Lifestyle related causes of cancer and chemoprevention through phytonutrients

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences

Volumn 13, Issue 19, 2010, Pages 916-926

  Haque, N ^a   Salma, U ^a   Nurunnabi, T R ^b   Haque, A K M F ^c   Mukti, I J ^c   Pervin, S ^b   Nahar, R ^d  

^a Modern Herbal Group   (Bangladesh)

^b KHULNA UNIVERSITY   (Bangladesh)

^c Bangladesh Institute of Medical Science (BIMS)   (Bangladesh)

^d University of Development Alternative   (Bangladesh)

Author keywords

Carcinogen; Cell cycle; Chemopreventive; Phytonutrients

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957602548     PISSN: 10288880     EISSN: 18125735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.916.926     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Aguilar, F., S.P. Hussain and P. Cerutti, 1993. Aflatoxin Bl induces the transversion of G--T in codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 90: 8586-8590.
2. Ahmad, N, V.M. Adhami, S. Gupta, P. Cheng and H. Mukhtar, 2002. Role of the retinoblastoma (pRb)-E2F/DP pathway in cancer chemopreventive effects of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 398: 125-131.
3. Aubry, F. and B. MacGibbon, 1985. Risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin-A case-control study in the Montreal region. Cancer, 55: 907-911.
4. Avci, C.B., Z.O. Dogan, S. Yilmaz, S. Numanoglu, N. Topcuoglu and C. Gunduz, 2007. Effect of resveratrol and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the expressions of p53, MDM2, PIK3CA and hTERT in human breast cancer cell line. Adv. Mol. Med., 3: 45-48.
5. Bankole, S.S. and A. Adebanjo, 2003. Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: Current situation and possibilities of controlling it. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2: 254-263.
6. Banskota, A.H., Y. Tezuka and S. Kadota, 2001. Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis. Phytother. Res., 15: 561-571.
7. Barnes, S., 1995. Effect of genistein on in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. J. Nutr., 125: 777S-783S.
8. Bartsch, H., I. O'Neill and R. Schulte-Herman, 1987. The Relevance of N-Nitroso Compounds to Human Cancer: Exposures and Mechanisms. IARC Scientific Publications, Lyon, France
9. Beg, A.A. and D. Baltimore, 1996. An essential role for NF-KB in preventing TNF-a-induced cell death. Science, 274: 782-784.
10. Biro, T., G. Acs, P. Acs, S. Modarres and P.M. Blumberg, 1997. Recent advances in understanding of vanilloid receptors: A therapeutic target for treatment of pain and inflammation in skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc, 2: 56-60.
11. Bode, A., 2003. Ginger is an effective inhibitor of HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma in vivo. Proceeding of the Frontier in Cancer Prevention Research Conference, October, 2003, Phoenix, AZ.,pp: 26-30.
12. Bradburn, N., G. Blunden, R.D. Coker and K. Jewers, 1993. Aflatoxin contamination of maize. Trop. Sci., 33: 418-428.
13. Chase, M., 1998. Study shows hair dyes pose scant cancer risk. Wall Street J.,
14. Chen, Y.J., M.S. Shiao, M.L. Hsu, T.H. Tsai and S.Y. Wang, 2001. Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an antioxidant from propolis, on inducing apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. J. Agric. FoodChem., 49: 5615-5619.
15. Chen, D.Z., M. Qi, K.J. Auborn and T.H. Carter, 2001. Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane induce apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells and in murine HPV-16 transgenic preneoplastic cervical epithelium. J. Nutr., 131: 3294-3302.
16. Chen, L.T., J.T. Lin, J.J. Tai, G.H. Chen and H.Z. Yeheta L, 2005. Long-term results of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in early-stage gastric high-grade transformed MALT lymphoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 97:1345-1353.
17. Choi, Y.H., W.H. Lee, K. Park and L. Zhang, 1998. P53-mdependent induction of p21 WAF1 /CIP1, reduction of cyclin Bl and G2/M arrest by the isoflavone genistein in human prostate carcinoma cells. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 91: 164-173.
