-Martínez C.: The role of CD44 adhesion factor in canine mammary carcinomas. Vet J 180:371-376, 2009.
74. Makrilia N., Kollias A., Manolopoulos L., Syrigos K.: Cell adhesion molecules: role and clinical significance in cancer. Cancer Invest 27:1023-1037, 2009.
75. Martin PM, Cotard M., Mialot JP, André F., Raynaud JP: Animal models for hormone-dependent human breast cancer: relationship between steroid receptor profiles in canine and feline mammary tumors and survival rate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 12: 13-17, 1984.
76. Martin SA, Hewish M., Lord CJ, Ashworth A.: Genomic instability and the selection of treatments for cancer. J Pathol 220:281-289, 2010.
77. Maser RS, DePinho RA: Connecting chromosomes, crisis, and cancer. Science 297:565-569, 2002.
78. Matos AJ, Lopes C., Carvalheira J., Santos M., Rutteman GR, Gärtner F.: E-cadherin expression in canine malignant mammary tumours: relationship to other clinico-pathological variables. J Comp Pathol 134:182-189, 2006.
79. Miki Y., Swensen J., Shattuck-Eidens D., Futreal PA, Harshman K., Tavtigian S., Liu Q., Cochran C., Bennett LM, Ding W.: A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266:66-71, 1994.
80. Millanta F., Calandrella M., Bari G., Niccolini M., Vannozzi I., Poli A.: Comparison of steroid receptor expression in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic canine and feline mammary tissues. Res Vet Sci 79:225-232, 2005.
81. Millanta F., Caneschi V., Ressel L., Citi S., Poli A.: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine inflammatory and non-inflammatory mammary carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 142: 36-42, 2010.
82. Millanta F., Citi S., Della Santa D., Porciani M., Poli A.: COX-2 expression in canine and feline invasive mammary carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic molecular markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 98:115-120, 2006.
83. Millanta F., Lazzeri G., Vannozzi I., Viacava P., Poli A.: Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression to overall survival in feline invasive mammary carcinomas. Vet Pathol 39: 690-696, 2002.
84. Millanta F., Silvestri G., Vaselli C., Citi S., Pisani G., Lorenzi D., Poli A.: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flk-1/KDR in promoting tumour angiogenesis in feline and canine mammary carcinomas: a preliminary study of autocrine and paracrine loops. Res Vet Sci 81:350-357, 2006.
85. Misdorp W.: Tumors of the mammary gland. In: Tumours in Domestic Animals, ed. Meuten DJ, 4th ed., pp. 575-606. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 2002.
86. Mohammed SI, Khan KN, Sellers RS, Hayek MG Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 in naturally-occurring canine cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 70:479-483, 2004.
87. Mohsin SK, Weiss H., Havighurst T., Clark GM, Berardo M., Roanh le D., To TV, Qian Z., Love RR, Allred DC: Progesterone receptor by immunohistochemistry and clinical outcome in breast cancer: a validation study. Mod Pathol 17:1545-1554, 2004.
88. Mol JA, Lantinga-van Leeuwen IS, van Garderen E., Selman PJ, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Schalken JA, Rijnberk A.: Mammary growth hormone and tumorigenesis: lessons from the dog. Vet Q 21:111-115, 1999.
89. Mol JA, Selman PJ, Sprang EP, van Neck JW, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA: The role of progestins, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding proteins in the normal and neoplastic mammary gland of the bitch: a review. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51:339-344, 1997.
90. Moldovan GL, Pfander B., Jentsch S.: PCNA, the maestro of the replication fork. Cell 129:665-679, 2007.
91. Morris JS, Nixon C., Bruck A., Nasir L., Morgan IM, Philbey AW: Immunohistochemical expression of TopBP1 in feline mammary neoplasia in relation to histological grade, Ki67, ERalpha and p53. Vet J 175:218-226, 2008.
92. Munro JM, Lo SK, Corless C., Nasir L., Morgan IM, Philbey AW: Expression of sialyl-Lewis X, an E-selectin ligand, in inflammation, immune processes, and lymphoid tissues. Am J Pathol 141:1397-1408, 1992.
93. Murakami Y., Tateyama S., Rungsipipat A., Uchida K., Yamaguchi R.: Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and P53 in mammary tumors, squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell tumors of dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci 62:743-750, 2000.
94. Muto T., Wakui S., Takahashi H., Maekawa S., Masaoka T., Ushigome S., Furusato M.: p53 gene mutations occurring in spontaneous benign and malignant mammary tumors of the dog. Vet Pathol 37:248-253, 2000.
95. Nakagawa T., Uyama R., Ohashi E., Takahashi T., Hong SH, Mochizuki M., Matsunaga S., Nishimura R., Sasaki N.: The expression of sialyl Lewis X in canine and feline mammary gland tumors. J Vet Med Sci 64:949-952, 2002.
