Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish

Aquaculture Research

Volumn 41, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1553-1573

  Nayak, Sukanta K ^a  

^a NIHON UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Fish; Gastrointestinal tract; Gnotobiotic; Microbiota; Prebiotics; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649335700     PISSN: 1355557X     EISSN: 13652109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02546.x     Document Type: Review

References (262)

1. Ahilan B., Shine G. & Santhanam R. (2004) Influence of probiotics on the growth and gut microflora load of juvenile Gold fish (Carassius auratus). Asian Fisheries Science 17, 271-278.
2. Al-Harbi A.H. & Uddin M.N. (2004) Seasonal variation in the intestinal bacterial flora of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus) cultured in earthen ponds in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture 229, 37-44.
3. Allen D.A., Austin B. & Colwell R. (1983) Numerical taxonomy of bacterial isolates associated with a freshwater fishery. Journal of General Microbiology 129, 2043-2062.
4. Aly S.M., Ahmed Y.A.G., Ghareeb A.A.A. & Mohamed M.F. (2008) Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 25, 128-36.
5. Andlid T., Vazquez-Juarez R. & Gustafsson L. (1998) Yeasts isolated from the intestine of rainbow trout adhere to and grow in intestinal mucus. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 7, 115-126.
6. Asfie M., Yoshijima T. & Sugita H. (2003) Characterization of the goldfish fecal microflora by the fluorescent in situ hybridization method. Fisheries Science 69, 21-26.
7. Austin B. & Al-Zahrani A.M.J. (1988) The effect of anti microbial compounds on the gastrointestinal microflora of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 33, 1-14.
8. Austin B., Struckey L.F., Robertson P.A.W., Effendi I. & Griffith D.R.W. (1995) A probiotic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus effective in reducing disease caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii. Journal of Fish Diseases 18, 93-96.
9. Bairagi A., Ghosh K., Sen S.K. & Ray A.K. (2002) Enzyme producing bacterial flora isolated from fish digestive tracts. Aquaculture International 10, 109-121.
10. Bakke-McKellep A.M., Koppang E.O., Gunnes G., Sanden M., Hemre G.I., Landsverk T. & Krogdahl A. (2007) Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans. Journal of Fish Diseases 30, 65-79.
11. Baldwin T.J. & Newton J.C. (1993) Pathogenesis of enteric septicemia of channel catfish, caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri. Bacteriologic and light and electron microscopic findings. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5, 189-198.
12. Balcazar J.L., de Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Vendrell D., Girones O. & Muzquiz J.L. (2007) Sequencing of variable regions of the 16S rRNAgene for identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestinal microbiota of healthy salmonids. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 30, 111-118.
13. Bates J.M., Mittge E., Kuhlman J., Baden K.N., Cheesman S.E. & Guillemin K. (2006) Distinct signals fromthe microbiota promote different aspects of zebrafish gut differentiation. Developmental Biology 297, 374-386.
14. Bell G.R., Hoskins G.E. & Hodgkiss W. (1971) Aspects of characterisation, identification and ecology of the bacterial flora associated with the surface with surface of stream incubating pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) egg. Journal of Fishery Research Board Canada 28, 1511-1525.
15. Bergh O. (1995) Bacteria associated with early stages of the Halibut, hippoglassium, l., inhibition of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. Journal of Fish Diseases 18, 31-40.
16. Bignell D.E. (1984) The arthropod gut as an environment for microorganisms. In: Invertebrate-Microbial Interactions (ed. by J.M. Anderson, A.D.M. Raynon & D.W.A. Walton), pp. 205-227. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
17. Birkbeck T.H. & Ringø E. (2005) Pathogenesis and the gastrointestinal tract of growing fish. In: Microbial Ecology in Growing Animals (ed. by W. Holzapfel & P. Naughton Biology in Growing Animals Series (ed by S.G. Pierzynowski & R. Zabielski), pp. 208-234. Elsevier, Edinburgh, UK.
18. Blanch A.R., Alsina M., Simon M. & Jofre J. (1997) Determination of bacteria associated with reared turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82, 729-734.
19. Brock T.D., Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M. & Parker J. (1997) Biology of Microorganism, 8th edn. Prentice hall, Englewood Chiff, NY, USA.
20. Brunvold L., Sandaa R., Mikkelsen H., Welde E., Bleie H. & Bergh Q. (2007) Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with early stages of intensively reared cod (Gadusmorhua) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Aquaculture 272, 319-327.
21. Buntin N., Chanthachum S. & Hongpattarakere T. (2008) Screening of lactic acid bacteria from gastrointestinal tracts of marine fish for their potential use as probiotics. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 30, 141-148.
22. Buras N., Duek L., Niv S., Hepher B. & Sandbank E. (1987) Microbiological aspects of fish grown in treated wastewater. Water Resources 12, 1-10.
23. Cahill M.M. (1990) Bacterial flora of fishes: a review. Microbial Ecology 19, 21-41.
24. Cai Y., Benno Y., Nakase T. & Oh T.K. (1998) Specific probiotic characterisation of Weissella hellenica DS-12 isolated from flounder intestine. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 44, 311-316.
25. Campbell A.C. & Buswell J.A. (1983) The intestinal micro-flora of farmed dover sole (Solea solea) at different stages of fish development. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 55, 215-223.
26. Cebra J.J. (1999) Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 69, S1046-S1051.
27. Chair M., Dehasque M., Vanpoucke S., Nelis H., Sorgeloos P. & BeLeenheer A.P. (1994) An oral challenge for turbot larvae with Vibrio anguillarum. Aquaculture International 2, 270-272.
28. Chen Q., Yan Q., Wang K., Zhuang Z. & Wang X. (2008) Portal of entry for pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus into large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea, and characteristics of bacterial adhesion to mucus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 80, 181-188.
29. Clements K.D. (1997) Fermentation and gastrointestinal microorganisms in fishes. In: Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Vol. 1 (Gastrointestinal ecosystems and fermentations) (ed. by R.I. Mackie & B.A. White), pp. 156-198. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, USA.
30. Costalos C., Kapiki A., Apostolou M. & Papathoma E. (2008) The effect of a prebiotic supplemented formula on growth and stool microbiology of term infants. Early Human Development 84, 45-49.
