Biotechnological production of astaxanthin with Phaffia rhodozyma/Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 555-571

  Schmidt, Isabell ^a   Schewe, Hendrik ^a   Gassel, Sören ^b   Jin, Chao ^b   Buckingham, John ^c   Hümbelin, Markus ^c   Sandmann, Gerhard ^b   Schrader, Jens ^a  

^a Karl Winnacker Institut   (Germany)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c DSM NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS LTD   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Astaxanthin; Astaxanthin biosynthesis; Astaxanthin synthase; Bioprocess engineering; Metabolic engineering; Phaffia rhodozyma

Indexed keywords

ASTAXANTHIN; BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING; BIOPROCESSES; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS; FERMENTATION PROCESS; GROWING DEMAND; HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; MICROALGA; NATURAL SOURCES; NICHE APPLICATIONS; PHAFFIA RHODOZYMA; RANDOM MUTAGENESIS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS;

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; METABOLISM;

ENGINEERING;

ASTAXANTHIN;

CAROTENOID; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; MARINE TECHNOLOGY; MICROALGA; MUTATION; YEAST;

BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FERMENTATION OPTIMIZATION; FUNGUS; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MICROALGA; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PHAFFIA RHODOZYMA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SPECIES CULTIVATION; SYNTHESIS; TRANSGENIC PLANT; XANTHOPHYLLOMYCES DENDRORHOUS; YEAST;

BASIDIOMYCOTA; BIOTECHNOLOGY; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; MUTAGENESIS; XANTHOPHYLLS;

FUNGI; HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS; PARACOCCUS CAROTINIFACIENS; PHAFFIA; PHAFFIA RHODOZYMA;

EID: 79251590529     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2976-6     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. EA Acheampong AM Martin 1995 Kinetic studies on the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma J Basic Microbiol 35 3 147 155 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXntV2qsL0%3D 10.1002/jobm.3620350304
2. J Alcaíno S Barahona M Carmona C Lozano A Marcoleta M Niklitschek D Sepulveda M Baeza V Cifuentes 2008 Cloning of the cytochrome P450 reductase (crtR) gene and its involvement in the astaxanthin biosynthesis of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous BMC Microbiol 8 169 10.1186/1471-2180-8-169 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlygsLrN
3. V Álvarez M Rodriguez-Saiz JL de la Fuente EJ Gudina RP Godio JF Martin JL Barredo 2006 The crtS gene of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous encodes a novel cytochrome-P450 hydroxylase involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin and other xanthophylls Fungal Genet Biol 43 4 261 272 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.12.004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjtFahu70%3D
4. G-H An EA Johnson 1990 Influence of light on growth and pigmentation of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Antonie Leeuwenhoek 57 4 191 203 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlvVOhurY%3D 10.1007/BF00400151
5. G-H An DB Schuman EA Johnson 1989 Isolation of Phaffia rhodozyma mutants with increased astaxanthin content Appl Environ Microbiol 55 1 116 124 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhtlWrsLY%3D
6. G-H An J Bielich R Auerbach EA Johnson 1991 Isolation and characterization of carotenoid hyperproducing mutants of yeast by flow cytometry and cell sorting Biotechnol NY 9 1 70 73 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXltFSnsbs%3D 10.1038/nbt0191-70
7. G-H An C-H Kim E-S Choi S-K Rhee 1996 Medium optimization for cultivation of carotenoid hyperproducing Phaffia rhodozyma mutant HT-5FO1C J Ferment Bioeng 82 5 515 518 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XnsVWktr4%3D 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)86996-6
8. G-H An BG Jang MH Cho 2001 Cultivation of the carotenoid-hyperproducing mutant 2A2N of the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) with molasses J Biosci Bioeng 92 2 121 125 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslGksbc%3D 10.1263/jbb.92.121
9. AG Andrewes MP Starr 1976 (3R,3′R)-Astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Phytochemistry 15 6 1009 1011 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XltVyrs7Y%3D 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84391-5
10. A Andrewes H Phaff M Starr 1976 Carotenoids of Phaffia rhodozyma, a red-pigmented fermenting yeast Phytochemistry 15 6 1003 1007 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XltVyrs7k%3D 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84390-3
11. BCC Research (2008) The global market for carotenoids (FOD025C). http://www.bccresearch.com. Accessed 10 July 2010
