Knowledge sharing: Enablers and its influence on innovation;Facilitadores de los procesos de compartir conocimiento y su influencia sobre la innovación

Cuadernos de Economia y Direccion de la Empresa

Volumn , Issue 42, 2010, Pages 113-150

  Ordaz, Carmen Camelo ^a   Cruz, Joaquín García ^b   Ginel, Elena Sousa ^b  

^a Universidad de Cádiz   (Spain)

^b Universidad Pablo de Olavide   (Spain)

Author keywords

Innovation; Knowledge sharing; Motivational factors; Opportunity factors

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955802937     PISSN: 11385758     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Adamides, E. y Karacapilidxis, N. (2006), «Information technology support for the knowledge and social processes of innovation management», Technovation, vol. 26, núm. 1, págs. 50-59.
2. Afifi, A. A. y Clarke, V. (1990), Computed and aided multivariate analysis, Nueva York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
3. Agarwala, T. (2003), «Innovative human resource practices and organizational commitment: an empirical investigation», International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 14, núm. 2, págs. 175-197.
4. Alavi, M. y Leidner, D. (2001), «Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues», MIS Quarterly, vol. 25, núm. 1, págs. 107-136.
5. Alegre, J.; Lapiedra, R. y Chiva, R. (2006), «A Measurement Scale for Product Innovation Performance», European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 9, núm. 4, págs. 333-346.
6. Alvesson, M (2000), «Social identity in knowledge-intensive companies», Journal of Management Studies, vol. 37, núm. 8 págs. 1101-1123.
7. Ancona, D. y Caldwell, D. (1992), «Bridging the boundary: external activity and performance in organizational teams», Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 37, págs. 634-666.
8. Aragón-Sánchez, A. y Sánchez-Marín, G. (2005), «Strategic Orientation, Management Characteristics, and Performance: A Study of Spanish SMEs», Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 43, núm. 5, págs. 287-308.
9. Ardichvili, A. (2008), «Learning and knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice: motivators, barriers, and enablers», Advances in Developing Human Resources, vol. 10, núm. 4, págs. 541-554.
10. Arthur, J. B. (1992), «Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, págs. 670-687.
11. Avlonitis, G. J.; Papastathopoulou, P. G. y Gounaris, S.P. (2001), «An empiricallybased typology of product innovativeness for new financial services: Success and failure scenarios», The Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 18, núm. 5, págs. 324-342.
12. Bantel, K. A. y Jackson, S. E. (1989), «Top management and innovations in banking: does the composition of the top management team make a difference?», Strategic Management Journal, vol. 10, Special Issue, págs. 107-124.
13. Baron, R. y Kenny, D. (1986), «The moderator - mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 51, págs. 1173-1182.
14. Bélanger, F. y Allport, C. (2008), «Collaborative technologies in knowledge tele-work: an exploratory study», Information System Journal, vol. 18, núm. 1, págs. 101-121.
15. Belsley, D. A.; Kuh, E. y Welsch, R. E. (1980), Regression diagnostics, Nueva York, John Wiley & Sons.
16. Bock, G.; Zmud, R.; Kim, Y. y Lee, J. (2005), «Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate», MIS Quarterly, vol. 29, núm. 1, págs. 87-111.
17. Boland, R. J. J. y Tenkasi, R. V. (1995), «Perspective making and perspective taking in communities of knowing», Organization Science, vol. 6, núm. 4, págs. 350-372.
18. Bolisani, E. y Scarso, E. (1999), «Information technology management: A knowledge based perspective», Technovation, vol. 19, págs. 209-217.
19. Booz, E.; Allen, J. y Hamilton, C. (1982), New Product Management for the 1980's, Nueva York, Booz Allen Hamilton.
20. Brachos, D.; Kostopulos, K.; Sodersquist, K. E. y Prastacos, G. (2007), «Knowledge Effectiveness, Social Context and Innovation», Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 11, núm. 5, págs. 31-44.