31. Dahm R. & Geisler R. (2006) Learning from small fry: the zebra fish as a genetic model organism for aquaculture fish species. Marine Biotechnology 8, 1-17.
32. Das K.M. & Tripathi S.D. (1991) Studies on the digestive enzymes of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (V). Aquaculture 92, 21-32.
33. Delzenne N.M. & Cani P.D. (2008) Gut microflora is a key player in host energy homeostasis. Medical Science (Paris) 24, 505-510.
34. Dierckens K., Rekecki A., Laureau S., Sorgeloos P., Boon N., Van den Broeck W. & Bossier P. (2009) Development of a bacterial challenge test in a gnotobiotic sea bass (Dicen-trarchus labrax) culture. Environmental Microbiology 11, 526-533.
35. Dimitroglou A., Merrifield D.L., Moate R., Davies S.J., Spring P., Sweetman J. & Bradley G. (2009) Dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Animal Science 87, 3226-3234.
36. DoBell C. (1932) Anton Von Leewenhoek and Big 'Little Animals'. Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, NY, USA.
37. Drasar B.S. & Barrow P.A. (1985) Intestinal Microbiology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Workingham, UK. 59-75.
38. Eckburg P.B., Bik E.M., Bernstein C.N., Purdom E., Dethlefsen L., Sargent M., Gill S.R., Nelson K.E. & Relman D.A. (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308, 1635-1638.
39. EL-Dakar A.Y., Shalaby S.M. & Saoud I.P. (2007) Assessing the use of a dietary probiotic/prebiotic as an enhancer of spinefoot rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus survival and growth. Aquaculture Nutrition 13, 407-412.
40. Falk P.G., Hooper L.V., Midtvedt T. & Gordon J.I. (1998) Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, 1157-1170.
41. Finegold S.M., Suher V.L. & Mathisen G.E. (1983) Normal indigenous intestinal flora. In: Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease (ed. by D.J. Hentgens), pp.3-31. Academic press, New York, NY, USA.
42. Fjellheim A.J., Playfoot K.J., Skjermo J. & Vadstein O. (2007) Vibrionaceae dominates the microflora antagonistic towards Listonella anguillarum in the intestine of cultured Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae. Aquaculture 269, 98-106.
43. Floch M.N., Gorbach S.L. & Lucky T.D. (1970) Symposium: the intestinal microflora. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23, 1425-1540.
44. Gatesoupe F.J. (1991) The use of probiotics in fish hatcheries: results and prospect. Mariculture Committee Paper F: 33.
45. Gatesoupe F.J. (1993) Bacillus sp. spores as food additive for rotifer Branchionus plicatilis: improvement of their bacterial environment and their value for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. Fish Nutrition in Practice, Les Colloques No. 61 (ed. by S.J. Kaushik & P. Luquet), pp. 561-568. Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France.
46. Gatesoupe F.J. (1999) The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture 180, 147-165.
47. Gatesoupe F.J. (2005) Probiotics and prebiotics for fish culture, at the parting of the ways. Aqua Feeds: Formulation and Beyond 2, 3-5.
48. Gatesoupe F.J. (2007) Live yeasts in the gut: natural occurrence, dietary introduction, and their effects on fish health and development. Aquaculture 267, 20-30.
49. Geldreich E.E. & Clarke N.A. (1966) Bacterial pollution indicators in the intestinal tract of freshwater fish. Applied Microbiology 14, 429-437.
50. Ghosh S., Sinha A. & Sahu C. (2007) Isolation of putative probionts from the intestines of Indian major carps. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 59, 127-132.
51. Gibson G.R. & Roberfroid M.B. (1995) Dietary modulation of the humancolonicmicrobiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401-1412.
52. Gibson L.F. (1999) Bacteriocin activity and probiotic activity of Aeromonas media. Journal of Applied Microbiology Symposium Supplement 85, 2445-2485.
53. Gildberg A., Mikkelsen A., Sandaker E. & Ringø E. (1997) Probiotic effect of lactic acid bacteria in the feed on growth and survival of fry of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Hydrobiologya 352, 279-285.
54. Gismondo M.R., Drago L. & Lombardi A. (1999) Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 12, 287-292.
55. Gomez G.D. & Balcazar J.L. (2008) A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 52, 145-154.
56. Gomez-Gil B., Rogue A. & Turnbull J.F. (2000) The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture 191, 259-270.
57. 2 a possible probiotic treatment of fish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 969-973.
58. Griffths S., Melville K., Cook M. & Vincent S. (2001) Profiling of bacterial species associated with haddock larviculture by PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 13, 355-363.
59. Grisez L., Chair M., Sorgeloos P. & Ollevier F. (1996) Mode of infection and spread of Vibrio anguillarum in turbot Scophthalmus maximus larvae after oral challenge through live feed. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 26, 181-187.
60. Hagi T., Tanaka D., Iwamura Y. & Hoshino T. (2004) Diversity and seasonal changes in lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of cultured freshwater fish. Aquaculture 234, 335-346.
61. Hansen G.H., Strom E. & Olafsen J.A. (1992) Effect of different holding regimens on the intestinal microflora of herring (Clupea harengus) larvae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, 461-470.
62. Hatha A.A.M., Kuruvilla S. & Cheriyan S. (2000) Bacterial flora of the intestines of farm raised freshwater fishes Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fishery Technology 37, 59-62.
63. Hoffmann K. (2009) Stimulating immunity in fish and crustaceans: some light but more shadows. Aqua Culture Asia Pacific Magazine 5, 22-25.
64. Holben W.E., Williams P., Saarinen M., Särkilahti L.K. & Apajalahti J.H.A. (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal microflora indicates a novel Mycoplasma phylotype in farmed and wild salmon. Microbial Ecology 44, 175-185.
65. Horsley R.W. (1973) The bacterial flora of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in relation to its environment. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 36, 377-386.
66. Horsley R.W. (1977) A reviewof bacterial flora of teleosts and elasmobranches, including methods for its analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 10, 529-553.
67. Houdijk J.G.M., Bosch M.W., Verstegen M.W.A. & Berenpas H.J. (1998) Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on the growth performance and faecal characteristics of young growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 71, 5-48.
68. Hovda M.B., Lunestad B.T., Fontanillas R. & Rosnes J.T. (2007) Molecular characterisation of the intestinalmicrobiota of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272, 581-588.