12. BCC Research (2009) World markets for fermentation ingredients (FOD020C). http://www.bccresearch.com. Accessed 10 July 2010
13. Bernhard K, Müller RK, Spruijtenburg R (1984) Process for the preparation of astaxanthin and intermediates in the astaxanthin synthesis. European Patent EP0101597
14. A Berry D Janssens M Humbelin JP Jore B Hoste I Cleenwerck M Vancanneyt W Bretzel AF Mayer R Lopez-Ulibarri B Shanmugam J Swings L Pasamontes 2003 Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens sp. nov., a zeaxanthin-producing bacterium Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 Pt 1 231 238 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVSntb8%3D 10.1099/ijs.0.02368-0
15. P Bhosale PS Bernstein 2005 Microbial xanthophylls Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68 4 445 455 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFansL7M 10.1007/s00253-005-0032-8
16. Breuer M, Ernst H, Hauer B (2008) Method for the production of (4S)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enon and derivatives thereof. International Patent WO2008055988
17. P Calo T Miguel JB Velázquez TG Villa 1995 Mevalonic acid increases trans-astaxanthin and carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma Biotechnol Lett 17 6 575 578 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvVyhtr4%3D 10.1007/BF00129380
18. C Cannizzaro M Rhiel I Marison U von Stockar 2003 On-line monitoring of Phaffia rhodozyma fed-batch process with in situ dispersive Raman spectroscopy Biotechnol Bioeng 83 6 668 680 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtlygurs%3D 10.1002/bit.10698
19. C Cannizzaro B Christensen J Nielsen U von Stockar 2004 Metabolic network analysis on Phaffia rhodozyma yeast using 13C-labeled glucose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Metab Eng 6 4 340 351 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXos1KksL4%3D 10.1016/j.ymben.2004.06.001
20. HY Chan KP Ho 1999 Growth and carotenoid production by pH-stat cultures of Phaffia rhodozyma Biotechnol Lett 21 11 953 958 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotFSitLo%3D 10.1023/A:1005638610564
21. N Chumpolkulwong T Kakizono S Nagai N Nishio 1997 Increased astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma mutants isolated as resistant to diphenylamine J Ferment Bioeng 83 5 429 434 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1eisbw%3D 10.1016/S0922-338X(97) 82996-0
22. SB Chun JE Chin S Bai G-H An 1992 Strain improvement of Phaffia rhodozyma by protoplast fusion FEMS Microbiol Lett 93 3 221 226 1:CAS:528: DyaK38XltVyjsL4%3D 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05101.x
23. JM Cruz JC Parajo 1998 Improved astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous growing on enzymatic wood hydrolysates containing glucose and cellobiose Food Chem 63 4 479 484 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmsFahsro%3D 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00061-2
24. FX Cunningham Jr E Gantt 2005 A study in scarlet: enzymes of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis Plant J 41 3 478 492 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVKnsLw%3D 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02309.x
25. de la Fuente JL, Peiro E, Diez B, Marcos AT, Schleissner C, Rodriguez Saiz M, Rodriguez Otero C, Cabri W, Barredo JL (2005) Method of production of astaxanthin by fermenting selected strains of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. United States Patent US20050124032A1
26. JL de la Fuente M Rodríguez-Sáiz C Schleissner B Díez E Peiro JL Barredo 2010 High-titer production of astaxanthin by the semi-industrial fermentation of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous J Biotechnol 148 2-3 144 146 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.05.004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosVKjsLo%3D
27. A Domínguez-Bocanegra T Ponce-Noyola J Torres-Muñoz 2007 Astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma and Haematococcus pluvialis: a comparative study Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75 4 783 791 10.1007/s00253-007- 0889-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlslClu70%3D
28. QL Dong XM Zhao HW Ma XY Xing NX Sun 2006 Metabolic flux analysis of the two astaxanthin-producing microorganisms Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaffia rhodozyma in the pure and mixed cultures Biotechnol J 1 11 1283 1292 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisVyksbg%3D 10.1002/biot.200600060
29. LM Ducrey Santopietro MR Kula 1998 Studies of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). Effect of inhibitors and low temperature Yeast 14 11 1007 1016 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199808)14:11<1007: :AID-YEA307>3.0.CO;2-U
30. C Echavarri-Erasun EA Johnson 2004 Stimulation of astaxanthin formation in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by the fungus Epicoccum nigrum FEMS Yeast Res 4 4-5 511 519 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVCnsQ%3D%3D 10.1016/S1567-1356(03) 00177-6
31. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2010 Scientific opinion on modification of the terms of authorisation of a red carotenoid-rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens (Panaferd-AX) as feed additive for salmon and trout EFSA Journal 8 1 1428 1436
32. TJ Fang Y-S Cheng 1993 Improvement of astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma through mutation and optimization of culture conditions J Ferment Bioeng 75 6 466 469 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltlOntbw%3D 10.1016/0922-338X(93)90099-T
33. JA Florêncio CR Soccol LF Furlanetto TMB Bonfim N Krieger M Baron JD Fontana 1998 A factorial approach for a sugarcane juice-based low cost culture medium: increasing the astaxanthin production by the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 19 3 161 164
34. LB Flores-Cotera S Sánchez 2001 Copper but not iron limitation increases astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma in a chemically defined medium Biotechnol Lett 23 10 793 797 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltVGrtb8%3D 10.1023/A:1010358517806
35. LB Flores-Cotera R Martin S Sanchez 2001 Citrate, a possible precursor of astaxanthin in Phaffia rhodozyma: influence of varying levels of ammonium, phosphate and citrate in a chemically defined medium Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55 3 341 347 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtF2iurw%3D 10.1007/s002530000498
36. P Foss B Renstrøm S Liaaen-Jensen 1987 Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso astaxanthin 7*-crustaceans including zooplankton Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 86 2 313 314 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90298- 7
37. GI Frengova DM Beshkova 2009 Carotenoids from Rhodotorula and Phaffia: yeasts of biotechnological importance J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36 2 163 180 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtF2jsrY%3D 10.1007/s10295-008-0492-9
38. Frucht LE, Kanon S (2005) Israel grows red algae in the dessert to fight disease. Israel21c. http://www.israel21c.org/environment/israel-grows-red-algae- in-the-desert-to-fight-disease. Accessed 9 July 2010
39. T Gerjets G Sandmann 2006 Ketocarotenoid formation in transgenic potato J Exp Bot 57 14 3639 3645 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlCnsLjE 10.1093/jxb/erl103
40. P Girard B Falconnier J Bricout B Vladescu 1994 β-Carotene producing mutants of Phaffia rhodozyma Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 41 2 183 191 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktlSru7g%3D 10.1007/BF00186957
41. W Golubev 1995 Perfect state of Rhodomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) Yeast 11 2 101 110 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjs1Whtbo%3D 10.1002/yea.320110202
42. M Grung FML D'Souza M Borowitzka S Liaaen-Jensen 1992 Algal carotenoids 51. Secondary carotenoids 2. Haematococcus pluvialis aplanospores as a source of (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin esters J Appl Phycol 4 2 165 171 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXjsV2g 10.1007/BF02442465
43. WL Gu GH An EA Johnson 1997 Ethanol increases carotenoid production in Phaffia rhodozyma J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19 2 114 117 1:CAS:528: DyaK2sXnt1Gisb0%3D 10.1038/sj.jim.2900425
44. M Guerin ME Huntley M Olaizola 2003 Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition Trends Biotechnol 21 5 210 216 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlWltLw%3D 10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00078-7
45. M Harker J Hirschberg A Oren 1998 Paracoccus marcusii sp. nov., an orange Gram-negative coccus Int J Syst Bacteriol 48 543 548
46. T Hasunuma S Miyazawa S Yoshimura Y Shinzaki K Tomizawa K Shindo SK Choi N Misawa C Miyake 2008 Biosynthesis of astaxanthin in tobacco leaves by transplastomic engineering Plant J 55 5 857 868 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCqsLnM 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03559.x
47. T Hazen 1899 The life history of Sphaerella lacustris Mem Torrey Bot Club 6 3 211 247
48. G Hermosilla C Martinez P Retamales R Leon V Cifuentes 2003 Genetic determination of ploidy level in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Antonie Leeuwenhoek 84 4 279 287 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnslartLY%3D 10.1023/A:1026090008405
49. I Higuera-Ciapara L Felix-Valenzuela FM Goycoolea 2006 Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46 2 185 196 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotVOntg%3D%3D 10.1080/10408690590957188
50. KP Ho CY Tam B Zhou 1999 Growth and carotenoid production of Phaffia rhodozyma in fed-batch cultures with different feeding methods Biotechnol Lett 21 2 175 178 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislentbs%3D 10.1023/A:1005487709974
