Experimental treatments for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy

Early Human Development

Volumn 86, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 369-377

  Kelen, Dorottya ^a   Robertson, Nicola J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Birth asphyxia; Brain lactate N acetyl aspartate; Hypoxia ischaemia; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

6 NITRO 7 SULFAMOYLBENZO[F]QUINOXALINE 2,3 DIONE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALLOPURINOL; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ARGON; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CLONIDINE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ETIRACETAM; HELIUM; IBOTENIC ACID; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; KRYPTON; LACTIC ACID; MELATONIN; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEON; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PHENYTOIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; SUPEROXIDE; TOPIRAMATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; XENON;

ANEMIA; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN INFARCTION SIZE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN METABOLISM; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; COOLING; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; FETUS DISTRESS; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA; HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; LIVER FAILURE; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; NERVE CELL LESION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPROTECTION; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DISEASE; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERINATAL ASPHYXIA; PHOSPHORUS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL CARE; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STROKE; SURVIVAL RATE; THROMBOSIS; TISSUE REGENERATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; BLOOD; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; HUMANS; HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN; INFANT, NEWBORN; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; THERAPIES, INVESTIGATIONAL;

EID: 77954311938     PISSN: 03783782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.011     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Lawn J.E.C.S., Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why?. Lancet 2005, 365:891-900.
2. Pierrat V.H.N., Liska A., Thomas D., Subtil D., Truffert P. Groupe d'Etudes en Epidemiologie Perinatale. Prevalence, causes, and outcome at 2years of age of newborn encephalopathy: population based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005, 90:F257-261.
3. Marlow N., Budge H. Prevalence, causes, and outcome at 2years of age of newborn encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005, 90:193-194.
4. Cowan F. Outcome after intrapartum asphyxia in term infants. Semin Neonatol 2000, 5:127-140.
5. Al-Macki N., Miller S.P., Hall N., Shevell M. The spectrum of abnormal neurologic outcomes subsequent to term intrapartum asphyxia. Pediatr Neurol 2009, 41:399-405.
6. Bona E., Hagberg H., Løberg E., Bågenholm R., Thoresen M. Protective effects of moderate hypothermia after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: short- and long-term outcome. Pediatr Res 1998, 43:738-745.
7. Gluckman P.D., Wyatt J.S., Azzopardi D., Ballard R., Edwards A.D., Ferriero D.M., et al. Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2005, 365:663-670.
8. Edwards A., Brocklehurst P., Gunn A., Halliday H., Juszczak E., Levene M., et al. Neurological outcomes at 18months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data. BMJ 2010, 340:C363. doi: 310.1136/bmj.c1363.
9. Kapetanakis A., Azzopardi D., Wyatt J., Robertson N. Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy: a UK survey of opinion, practice and neuro-investigation at the end of 2007. Acta Paediatr 2009, 98:631-635.
10. O'Brien F., Iwata O., Thornton J., De Vita E., Sellwood M., Iwata S., et al. Delayed whole-body cooling to 33 or 35 degrees c and the development of impaired energy generation consequential to transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet. Pediatrics 2006, 117:1549-1559.
11. Liu Y., Barks J., Xu G., Silverstein F. Topiramate extends the therapeutic window for hypothermia-mediated neuroprotection after stroke in neonatal rats. Stroke 2004, 35:1460-1465.
12. Ma D., Hossain M., Chow A., Arshad M., Battson R., Sanders R., et al. Xenon and hypothermia combine to provide neuroprotection from neonatal asphyxia. Ann Neurol 2005, 58:182-193.
13. Jatana M., Singh I., Singh A., Jenkins D. Combination of systemic hypothermia and n-acetylcysteine attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2006, 59:684-689.
14. Ramaswamy V., Horton J., Vandermeer B., Buscemi N., Miller S., Yager J. Systematic review of biomarkers of brain injury in term neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2009, 40:215-226.
15. Edwards A. The discovery of hypothermic neural rescue therapy for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2009, 16:200-206.
16. Thoresen M., Penrice J., Lorek A., Cady E., Wylezinska M., Kirkbride V., et al. Mild hypothermia after severe transient hypoxia-ischemia ameliorates delayed cerebral energy failure in the newborn piglet. Pediatr Res 1995, 37:667-670.