69. Huber I., Spanggaard B., Appel K.F., Rossen L., Nielsen T. & Gram L. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of the intestinal microbial community of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Journal of Applied Microbiology 96, 117-132.
70. Izvekova G.I. & Lapteva N.A. (2004) Microflora associated with the digestive-transport surfaces of fish and their parasitic cestodes. Russian Journal of Ecology 35, 176-180.
71. Jankauskiene R. (2000a) Defence mechanisms in fish: Lactobacillus genus bacteria of intestinal wall in feeding and hibernating carps. Ekologija (Vilnius) 1, 3-6.
72. Jankauskiene R. (2000b) The dependence of the species composition of lactoflora in the intestinal tract of carps upon their Age. Acta Zoological Lituanica 10, 78-83.
73. Joborn A., Oisson J.C., Westerdahl A., Conway P.L. & Kjelleberg S. (1997) Colonisation in the fish intestinal tract and production of inhibitory substances in intestinal mucus and fecal extracts by Carnobacterium sp., stain kl. Journal of Fish Diseases 20, 383-392.
74. Kar N. & Ghosh K. (2008) Enzyme producing bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Channa punctatus (Bloch). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 8, 115-120.
75. Karunasagar I. & Karunasagar I. (1999) Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microbial diseases of fish and shellfish. Current Science 76, 387-399.
76. 12 in carp. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 32, 961-966.
77. Kesarcodi-Watson A., Kaspar H., Lategan M.J. & Gibson L. (2008) Probiotics in aquaculture: the need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 274, 1-14.
78. Keskin M., Keskin M. & Rosenrhal H. (1994) Pathways of bacterial contamination during egg incubationand larval rearing turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 10, 1-9.
79. Kihara M., Ohba K. & Sakata T. (1995) Trophic effect of dietary lactosucrose on intestinal tunica muscularis and utilization of this sugar by gut microbes in red seabream, Pagrus major, a marine carnivorous teleost, under artificial rearing. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 112, 629-634.
80. Kim D., Brunt J. & Austin B. (2007) Microbial diversity of intestinal contents and mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Microbiology 102, 1654-1664.
81. Korsnes K., Nicolaisen O., Skar C.K., Nerland A.H. & Bergh Ø. (2006) Bacteria inthe gut of juvenile cod Gadusmorhua fed live feed enriched with four different commercial diets. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, 296-301.
82. Leadbetter E.A., Rifkin I.R., Hohlbaum A.M., Beaudette B.C., Shlomchik M.J. & Marshak-Rothstein A. (2002) Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of Ig M and toll-like receptors. Nature 416, 603-607.
83. Lesel R. (1981) Microflora bacterienne de tractus digest if. In: Nutrition Des Poissions (ed. by M. Fontaine), pp. 89-100. NRS, Paris, France.
84. Lesel R. & Peringer P. (1981) Influence of temperature on the bacterial microflora in Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Archives in Hydrobiology 93, 109-120.
85. Lesel R. & Sechet J. (1982) Influence d'un stress de manipulation sur le transit dela microflore bacterienne digestive chezla truite are-en-ciel Salmo garidneri Richarson. Acta Ecology Applie 3, 23-33.
86. Lesel R., Fromageot C. & Lesel M. (1986) Cellulase digestibility in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella and in gold fish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 54, 11-17.
87. TM AE influence growth performance, immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture 231, 445-456.
88. ®-A and brewers yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture 248, 197-205.
89. Li J., Tan B. & Mai K. (2009) Dietary probiotic Bacillus OJ and isomaltooligosaccharides influence the intestine microbial populations, immune responses and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 291, 35-40.
90. 12 in the channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition 111, 2125-2132.
91. Lindsay G.J.H. & Harris J.E. (1980) Carboxymethyl cellulase activity in the digestive tracts of fish. Journal of Fish Biology 6, 219-233.
92. Liston J. (1957) The occurrence and distribution of bacterial types on flatfish. Journal of General Microbiology 16, 205-216.
93. Liu Y., Zhou Z., Yao B., Shi P., He S., Holvold L.B. & Ringø E. (2008) Effect of intraperitoneal injection of immunostimulatory substances on allochthonous gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar determined using denatur-ing gradient gel electrophoresis. Aquaculture Research 39, 635-646.
94. Long R.A. & Azam F. (2001) Microscale patchiness of bacterioplankton assemblage richness in seawater. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 26, 103-113.
95. 12 for Tilapia nilotica. Transaction of American Fisheries Society 11, 485-490.
96. MacDonald N.L., Stark J.R. & Austin B. (1986) Bacterial flora associated in gastrointestinal tract of Dover Sole (Solea solea) with special emphasis on the possible role of bacteria in nutrition of the host. FEMS Microbiology Letters 35, 107-111.
97. MacMillan J.R. & Santucci T. (1990) Seasonal trendy in intestinal bacterial flora of farm raised channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2, 217-222.
98. Magarinos B., Romalde J.L., Noya M., Barja J.L. & Toranzo A.E. (1996) Adherence and invasive capacities of the fish pathogen Pasteurella piscicida. FEMS Microbiology Letters 138, 29-34.
99. Mahious A.S., Gatesoupe F.J., Hervi M., Metailler R. & Ollevier F. (2006) Effect of dietary inulin and oligosaccharides as prebiotics for weaning turbot, Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, C.1758). Aquaculture International 14, 219-229.
100. Makridis P., Martins S., Vercauteren T., Van Driessche K., Decamp O. & Dinis M.T. (2005) Evaluation of candidate probiotic strains for gilthead sea bream larvae (Sparus aurata) using an in vivo approach. Letter in Applied Microbiology 40, 274-277.
101. Marques A., Ollevier F., Verstraete W., Sorgeloos P. & Bossier P. (2006) Gnotobiotically grown aquatic animals: opportunities to investigate host-microbe interactions. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 903-918.
102. Martin-Antonio B., Manchado M., Infante C., Zerolo R., Labella A., Alonso C. & Borrego J.J. (2007) Intestinal microbiota variation in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) under different feeding regimes. Aquaculture Research 38, 1213-1222.
103. Medzhitov R. & Janeway C. (1997) Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 91, 295-298.
104. Merrifield D.L., Burnard D., Bradley G., Davies S.J. & Baker R.T.M. (2009) Microbial community diversity associated with the intestinal mucosa of farmed rainbow trout (Oncoryhnchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquaculture Research 40, 1064-1072.