51. Hoshino T, Ojima K, Setoguchi Y (1999) DNA sequences encoding enzymes involved in production of isoprenoids. European Patent EP0955363A2
52. Hoshino T, Ojima K, Setoguchi Y (2000) Astaxanthin synthase. European Patent EP1035206A3
53. Hoshino T, Setoguchi Y, Takagi Y (2008) Astaxanthin production using fed-batch process by Phaffia rhodozyma. United States Patent US7432076B2
54. Z-C Hu Y-G Zheng Z Wang Y-C Shen 2005 Effect of sugar-feeding strategies on astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21 5 771 775 10.1007/s11274-004-5566-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsFWltbk%3D
55. Z-C Hu Y-G Zheng Z Wang Y-C Shen 2006 pH control strategy in astaxanthin fermentation bioprocess by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Enzyme Microb Technol 39 4 586 590 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtFSjs7s%3D 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.017
56. 3 fermentor Food Technol Biotechnol 45 2 209 212 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXosFegsrg%3D
57. G Hussein U Sankawa H Goto K Matsumoto H Watanabe 2006 Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with potential in human health and nutrition J Nat Prod 69 3 443 449 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlarsL3E 10.1021/np050354+
58. Jacobson GK, Jolly SO, Sedmak JJ, Skatrud TJ, Wasileski JM (1999) Astaxanthin over-producing strains of Phaffia rhodozyma, methods for their cultivation, and their use in animal feeds. United States Patent US6015684
59. J Jayaraj R Devlin Z Punja 2008 Metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants Transgenic Res 17 4 489 501 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnvFyit7s%3D 10.1007/s11248-007-9120-0
60. EA Johnson G-H An 1991 Astaxanthin from microbial sources Crit Rev Biotechnol 11 4 297 326 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xht1Krtrk%3D 10.3109/07388559109040622
61. EA Johnson MJ Lewis 1979 Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma J Gen Microbiol 115 1 173 183 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhsVaqt7s%3D
62. Johnson EA, Schroeder A (1996) Biotechnology of astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma. In: Takeoka GR, Teranishi R, Williams PJ, Kobayashi A (eds) Biotechnology for improved foods and flavors. ACS Symposium, Series 637, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 39-50
63. S Kajiwara PD Fraser K Kondo N Misawa 1997 Expression of an exogenous isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene enhances isoprenoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli Biochem J 324 Pt 2 421 426 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjvFCmur0%3D
64. F Kato T Hino A Nakaji M Tanaka Y Koyama 1995 Carotenoid synthesis in Streptomyces setonii ISP5395 is induced by the gene crtS, whose product is similar to a sigma factor Mol Gen Genet 247 3 387 390 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXmsVShtb0%3D 10.1007/BF00293207
65. SS Kesava G-H An C-H Kim S-K Rhee E-S Choi 1998 An industrial medium for improved production of carotenoids from a mutant strain of Phaffia rhodozyma Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 19 3 165 170 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsFOit7Y%3D
66. S-J Kim G-J Kim D-H Park Y-W Ryu 2003 High-level production of astaxanthin by fed-batch culture of mutant strain Phaffia rhodozyma AJ-6-1 J Microbiol Biotechnol 13 2 175 181 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjvFyqsLY%3D
67. JH Kim SW Kang SW Kim HI Chang 2005 High-level production of astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutant JH1 using statistical experimental designs Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69 9 1743 1748 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtF2ktL7P 10.1271/bbb.69.1743
68. SK Kim JH Lee CH Lee YC Yoon 2007 Increased carotenoid production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous G276 using plant extracts J Microbiol 45 2 128 132 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtFKhs7c%3D
69. T Kitahara 1984 Carotenoids in the Pacific salmon during the marine period Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Bio 78 4 859 862 10.1016/0305-0491(84) 90199-8
70. E Kusdiyantini P Gaudin G Goma PJ Blanc 1998 Growth kinetics and astaxanthin production of Phaffia rhodozyma on glycerol as a carbon source during batch fermentation Biotechnol Lett 20 10 929 934 1:CAS:528: DyaK1cXotFChu7w%3D 10.1023/A:1005345224510
71. JH Lee YT Kim 2006 Cloning and characterization of the astaxanthin biosynthesis gene cluster from the marine bacterium Paracoccus haeundaensis Gene 370 86 95 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1WqtL4%3D 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.007