18. Cordell, G.A. and O.E. Araujo, 1993. Capsaicin: Identification, nomenclature and pharmacotherapy. Ann. Pharmacother., 27: 330-336.
19. Davis, J.N., B. Singh, M. Bhmyan and F.H. Sarkar, 1998. Genistein-induced upregulation of p21WAFl, downregulation of cyclin Bl and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Nutr. Cancer, 32: 123-131.
20. Delmas, D., C. Rebe, S. Lacour, R. Filomenko and A. Athias. et al., 2003. Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is associated with Fas redistribution in the rafts and the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex in colon cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem., 278: 41482-41490.
21. Denning, D.W., R. Allen, A.P. Wikinson and M.R. Morgan, 1990. Transplacental transfer of aflatoxin in humans. Carcinogenesis, 11: 1033-1035.
22. Doll, R. and R. Petro, 1981. The Causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks in the United States today. J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 66: 1191-1308.
23. Dong, Z., W. Ma, C. Huang and C.S. Yang, 1997. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and the aflavins. Cancer Res., 57: 4414-4419.
24. Fahey, J.W., A.T. Zalcmann and P. Talalay, 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry, 56: 5-51.
25. Ferguson, L.R, 2002. Natural and human-made mutagens and carcinogens in the human diet. Toxicology, 181-182: 79-82.
26. Fotsis, T., M. Pepper, H. Adlercreutz, T. Hase, R. Montesano and L. Schweigerer, 1995. Genistein, a dietary ingested isoflavonoid, inhibits cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. J. Nutr., 125: 790S-797S.
27. Fujiki, H., M. Suganuma, S. Okabe, E. Sueoka, K. Suga, K. Imai and K. Nakachi, 2000. A new concept of tumor promotion by tumor necrosis factor-a and cancer preventive agents (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea-A review. Cancer Detect. Prev., 24: 91-99.
28. Gamet-Payrastre, L., P. Li, S. Lumeau, G. Cassar, M.A. Dupont et at, 2000. Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res., 60: 1426-1433.
29. Giovasnnucci, E., E.B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, A. Ascherioand W.C. Willett, 1994. Intake of fatmeat and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res., 54: 2390-2397.
30. Goldman, R. and P.G. Shields, 2003. Food mutagens. J. Nutr., 133: 965S-973S.
31. Greenblatt, M.S., W.P. Bennett M. Hollsten and C.C. Harris, 1994. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res., 54: 4855-4878.
32. Groopmann, J.D. and T.W. Kensler, 1999. The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: Daylight or headlight? Carcinogenesis, 20: 1-11.
33. Han, S.S., Y.S. Keum, H.J. Seo, K.S. Chun, S.S. Lee and Y.J. Surh, 2001. Capsaicin suppresses phorbol esterinduced activation of NF-KB/Rel and AP-1 transcription factors in mouse epidermis. Cancer Lett., 164: 119-126.
34. Hansen, J. and J.H. Olsen, 1994. Cancer morbidity among danish female pharmacy technicians. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 20: 22-26.
35. Hasegawa, T., H. Nishino and A. Iwashima, 1993. Isothiocyanates inhibit cell cycle progression of HeLa cells at G2-M phase. Anticancer Drugs, 4: 273-279.
36. Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group, 2001. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: A combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut, 49: 347-353.
37. Huang, C, W.Y. Ma and Z. Dong, 1996. Requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in epidermal growth factorinduced AP-1 trans activation and transformation in JB6 P+ cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16: 6427-6435.
38. Huang, C, W.Y. Ma, M.R. Young, N. Colburn and Z. Dong, 1998. Shortage of mitogen-activated protein kinase is responsible for resistance to AP-1 transactivation and transformation in mouse JB6 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 95: 156-161.