21. Brown, S. y Eisenhardt, K. (1995), «Product development: past research, present findings and futures directions», Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, núm. 2, págs. 343-378.
22. Cabrera, E. F. y Cabrera, A. (2005), «Fostering Knowledge Sharing Through People Management Practices», International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 16, núm. 5, págs.720-735.
23. Cabrera, A.; Collins, W. C. y Salgado, J. F. (2006), «Determinants of Individual Engagement in Knowledge Sharing», International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 17, núm. 2, págs. 245-264.
24. Camelo-Ordaz, C.; García-Cruz, J.; Sousa-Ginel, E. y Valle-Cabrera, R. (2008), «La influencia de los recursos humanos sobre la creación de conocimiento y la innovación: el papel mediador del compromiso afectivo», XVIII Congreso Nacional de ACEDE. León, 14-16 de Septiembre.
25. Camelo-Ordaz, C.; Pérez-Luño, A. y Sousa-Ginel, E. (2009), «The impact of market and entrepreneurial orientation on innovativeness: an empirical assessment», International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, vol. 10, núm. 3/4, págs. 243-265.
26. Camerman, J.; Cropanzanso, R. y Vandenberghe, C. (2007), «The Benefits of Justice for Temporary Workers», Group & Organization Management, vol. 32, págs. 176-207.
27. Chang, T. J.; Yeh; S. P. y Yeh, I. J. (2007), «The Effects of Joint Rewards System in New Product Development», International Journal of Manpower, vol. 28, núm. 3/4, págs. 276-297.
28. Cho, N.; Li, G. y Su, Ch. (2007), «An empirical study on the effect of individual factors on knowledge sharing by knowledge type», Journal of Global Business and Technology, vol. 3, núm. 2, págs. 1-15.
29. Chuang, L. M. (2005), «An empirical study of the construction of measuring model for organizational innovation in Taiwanese high-tech enterprises», Journal of American Academy of Business, vol. 6, núm. 1, págs. 299-304.
30. Coff, R. y Rousseau, D. J. V. I. (2000), «Sustainable Competitive Advantage From Relational Wealth», en C. R. Leana y D. M. Rousseau (eds.), Relational Wealth: The Advantages of Stability in a Changing Economy, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
31. Cohen, W. M. y Levinthal, D. A. (1990), «Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation», Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 35, núm. 1, págs. 128-152.
32. Cohen, W. M. y Mowery, D. C. (1984), «Firm heterogeneity and R&D: An agenda for research», en B. Bozeman y A. Link (eds.), Strategic management of industrial R&D, Lexington, MA., Lexington Books.
33. Collins, C. J. y Smith, K. G. (2006), «Knowledge Exchange and Combination: The Role of Human Resource Practices in the Performance of High-Technology Firms», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 49, núm. 3, págs. 544-560.
34. Connolly, T.; Thorn, B. K. y Heminger, A. (1992), «Discretionary Databases as Social Dilemmas», en W. B. G. Liebrand, D. M. Messick y H. A. M. Wilke (eds.), Social Dilemmas, Theoretical Issues and Research Findings, Nueva York, Pergamon Press.
35. Coyle-Shapiro, J. y Kessler, I. (2000), «Consequences of the Psychological Contract for the Employment Relationship: A Large-Scale Survey», Journal of Management Studies, vol. 37, núm. 7, págs. 903-930.
36. Crossan, M. M.; Lane, H. W. y White, R. E. (1999), «An organizational learning framework: from intuition to institution», Academy of Management Review, vol. 24, núm. 3, págs. 522-537.
37. Cummings, J. N. (2004), «Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization», Management Science, vol. 50, núm. 3, págs. 352-364.
38. Cummings, J. y Teng, B. S. (2006), «The keys to successful knowledge-sharing», Journal of General Management, vol. 31, núm. 4, págs. 1-18.
