메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 684-701

Drug-induced QT-interval prolongation: Considerations for clinicians

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic agents; Arrhythmia; Atrial fibrillation; Pharmacogenomics; QT interval; QT prolongation; Sudden cardiac death; Torsade de pointes

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOZAPINE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; HALOPERIDOL; IBUTILIDE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MAGNESIUM; METHADONE; MEXILETINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PENTAMIDINE; PROPAFENONE; QUETIAPINE; RANOLAZINE; RISPERIDONE; SOTALOL; THIORIDAZINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; DRUG;

EID: 77954117353     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1592/phco.30.7.684     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (57)

References (203)
  • 1
    • 0002304545 scopus 로고
    • Quinidine syncope: Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation occurring during treatment of chronic atrial arrhythmias
    • Selzer A, Wray HW. Quinidine syncope: paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation occurring during treatment of chronic atrial arrhythmias. Circulation 1964;30:17-26.
    • (1964) Circulation , vol.30 , pp. 17-26
    • Selzer, A.1    Wray, H.W.2
  • 2
    • 0013881809 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular tachycardia with 2 variable opposing foci [in French]
    • Dessertenne F. Ventricular tachycardia with 2 variable opposing foci [in French]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1966;59: 263-72.
    • (1966) Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss , vol.59 , pp. 263-272
    • Dessertenne, F.1
  • 4
    • 22144474788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse drug event surveillance and drug withdrawals in the United States, 1969-2002: The importance of reporting suspected reactions
    • Wysowski DK, Swartz L. Adverse drug event surveillance and drug withdrawals in the United States, 1969-2002: the importance of reporting suspected reactions. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1363-9.
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , pp. 1363-1369
    • Wysowski, D.K.1    Swartz, L.2
  • 7
    • 30344462409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults
    • Straus SMJM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Col Cardiol 2006;47:362-7.
    • (2006) J Am Col Cardiol , vol.47 , pp. 362-367
    • Smjm, S.1    Kors, J.A.2    De Bruin, M.L.3
  • 8
    • 0025814624 scopus 로고
    • QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest
    • Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandt JR, Pool J, Lubsen J. QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest. Circulation 1991;83:1888-94.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.83 , pp. 1888-1894
    • Algra, A.1    Tijssen, J.G.2    Roelandt, J.R.3    Pool, J.4    Lubsen, J.5
  • 9
    • 0033575989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction
    • Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1999;341:857-65.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 857-865
    • Torp-Pedersen, C.1    Moller, M.2    Bloch-Thomsen, P.E.3
  • 10
    • 0030022457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kr: Implications for torsade de pointes and reverse use-dependence
    • Kr: implications for torsade de pointes and reverse use-dependence. Circulation 1996;93:407-11.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , pp. 407-411
    • Yang, T.1    Roden, D.M.2
  • 12
    • 0029794664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and downregulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart
    • Drici MD, Burklow TR, Haridasse V, Glazer RI, Woosley RL. Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and downregulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart. Circulation 1996;94:1471-4. (Pubitemid 26307281)
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , Issue.6 , pp. 1471-1474
    • Drici, M.D.1    Burklow, T.R.2    Haridasse, V.3    Glazer, R.I.4    Woosley, R.L.5
  • 13
    • 0033760027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of QT dispersion during atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in the same patients, at normal and prolonged ventricular repolarization
    • Houltz B, Darpo B, Swedberg K, et al. Comparison of QT dispersion during atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in the same patients, at normal and prolonged ventricular repolarization. Europace 2000;2:20-31.
    • (2000) Europace , vol.2 , pp. 20-31
    • Houltz, B.1    Darpo, B.2    Swedberg, K.3
  • 15
    • 0026068765 scopus 로고
    • Duration of the QT interval and total and cardiovascular mortality in healthy persons (the Framingham heart study experience)
    • Goldberg R, Bengtson J, Chen Z, Anderson K, Locati E, Levy D. Duration of the QT interval and total and cardiovascular mortality in healthy persons (the Framingham heart study experience). Am J Cardiol 1991;67:55-8.