39. Hudson, E.A., L.M. Howells, B. Gallacher-Horley, L.H. Fox, A. Gescher and M.M. Manson, 2003. Growth-inhibitory effects of the chemopreventive agent indole-3-carbinol are increased in combination with the polyamine putrescine in the SW480 colon tumour cell line. BMC Cancer, 3: 2-2.
40. Huggins, C. and N.C. Yang, 1962. Induction and extinction of mammary cancer. Science, 137: 257-262.
41. IARC, 1983. Benzo(a)Pyrene: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. IARC, Lyon, France, pp: 211-224.
42. IARC, 1993. Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins (IARC Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans). Volume 56, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, ISBN-13: 9789283212560, pp: 489-521.
43. IARC, 2001. Cancer Research for Cancer Control. International Agency for Research on Cancer, France, pp: 2-27.
44. IPCS, 2000. Environmental Health Criteria 219: Fumonisin Bl. WHO, Geneva, pp: 1-150.
45. Jaiswal, A.S., B.P. Marlow, N. Gupta and S. Narayan, 2002. [3-Catenin-mediated transactivation and cell-cell adhesion pathways are important in curcumin (diferuylmethane)-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Oncogene, 21: 8414-8427.
46. Joe, A.K., H. Liu, M. Suzui, M.E. Vural, D. Xiao and LB. Weinstein, 2002. Resveratrol induces growth inhibition, S-phase arrest, apoptosis and changes in biomarker expression in several human cancer cell slmes. Clin. Cancer Res., 8: 893-903.
47. Johji, Y., M. Michihiko, H.Q. Rong, M. Hisashi and F. Hajime, 1988. The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents. J. Ethnopharmacol., 23: 299-304.
48. Karin, M., 2006. NF-B and cancer: Mechanisms and targets. Mol. Carcinogenesis, 45: 355-361.
49. Karlehagen, S., A. Andersen and C.G. Ohison, 1992. Cancer incidence among creosote-exposed workers. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 18: 26-29.
50. Keck, A.S., R. Staack and E.H. Jeffery, 2002. The cruciferous nitrile crambene has bioactivity similar to sulforaphane when administered to Fischer 344 rats but is far less potent in cell culture. Nutr. Cancer, 42: 233-240.
51. Kim, S.O., K.S. Chun, J.K. Kundu and Y.J. Surh, 2004. Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol on PMA-induced COX-2 expression and activation of N F - K B and p38 MAPK in mouse skin. Biofactors, 21: 27-31.
52. Kim, E.C., J.K. Mm, T.Y. Kim, S.J. Lee and H.O. Yang et al., 2005. [6]-Gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 335: 300-308.
53. Knize, M.G., C.P. Salmon, E.C. Hopmans and J.S. Felton, 1997. Analysis of foods for heterocyclic aromatic amine carcinogens by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chrom. A, 763: 179-185.
54. Kuzumaki, T., T. Kobayashi and K. Ishikawa, 1998. Genistein induces p21(CiplAVAFl) expression and blocks the Gl to S phase transition in mouse fibroblast and melanoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 251: 291-295.
55. Lamartiniere, C.A., M.S. Cotroneo, W.A. Fritz, J. Wang, R. Mentor-Marcel and A. Elgavish, 2002. Genistein chemoprevention: Timing and mechanisms of action in murine mammary and prostate. J. Nutr., 132: 552S-558S.
56. Larrosa, M., F.A. Tomas-Barberan and J.C. Espin, 2006. The dietary hydrolysable tannin punicalagin releases ellagic acid that induces apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells by using the mitochondrial pathway. J. Nutr. Biochem.,17: 611-625.
57. Lee, Y.J., P.H. Liao, W.K. Chen and C.Y. Yang, 2000. Preferential cytotoxicity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester analogues on oral cancer cells. Cancer Lett, 153: 51-56.
58. Lian, F., M. Bhmyan, Y.M. Li, N. Wall, M. Kraut and F.H. Sarkar, 1998. Gemstem-induced G2-M arrest, p21WAFl upregulation and apoptosis in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Nutr. Cancer, 31: 184-191.