17. Rutherford M., Ramenghi L., Edwards A., Brocklehurst P., Halliday H., Levene M., et al. Assessment of brain tissue injury after moderate hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: a nested substudy of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:39-45.
18. Robertson N., Cox I., Cowan F., Counsell S., Azzopardi D., Edwards A. Cerebral intracellular lactic alkalosis persisting months after neonatal encephalopathy measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr Res 1999, 46:287-296.
19. Thayyil S., Chandrasekaran M., Taylor A., Bainbridge A., Cady E., Chong K., et al. Cerebral magnetic resonance biomarkers in neonatal encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2010, 125:e382-395.
20. Parsons M.W., Li T., Barber P.A., Yang Q., Darby D.G., Desmond P.M., et al. Combined (1)h mr spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted mri improves the prediction of stroke outcome. Neurology 2000, 55:498-505.
21. Chandrasekaran M., Faulkner S., Bainbridge A., Kato T., Cady E., Kapetanakis A., et al. Xenon combined with hypothermia reduces cerebral Lactate/Cr on 1H MRS, markers of cell death and phagocytosis at 48hours in a perinatal asphyxia piglet model. EPAS 2010, 26327.
22. Azzopardi D., Wyatt J., Cady E., Delpy D., Baudin J., Stewart A., et al. Prognosis of newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury assessed by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr Res 1989, 25:445-451.
23. Lei H., Peeling J. Effect of temperature on the kinetics of lactate production and clearance in a rat model of forebrain ischemia. Biochem Cell Biol 1998, 76:503-509.
24. Penrice J., Lorek A., Cady E.B., Amess P.N., Wylezinska M., Cooper C.E., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain during acute hypoxia-ischemia and delayed cerebral energy failure in the newborn piglet. Pediatr Res 1997, 41:795-802.
25. Lei H., Berthet C., Hirt L., Gruetter R. Evolution of the neurochemical profile after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009, 29:811-819.
26. Rothman D.L., Howseman A.M., Graham G.D., Petroff O.A., Lantos G., Fayad P.B., et al. Localized proton nmr observation of [3-13c]lactate in stroke after [1-13c]glucose infusion. Magn Reson Med 1991, 21:302-307.
27. Hanrahan J.D., Cox I.J., Edwards A.D., Cowan F.M., Sargentoni J., Bell J.D., et al. Persistent increases in cerebral lactate concentration after birth asphyxia. Pediatr Res 1998, 44:304-311.
28. Robertson N., Cowan F., Cox I., Edwards A. Brain alkaline intracellular ph after neonatal encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 2002, 52:732-742.
29. Mehmet H., Yue X., Penrice J., Cady E., Wyatt J., Sarraf C., et al. Relation of impaired energy metabolism to apoptosis and necrosis following transient cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia. Cell Death Differ 1998, 5:321-329.
30. Garcia J.H. Cerebral infarction. Evolution of histopathological changes after occlusion of a middle cerebral artery in primates. J nNeuropathol Exp Neurol 1974, 33:408-421. Y K.
31. Ramsay W. An attempt to estimate the relative amounts of krypton and of xenon in atmospheric ai. Proc R Soc Lond 1902, 71:421-426. doi :410.1098/rspl.1902.0121.
32. Cullen S., Gross E. The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings, with additional observations on krypton. Science 1951, 113:580-582.
33. Franks N., Dickinson R., de Sousa S., Hall A., Lieb W. How does xenon produce anaesthesia?. Nature 1998, 26:324.
34. Lane G.A., Nahrwold M.L., Tait A.R., Taylor-Busch M., Cohen P.J., Beaudoin A.R. Anesthetics as teratogens: nitrous oxide is fetotoxic, xenon is not. Science 1980, 210:899-901.
35. Ma D., Williamson P., Januszewski A., Nogaro M.C., Hossain M., Ong L.P., et al. Xenon mitigates isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rodent brain. Anaesthesiology 2007, 106:746-753.
36. Istaphanous G., Loepke A. General anesthetics and the developing brain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009, 22:368-373.