72. MJ Lewis N Ragot MC Berlant M Miranda 1990 Selection of astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of Phaffia rhodozyma with beta-ionone Appl Environ Microbiol 56 9 2944 2945 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXls1ylt70%3D
73. YS Liu JY Wu 2006 Use of n-hexadecane as an oxygen vector to improve Phaffia rhodozyma growth and carotenoid production in shake-flask cultures J Appl Microbiol 101 5 1033 1038 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlajsLbF 10.1111/j.1365-2672. 2006.03009.x
74. YS Liu JY Wu 2007 Optimization of cell growth and carotenoid production of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous through statistical experiment design Biochem Eng J 36 2 182 189 10.1016/j.bej.2007.02.014 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsFWqsro%3D
75. 2 stimulation for efficient astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Biotechnol Bioeng 97 3 568 573 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlslSgtr8%3D 10.1002/bit.21256
76. YS Liu JY Wu 2008 Modeling of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous growth on glucose and overflow metabolism in batch and fed-batch cultures for astaxanthin production Biotechnol Bioeng 101 5 996 1004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVWktLnL 10.1002/bit.21978
77. YS Liu JY Wu KP Ho 2006 Characterization of oxygen transfer conditions and their effects on Phaffia rhodozyma growth and carotenoid production in shake-flask cultures Biochem Eng J 27 3 331 335 10.1016/j.bej.2005.08.031 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKmsrnF
78. ZQ Liu JF Zhang YG Zheng YC Shen 2008 Improvement of astaxanthin production by a newly isolated Phaffia rhodozyma mutant with low-energy ion beam implantation J Appl Microbiol 104 3 861 872 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjsl2isrg%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03603.x
79. R Lorenz G Cysewski 2000 Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin Trends Biotechnol 18 4 160 167 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit1SqsLo%3D 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01433-5
80. V Mann M Harker I Pecker J Hirschberg 2000 Metabolic engineering of astaxanthin production in tobacco flowers Nat Biotechnol 18 888 892 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtVKjs7k%3D 10.1038/78515
81. PZ Margalith 1999 Production of ketocarotenoids by microalgae Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51 4 431 438 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtlagtLc%3D 10.1007/s002530051413
82. JF Martín E Gudina JL Barredo 2008 Conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin: two separate enzymes or a bifunctional hydroxylase-ketolase protein? Microb Cell Fact 7 3 10.1186/1475-2859-7-3 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXlsleis7o%3D
83. K Masamoto N Misawa T Kaneko R Kikuno H Toh 1998 -Carotene hydroxylase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Plant Cell Physiol 39 5 560 564 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsFSmt7c%3D
84. T Matsuno 2001 Aquatic animal carotenoids Fish Sci 67 5 771 783 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosV2hs70%3D 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00323.x
85. PS Meyer JC du Preez 1993 Effect of acetic acid on astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma Biotechnol Lett 15 9 919 924 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvVGi 10.1007/BF00131757
86. PS Meyer JC du Preez 1994 Astaxanthin production by a Phaffia rhodozyma mutant on grape juice World J Microbiol Biotechnol 10 2 178 183 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktVOgur0%3D 10.1007/BF00360882
87. PS Meyer JC du Preez 1994 Effect of culture conditions on astaxanthin production by a mutant of Phaffia rhodozyma in batch and chemostat culture Appl Biochem Biotechnol 40 6 780 785 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktleiu7k%3D
88. PS Meyer JC du Preez SG Kilian 1993 Selection and evaluation of astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of Phaffia rhodozyma World J Microbiol Biotechnol 9 514 520 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhsFyhtbg%3D 10.1007/BF00386286
89. PS Meyer JC du Preez MS van Dyk 1994 The effect of monoterpenes on astaxanthin production by a mutant of Phaffia rhodozyma Biotechnol Lett 16 2 125 128 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXitl2ru7g%3D 10.1007/BF01021657
90. W Miki 1991 Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids Pure Appl Chem 63 1 141 146 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXht1SmsLc%3D 10.1351/pac199163010141
91. M Miller M Yoneyama M Soneda 1976 Phaffia, a new yeast genus in the Deuteromycotina (Blastomycetes) Int J Syst Bacteriol 26 2 286 291 10.1099/00207713-26-2-286
92. Y Miura K Kondo T Saito H Shimada PD Fraser N Misawa 1998 Production of the carotenoids lycopene, beta-carotene, and astaxanthin in the food yeast Candida utilis Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4 1226 1229 1:CAS:528: DyaK1cXitlCisrs%3D