59. Lilleberg, S.L., M.A. Cabonce, N.R. Raju, L.M. Wagner and L.D. Kier, 1992. Alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rat liver tumors induced by afatoxm Bl. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 376: 203-222.
60. Lmet, M.S., H.S.R. Malker, W. Chow, J.K. McLaughlin and J.A. Weiner et al., 1995. Occupational risk for Cutaneous melanoma among men in Sweden. JO EM., 37: 1127-1133.
61. Lu, Y.P., Y.R. Lou, Y. Lin, W.J. Shih, M.T. Huang, C.S. Yang and A.H. Conney, 2001. Inhibitory effects of orally administered green tea, black tea and caffeine on skin carcinogenesis in mice previously treated with ultraviolet B light (high-risk mice). Cancer Res., 61: 5002-5009.
62. Maduagwu, EN. and F.O. Uhegbu, 1986. N-nitrosamines and Nigerian habitual drinks and cancer. Carcinogenesis, 7: 149-151.
63. Manna, S.K., A. Mukhopadhyay and B.B. Aggarwal, 2000. Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-KB, activator protein-1 and apoptosis: Potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation. J. Immunol, 164: 6509-6519.
64. Manson, M.M., E.A. Hudson, H.W. Ball, M.C. Barrett and H.L. Clark. etal., 1998. Chemoprevention of aflatoxin Bl-induced carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol in rat liver-predicting the outcome using early biomarkers. Carcinogenesis, 19: 1829-1836.
65. Marasas, W.F.O., R.T. Riley, K.A. Hendricks, V.L. Stevens and T.W. Sadler et al., 2004. Fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, folate transport and neural tube development in embryo culture and in vivo: A potential risk factor for human neural tube defects among populations consuming fumonis in-contaminated maize. J. Nutr., 134: 711-716.
66. Masuda, M., M. Suzui and LB. Weinstein, 2001. Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on growth, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways, gene expression, an chemosensitivity in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 4220-4229.
67. Matsukawa, Y., N. Marui, T. Sakai, Y. Satomi and M. Yoshida et al., 1993. Geinstein arrests cell cycle progression in G2/M. Cancer Res., 53: 1328-1331.
68. Mirvish, S.S., J. Haorah, L. Zhou, M.L. Clapper, K.L. Harrisond and A.C. Povey, 2002. Total N-nitroso compounds and their precursors in hot dogs and in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of rats and mice: Possible etiologic agents for colon cancer. J. Nutr., 132: 3526S-3529S.
69. Mukhtar, H., M. Das, W.A. Khan, Z.Y. Wang, D.P. Bik and D.R. Bickers, 1998. Exceptional activity of tannic acid among naturally occurring plant phenols in protecting against 7,12-dimethylb enz(a)anthracene-, benzo(a)pyrene-, 3-methylcholanthrene- and Nmethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Res., 48: 2361-2365.
70. Murad, J.M., S.A. Calvi, A.M.V.C. Soares, V. Bankova and J.M. Sforcin, 2002. Effects of propolis from Brazil and Bulgaria on fungicidal activity of macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J. Ethnopharmacol, 79: 331-334.
71. Nagaoka, T., A.H. Banskota, Y. Tezuka, I. Saiki and S. Kadota, 2002. Selective antiproliferative activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester analogues on highly liver-metastatic murine colon26-15 carcinoma cell line. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 10: 3351-3359.
72. Neal, G.E. and DJ. Judah, 2000. Genetic Implications in the Metabolism and Toxicity of Mycotoxins. In: Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Williams, G.M. and O.I. Aruoma, (Eds.). OICA International Ltd., London.
73. Nomura, M., W. Ma, N. Chen, A.M. Bode and Z. Dong, 2000. Inhibition of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate-induced NF-kappaB activation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and the aflavins. Carcinogenesis, 21: 1885-1890.
74. Nomura, M., A. Kaji, W. Ma, K. Miyamoto and Z. Dong, 2001. Suppression of cell transformation and induction of apoptosis by caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Mol. Carcinog., 31: 83-89.