37. Coburn M., Kunitz O., Baumert J.H., Hecker K., Haaf S., Zühlsdorff A., et al. Randomized controlled trial of the haemodynamic and recovery effects of xenon or propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2005, 94:198-202.
38. Preckel B., Schlack W., Heibel T., Rütten R. Xenon produces minimal haemodynamic effects in rabbits with chronically compromised left ventricular function. Br J Anaesth 2002, 2002:2.
39. Greisen G. Intravenous 133xe clearance in preterm neonates with respiratory distress. Internal validation of cbf infinity as a measure of global cerebral blood flow. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988, 48:673-678. O P.
40. Goto T., Saito H., Shinkai M., Nakata Y., Ichinose F., Morita S. Xenon provides faster emergence from anesthesia than does nitrous oxide-sevoflurane or nitrous oxide-isoflurane. Anaesthesiology 1997, 1997:6.
41. Gruss M., Bushell T.J., Bright D.P., Lieb W.R., Mathie A., Franks N.P. Two-pore-domain k+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane. Mol Pharmacol 2004, 65:443-452.
42. Petzelt C.P., Kodirov S., Taschenberger G., Kox W.J. Participation of the ca(2+)-calmodulin-activated kinase ii in the control of metaphase-anaphase transition in human cells. Cell Biol Int 2001, 25:403-409.
43. Ma D.L.T., Xu J., Tang H., Wan Y., Zhao H., Hossain M., et al. Xenon preconditioning protects against renal ischemic-reperfusion injury via hif-1alpha activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:713-720.
44. Dingley J.T.J., Porter H., Thoresen M. Xenon provides short-term neuroprotection in neonatal rats when administered after hypoxia-ischemia. Stroke 2006, 37:501-506.
45. Martin J.L.M.D., Hossain M., Xu J., Sanders R.D., Franks N.P., Maze M. Asynchronous administration of xenon and hypothermia significantly reduces brain infarction in the neonatal rat. Br J Anaesth 2007, 98:236-240.
46. Thoresen M.H.C., Wood T., Chakkarapani E., Dingley J. Cooling combined with immediate or delayed xenon inhalation provides equivalent long-term neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009, 29:707-714.
47. Jawad N., Rizvi M., Gu J., Adeyi O., Tao G., Maze M., et al. Neuroprotection (and lack of neuroprotection) afforded by a series of noble gases in an in vitro model of neuronal injury. Neurosci Lett 2009, 460:232-236.
48. Palmer C., Towfighi J., Roberts R.L., Heitjan D.F. Allopurinol administered after inducing hypoxia-ischemia reduces brain injury in 7-day-old rats. Pediatr Res 1993, 33:405-411.
49. Williams G.D., Palmer C., Heitjan D.F., Smith M.B. Allopurinol preserves cerebral energy metabolism during perinatal hypoxia-ischemia: a 31p nmr study in unanesthetized immature rats. Neurosci Lett 1992, 144:103-106.
50. Johnson W.D., Kayser K.L., Brenowitz J.B., Saedi S.F. A randomized controlled trial of allopurinol in coronary bypass surgery. Am Heart J 1991, 121:20-24.
51. Clancy R.R., McGaurn S.A., Goin J.E., Hirtz D.G., Norwood W.I., Gaynor J.W., et al. Allopurinol neurocardiac protection trial in infants undergoing heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 2001, 108:61-70.
52. van Kesteren C., Benders M.J., Groenendaal F., van Bel F., Ververs F.F., Rademaker C.M. Population pharmacokinetics of allopurinol in full-term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Ther Drug Monit 2006, 28:339-344.
53. Chaudhari T.W.M. Allopurinol for preventing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants with suspected hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2008, 2:CD006817.
54. Benders M.J., Bos A.F., Rademaker C.M., Rijken M., Torrance H.L., Groenendaal F., et al. Early postnatal allopurinol does not improve short term outcome after severe birth asphyxia. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91:F163-165.
55. Gunes T., Ozturk M.A., Koklu E., Kose K., Gunes I. Effect of allopurinol supplementation on nitric oxide levels in asphyxiated newborns. Pediatr Neurol 2007, 36:17-24.