105. Merrifield D.L., Dimitroglou A., Foey A., Davies S.J., Baker R.T.M., Bøgwald J., Castex M. & Ringø E. (2010) The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture 302, 1-18.
106. Metchnikoff E. (1901) Surlaflore du corps. Human Member Protocol of Manchester Litereture and Philosophical Society 45, 1-38.
107. Mickeniene L. (1999) Bacterial flora in the digestive tract of native and alien species of crayfish in Lithuania. Freshwater Crayfish 12, 279-287.
108. Mickeniene L. & Syvokiene J. (2008) The impact of zinc on the bacterial abundance in the intestinal tract of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. Ekologija 54, 5-9.
109. Molinari L.M., Scoaris D. de O., Pedroso R.B., Bittencourt N. de L.R., Nakamura C.V., Ueda-Nakamura T., Abreu Filho B.A.de. & Dias Filho B.P. (2003) Bacterial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, cultured in a semi-intensive system. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences Maringa 25, 267-271.
110. Moriarty D.J.W. (1990) Interactions of microorganisms and aquatic animals, particularly the nutritional role of the gut flora. In: Microbiology in Poikilotherms (ed. by R. Lesel), pp. 217-222. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
111. Munro P.D., Birkbeck T.H. & Barbour A. (1993) Influence of rate of bacterial colonization of the gut of turbot larvae on larval survival. In: Fish Farming Technology (ed. by H. Reinertsen, L.A. Dahle, L. Jorgensen & K. Tvinnereim), pp. 85-92. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
112. Munro P.D., Barbour A. & Birkbeck T.H. (1994) Comparison of the gut bacterial-flora of start-feeding larval turbot reared under different conditions. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 77, 560-566.
113. Munro P.D., Henderson R.J., Barbour A. & Birkbeck T.H. (1999) Partial decontamination of rotifers with ultraviolet radiation: the effect of changes in the bacterial load and flora of rotifers on the mortalities in start feeding larval turbot. Aquaculture 170, 229-244.
114. Mussatto S.I. & Mancilha I.M. (2007) Non-digestible oligosaccharides: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers 68, 587-597.
115. Namba A., Mano N. & Hirose H. (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria and their adhesive capability in relation to the intestinal mucus of carp. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102, 1307-1317.
116. Navarrete P., Mardones P., Opazo R., Espejo R. & Romero J. (2008) Oxytetracycline treatment reduces bacterial diversity of intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20, 177-183.
117. Navarrete P., Espejo R.T. & Romero J. (2009) Molecular analysis of microbiota along the digestive tract of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Microbial Ecology 57, 550-561.
118. Nayak S.K., Swain P. & Mukherjee S.C. (2007) Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and vitamin C on the immune response of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 892-896.
119. Nicholson J.K., Holmes E. & Wilson I.D. (2005) Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care. Nature Review on Microbiology 3, 431-438.
120. Nicolas J.L., Robic E. & Ansquer D. (1989) Bacterial flora associated with a tropic chain consisting of microalgae, rotifers and turbot larval: influence of bacteria on larval survival. Aquaculture 83, 237-248.
121. Nieto T.P., Toranzo A.E. & Barja J.C. (1984) Comparison between the bacterial flora associated with fingerling trout, cultured in two different hatcheries in the northwest of spain. Aquaculture 42, 193-206.
122. Nilson B.H., Solomon A., Bjorck L. & Akerstrom B. (1992) Protein L from Peptostreptococcus magnus binds to the light chain variable domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 2234-2239.
123. Ogbondeminu F.S. (1993) The occurrence and distribution of enteric bacteria in fish and water of tropical aquaculture ponds in Nigeria. Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics 8, 61-66.
124. Ogbondeminu F.S. & Olayemi A.B. (1993) Antibiotic resistance in enteric bacterial isolates from fish and water media. Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics 8, 207-212.
125. Olafsen J.A. & Hansen G.H. (1992) Intact antigen uptake in intestinal epithelial cells of marine fish larvae. Journal of Fish Biology 40, 141-156.
126. Olsen R.E., Myklebust R., Kryvi H., Mayhew T.M. & Ringø E. (2001) Damaging effect of dietary inulin on intestinal enterocytes in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Aquaculture Research 32, 931-934.
127. Olsson J.C., Westerdahl A., Conway P.L. & Kjellberg S. (1992) Intestinal colonization potential of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and dab (Limanda limanda) associated bacteria with inhibitory effect against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, 551-556.
128. Olsson J.C., Joborn A., Westerdahl A., Blomberg L., Kjelleberg S. & Conway P. (1996) Is the turbot intestine, Scophthalmus maximum, L., intestinal a portal of entry for the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Journal of Fish Diseases 19, 225-234.
129. Olsson J.C., Joborn A., Westerdahl A., Blomberg L., Kjelleberg S. & Conway P.L. (1998) Survival, persistence and proliferation of Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) intestine and faeces. Journal of Fish Diseases 21, 1-9.
130. Onarheim A.M. & Raa J. (1990) Characterization and possible biological significance of autochthonous flora in the intestinalmucosa of seawater fish. In: Microbiology in Poikilotherms (ed. by R. Lesel), pp.197-201. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
131. Onarheim A.M., Wiik R., Burghardt J. & Stackebradt E. (1994) Characterisation and identification of two Vibrio species indigenous to intestine of fish in cold water, description of Vibrio iliopiscarius sp. nov. syst. Applied Microbiology 17, 370-379.
132. Panigrahi A., Kiron V., Puangkaew J., Kobayashi T., Satoh S. & Sugita H. (2005) The viability of probiotic bacteria as a factor influencing the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 243, 241-254.
133. Panigrahi A., Kiron V., Satoh S., Hirono I., Kobayashi T., Sugita H., Puangkaew J. & Aoki T. (2007) Immune modulation and expression of cytokine genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss upon probiotic feeding. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 31, 372-382.
134. Pemberton J.M., Kidd S.P. & Schmidt R. (1997) Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas. FEMSMicrobiology Letters 152, 1-10.
135. Peter H. & Sommaruga R. (2008) An evaluation of methods to study the gut bacterial community composition of freshwater zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research 30, 997-1006.