39. Cycyota, C. S. y Harrison, D. A. (2002), «Enhancing Survey Response Rates at the Executive Level», Journal of Management, vol. 28, núm. 2, págs. 151-176.
40. Damanpour, F. (1991), «Organizational Innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 34, núm. 3, págs. 555-590.
41. Darroch, J. (2003), «Developing a measure of knowledge management behaviors and practices», Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 7, núm. 5, págs. 41-54.
42. Davenport, T. H. y Prusak, L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston, MA., Harvard Business School Press.
43. Deery, S.; Walsh, J. e Iverson, R. (2006), «Toward a better understanding of psycho contract breach: a study of customer service employees», Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 91, págs. 166-175.
44. Delgado Verde, M. (2008), «Dinámicas de aprendizaje organizativo en empresas de alta tecnología. Un estudio comparado en España y Estados Unidos», Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, núm. 35, págs. 144-146.
45. Diaz, N.L.; Aguiar, I. y De Saá, P. (2003), «El conocimiento tecnológico fuente de la capacidad innovadora de las empresas industriales españolas», Third International Conference of Iberoamerican Academy of Management.
46. Eisenberger, R.; Huntington, R.; Hutchison, S. y Sowa, D. (1986), «Perceived Organizational Support», Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 71, págs. 500-507.
47. Fiorito, J.; Bozeman, D. y Youndt, A. (1997), «Organizational Commitment: Human Resource Policies and Organizational Characteristics», Working Paper, Tallahassee: Florida State University, College of Business.
48. Foss, N. (2009), «Alternative research strategies in the knowledge movement: From ma bias to micro-foundations and multi-level explanation», European Management Review, vol. 6, núm. 1, págs. 16-28.
49. García Muiña, F. E. y Navas López, J. E. (2007), «Las capacidades tecnológicas y los resultados empresariales. Un estudio empírico en el sector biotecnológico español», Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, núm. 32, págs. 177-210.
50. García Muiña, F. E.; Pelechano Barahona, E. y Navas López, J.E. (2008), «La complejidad del conocimiento y el sostenimiento de las ventajas competitivas», Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, núm. 37, págs. 7-32.
51. Guzzo, R. A. y Noonan, K. A. (1994), «Human Resource Practices as Communications and the Psychological Contract», Human Resource Management, vol. 33, págs. 447-462.
52. Hislop, D. (2003), «Linking Human Resource Management and Knowledge Management via Commitment. A Review and Research Agenda», Employee Relations, vol. 25, núm. 1/2, págs. 182-202.
53. Hsu, I. (2006), «Enhancing employee tendencies to share knowledge-Case studies on nine companies in Taiwan», International Journal of Information Management, vol. 26, núm. 4, págs. 326-338.
54. Hsu, I. (2008), «Knowledge sharing practices as a facilitating factor for improving organizational performance though human capital: a preliminary test», Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 35, págs. 1316-1326.
55. Hsu, I. y Wang, Y. (2008), «A Model of Intraorganizational Knowledge Sharing: Development and Initial Test», Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 16, núm. 3, págs. 45-73.
56. Huang, Q.; Davison, R. y Gu, J. (2008), «Impact of personal and cultural factors on knowledge sharing in China», Asia Pacific Journal Management, vol. 25, núm. 3, págs. 451-471.
57. Husted, K. y Michailova, S. (2002), «Knowledge sharing in Russian companies with western participation», Management International, vol. 6, núm. 2, págs. 17-28.
58. Ipe, M. (2003), «Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Conceptual Framework», Human Resource Development Review, vol. 2, núm. 4, págs. 337-359.
59. Johnson, J. W. (2000), «A heuristic model for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression», Multivariate Behavioral Research, vol. 35, núm. 1, págs. 1-19.
60. Johnson, J. W. y LeBreton, J. M. (2004), «History and use of relative importance in in Organizational Reserch», Organizational Research Methods, vol. 7, núm. 3, págs. 238-257.