56. Van Bel F., Shadid M., Moison R.M., Dorrepaal C.A., Fontijn J., Monteiro L., et al. Effect of allopurinol on postasphyxial free radical formation, cerebral hemodynamics, and electrical brain activity. Pediatrics 1998, 101:185-193.
57. Torrance H.L., Benders M.J., Derks J.B., Rademaker C.M., Bos A.F., Van Den Berg P., et al. Maternal allopurinol during fetal hypoxia lowers cord blood levels of the brain injury marker s-100b. Pediatrics 2009, 124:350-357.
58. Kaandorp J.J., Benders M.J., Rademaker C.M., Torrance H.L., Oudijk M.A., de Haan T.R., et al. Antenatal allopurinol for reduction of birth asphyxia induced brain damage (allo-trial); a randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010, 10.
59. Kortsalioudaki C., Taylor R., Cheeseman P., Bansal S., Mieli-Vergani G., Dhawan A. Safety and efficacy of n-acetylcysteine in children with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 2008, 14:25-30.
60. Misra D., Leibowitz K., Gowda R., Shapiro M., Khan I. Role of n-acetylcysteine in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiovascular procedures: a meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol 2004, 27:607-610.
61. Khan M., Sekhon B., Jatana M., Giri S., Gilg A., Sekhon C., et al. Administration of n-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke. J Neurosci Res 2004, 76:519-527.
62. Wang X., Svedin P., Nie C., Lapatto R., Zhu C., Gustavsson M., et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces lipopolysaccharide-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Ann Neurol 2007, 61:263-271.
63. Paintlia M.K., Paintlia A.S., Barbosa E., Singh I. N-acetylcysteine prevents endotoxin-induced degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and hypomyelination in developing rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2004, 78:347-361. AK. S.
64. Paintlia M.K., Paintlia A.S., Singh A.K., Singh I. Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and phospholipids metabolism at the feto-maternal interface by n-acetyl cysteine. Pediatr Res 2008, 64:334-339.
65. Lee T., Tymafichuk C., Bigam D., Cheung PY Effects of postresuscitation n-acetylcysteine on cerebral free radical production and perfusion during reoxygenation of hypoxic newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 2008, 64:256-261.
66. Cakir O., Erdem K., Oruc A., Kilinc N., Eren N. Neuroprotective effect of n-acetylcysteine and hypothermia on the spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Surg 2003, 11:375-379.
67. Pei Z., Pang S.F., Cheung R.T. Pretreatment with melatonin reduces volume of cerebral infarction in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. J Pineal Res 2002, 32:168-172.
68. Pei Z., Pang S., Cheung R. Administration of melatonin after onset of ischemia reduces the volume of cerebral infarction in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. Stroke 2003, 34:770-775.
69. Husson I., Mesples B., Bac P., Vamecq J., Evrard P., Gressens P. Melatoninergic neuroprotection of the murine periventricular white matter against neonatal excitotoxic challenge. Ann Neurol 2002, 51:82-92.
70. Lee M.Y.K.Y., Chen H.Y., Chen T.Y., Chen S.T., Huang C.C., Yang I.P., et al. Intravenous administration of melatonin reduces the intracerebral cellular inflammatory response following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2007, 42:297-309.
71. Lee E.J., Wu T.S., Lee M.Y., Chen T.Y., Tsai Y.Y., Chuang J.I., et al. Delayed treatment with melatonin enhances electrophysiological recovery following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2004, 36:33-42.
72. Lee E.J., Lee M.Y., Chen H.Y., Hsu Y.S., Wu T.S., Chen S.T., et al. Melatonin attenuates gray and white matter damage in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Pineal Res 2005, 38:42-52.
73. Lee M.Y., Kuan Y.H., Chen H.Y., Chen T.Y., Chen S.T., Huang C.C., et al. Intravenous administration of melatonin reduces the intracerebral cellular inflammatory response following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2007, 42:297-309.
74. Chen H.Y., Chen T.Y., Lee M.Y., Chen S.T., Hsu Y.S., Kuo Y.L., et al. Melatonin decreases neurovascular oxidative/nitrosative damage and protects against early increases in the blood-brain barrier permeability after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Pineal Res 2006, 41:175-182.