136. Peterson D.A., McNulty N.P., Guruge J.L. & Gordon J.I. (2007) IgA response to symbiotic bacteria as a mediator of gut homeostasis. Cell Host and Microbe 2, 328-339.
137. Pham L.N., Kanther M., Semova I. & Rawls J.F. (2008) Methods for generating and colonizing gnotobiotic zebrafish. Nature Protocols 3, 1862-1875.
138. Picchietti S., Mazzini M., Taddei A.R., Renna R., Fausto A.M., Mulero V., Carnevali O., Cresci A. & Abelli L. (2007) Effects of administration of probitoc strains on GALT of larval gilthead seabream: immnohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 22, 57-67.
139. Picchietti S., Fausto A.M., Randelli E., Carnevali O., Taddei A.R., Buonocore F., Scapigliati G. & Abelli L. (2009) Early treatment with Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain induces an increase in intestinal T-cells and granulocytes andmodulates immune-related genes of larval Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 26, 368-376.
140. Pilet M.F., Dousset X., Barre R., Novel G., Des mazeaud M. & Piard J.C. (1995) Evidence for two bacteriocins produced by Carnobacterium piscicola and Carnobacterium divergens isolated from fish and active against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection 58, 256-262.
141. Pond M.J., Stone D.M. & Alderman D.J. (2006) Comparison of conventional andmolecular techniques to investigate the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 261, 194-203.
142. Press C.M. & Lillehaug A. (1995) Vaccination in European salmonid aquaculture: a review of practices and prospects. British Veterinary Journal 151, 45-69.
143. Queiroz J.F. & Boyd C.E. (1998) Effects of a bacterial inoculum in channel catfish ponds. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 29, 67-73.
144. Ramirez R.F. & Dixon B.A. (2003) Enzyme production by obligate intestinal anaerobic bacteria isolated fromoscars (Astronotus ocellatus), angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Aquaculture 227, 417-426.
145. Ransom D.P., Lannan C.N., Rohovec J.S. & Fryer J.L. (1984) Comparison of histopathology caused by Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii in three species of pacific salmon. Journal of Fish Diseases 7, 107-115.
146. Rastall R.A. (2004) Bacteria in the gut: friends and foes and how to alter the balance. Journal of Nutrition 134, S2022-S2026.
147. Rawls J.F., Samuel B.S. & Gordon J.I. (2004) Gnotobiotic zebra fish reveal evolutionarily conserved responses to the gut microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101, 4596-4601.
148. Rawls J.F., Mahowald M.A., Ley R.E. & Gordon J.I. (2006) Reciprocal gut microbiota transplants from zebrafish and mice to germ-free recipients reveal host habitat selection. Cell 127, 423-433.
149. Rawls J.F., Mahowald M.A., Goodman A.L., Trent C.M. & Gordon J.I. (2007) In vivo imaging and genetic analysis link bacterial motility and symbiosis in the zebra fish gut. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104, 7622-7627.
150. Reid H.I., Treasurer J.W., Adam B. & Birkbeck T.H. (2009) Analysis of bacterial populations in the gut of developing cod larvae and identification of Vibrio logei, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio splendidus as pathogens of cod larvae. Aquaculture 288, 36-43.
151. Reitan K.I., Natvik C.M. & Vadstein O. (1998) Drinking rate, uptake of bacteria and microalgae in turbot larvae. Journal of Fish Biology 53, 1145-1154.
152. Rekecki A., Dierckens K., Laureau S., Boon N., Bossier P. & Van den Broeck W. (2009) Effect of germ-free rearing environment on gut development of larval sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture 293, 8-15.
153. Rhee K.J., Sethupathi P., Driks A., Lanning D.K. & Knight K.L. (2004) Role of commensal bacteria in development of gut associated lymphoid tissues and preimmune antibody repertoire. The Journal of Immunology 172, 1118-1124.
154. 3) onaerobic bacterial population associated with the intestinal epithelialmucosa of arctic charr, Salvilinus alpinus (L). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, 1169-1173.
155. Ringø E. & Birkbeck T.H. (1999) Intestinal microflora of fish larvae and fry. Aquaculture Research 30, 73-93.
156. Ringø E. & Gatesoupe F.J. (1998) Lactic acid bacteria in fish. A review. Aquaculture 160, 177-203.
157. Ringø E. & Olsen R.E. (1999) The effect of diet on aerobic bacterial flora associated with intestine of arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Journal of Applied Microbiology 86, 22-28.
158. Ringø E. & Strom E. (1994) Microflora of arctic charr, Salvilinus alpinus (L). Gastrointestinal microflora of free living fish and effect of diet and salinity on intestinalmicroflora. Aquaculture and Fish Management 25, 623-629.
159. Ringø E., Strom E. & Tabachek J.A. (1995) Intestinal microflora of Salmonids. A review. Aquaculture Research 26, 773-789.
160. Ringø E., Lodemel J.B., Myklebust R., Kaino T., Mayhew T.M. & Olsen R.E. (2001) Epithelium-associated bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpines L.) - An electron microscopical study. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90, 294-300.
161. Ringø E., Olsen R.E., Mayhew T.M. & Myklebust R. (2003) Electron microscopy of the intestinal microflora of fish. Aquaculture 227, 395-415.
162. Ringø E., Jutfelt F., Kanapathippillai P., Bakken Y., Sundell K., Glette J., Mayhew T.M., Myklebust R. & Olsen R.E. (2004) Damaging effect of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida on intestinal enterocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Cell and Tissue Research 318, 305-311.
163. Ringø E., Sperstad S., Myklebust R., Refstie S. & Krogdahl A. (2006) Characterisation of themicrobiota associatedwith intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): the effect of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal. Aquaculture 261, 829-841.
164. Ringø E., Sperstad S., Myklebust R., Mayhew T.M. & Olsen R.E. (2006) The effect of dietary inulin on aerobic bacteria associated with hindgut of arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Aquaculture Research 37, 891-897.
165. Ringø E., Myklebustd R., Mayhew T.M. & Olsen R.E. (2007) Bacterial translocation and pathogenesis in the digestive tract of larvae and fry. Aquaculture 268, 251-264.