61. Kankanhalli, A.; Tan, B. y Wei, K. (2005), «Contributing knowledge to electronic knowledge repositories: an empirical investigation», MIS Quarterly, vol. 29, núm. 1, págs. 113-143.
62. Kim, S. y Lee, H. (2006), «The impact of organizational context and information technology on employee knowledge-sharing capabilities», Public Administration Review, vol. 66, núm. 3, págs. 370-385.
63. Kim, W. y Mauborgne, R. (1998), «Procedural Justice, Strategic Decision Making and the Knowledge Economy», Strategic Management Journal, vol. 19, núm. 4, págs. 323-338.
64. Koberg, C. S.; Detienne, D. R. y Heppard, K. A. (2003), «An empirical test of environmental, organizational, and process factor affecting incremental and radical innovation», Journal of High Technology Management Research, vol. 14, págs. 21-45.
65. Kogut, B. y Zander, U. (1992), «Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities and the Replication of Technology», Organization Science, vol. 3, núm. 3, págs. 383-397.
66. Konrad, A. y Linnehan, F. (1995), «Formalized HRM Structures: Coordinating Equal Employment Opportunity or Concealing Organizational Practices?», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 38, págs. 787-820.
67. Lee, D. y Ahn, J. (2007), «Reward system for intra-organizational knowledge sharing», European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 180, núm. 2, págs. 938-956.
68. Lee, H. y Choi, B. (2003), «Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance; an integrative view and empirical examination», Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 20, núm. 1, págs. 179-228.
69. Lepak, D. P. y Snell, S. A. (2002), «Examining the human resource architecture: the relationships among human capital, employment, and human resource configurations», Journal of Management, vol. 28, núm. 4, págs. 517-543.
70. Lin, H. (2007), «Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study», International Journal of Manpower, vol. 28, núm. 3/4, págs. 315-332.
71. Lin, H. y Lee, G. G. (2006), «Effects of socio-technical factors on organizational intention to encourage knowledge sharing», Management Decisions, vol. 44, núm. 1, págs. 74-88.
72. Lin, H.; Lee, H. y Wang, D. (2009), «Evaluation of factors influencing knowledge sharing based on a fuzzy AHP approach», Journal of Information Science, vol. 35, núm. 1, págs. 25.
73. Loi, R., Hang-Yue, N. y Foley, Sh. (2006), «Linking employees' justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: The mediating role of perceived organizational support», Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 79, págs. 101-121.
74. Lopez-Cabrales, A.; Perez-Luño, A. y Valle Cabrera, R. (2009), «Knowledge as a Mediator between HRM Practices and Innovation Activity», Human Resource Management, vol. 48, págs. 485-503.
75. Lovelace, K.; Shapiro, D. y Weingart, L. (2001), «Maximizing cross-functional new product teams' innovativeness and constraint adherence: a conflict communications perspective», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, núm. 4, págs. 779-793.
76. Lundvall, B. y Nielsen, P. (2007), «Knowledge management and innovation performance», International Journal of Manpower, vol. núm. 3/4, págs. 28, 207-223.
77. MacNeil, Ch. (2003), «Line managers: facilitators of knowledge sharing in teams», Employee Relations, vol. 25, núm. 3, págs. 294-307.
78. Martín Gutiérrez, S. S.; Gutiérrez Cillán, J. y Camarero Izquierdo, M. C. (2005), «Oportunismo y confianza en las relaciones empresa-consumidor», Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, núm. 23, págs. 31-60.
79. Meyer, J. y Allen, N. (1991), «A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment», Human Resource Management Review, núm. 1, págs. 61-89.
80. Meyer, J. y Allen, N. (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory Research and Application, Londres, Sage
81. Molina, L. y Llorens-Montes, F. C. (2006), «Autonomy and teamwork effect on knowledge transfer: knowledge transferability and moderator variable», International Journal of Technology Transfer & Commercialisation, vol. 5, núm. 3, págs. 263-285.