75. Welin A.K., Svedin P., Lapatto R., Sultan B., Hagberg H., Gressens P., et al. Melatonin reduces inflammation and cell death in white matter in the mid-gestation fetal sheep following umbilical cord occlusion. Pediatr Res 2007, 61:153-158.
76. Hutton L.C., Abbass M., Dickinson H., Ireland Z., DW W. Neuroprotective properties of melatonin in a model of birth asphyxia in the spiny mouse (acomys cahirinus). Dev Neurosci 2009, 31:437-451.
77. Miller S.L., Yan E.B., Castillo-Meléndez M., Jenkin G., DW W. Melatonin provides neuroprotection in the late-gestation fetal sheep brain in response to umbilical cord occlusion. Dev Neurosci 2005, 27:200-210.
78. Lin H., Lee E. Effects of melatonin in experimental stroke models in acute, sub-acute, and chronic stages. Neuropsychiatr Die Treat 2009, 5.
79. Olivier P., Fontaine R.H., Loron G., Van Steenwinckel J., Biran V., Massonneau V., et al. Melatonin promotes oligodendroglial maturation of injured white matter in neonatal rats. PLoS ONE 2009, 22:e7128.
80. Bouslama M., Renaud J., Olivier P., Fontaine R.H., Matrot B., Gressens P., et al. Melatonin prevents learning disorders in brain-lesioned newborn mice. Neuroscience 2007, 150:712-719.
81. Ohls R.K., Ehrenkranz R.A., Das A., Dusick A.M., Yolton K., Romano E., et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome and growth at 18 to 22months' corrected age in extremely low birth weight infants treated with early erythropoietin and iron. Pediatrics 2004, 114:1287-1291.
82. Ruth V., Widness J.A., Clemons G., Raivio K.O. Postnatal changes in serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in relation to hypoxia before and after birth. J Pediatr 1990, 116:950-954.
83. Maiese K., Li F., ZZ C. New avenues of exploration for erythropoietin. JAMA 2005, 293:90-95.
84. Kellert B.A., McPherson R.J., SE J. A comparison of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin treatment regimens in brain-injured neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2007, 61:451-455.
85. Gonzalez F.F., McQuillen P., Mu D., Chang Y., Wendland M., Vexler Z., et al. Erythropoietin enhances long-term neuroprotection and neurogenesis in neonatal stroke. Dev Neurosci 2007, 29:321-330.
86. Gonzalez F.F., Abel R., Almli C.R., Mu D., Wendland M., DM F. Erythropoietin sustains cognitive function and brain volume after neonatal stroke. Dev Neurosci 2009, 31:403-411.
87. Palmer C., Menzies S.L., Roberts R.L., Pavlick G., JR C. Changes in iron histochemistry after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci Res 1999, 56:60-71.
88. Juul S.E., McPherson R.J., Farrell F.X., Jolliffe L., Ness D.J., CA G. Erytropoietin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of nonhuman primates and fetal sheep following high-dose recombinant erythropoietin. Biol Neonate 2004, 85:138-144.
89. Zhu C., Kang W., Xu F., Cheng X., Zhang Z., Jia L., et al. Erythropoietin improved neurologic outcomes in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 2009, 124:e218-226.
90. Cariou A., Claessens Y.E., Pène F., Marx J.S., Spaulding C., Hababou C., et al. Early high-dose erythropoietin therapy and hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a matched control study. Resuscitation 2008, 76:397-404.
91. Ehrenreich H., Weissenborn K., Prange H., Schneider D., Weimar C., Wartenberg K., et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009, 40:e647-656.
92. Laudenbach V., Mantz J., Lagercrantz H., Desmonts J.M., Evrard P. Effects of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists on perinatal excitotoxic brain injury: comparison of clonidine and dexmedetomidine. Anaesthesiology 2002, 96:134-141. P G.
93. Dean J.M., George S., Naylor A.S., Mallard C., Gunn A.J., Bennet L. Partial neuroprotection with low-dose infusion of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. Neuropharmacology 2008, 55:166-174.
94. Ma D., Hossain M., Rajakumaraswamy N., Arshad M., Sanders R.D., Franks N.P., et al. Dexmedetomidine produces its neuroprotective effect via the alpha 2a-adrenoceptor subtype. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 502:87-97.