166. Ringø E., Sperstad S., Kraugerud O.F. & Krogdahl A. (2008) Use of 16S rRNAgene sequencing analysis to characterize culturable intestinal bacteria in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with cellulose or non-starch polysaccharides from soy. Aquaculture Research 39, 1087-1100.
167. Ringø E., Olsen R.E., Gifstad T.Ø., Dalmo R.A., Amlund H., Hemre G.I. & Bakke A.M. (2010) Prebiotics in aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition 16, 117-136.
168. Robertson P.A.W., Dowd C.O., Burrels C., Williams P. & Austin B. (2000) Use of Carnobactrium sp. as a probiotic for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Aquaculture 18, 235-243.
169. Rodriguez-Estrada U., Satoh S., Haga Y., Fushimi H. & Sweetman J. (2009) Effects of single and combined supplementation of Enterococcus faecalis, mannan oligosaccharide and polyhydrobutyric acid on growth performance and immune response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Science 57, 609-617.
170. Romalde J.L., Magarinos B., Nunez S., Barja J.L. & Toranzo A.E. (1996) Host range susceptibility of enterococcus sp. strains isolated from diseased turbot: possible routes of infection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, 607-611.
171. Romero J. & Navarrete P. (2006) 16S rDNA-based analysis of dominant bacterial populations associated with early life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Microbial Ecology 51, 422-430.
172. Saha S., Roy R.N., Sen S.K. & Ray A.K. (2006) Characterization of cellulase-producing bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica (P) and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (V). Aquaculture Research 37, 380-388.
173. Sakai D.K. (1979) Invasive routes of Aeromonas salmonicida salmonid furuculorts: exl sub sp. salmonicida. Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido fish Hatchery 34, 1-6.
174. Sakata T. (1989) Microflora of healthyanimals. In: Methods for Microbilogical Examinations (ed. by B. Austin & D.A. Austin), pp.141-163. John Wileyand Sons, New York, NY, USA.
175. Sakata T. (1990) Microflora in the digestive tract of fish and shell fish. In: Microbiology in Poikiloterms (ed. by R. Lessel), pp.171-176. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
176. Sakata T., Okabayashi J. & Kakimoto D. (1980) Variations in the intestinal microflora of tilapia reared in fresh and sea water. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 46, 313-317.
177. Sakata T., Sugita H., Mitsuoka T., Kakimoto D. & Kadota H. (1981) Characteristics of obligate anaerobic bacteria in the intestines of freshwater fish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47, 421-427.
178. Sakata T., Uno K. & Kakimoto D. (1984) Dominant bacteria of the aerobic microflora in tilapia intestine. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 50, 489-493.
179. Salinas I., Cuesta A., Esteban M.A. & Meseguer J. (2005) Dietaryadministration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bacillus subtilis, single or combined, on gilthead seabream cellular innate immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 19, 67-77.
180. Sandaa R.A., Magnesen T., Torkildsen L. & Bergh O. (2003) Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with early life stages of cultured great scallop (Pecten maximus), using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 26, 302-311.
181. Savage D.C. (1977) Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual Review of Microbiology 31, 107-133.
182. Savage D.C. (1989) The normal human microflora composition. In: The Regulatory and Protective Role of the Normal Microflora (ed. by R. Grubb, T. Midvedt & E. Norin), pp. 3-18. Stockton press, New York, NY, USA.
183. Schroder K., Clausen E., Sandberg A.M. & Raa J. (1980) Psychotropic Lactrobacillus plantarum from fish and its ability to produce antibiotic substances. In: Advances in Fish Science and Technology (ed. by J.J. Connell), pp. 480-483. Fishery News Books Ltd., Farnham, Surrey, UK.
184. Sekirov I. & Finlay B.B. (2009) The role of the intestinal microbiota in enteric infection. Journal of Physiology 587, 4159-4167.
185. Seppola M., Olsen R.E., Sandaker E., Kanapathippillai P., Holzapfel W. & Ringø E. (2006) Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing of Carnobacteria isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 29, 131-137.
186. Sera H., Ishida Y. & Kadota H. (1974) Bacterial flora in the digestive tracts ofmarine fish. In: Effect of the Ocean Environment on Microbial Activities (ed. by R.R. Colwell & R.Y. Morita), pp.467-490. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, USA.
187. Sharifuzzaman S.M. & Austin B. (2009) Influence of probiotic feeding duration on disease resistance and immune parameters in rainbow trout. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 27, 440-445.
188. Shcherbina M.A. & Kazlawlene O.P. (1971) The reaction of the mediumand the rate of absorption of nutrients in the intestine of carp. Journal of Ichthyology 11, 81-85.
189. Shiina A., Itoi S., Washio S. & Sugita H. (2006) Molecular identification of intestinal microflora in Takifugu niphobles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (Part D) 1, 128-132.
190. Silverman G.J. & Goodyear C.S. (2002) A model B-cell superantigen and the immunobiology of B lymphocytes. Clinical Immunology 102, 117-134.
191. Simpson J.M., McCracken V.J., White B.A., Gaskins H.R. & Mackie R.I. (1999) Application of denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis for the analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal microbiota. Journal Microbiological Methods 36, 167-179.
192. Sissons J.W. (1989) Potential of probiotic organisms to prevent diarrhoea and promote digestion in farm animals-A review. Journal of Science and Food in Agriculture 49, 1-13.
193. Sivakami R., Premkishore G. & Chandran M.R. (1996) Occurrence and distribution of potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in carps and pond water in Tamil Nadu, India. Aquaculture Research 27, 375-378.
194. Skrodenyte-Arbaeiauskiene V. (2000) Proteolytic activity of the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) intestinal microflora. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 10(3), 69-77.
195. Skrodenyte-Arbaciauskiene V. (2007) Enzymatic activity of intestinal bacteria in roach Rutilus rutilus L. Fisheries Science 73, 964-966.
196. Skrodenyte-Arbaciauskiene V., Sruoga A & Butkauskas D. (2006) Assessment ofmicrobial diversity in the river trout Salmo trutta fario. intestinal tract identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Fisheries Science 72, 597-602.
197. Skrodenyte-Arbaciauskiene V., Sruoga A., Butkauskas D. & Skrupskelis K. (2008) Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria of freshwater salmon Salmo salar and sea trout Salmo trutta and diet. Fisheries Science 74, 1307-1314.