82. Nahapiet, J. y Ghoshal, S. (1998), «Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage», Academy of Management Review, vol. 23, núm. 2, págs. 242-266.
83. Nahm, A.; Vonderembse, M. y Koufteros, X. (2003), «The impact of organizational structure on time-based manufacturing and plant performance», Journal of Operations Management, vol. 21, núm. 3, págs. 281-306.
84. Nishimoto, K. y Matsuda, K. (2007), «Informal communication support media for encouraging knowledge-sharing and creation in a community», International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making, vol. 6, págs. 411-426.
85. Nonaka, I. y Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge-Creating Company, Nueva York,. Oxford University Press.
86. Nord, W. y Tucker, S. (1987), Implementing Routine and Radical Innovations, Lexington, MA., Lexington Books.
87. OECD/Eurostat (1997), Oslo Manual. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data, París, Head of Publications Service, OECD.
88. Osterloh, M. y Frey, B. S. (2000), «Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms», Organization Science, vol. 11, núm. 5, págs. 538-550.
89. Pan, S. L. y Scarbrough, H. (1999), «Knowledge management in practice: an exploratory case study», Technology Analysis Strategic Management, vol. 11, núm. 3, págs. 359-374.
90. Paré, G. y Tremblai, M. (2007), «The influence of high involvement human resource practices, procedural justice, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors on information technology professionals' turnover intentions», Group & Organization Management, vol. 32, núm. 2, págs. 326-357.
91. Pérez, S.; Montes, J. M. y Vázquez, C. J. (2005), «Organizational learning as determining factor in business performance», The Learning Organization, vol. 12, núm. 3, págs. 227-245.
92. Podsakoff, P. y Organ, D. W. (1986), «Self-Reports in Organization Research: Problems and Prospects», Journal of Management, vol. 12, págs. 531-544.
93. Polanyi, M (1966), «The logic of tacit inference», Philosophy, vol. 41, págs. 1-18.
94. Roberts, J. (2000), «From know-how to show-how? Questioning the role of information and communication technologies in knowledge transfer», Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 12, núm. 4, págs. 429-443.
95. Robertson, M. y O'Malley-Hammersley, G. (2000), «Knowledge management practices within a knowledge-intensive firm: the significance of the people management dimension», Journal of European Industrial Training, vol. 24, núm. 2/3/4, págs. 241-253.
96. Robison, S. y Morrison, E. (1995), «Psychological contracts and the OCB: the effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue», Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol. 15, págs. 245-259.
97. Ruppel, C. y Harrington, S. (2000), «The relationship of communication, ethical work climate, and trust to commitment and innovation», Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 25, núm. 4, págs. 313-328.
98. Sáenz, J.; Aramburu, N. y Rivera, O. (2009), «Knowledge sharing and innovation performance: a comparison between high tech and low tech companies», Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 10, núm. 1, págs. 22-36.
99. Santoro, M. D. y Bierly, P. E. (2006), «Facilitators of knowledge transfer in University-Industry Collaborations: a Knowledge-based perspective», IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 53, núm. 4, págs. 495-507.
100. Scott, S. y Bruce, R. (1994), «Determinant of innovative behavior: a path model of individual innovation in the workplace», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, págs. 580-607.
101. Seidler-de Alwis, R. y Hartmann, E. (2008), «The use of tacit knowledge within innovative companies: knowledge management in innovative enterprises», Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 12, núm. 1, págs. 133-147.
102. Siemsen, E.; Roth, A. V. y Balasubramanian, S. (2008), «How motivation, opportunity, and ability drive knowledge sharing: The constraining-factor model», Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, núm. 3, págs. 426-445.
103. Simonin, B. L. (2004), «An Empirical Investigation of the Process of Knowledge Transfer in International Strategic Alliances», Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, núm. 5, págs. 407-427.
104. Snow, C. C. y Hrebiniak, L. G. (1980), «Strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance', Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 25, núm. 2, págs. 317-336.