93. Y Miura K Kondo H Shimada T Saito K Nakamura N Misawa 1998 Production of lycopene by the food yeast, Candida utilis that does not naturally synthesize carotenoid Biotechnol Bioeng 58 2-3 306 308 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXht12rs7Y%3D 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980420)58:2/3<306::AID-BIT29>3.0.CO;2-8
94. DG Moriel MB Chociai IMP Machado JD Fontana TMB Bonfim 2005 Effect of feeding methods on the astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma in fed-batch process Braz Arch Biol Technol 48 3 397 401 10.1590/S1516-89132005000300010
95. WL Morris LJ Ducreux PD Fraser S Millam MA Taylor 2006 Engineering ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in potato tubers Metab Eng 8 3 253 263 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvVGgsb0%3D 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.01.001
96. Y Nakajima Y Inokuchi M Shimatawa K Otsubo T Ishibashi H Hara 2008 Astaxanthin, a dietary carotenoid, protects retinal cells against oxidative stress in-vitro and in mice in-vivo J Pharm Pharmacol 60 10 1365 1374 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlWiurjP 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0013
97. Naturxan (2010) http://www.naturxan.com/. Accessed 23 August 2010
98. H Ni QH Chen H Ruan YF Yang LJ Li GB Wu Y Hu GQ He 2007 Studies on optimization of nitrogen sources for astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8 5 365 370 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsVGktr8%3D 10.1631/jzus.2007.B0365
99. M Niklitschek J Alcaino S Barahona D Sepulveda C Lozano M Carmona A Marcoleta C Martinez P Lodato M Baeza V Cifuentes 2008 Genomic organization of the structural genes controlling the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Biol Res 41 1 93 108 10.4067/S0716- 97602008000100011
100. K Ojima J Breitenbach H Visser Y Setoguchi K Tabata T Hoshino J van den Berg G Sandmann 2006 Cloning of the astaxanthin synthase gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its assignment as a beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase Mol Genet Genomics 275 2 148 158 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlSqtbY%3D 10.1007/s00438-005-0072-x
101. RN Okagbue MJ Lewis 1984 Use of alfalfa residual juice as a substrate for propagation of the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 20 1 33 39 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlt1yrsbY%3D 10.1007/BF00254643
102. Z Palágyi L Ferenczy C Vágvölgyi 2001 Carbon-source assimilation pattern of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17 1 95 97 10.1023/A:1016689512718
103. JC Parajo VV Santos M Vazquez 1998 Production of carotenoids by Phaffia rhodozyma growing on media made from hemicellulosic hydrolysates of Eucalyptus globulus wood Biotechnol Bioeng 59 4 501 506 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvVKntLg%3D 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<501::AID-BIT13>3.0.CO;2-C
104. F Peng A Li 2008 Optimization of carotenoid fermentation medium of Phaffia rhodozyma by BP neural network and genetic algorithm Ying Yong Yu Huan Jing Sheng Wu Xue Bao 14 6 834 837 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFCmu7nL
105. Phaff H, Miller M, Yoneyama M, Soneda M (1972) A comparative study of the yeast florae associated with trees on the Japanese islands and in the west coast of North America. In: Gyozo T (ed) Fourth International Fermentation Symposium proceedings: fermentation technology today. Society of Fermentation Technology, Osaka, pp 759-774
106. J Ramírez H Gutierrez A Gschaedler 2001 Optimization of astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma through factorial design and response surface methodology J Biotechnol 88 3 259 268 10.1016/S0168-1656(01) 00279-6
107. J Ramírez N Obledo M Arellano E Herrera 2006 Astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma in a fed-batch culture using a low cost medium feeding eGnosis 4 1 9
108. Rayton S, Rayton J, Foley L, Jones PW (2006) Ketocarotenoids from Adonis palaestina. International Patent WO2006119346
109. MB Reynders DE Rawlings STL Harrison 1996 Studies on the growth, modelling and pigment production by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma during fed-batch cultivation Biotechnol Lett 18 6 649 654 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjvVCqtr0%3D 10.1007/BF00130759
110. MB Reynders DE Rawlings STL Harrison 1997 Demonstration of the Crabtree effect in Phaffia rhodozyma during continuous and fed-batch cultivation Biotechnol Lett 19 6 549 552 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktF2msrs%3D 10.1023/A: 1018341421122
111. M Rodriguez-Saiz RP Godio V Alvarez JL de la Fuente JF Martin JL Barredo 2009 The NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the astaxanthin producer Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: use of its promoter for controlled gene expression Mol Biotechnol 41 2 165 172 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntFCitw%3D%3D 10.1007/s12033-008-9123-y