95. Matsumoto M., Zornow M.H., Rabin B.C., Maze M. The alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, dexmedetomidine, selectively attenuates ischemia-induced increases in striatal norepinephrine concentrations. Brain Res 1993, 627:325-329.
96. Rajakumaraswamy N., Ma D., Hossain M., Sanders R.D., Franks N.P., Maze M. Neuroprotective interaction produced by xenon and dexmedetomidine on in vitro and in vivo neuronal injury models. Neurosci Lett 2006, 409:128-133.
97. Paris A., Mantz J., Tonner P.H., Hein L., Brede M. The effects of dexmedetomidine on perinatal excitotoxic brain injury are mediated by the alpha2a-adrenoceptor subtype. Anaesth Analg 2006, 102:456-461. P G.
98. Hoffman W.E., Kochs E., Werner C., Thomas C. Dexmedetomidine improves neurologic outcome from incomplete ischemia in the rat. Reversal by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist atipamezole. Anaesthesiology 1991, 75:328-332. RF A.
99. Maier C., Steinberg G.K., Sun G.H., Zhi G.T. Neuroprotection by the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in a focal model of cerebral ischemia. Anaesthesiology 1993, 79:306-312. MM.
100. Engelhard K., Werner C., Eberspächer E., Bachl M., Blobner M., Hildt E., et al. The effect of the alpha 2-agonist dexmedetomidine and the n-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist s(+)-ketamine on the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins after incomplete cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Anaesth Analg 2003, 96:524-531.
101. Sanders R.D., Xu J., Shu Y., Januszewski A., Halder S., Fidalgo A., et al. Dexmedetomidine attenuates isoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal rats. Anaesthesiology 2009, 110:1077-1085.
102. Chrysostomou C., De Toledo J.S., Avolio T., Motoa M.V., Berry D., Morell V.O., et al. Dexmedetomidine use in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit: can we use it in infants after cardiac surgery?. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009, 10:654-660.
103. Glass H.C., Glidden D., Jeremy R.J., Barkovich A.J., Ferriero D.M., Miller S.P. Clinical neonatal seizures are independently associated with outcome in infants at risk for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J Pediatr 2009, 155:318-323.
104. Wirrell E.C., Armstrong E.A., Osman L.D., Yager J.Y. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 2001, 50:445-454.
105. Miller S.P., Weiss J., Barnwell A., Ferriero D.M., Latal-Hajnal B., Ferrer-Rogers A., et al. Seizure-associated brain injury in term newborns with perinatal asphyxia. Neurology 2002, 58:542-548.
106. Calabresi P., Cupini L.M., Centonze D., Pisani F., Bernardi G. Antiepileptic drugs as a possible neuroprotective strategy in brain ischemia. Ann Neurol 2003, 53:693-702.
107. Kim J.M., Kwon S., Seo H.E., Choe B.H., Cho M.H., Park S.P. Long-term effectiveness and tolerability of topiramate in children with epilepsy under the age of 2years: 4-year follow-up. J Korean Med Sci 2009, 24:1078-1082.
108. Taverna S., Sancini G., Mantegazza M., Franceschetti S., Avanzini G. Inhibition of transient and persistent Na+ current fractions by the new anticonvulsant topiramate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999, 288:960-968.
109. Zona C., Ciotti M.T., Avoli M. Topiramate attenuates voltage-gated sodium currents in rat cerebellar granule cells. Neurosci Lett 1997, 231:123-126.
110. Herrero A.I., Del Olmo N., González-Escalada J.R., Solis J.M. Two new actions of topiramate: inhibition of depolarizing gaba(a)-mediated responses and activation of a potassium conductance. Neuropharmacology 2002, 42:210-220.
111. White H.S., Brown S.D., Woodhead J.H., Skeen G.A., HH W: Topiramate enhances gaba-mediated chloride flux and gaba-evoked chloride currents in murine brain neurons and increases seizure threshold. 1997 2000;28:167-179.
112. Noh M.R., Kim S.K., Sun W., Park S.K., Choi H.C., Lim J.H., et al. Neuroprotective effect of topiramate on hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats 2006, vol. 201:2.