    • (1991) Am J Cardiol , vol.67 , pp. 55-58
    • Goldberg, R.1    Bengtson, J.2    Chen, Z.3    Anderson, K.4    Locati, E.5    Levy, D.6
  • 16
    • 30444439243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of β-blockers, amiodarone plus β-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: The OPTIC study - A randomized trial
    • Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, et al. Comparison of β-blockers, amiodarone plus β-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC study - a randomized trial. JAMA 2006;295:165-71.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 165-171
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Dorian, P.2    Roberts, R.S.3
  • 17
    • 16544392427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the "pill-in-the-pocket" approach
    • Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, et al. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the "pill-in-the-pocket" approach. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2384-91.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2384-2391
    • Alboni, P.1    Botto, G.L.2    Baldi, N.3
  • 18
    • 0037028022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation
    • for the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators
    • Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, for the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-33.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 1825-1833
    • Wyse, D.G.1    Waldo, A.L.2    Dimarco, J.P.3
  • 19
    • 1842434297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management (AFFIRM) study
    • for the AFFIRM Investigators
    • Corley SD, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, for the AFFIRM Investigators. Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management (AFFIRM) study. Circulation 2004;109:1509-13.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 1509-1513
    • Corley, S.D.1    Epstein, A.E.2    Dimarco, J.P.3
  • 20
    • 0037028033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation
    • Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-40.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 1834-1840
    • Van Gelder, I.C.1    Hagens, V.E.2    Bosker, H.A.3
  • 21
    • 26444560585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noncardiac QTc-prolonging drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death
    • Straus SMJM, Sturkenboom MCJM, Bleumink GS, et al. Noncardiac QTc-prolonging drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2007-12.
    • (2005) Eur Heart J , vol.26 , pp. 2007-2012
    • Smjm, S.1    Mcjm, S.2    Bleumink, G.S.3
  • 23
    • 33748751081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced QT interval prolongation after ciprofloxacin administration in a patient receiving olanzapine
    • Letsas KP, Sideris A, Kounas SP, Efremidis M, Korantzopoulos P, Kardaras F. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation after ciprofloxacin administration in a patient receiving olanzapine. Int J Cardiol 2006;109:273-4.
    • (2006) Int J Cardiol , vol.109 , pp. 273-274
    • Letsas, K.P.1    Sideris, A.2    Kounas, S.P.3    Efremidis, M.4    Korantzopoulos, P.5    Kardaras, F.6
  • 24
    • 34547603505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes due to a coadministration of ciprofloxacin and azimilide in a patient with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
    • Kmierczak J, Peregud-Pogorzelska M, Rzeuski R. QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes due to a coadministration of ciprofloxacin and azimilide in a patient with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007;30:1043-6.
    • (2007) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.30 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Kmierczak, J.1    Peregud-Pogorzelska, M.2    Rzeuski, R.3
  • 26
    • 0032904146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes induced by cisapride/ clarithromycin interaction
    • Piquette RK. Torsade de pointes induced by cisapride/ clarithromycin interaction. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:22-6.
    • (1999) Ann Pharmacother , vol.33 , pp. 22-26
    • Piquette, R.K.1
  • 28
    • 44249106161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced spatial dispersion of repolarization
    • Antzelevitch C. Drug-induced spatial dispersion of repolarization. Cardiol J 2008;15:100-21.
    • (2008) Cardiol J , vol.15 , pp. 100-121
    • Antzelevitch, C.1
  • 29
    • 4344577023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties
    • Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, et al. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation 2004;110: 904-10.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 904-910
    • Antzelevitch, C.1    Belardinelli, L.2    Zygmunt, A.C.3
  • 30
    • 0032066007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the "idio" out of "idiosyncratic": Predicting torsades de pointes
    • Roden DM. Taking the "idio" out of "idiosyncratic": predicting torsades de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:1029-34.
    • (1998) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.21 , pp. 1029-1034
    • Roden, D.M.1
  • 31
    • 77954126795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenomics of cardiac arrhyhthmias and impact on drug therapy
    • Zipes D, Jalife J, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Roden DM. Pharmacogenomics of cardiac arrhyhthmias and impact on drug therapy. In: Zipes D, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004:471-8.
    • (2004) Cardiac Electrophysiology: from Cell to Bedside , pp. 471-478
    • Roden, D.M.1
  • 32
    • 0034997677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variation of QT dispersion in patients with and without coronary artery disease
    • Yetkin E, Senen K, Ileri M, et al. Diurnal variation of QT dispersion in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Angiology 2001;52:311-16.
    • (2001) Angiology , vol.52 , pp. 311-316
    • Yetkin, E.1    Senen, K.2    Ileri, M.3
  • 33
    • 0037823364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: Most patients have easily identifiable risk factors
    • Baltimore
    • Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, Prokhorov V, Heller K, Viskin S. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:282-90.
    • (2003) Medicine , vol.82 , pp. 282-290
    • Zeltser, D.1    Justo, D.2    Halkin, A.3    Prokhorov, V.4    Heller, K.5    Viskin, S.6
  • 36
    • 33645302935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the impact of oral magnesium lactate on the corrected QT interval of patients receiving sotalol or dofetilide to prevent atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrence
    • McBride BF, Min B, Kluger J, et al. An evaluation of the impact of oral magnesium lactate on the corrected QT interval of patients receiving sotalol or dofetilide to prevent atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrence. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2006;11:163-9.