198. Smith H. & Davey S. (1993) Evidence for competitive exclusion of Aeromonas salmonicida from fish with stress inducible furunculosis bya florescent pseudomonas. Journal of Fish Diseases 16, 521-524.
199. Smith T.B., Wahl D.H. & Mackie R.I. (1996) Volatile fatty acids and anaerobic fermentation in temperature piscivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish. Journal of Fish Biology 48, 829-841.
200. Son V.M., Changa C.C., Wu M.C., Guu Y.K., Chiu C.H. & Cheng W. (2009) Dietary administration of the probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, enhanced the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 26, 691-698.
201. Spanggaard B., Huber I., Nielsen J., Nielsen L., Applel K. & Gram L. (2000) The microflora of rainbow trout intestine: a comparison of traditional and molecular identification. Aquaculture 182, 1-15.
202. Spanggaard B., Huber I., Nielsen J., Sick E.B., Pipper C.B., Martinussen T., Slierendrecht W. & Gram L. (2001) The probiotic potential against vibriosis of the indigenous microflora of rainbow trout. Environmental Microbiology 3, 755-765.
203. Staykov Y., Denev S. & Spring P. (2005) Influence of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos) on growth rate and immune function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In: Lessons From the Past to Optimise the Future (Special Publication No 35, June 2005) (ed. by B. Howell & R. Flos), pp. 431-432. European Aquaculture Society, Belgium.
204. Staykov Y., Spring P., Denev S. & Sweetman J. (2007) Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International 15, 153-161.
205. Strom E. (1988) Melkesyrebakt'erier I fb ketarm. Isolasjon, Karaktesisies og egnekaper. Thesis, the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Tromso.
206. Strom E. & Ringø E. (1993) Changes in the bacterial composition of early developing cod, Gadus mohua (L.) larvae following inoculation of Lactobaccilus plantarum into the water. In: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Fish Development (ed. by B. Walther & H.J. Fyn), pp. 226-228. Grasfisk Hus, Bergen, Norway.
207. Sugita H. & Ito Y. (2006) Identification of intestinal bacteria from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and their ability to digest chitin. Letters in Applied Microbiology 43, 336-342.
208. Sugita H., Sakata T., Ishida Y., Deguihi Y. & Kadota H. (1981) Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the intestine of ayu, Pleloglossus altivelis. Bulletin of College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine 38, 302-306.
209. Sugita H., Enomoto A. & Deguchi Y. (1982) Intestinal micro-flora in the fry of Tilapia mossambica. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48, 875.
210. Sugita H., Isida Y., Deguchi Y. & Kadota H. (1982) Bacterial flora in the gastrointestine of Tilapia nilotica adapted in sea water. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48, 987-991.
211. Sugita H., Oshima K., Tamura M. & Deguchi Y. (1983) Bacterial flora in the gastrointestine of freshwater fishes in the river. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49, 987-991.
212. Sugita H., Tokuyama K. & Deguchi Y. (1985) The intestinal microflora of carp Cyprinus carpio, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and tilapia Sarotherodon niloticus. Bulletin of Japanese Society Sciences of Fisheries 50, 1325-1329.
213. Sugita H., Tsunohara M., Fukumoto M. & Deguchi Y. (1987) Comparison of microflora between intestinal contents and fecal pellets of fresh water fishes. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53, 287-290.
214. Sugita H., Fukumoto M., Koyama H. & Deguchi Y. (1988) Changes inthe fecal microflora of gold fish Carassius auratus with the oral administration of oxytetracycline. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 54, 2181-2187.
215. Sugita H., Oshima K., Tamura M. & Deguchi Y. (1989) Bacterial flora of gastrointestine of freshwater fishes in river. Bulletin of Japanese Society Fisheries 49, 1387-1395.
216. 12,- producing ability of the intestinal bacteria isolated fromtilapia and channel catfish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56, 701.
217. 12 - producing ability of the intestinal microflora of freshwater fish. Aquaculture 92, 267-276.
218. 12, producing ability of the intestinalmicroflora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Agricultural Biology and Chemistry 55, 893-894.
219. 12 productivity of anaerobic intestinal bacteria isolated from freshwater fishes. Bulletin of College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University 9, 122-127.
220. Sugita H., Nakamura T., Tanaka K. & Deguchi Y. (1994) Identification of Aeromonas species isolated from freshwater fish with the microplate hybridization method. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3036-3038.
221. Sugita H., Shibuyu K., Shimooka H. & Deguchi Y. (1996) Antibacterial activities of intestinal bacteria in freshwater cultured fish. Aquaculture 145, 195-203.
222. Sugita H., Matsuo N., Hirose Y., Iwato M. & Deguchi Y. (1997) Vibrio sp. strain NM 10 with an inhibitory effect against Pasteurella piscicida from the intestine of Japanese coastal fish. Applied Environmental Microbiology 63, 4986-4989.
223. Sugita H., Ishigaki T., Iwai D., Suzuki Y., Okano R., Matsuura S., Asfie M., Aono E. & Deguchi Y. (1998) Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria from three coastal fishes. Suisanzoshoku 46, 563-568.
224. Sugita H., Hirose Y., Matsuo N. & Deguchi Y. (1998) Production of the antibacterial substance by Bacillus sp. strain NM 12, an intestinal bacterium of Japanese coastal fish. Aquaculture 165, 269-280.
225. Sugita H., Okano R., Suzuki Y., Iwai D., Mizukami M., Akiyama N. & Matusuura S. (2002) Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria fromlarvae and juvenile Japanese flounder against fish pathogens. Fisheries Science 68, 1004-1011.
226. Sugita H., Kurosaki M., Okamura T., Yamamoto S. & Tsuchiya C. (2005) The culturability of intestinal bacteria of Japanese coastal fish. Fisheries Science 71, 956-958.
227. Sun Y., Yang H., Ling Z., Chang J. & Ye J. (2009) Gutmicrobiota of fast and slow growing grouper Epinephelus coioides. African Journal of Microbiology Research 3, 713-720.
228. Syvokiene J. (1989) Simbiontnoe Pishchevarenie u Gidrobiontov Inasekomykh (Symbiotic Digestion in Hydrobionts and Insects), Mokslas, Vilnius, Lithuania.
229. Syvokiene J. & Mickeniene L. (2002) Change in the intestinal microflora of molluscs from the Neris river depending on pollution. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12, 76-81.