75. Osawa, T., A. Ide, J. de Su and M. Namiki, 1987. Inhibition of in vitro lipid peroxidation by ellagic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 35: 808-812.
76. Park, K.K., K.S. Chun, J.I. Yook and Y.J. Surh, 1998. Lack of tumor promoting activity of capsaicin, a principal pungent ingredient of red pepper, in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res., 18: 4201-4205.
77. Park, M.J., E.H. Kim, I.C. Park, H.C. Lee and S.H. Woo et al., 2002. Curcumin inhibits cell cycle progression of immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial (ECV304) cells by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(WAFl/CTPl), p27(KIPl) andp53. Int. J. Oncol, 21: 379-383.
78. Parkin, D.M., 2006. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer, 118: 3030-3044.
79. Parsonnet, J., S. Hansen, L. Rodriguez, A.B. Gelb and R.A. Wanike et al., 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med., 330: 1267-1271.
80. Patel, P.S., M.L. Varney, B.J. Dave and R.K. Singh, 2002. Regulation of constitutive and induced NF-KB activation in malignant melanoma cells by capsaicin modulates interleukin-8 production and cell proliferation. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 22: 427-435.
81. Pham, N.A., J.W. Jacobberger, A.D. Schimmer, P. Cao, M. Gronda and D.W. Hedley, 2004. The dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane targets pathways of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress in human pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Mol. Cancer Ther., 3: 1239-1248.
82. Pisani, P., D.M. Parkin, N. Munoz and J. Ferlay, 1997. Cancer and infection: Estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 6: 387-400.
83. Plummer, S.M., K.A. Holloway, M.M. Manson, R.J. Munks, A. Kaptein, S. Farrow and L. Howells, 1999. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-KB activation via the NIK/JKK signalling complex. Oncogene, 18: 6013-6020.
84. Rahman, K.M.W., F.H. Sarkar, S. Banerjee, Z. Wang, D.J. Liao, X. Hong and N.H. Sarkar, 2006. Therapeutic intervention of experimental breast cancer bone metastasis by indole-3-carbinol in SCID-human mouse model. Mol. Cancer Ther., 5: 2747-2756.
85. Raza, S.A., G.M. Clifford and S. Franceschi, 2007. Worldwide variation in the relative importance of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Br. J. Cancer, 96: 1127-1134.
86. Rothman, N, M.C. Poirier, M.E. Baser, J.A. Hansen, C. Gentile, E.D. Bowman and P.T. Strickland, 1990. Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells during consumption of charcoal-broiled beef. Carcinogenesis, 11: 1241-1243.
87. Sanyal, U., 2003. Stamping out cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 89: 2165-2171.
88. Shen, J.C., R.D. Klein, Q. Wei, Y. Guan, J.H. Contois, T.T. Wang and S. Chang and S.D. Hursting, 2000. Low-dose genistein induces cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and G(l) cell-cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells. Mol. Carcinog., 29: 92-102.
89. Singh, S., K. Natarajan and B.B. Aggarwal, 1996. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a potent inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor-nB activation by diverse agents. J. Immunol., 157: 4412-4420.
90. Singh, S.V., P.J. Benson, X. Hu, A. Pal and H. et-al., 1998. Gender-related differences in susceptibility of A/J mouse to benzo (a) pyrene-induced pulmonary and forestomach tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett, 128: 197-204.
91. Soussi, T., 2005. The p53 pathway and human cancer. Br. J. Surg., 92: 1331-1332.
92. Stockmann-Juvala, H., J. Mikkola, J. Naarala, J. Loikkanen, E. Elovaara and K. Savolainen, 2004. Fumonisin Bl -induced toxicity and oxidative damage in U-118MG glioblastoma cells. Toxicology, 202: 173-183.
93. Stoner, G.D. and A. Gupta, 2001. Etiology and chemoprevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 22: 1737-1746.
94. Strahm, B. and M. Capra, 2005. Insights into the molecular basis of cancer development. Current Paediatrics, 15: 333-333.