    • (2006) Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol , vol.11 , pp. 163-169
    • McBride, B.F.1    Min, B.2    Kluger, J.3
  • 37
    • 0030931694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue magnesium levels and the arrhythmic substrate in humans
    • Haigney MC, Berger R, Schulman S, et al. Tissue magnesium levels and the arrhythmic substrate in humans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1997;8:980-6.
    • (1997) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.8 , pp. 980-986
    • Haigney, M.C.1    Berger, R.2    Schulman, S.3
  • 40
    • 0032567129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac actions of erythromycin: Influence of female sex
    • Drici M-D, Knollmann BC, Wang W-X, Woosley RL. Cardiac actions of erythromycin: influence of female sex. JAMA 1998;280:1774-6.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 1774-1776
    • Drici, M.-D.1    Knollmann, B.C.2    Wang, W.-X.3    Woosley, R.L.4
  • 41
    • 0027515633 scopus 로고
    • Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs
    • Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA 1993;270:2590-7.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 2590-2597
    • Makkar, R.R.1    Fromm, B.S.2    Steinman, R.T.3    Meissner, M.D.4    Lehmann, M.H.5
  • 42
    • 25444529765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization
    • Nerbonne JM, Kass RS. Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization. Physiol Rev 2005;85:1205-53.
    • (2005) Physiol Rev , vol.85 , pp. 1205-1253
    • Nerbonne, J.M.1    Kass, R.S.2
  • 43
    • 0035901578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic
    • Hondeghem LM, Carlsson L, Duker G. Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic. Circulation 2001;103:2004-13. (Pubitemid 32322230)
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , Issue.15 , pp. 2004-2013
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Carlsson, L.2    Duker, G.3
  • 44
    • 77954139526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recording the EKG
    • 6th ed. Hong Kong: Cover Publications, Inc.
    • Dubin D. Recording the EKG. In: Rapid interpretaion of EKG's, 6th ed. Hong Kong: Cover Publications, Inc., 2000:31-54.
    • (2000) Rapid Interpretaion of EKG's , pp. 31-54
    • Dubin, D.1
  • 45
    • 10844274228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amplified transmural dispersion of repolarization as the basis for arrhythmogenesis in a canine ventricular-wedge model of short-QT syndrome
    • Extramiana F, Antzelevitch C. Amplified transmural dispersion of repolarization as the basis for arrhythmogenesis in a canine ventricular-wedge model of short-QT syndrome. Circulation 2004;110:3661-6.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 3661-3666
    • Extramiana, F.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 46
    • 4344633215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the in vitro electrophysiologic and proarrhythmic effects of amiodarone and sotalol in a rabbit model of acute atrioventricular block
    • Milberg P, Ramtin S, Mönnig G, et al. Comparison of the in vitro electrophysiologic and proarrhythmic effects of amiodarone and sotalol in a rabbit model of acute atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004;44:278-86.
    • (2004) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.44 , pp. 278-286
    • Milberg, P.1    Ramtin, S.2    Mönnig, G.3
  • 47
    • 0035960660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome
    • van Opstal JM, Schoenmakers M, Verduyn SC, et al. Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2001;104:2722-7.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2722-2727
    • Van Opstal, J.M.1    Schoenmakers, M.2    Verduyn, S.C.3
  • 48
    • 37249076620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro effects of acute amiodarone and dronedarone on epicardial, endocardial, and M cells of the canine ventricle
    • Moro S, Ferreiro M, Celestino D, Medei E, Elizari MV, Sicouri S. In vitro effects of acute amiodarone and dronedarone on epicardial, endocardial, and M cells of the canine ventricle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2007;12:314-21.
    • (2007) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther , vol.12 , pp. 314-321
    • Moro, S.1    Ferreiro, M.2    Celestino, D.3    Medei, E.4    Elizari, M.V.5    Sicouri, S.6
  • 49
    • 0032191405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone reduces transmural heterogeneity of repolarization in the human heart
    • Drouin E, Lande G, Charpentier F. Amiodarone reduces transmural heterogeneity of repolarization in the human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1063-7.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.32 , pp. 1063-1067
    • Drouin, E.1    Lande, G.2    Charpentier, F.3
  • 50
    • 3042597449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isoproterenol exacerbates a long QT phenotype in Kcnq1-deficient neonatal mice: Possible roles for human-like KCNQ1 isoform 1 and slow delayed rectifier K+ current
    • Knollmann BC, Casimiro MC, Katchman AN, et al. Isoproterenol exacerbates a long QT phenotype in Kcnq1-deficient neonatal mice: possible roles for human-like KCNQ1 isoform 1 and slow delayed rectifier K+ current. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310:311-18.