112. M Rodriguez-Saiz JL de la Fuente JL Barredo 2010 Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous for the industrial production of astaxanthin Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 10.1007/s00253-010-2814-x Epub ahead of print
113. A Rüttimann 1999 Dienolether condensations-a powerful tool in carotenoid synthesis Pure Appl Chem 71 12 2285 2293 10.1351/pac199971122285
114. Sandmann G, Misawa N (2002) Fungal carotenoids. In: Osiewacz HD (ed) The Mycota X; industrial application. Springer, Berlin, pp 247-262
115. Sauer GM, Flachmann R, Schopfer CR, Leps M, Bridg-Giannakopoulos H (2008a) New ketolases for the production of ketokarotenoids in Tagetes. International Patent WO2008058946
116. Sauer GM, Flachmann R, Schopfer CR, Leps M, Bridg-Giannakopoulos H, Winner B, Eisenreich R (2008b) Plastid-lipid-associated protein promoters for the production of ketokarotenoids in Tagetes. International Patent WO2008058948
117. Schloemer GC, Davis JL (2001) Preparation of astaxanthin. International Patent WO0181301
118. TJ Schmidhauser FR Lauter M Schumacher W Zhou VE Russo C Yanofsky 1994 Characterization of al-2, the phytoene synthase gene of Neurospora crassa. Cloning, sequence analysis, and photoregulation J Biol Chem 269 16 12060 12066 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksFWjur0%3D
119. WA Schroeder EA Johnson 1993 Antioxidant role of carotenoids in Phaffia rhodozyma J Gen Microbiol 139 5 907 912 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmtF2hur8%3D
120. WA Schroeder EA Johnson 1995 Carotenoids protect Phaffia rhodozyma against singlet oxygen damage J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 14 6 502 507 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvFWrt7s%3D
121. WA Schroeder EA Johnson 1995 Singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma J Biol Chem 270 31 18374 18379 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXntlCqtLg%3D 10.1074/jbc.270.31.18374
122. A Seybold TW Goodwin 1959 Occurrence of astaxanthin in the flower petals of Adonis annua L Nature 184 Suppl 22 1714 1715 1:CAS:528:DyaF3cXmvFSntA%3D%3D 10.1038/1841714a0
123. Sharpe PL, Ye RW, Zhu QQ (2008) Carotenoid production in a recombinant oleaginous yeast. International Patent WO2008073367
124. H Shimada K Kondo PD Fraser Y Miura T Saito N Misawa 1998 Increased carotenoid production by the food yeast Candida utilis through metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid pathway Appl Environ Microbiol 64 7 2676 2680 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkt1Ogs7g%3D
125. J Steinbrenner G Sandmann 2006 Transformation of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis with a phytoene desaturase for accelerated astaxanthin biosynthesis Appl Environ Microbiol 72 12 7477 7484 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlWqtrrE 10.1128/AEM.01461-06
126. N Sun S Lee KB Song 2004 Characterization of a carotenoid-hyperproducing yeast mutant isolated by low-dose gamma irradiation Int J Food Microbiol 94 3 263 267 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsFOrsrY%3D 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00311-8
127. J Tischer 1944 Über die Carotinoide von Hämatococcus pluvialis. III. (Carotinoide der Süwasseralgen. IX. Teil) Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 281 5-6 143 155 1:CAS:528:DyaH28XjslKrsA%3D%3D
128. Trueheart J, Bailey RB, Doten R, Madden KT, Mayorga M, Dueppen D, Dunn JG (2009) Production of carotenoids in oleaginous yeast and fungi. International Patent WO2009126890
129. A Tsubokura H Yoneda H Mizuta 1999 Paracoccus carotinifaciens sp. nov., a new aerobic Gram-negative astaxanthin-producing bacterium Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 277 282 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXosF2lsw%3D%3D 10.1099/00207713-49-1-277
130. SA Turujman WG Wamer RR Wei RH Albert 1997 Rapid liquid chromatographic method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin J AOAC Int 80 3 622 632 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsVyktLY%3D
131. K Ukibe K Hashida N Yoshida H Takagi 2009 Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for astaxanthin production and oxidative stress tolerance Appl Environ Microbiol 75 22 7205 7211 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFSit7jN 10.1128/AEM.01249-09
132. HM van den Brink RFM van Gorcom CAMJJ van den Hondel PJ Punt 1998 Cytochrome P450 enzyme systems in fungi Fungal Genet Biol 23 1 1 17 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1021
133. M Vázquez 2001 Effect of the light on carotenoid profiles of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous strains (formerly Phaffia rhodozyma) Food Technol Biotechnol 39 2 123 128
134. M Vázquez AM Martin 1998 Optimization of Phaffia rhodozyma continuous culture through response surface methodology Biotechnol Bioeng 57 3 314 320 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<314::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-K