96. Nelson WJ, Nusse R.: Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways. Science 303:1483-1487, 2004.
97. Niessen CM: Tight junctions/adherens junctions: basic structure and function. J Invest Dermatol 127:2525-2532, 2007.
98. Nieto A., Perez-Alenza MD, Del Castillo N., Tabanera E., Castaño M., Peña L.: BRCA1 expression in canine mammary dysplasias and tumours: relationship with prognostic variables. J Comp Pathol 128:260-268, 2003.
99. Nowak M., Madej J., Dziegiel P., Lopuszynski W., Rodo A., Ugorski M.: Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens: Sialyl Lea and T/Tn antigens in canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 46: 222-226, 2009.
100. Paltian V., Alldinger S., Baumgartner W., Wohlsein P.: Expression of CD44 in canine mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol 141: 237-247, 2009.
101. Paredes J., Correia AL, Ribeiro AS, Albergaria A., Milanezi F., Schmitt FC: P-cadherin expression in breast cancer: a review. Breast Cancer Res 9:214, 2007.
102. Penã LL, Nieto AI, Perez-Alenza D., Cuesta P., Castaño M.: Immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67 and PCNA in canine mammary tumors: relationship to clinical and pathologic variables. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:237-246, 1998.
103. Perez-Moreno M., Jamora C., Fuchs E.: Sticky business: orchestrating cellular signals at adherens junctions. Cell 112:535-548, 2003.
104. Pinho SS, Matos AJ, Lopes C., Marcos NT, Carvalheira J., Reis CA, Gärtner F.: Sialyl Lewis x expression in canine malignant mammary tumours: correlation with clinicopathological features and E-cadherin expression. BMC Cancer 7:124, 2007.
105. Pinho SS, Osorio H., Nita-Lazar M., Gomes J., Lopes C., Gärtner F., Reis CA: Role of E-cadherin N-glycosylation profile in a mammary tumor model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 379:1091-1096, 2009.
106. Pinho SS, Reis CA, Gartner F., Alpaugh ML: Molecular plasticity of E-cadherin and sialyl lewis x expression, in two comparative models of mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS One 4:e6636, 2009.
107. Potapenko IO, Haakensen VD, Luders T., Helland A., Bukholm I., Sørlie T., Kristensen VN, Lingjaerde OC, Børresen-Dale AL: Glycan gene expression signatures in normal and malignant breast tissue; possible role in diagnosis and progression. Mol Oncol 4:98-118, 2010.
108. Preziosi R., Sarli G., Benazzi C., Marcato PS: Detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in canine and feline mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol 113:301-313, 1995.
109. Queiroga FL, Alves A., Pires I., Lopes C.: Expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in canine mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol 136:177-185, 2007.
110. Queiroga FL, Perez-Alenza MD, Silvan G., Peña L., Lopes CS, Illera JC: Crosstalk between GH/IGF-I axis and steroid hormones (progesterone, 17beta-estradiol) in canine mammary tumours. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 110:76-82, 2008.
111. Queiroga FL, Pires I., Lobo L., Lopes CS: The role of Cox-2 expression in the prognosis of dogs with malignant mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 88:441-445, 2010.
112. Rao NA, van Wolferen ME, Gracanin A., Bhatti SF, Krol M., Holstege FC, Mol JA: Gene expression profiles of progestininduced canine mammary hyperplasia and spontaneous mammary tumors. J Physiol Pharmacol 60(suppl 1):73-84, 2009.
113. Reis AL, Carvalheira J., Schmitt FC, Gärtner F.: Immunohistochemical study of the expression of E-cadherin in canine mammary tumours. Vet Rec 152:621-624, 2003.
114. Ressel L., Millanta F., Caleri E., Innocenti VM, Poli A.: Reduced PTEN protein expression and its prognostic implications in canine and feline mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 46:860-868, 2009.
115. Restucci B., Borzacchiello G., Maiolino P., Martano M., Paciello O., Papparella S.: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flk-1 in canine mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol 130:99-104, 2004.
116. Restucci B., De Vico G., Maiolino P.: Evaluation of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors by quantitative platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol 37:297-301, 2000.
117. Restucci B., Maiolino P., Martano M., Esposito G., De Filippis D., Borzacchiello G., Lo Muzio L.: Expression of beta-catenin, E-cadherin and APC in canine mammary tumors. Anticancer Res 27:3083-3089, 2007.
118. Restucci B., Papparella S., Maiolino P., De Vico G.: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine mammary tumors. Vet Pathol 39:488-493, 2002.
119. Rivera P., Melin M., Biagi T., Fall T., Häggström J., Lindblad-Toh K., von Euler H.: Mammary tumor development in dogs is associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Res 69:8770-8774, 2009.