113. Follett P.L., Deng W., Dai W., Talos D.M., Massillon L.J., Rosenberg P.A., et al. Glutamate receptor-mediated oligodendrocyte toxicity in periventricular leukomalacia: a protective role for topiramate. J Neurosci 2004, 24:4412-4420.
114. Schubert S., Brandl U., Brodhun M., Ulrich C., Spaltmann J., Fiedler N., et al. Neuroprotective effects of topiramate after hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets. Brain Res 2005, 1058:129-136.
115. Kim J., Kondratyev A., Gale K. Antiepileptic drug-induced neuronal cell death in the immature brain: effects of carbamazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam as monotherapy versus polytherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 323:165-173.
116. Filippi L., la Marca G., Fiorini P., Poggi C., Cavallaro G., Malvagia S., et al. Topiramate concentrations in neonates treated with prolonged whole body hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:2355-2361.
117. Fürwentsches A., Bussmann C., Ramantani G., Ebinger F., Philippi H., Pöschl J., et al. Levetiracetam in the treatment of neonatal seizures: a pilot study. Seizure 2010, 19:185-189.
118. Mazarati A.M., Baldwin R., Klitgaard H., Matagne A. Anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam and levetiracetam-diazepam combinations in experimental status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2004, 58:167-174. CG W.
119. Hanon E., Klitgaard H. Neuroprotective properties of the novel antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia. Seizure 2001, 10:287-293.
120. Kim J.S., Kondratyev A., Tomita Y. Neurodevelopmental impact of antiepileptic drugs and seizures in the immature brain. Epilepsia 2007, 48:19-26. K G.
121. Murry C., Jennings R., Reimer K. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986, 74:1124-1136.
122. Yellon D., Downey J. Preconditioning the myocardium: from cellular physiology to clinical cardiology. Physiol Rev 2003, 83:1113-1151.
123. Pignataro G., Meller R., Inoue K., Ordonez A., Ashley M., Xiong Z., et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of a novel neuroprotective strategy for stroke: ischemic postconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008, 28(2):232-241.
124. Zhao Z., Corvera J., Halkos M., Kerendi F., Wang N., Guyton R., et al. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003, 285:H579-588.
125. Thibault H., Piot C., Ovize M. Postconditioning in man. Heart Fail Rev 2007, 12:245-248.
126. Zhao H., Sapolsky R., Steinberg G. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006, 26:1114-1121.
127. Wang J., Shen J., Gao Q., Ye Z., Yang S., Liang H., et al. Ischemic postconditioning protects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in rats. Stroke 2008, 39:983-990.
128. Ren C., Gao X., Niu G., Yan Z., Chen X., Zhao H. Delayed postconditioning protects against focal ischemic brain injury in rats. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3851.
129. Ren C., Gao X., Steinberg G., Zhao H. Limb remote-preconditioning protects against focal ischemia in rats and contradicts the dogma of therapeutic time windows for preconditioning. Neuroscience 2008, 151:1099-1103.
130. Zhao H. Ischemic postconditioning as a novel avenue to protect against brain injury after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009, 29:873-885.
131. Bartley J., Soltau T., Wimborne H., Kim S., Martin-Studdard A., Hess D., et al. Brdu-positive cells in the neonatal mouse hippocampus following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. BMC Neurosci 2005, 6:15.
132. Yang Z., Covey M.V., Bitel C.L., Ni L., Jonakait G.M., Levison S.W. Sustained neocortical neurogenesis after neonatal hypoxic/ischemic injury. Ann Neurol 2007, 61:199-208.
133. Ong J., Plane J.M., Parent J.M., Silverstein F.S. Hypoxic-ischemic injury stimulates subventricular zone proliferation and neurogenesis in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res 2005, 58:600-606.
134. van Velthoven C.T., Kavelaars A., van Bel F. Regeneration of the ischemic brain by engineered stem cells: fuelling endogenous repair processes. Brain Res Rev 2009, 61:1-13. CJ H.
135. Qu R., Li Y., Gao Q., Shen L., Zhang J., Liu Z., et al. Neurotrophic and growth factor gene expression profiling of mouse bone marrow stromal cells induced by ischemic brain extracts. Neuropathology 2007, 27.