105. Sondergaard, H. A. y Harmsen, H. (2007), «Using market information in product development», The Journal of Consumer Marketing. vol. 24, núm. 4; págs. 194-201.
106. Song, M.; Van der Bij, H. y Weggeman, M. (2006), «Factors for improving the level of knowledge generation in new product development», R&D Management, vol. 36, núm. 2, págs. 173-187.
107. Stock, G. N.; Greis, N. P. y Fischer, W. A. (2001), «Absorptive capacity and new product development», The Journal of High Technology Management Research, vol. 12, núm. 1, págs. 77-91.
108. Storey, J. y Quintas, P. (2001), Knowledge Management and Human Resource management: A critical test, Londres, Thomson Learning.
109. Swan, J.; Newell, S.; Scarbrough, H. y Hislop, D. (1999), «Knowledge management and innovation: networks and networking», Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 3, núm. 4, págs. 262-275.
110. Swan, J.; Bresnen, M.; Newell, S. y Maxine, R. (2007), «The object of knowledge: the role of objects in biomedical innovation», Human Relations, vol. 60, núm. 12, págs. 1809-1837.
111. Takeuchi, H. (2001), «Towards a universal management of the concept of knowledge», en I. Nonaka y D. Teece (eds.), Managing industrial knowledge: creation, transfer and utilization, Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage.
112. Tang, J. (2008), «The Effects of Firm Size on Knowledge Management in Electrical and Electronic Manufacturing Firms», International Journal of Management, vol. 25, núm. 2, págs. 308-321.
113. Thompson, M. y Heron, M. (2005), «The difference a manager can make: organizational justice and knowledge worker commitment», International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 16, núm. 3, págs. 383-404.
114. Thompson, M. y Heron, M. (2006), «Relational quality and innovative performance in r&d based science and technology firms», Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 16, núm. 1, págs. 28-47.
115. Tsai, W. (2001), «Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, núm. 5, págs. 996-1004.
116. Tsui, A. S.; Pearce, J. L.; Porter, L. W. y Tripoli, A. M. (1997), «Alternative Approaches to the Employee - Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off?», Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, págs. 1089-1121.
117. Van den Hooff, B. y Ridder, J. A. (2004), «Knowledge Sharing in Context: The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Communication Climate and CMC Use on Knowledge Sharing», Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 8, núm. 6, págs. 117-130.
118. Van den Hooff, B. y Van Weenen, F. D. L. (2004), «Committed to Share: Commitment and CMC Use as Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing», Knowledge and Process Management, vol. 11, núm. 1, págs. 13-24.
119. Van der Bij, H.; Song, M. y Weggeman M. (2003), «An Empirical Investigation into the Antecedents of Knowledge Dissemination at the Strategic Business Unit Level», Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 20, núm. 2, págs. 163-179.
120. Vithessonthi, C. (2008), «Social interaction and knowledge sharing behaviors in multinational corporations», The Business Review, Cambridge, vol. 10, núm. 2, págs. 324-331.
121. Walsh, A. (1990), Statistics for the Social Sciences, Nueva York, Harper & Row.
122. Wasco, M. y Faraj, S. (2005), «Why would I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice», MIS Quarterly, vol. 29, págs. 35-57.
123. Wolfe, Ch. y Loraas, T. (2008), «Knowledge sharing: the effects of incentives, environment, and person», Journal of Information Systems, vol. 22, núm. 2, págs. 53-76.
124. Yeh, Y.; Lai, S. y Ho, C. (2006), «Knowledge management enablers: a case study», Industrial Management & Data System, vol. 106, núm. 6, págs. 793-810.
125. Zack, M. H. (1999), «Enveloping a knowledge strategy», California Management Review, vol. 41, págs. 125-145.
126. Zárraga Oberty, C. y Bonache Pérez, J. (2005), «Equipos de trabajo para la gestión del conocimiento: la importancia de un clima adecuado», Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, núm. 22, págs. 27-48.