230. Teitelbaum J.E. & Walker W.A. (2002) Nutritional impact of pre-and probiotics as protective gastrointestinal organisms. Annual Review of Nutrition 22, 107-138.
231. Temmerman R., Huys G. & Swings J. (2004) Identification of lactic acid bacteria: culture-dependent and culture independent methods. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15, 348-359.
232. Teply L.J., Krehi W.A. & Elvehjem C.A. (1947) The intestinal synthesis of niacin and folic acid in the rat. American Journal of Physiology 148, 91-97.
233. 12 synthesizing bacteria and their bacteriological properties. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 33, 979-983.
234. Torrecillas S., Makol A., Caballero M.J., Montero D., Robaina L., Real F., Sweetman J., Tort L. & Izquierdo M.S. (2007) Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 969-981.
235. Trust T. (1975) Facultative anaerobic bacteria inthe digestive tract of Chinook salmon (Oncorhtbchus keta) maintained in freshwater under defined cultured conditions. Applied Microbiology 29, 663-668.
236. Trust T.J. & Sparrow R.A.H. (1974) The bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of freshwater salmonid fishes. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 20, 1219-1228.
237. Trust T.J., Bull L.M., Currie B.R. & Buckley J.T. (1979) Obligate anaerobic bacteria in the gastrointestinal microflora of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), gold fish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Fishery Research Board Canada 36, 1174-1179.
238. Tsuchiya C., Sakata T. & Sugita H. (2008) Novel ecological niche of Cetobacterium somerae, an anaerobic bacterium in the intestinal tracts of freshwater fish. Letters in Applied Microbiology 46, 43-48.
239. Tuohy K.M., Rouzaud G.C.M., Bruck W.M. & Gibson G.R. (2005) Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics - assessment of effcacy. Current Pharmaceutical Design 11, 75-90.
240. Tytler P. & Blaxter J.S. (1988) Drinking in the yolk-sac stage larvae of the halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology 32, 493-494.
241. Uchii K., Matsui K., Yonekura R., Tani K., Kenzaka T., Nasu M. & Kawabata Z. (2006) Genetic and physiological characterization of the intestinal bacterial microbiota of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) with three different feeding habits. Microbial Ecology 51, 277-283.
242. Umesaki Y. & Setoyama H. (2000) Structure of the intestinal flora responsible for development of the gut immune system in a rodent model. Microbes and Infection 2, 1343-1351.
243. 12. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 43, 333-344.
244. Vanhoutte T., Huys G., De Brandt E., Fahey J. & Swings J. (2005) Molecular monitoring and characterization of the faecal microbiota of healthy dogs during fructan supplementation. FEMSMicrobiology Letters 249, 65-71.
245. Verner-Jeffreys D.W., Shields R.J., Bricknell I.R. & Birkbeck T.H. (2003) Changes in the gut-associated microflora during the development of Atlantichalibut (Hippoglossushippoglossus L.) larvae in three British hatcheries. Aquaculture 219, 21-42.
246. Voveriene G., Mickeniene L. & Syvokiene J. (2002) Hydrocarbon- degrading bacteria in the digestive tract of fish, their abundance, species composition, and activity. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12, 333-340.
247. Walter J., Hertel C., Tannock G.W., Lis C.M., Munro K. & Hammes W.P. (2001) Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 2578-2585.
248. Wang H., He M., Live P., Hu T. & Chen T. (1994) Study on the intestinal microflora of carp in freshwater cultured pond. Acta Hydrobiologica 18, 354-359.
249. Ward N.L., Steven B., Penn K., Methe B.A. & Detrich W.H. III (2009) Characterization of the intestinal microbiota of two Antarctic notothenioid fish species. Extremophiles 13, 679-685.
250. Westerdahl A., Olsson J., Kjelleberg S. & Conway P.T. (1991) Isolation and characterisation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) associated bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 2223-2228.
251. Westerdahl A., Olsson J.C., Conway P. & Kjellberg S. (1994) Characterisation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) associated bacteria with inhibitory effect against the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Acta Microbiology Immunology Hungerica 41, 403-409.
252. White L.A., Newman M.C., Cromwell G.L. & Lindemann M.D. (2002) Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2619-2628.
253. Xu B., Wang Y., Li J. & Lin Q. (2009) Effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides on growth performances and digestive enzyme activities of allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 35, 351-357.
254. Xu J., Bjursell M.K., Himrod J., Deng S., Carmichael L.K., Chiang H.C., Hooper L.V. & Gordon J.I. (2003) A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis. Science 299, 2074-2076.
255. Yoshimizu M. & Kimura T. (1976) Study on the intestinal microflora of salmonids. Fish Pathology 10, 243-259.
256. Yoshimizu M., Kimura T. & Sakai M. (1976) Studies of the intestinal microflora of salmonids. 1. The intestinal micro- flora of fish reared in fresh water and sea water. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 42, 91-99.
257. Yoshimizu M., Kimura T. & Sakai M. (1980) Microflora of the embryo and the fry of salmonids. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 46, 967-975.
258. Youssef H., El-Timawy A.K. & Ahmed S. (1992) Role of aerobic intestinal pathogens of freshwater fish in transmission of human disease. Journal of Food Protection 55, 739-740.
259. Zaman Z. & Leong T.S. (1994) Intestinal distribution of a Caryophyllidae cestode, Lytocestus parvulus, furtado 1963, in Clarias batrachus (L.) from Malaysia. In: The Proceeding of the Third Asian Fisheries Forum, (ed. by L.M. Chou, A.D. Munro, T.J. Lam, T.W. Chen, L.K.K. Cheong, J.K. Ding, K.K. Hooi, H.W. Khoo, V.P.E. Phang, K.F. Shim & C.H. Tan), pp. 314-316. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.
260. Zapata A. & Amemiya C.T. (2000) Phylogeny of lower vertebrates and their immunological structures. Origin and evolution of the vertebrate immune system. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 248, 67-107.
261. Zapata A., Diez B., Cejalvo T., Gutierrez-de F.C. & Cortes A. (2006) Ontogeny of the immune system of fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 126-136.
262. Zhou X., Tian Z., Wang Y. & Li W. (2009) Effect of treatment with probiotics as water additives on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune response. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, doi: 10.1007/s10695-009-9320-z.