120. Ross AA, Cooper BW, Lazarus HM, Mackay W., Moss TJ, Ciobanu N., Tallman MS, Kennedy MJ, Davidson NE, Sweet D.,: Detection and viability of tumor cells in peripheral blood stem cell collections from breast cancer patients using immunocytochemical and clonogenic assay techniques. Blood 82:2605-2610, 1993.
121. Roura S., Miravet S., Piedra J., García de Herreros A., Duñach M.: Regulation of E-cadherin/catenin association by tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 274:36734-36740, 1999.
122. Rungsipipat A., Tateyama S., Yamaguchi R., Uchida K., Miyoshi N., Hayashi T.: Immunohistochemical analysis of c-yes and cerbB-2 oncogene products and p53 tumor suppressor protein in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 61:27-32, 1999.
123. Santos AA, Oliveira JT, Lopes CC, Amorim IF, Vicente CM, Gärtner FR, Matos AJ: Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol, 2010.
124. Sarli G., Benazzi C., Preziosi R., Marcato PS: Assessment of proliferative activity by anti-PCNA monoclonal antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples and correlation with mitotic index. Vet Pathol 32:93-96, 1995.
125. Sarli G., Preziosi R., Benazzi C., Marcato PS: Prognostic value of histologic stage and proliferative activity in canine malignant mammary tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:25-34, 2002.
126. Schauer R.: Sialic acids as regulators of molecular and cellular interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 19:507-514, 2009.
127. Schneider R., Dorn CR, Taylor DO: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:1249-1261, 1969.
128. Scully R., Chen J., Ochs RL, Keegan K., Hoekstra M., Feunteun J., Livingston DM: Dynamic changes of BRCA1 subnuclear location and phosphorylation state are initiated by DNA damage. Cell 90:425-435, 1997.
129. Sfacteria A., Bertani C., Costantino G., Del Bue M., Paiardini M., Cervasi B., Piedimonte A., De Vico G.: Cyclin D1 expression in pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions of the canine mammary gland. J Comp Pathol 128:245-251, 2003.
130. Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH: Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 14:266-270, 2000.
131. Sugiura T., Matsuyama S., Akiyosi H., Takenaka S., Yamate J., Kuwamura M., Aoki M., Shimada T., Ohashi F., Kubo K.: Expression patterns of the BRCA1 splicing variants in canine normal tissues and mammary gland tumors. J Vet Med Sci 69:587-592, 2007.
132. Torres LN, Matera JM, Vasconcellos CH, Avanzo JL, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, Dagli ML: Expression of connexins 26 and 43 in canine hyperplastic and neoplastic mammary glands. Vet Pathol 42:633-641, 2005.
133. Uva P., Aurisicchio L., Watters J., Loboda A., Kulkarni A., Castle J., Palombo F., Viti V., Mesiti G., Zappulli V., Marconato L., Abramo F., Ciliberto G., Lahm A., La Monica N., de Rinaldis E.: Comparative expression pathway analysis of human and canine mammary tumors. BMC Genomics 10:135, 2009.
134. Vail DM, MacEwen EG: Spontaneously occurring tumors of companion animals as models for human cancer. Cancer Invest 18:781-792, 2000.
135. van der Vegt B., de Roos MA, Peterse JL, Patriarca C., Hilkens J., de Bock GH, Wesseling J.: The expression pattern of MUC1 (EMA) is related to tumour characteristics and clinical outcome of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Histopathology 51:322-335, 2007.
136. van Garderen E., Schalken JA: Morphogenic and tumorigenic potentials of the mammary growth hormone/growth hormone receptor system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 197:153-165, 2002.
137. Venkitaraman AR: Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 108:171-182, 2002.
138. Vousden KH, Prives C.: Blinded by the light: the growing complexity of p53. Cell 137:413-431, 2009.
139. Werner H., Bruchim I.: The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor as an oncogene. Arch Physiol Biochem 115:58-71, 2009.
140. Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR: Cadherins as modulators of cellular phenotype. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19:207-235, 2003.
141. Yang WY, Liu CH, Chang CJ, Lee CC, Chang KJ, Lin CT: Proliferative activity, apoptosis and expression of oestrogen receptor and Bcl-2 oncoprotein in canine mammary gland tumours. J Comp Pathol 134:70-79, 2006.
142. Yerushalmi R., Woods R., Ravdin PM, Hayes MM, Gelmon KA: Ki67 in breast cancer: prognostic and predictive potential. Lancet Oncol 11:174-183, 2010.
143. Zacchetti A., van Garderen E., Teske E., Nederbragt H., Dierendonck JH, Rutteman GR: Validation of the use of proliferation markers in canine neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues: comparison of KI-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression versus in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labelling by immunohistochemistry. APMIS 111:430-438, 2003.
144. Zuckerman V., Wolyniec K., Sionov RV, Haupt S., Haupt Y.: Tumour suppression by p53: the importance of apoptosis and cellular senescence. J Pathol 219:3-15, 2009.