135. M Vázquez V Santos 1998 3-Hydroxy-3′, 4′-didehydro- beta-psi-caroten-4-one (HDCO) from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) cultivated on xylose media Biotechnol Lett 20 2 181 182 10.1023/A:1005340810953
136. JC Verdoes KP Krubasik G Sandmann AJ van Ooyen 1999 Isolation and functional characterisation of a novel type of carotenoid biosynthetic gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Mol Gen Genet 262 3 453 461 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXnvFKrsbg%3D 10.1007/s004380051105
137. JC Verdoes N Misawa AJJ van Ooyen 1999 Cloning and characterization of the astaxanthin biosynthetic gene encoding phytoene desaturase of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Biotechnol Bioeng 63 6 750 755 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXis12js74%3D 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990620)63:6<750::AID- BIT13>3.0.CO;2-7
138. JC Verdoes G Sandmann H Visser M Diaz M van Mossel AJ van Ooyen 2003 Metabolic engineering of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) Appl Environ Microbiol 69 7 3728 3738 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlsFagsbo%3D 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3728-3738.2003
139. R Verwaal J Wang JP Meijnen H Visser G Sandmann JA van den Berg AJ van Ooyen 2007 High-level production of beta-carotene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by successive transformation with carotenogenic genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Appl Environ Microbiol 73 13 4342 4350 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXot1OrtrY%3D 10.1128/AEM.02759-06
140. H Visser AJ van Ooyen JC Verdoes 2003 Metabolic engineering of the astaxanthin-biosynthetic pathway of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous FEMS Yeast Res 4 3 221 231 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptlyhsbk%3D 10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00158-2
141. Visser H, Sandmann G, Verdoes JC (2005) Xanthophylls in fungi: metabolic engineering of the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway in Xantophyllomyces dendrorhous. Methods in biotechnology: microbial processes and products. Humana, Totowa
142. W Wang L Yu 2009 Effects of oxygen supply on growth and carotenoids accumulation by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Z Naturforsch C 64 11-12 853 858 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXislaitA%3D%3D
143. W Wang L Yu P Zhou 2006 Effects of different fungal elicitors on growth, total carotenoids and astaxanthin formation by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Bioresour Technol 97 1 26 31 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvVSktb8%3D 10.1016/j.biortech. 2005.02.012
144. J Wery D Gutker AC Renniers JC Verdoes AJ Van Ooyen 1997 High copy number integration into the ribosomal DNA of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Gene 184 89 97 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntlOgsr8%3D 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00579-3
145. J Wery JC Verdoes AJJ Van Ooyen 1998 Efficient transformation of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma Biotechnol Tech 12 399 405 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkt1OjtL4%3D 10.1023/A:1008834600770
146. E Widmer R Zell EA Broger Y Crameri HP Wagner J Dinkel M Schlageter T Lukac 1981 Technische Verfahren zur Synthese von Carotenoiden und verwandten Verbindungen aus 6-oxo-isophoron. II. Ein neues Konzept für die Synthese von (3RS, 3′RS)-astaxanthin Helv Chim Acta 64 2436 2446 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XosFOqsw%3D%3D 10.1002/hlca.19810640751
147. Y Yamane K Higashida Y Nakashimada T Kakizono N Nishio 1997 Astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma enhanced in fed-batch culture with glucose and ethanol feeding Biotechnol Lett 19 11 1109 1111 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntlGksL8%3D
148. Y Yamane K Higashida Y Nakashimada T Kakizono N Nishio 1997 Influence of oxygen and glucose on primary metabolism and astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma in batch and fed-batch cultures: kinetic and stoichiometric analysis Appl Environ Microbiol 63 11 4471 4478 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnt12ntLc%3D
149. A Yokoyama H Izumida W Miki 1994 Production of astaxanthin and 4-ketozeaxanthin by the marine bacterium, Agrobacterium aurantiacum Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58 1842 1844 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFKkurs%3D 10.1271/bbb.58.1842
150. YG Zheng ZC Hu Z Wang YC Shen 2006 Large-scale production of astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Food Bioprod Process 84 2 164 166 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnsl2lsbY%3D 10.1205/fbp.05030