95. Sugimura, T., 1986. Studies on environmental chemical carcinogenesis in Japan. Science, 233: 312-318.
96. Sugimura, T., 2002. Food and Cancer. Toxicology, 181-182: 17-21.
97. Surh, Y.J., 1999. Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat. Res., 428: 305-327.
98. Suzuki, F., M. Kobayashi, Y. Komatsu, A. Kato and R.B. Pollard, 1997. Keishi-ka-kei-to, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits pulmonary metastasis of B16 melanoma. Anticancer Res., 17: 873-878.
99. Takada, Y., A. Bhardwaj, P. Potdar and B.B. Aggarwal, 2004. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappa B activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin Dl and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene, 23: 9247-9258.
100. Takada, Y., M. Andreeff and B.B. Aggarwal, 2005. Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-KB and I{kappa}B{alpha} kinase activation causing inhibition of expression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis in myeloid and leukemia cells. Blood, 106: 641-649.
101. The Global Burden of Hepatitis C Working Group, 2004. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) for hepatitis C. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 44: 20-29.
102. Thresiamma, K. C. and R Kuttan, 1996. Inhibition of liver fibrosis by ellagic acid. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 40: 363-366.
103. Truswell, A.S., 2001. Meat consumption and colorectal cancer: Critique of Norat and Riboli s review. Nutr. Rev., 59: 375-377.
104. Ullrich, R, 2001. Etiology of Cancer: Physical Factors. In: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, De Vita, V., S. Hellman and S. Rosenberg (Eds.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp: 195-206.
105. Usia, T., A.H. Banskota, Y. Tezuka, K. Midorikawa, K. Matsushige and S. Kadota, 2002. Constituents of Chinese propolis and their antiproliferative activities. J.Nat. Prod., 65: 673-676.
106. Van Der Merwe, K. J., P.S. Steyn, L. Fourie, D.B. Scott and J.J. Theron, 1965. Ochratoxin A, A toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Willi. Nature, 205: 1112-1113.
107. Visconti, A., 2001. Problems associated with Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals. Bull. Inst. Comprehensive Agnc. Sci. Kinki Univ., 9: 39-55.
108. WHO/LARC., 1995. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Human Papillomaviruses. Vol. 64, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, UK., ISBN-13: 9789283212645.
109. Wang, C.Y., M.W. Mayo, R.G. Korneluk, D.V. Goeddel and A.S.Jr. Baldwin, 1998. NF-KB antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAPl and C-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science, 281: 1680-1683.
110. Wang, D., D.B. Xiang, Y.J. He, Z.P. Li, X.H. Wu, J.H. Mou, H.L. Xiao and Q.H. Zhang, 2005. Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. World J. Gastroenterol., 11: 4008-4012.
111. Wattenberg, L.W., 1985. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res., 45: 1-8.
112. Watts, R.G., C. Huang, M.R. Young, J.J. Li, Z. Dong, W.D. Penme and N.H. Colburn, 1998. Expression of dominant negative Erk2 inhibits AP-1 transactivation and neoplastic transformation. Oncogene, 17: 3493-3498.
113. Wild, C.P., S.H. Lu and R. Montesano, 1987. Radioimmunoassay used to detect DNA alkylation adducts in tissues from populations at high risk for esophageal and stomach cancer. IARC Sci. Publ., 1987: 534-537.
114. Wogan, G.N., 1992. Aflatoxins as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Cancer Res., 52: 2114s-2118s.
115. Xiao, D., S.K. Srivastava, K.L. Lew, Y. Zeng and P. Hershberger et al., 2003. Allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by causing G2-M arrest and inducing apoptosis. Carcinogenesis, 24: 891-897.
116. Young, L.S. and A.B. Rickinson, 2004. Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4: 757-768.
117. Zhang, X. and D. Malejka-Giganti, 2003. Effects of treatment of rats with indole-3-carbinol on apoptosis in the ammary gland and mammary adenocarcinomas. Anticancer Res., 23: 2473-2479.