    • (2004) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.310 , pp. 311-318
    • Knollmann, B.C.1    Casimiro, M.C.2    Katchman, A.N.3
  • 51
    • 24744444533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restricting excessive cardiac action potential and QT prolongation: A vital role for IKs in human ventricular muscle
    • Jost N, Virag L, Bitay M, et al. Restricting excessive cardiac action potential and QT prolongation: a vital role for IKs in human ventricular muscle. Circulation 2005;112:1392-9.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 1392-1399
    • Jost, N.1    Virag, L.2    Bitay, M.3
  • 52
    • 0344863069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long-QT syndrome: Effects of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes
    • Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long-QT syndrome : effects of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes. Circulation 1998;98:2314-22.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 2314-2322
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 53
    • 0028911903 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations in cardiac myocytes: Mechanism and rate dependence
    • Zeng J, Rudy Y. Early afterdepolarizations in cardiac myocytes: mechanism and rate dependence. Biophys J 1995;68:949-64.
    • (1995) Biophys J , vol.68 , pp. 949-964
    • Zeng, J.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 54
    • 0037022946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological mechanism of enhanced susceptibility of hypertrophied heart to acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias: Tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns
    • Kozhevnikov DO, Yamamoto K, Robotis D, Restivo M, El- Sherif N. Electrophysiological mechanism of enhanced susceptibility of hypertrophied heart to acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias: tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns. Circulation 2002;105:1128-34.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1128-1134
    • Kozhevnikov, D.O.1    Yamamoto, K.2    Robotis, D.3    Restivo, M.4    El- Sherif, N.5
  • 55
    • 0029835964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The electrophysiological mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias in the long QT syndrome: Tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns
    • El-Sherif N, Caref EB, Yin H, Restivo M. The electrophysiological mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias in the long QT syndrome: tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns. Circ Res 1996;79:474-92. (Pubitemid 26276908)
    • (1996) Circulation Research , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 474-492
    • El-Sherif, N.1    Caref, E.B.2    Yin, H.3    Restivo, M.4
  • 56
    • 84904137855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membrane pumps and exchangers
    • Zipes D, Jalife J, eds. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Hryshko L. Membrane pumps and exchangers. In: Zipes D, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004:47-8.
    • (2004) Cardiac Electrophysiology: from Cell to Bedside , pp. 47-48
    • Hryshko, L.1
  • 57
    • 0033816569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes
    • 2+ exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2000;131:80-4.
    • (2000) Br J Pharmacol , vol.131 , pp. 80-84
    • Watanabe, Y.1    Kimura, J.2
  • 58
    • 45849146151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute inhibitory effect of dronedarone, a noniodinated benzofuran analogue of amiodarone, on Na+/Ca2+ exchange current in guinea pig cardiac ventricular myocytes
    • Watanabe Y, Kimura J. Acute inhibitory effect of dronedarone, a noniodinated benzofuran analogue of amiodarone, on Na+/Ca2+ exchange current in guinea pig cardiac ventricular myocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008;377:371-6.
    • (2008) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol , vol.377 , pp. 371-376
    • Watanabe, Y.1    Kimura, J.2
  • 59
    • 84924228116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs
    • Available from Accessed October 13, 2008
    • The ICH Expert Working Group. The clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation and proarrhythmic potential for non-antiarrhythmic drugs. International conference on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use, 2005. Available from http://www.ich.org/LOB/media/MEDIA1476.pdf. Accessed October 13, 2008.
    • International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, 2005
  • 60
    • 33747864799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bazett and Fridericia QT correction formulas interfere with measurement of drug-induced changes in QT interval
    • Indik JH, Pearson EC, Fried K, Woosley RL. Bazett and Fridericia QT correction formulas interfere with measurement of drug-induced changes in QT interval. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:1003-7.
    • (2006) Heart Rhythm , vol.3 , pp. 1003-1007
    • Indik, J.H.1    Pearson, E.C.2    Fried, K.3    Woosley, R.L.4
  • 61
    • 0026722151 scopus 로고
    • An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham heart study)
    • Sagie A, Larson M, Goldberg R, Bengtson J, Levy D. An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham heart study). Am J Cardiol 1992;70: 797-801.
    • (1992) Am J Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 797-801
    • Sagie, A.1    Larson, M.2    Goldberg, R.3    Bengtson, J.4    Levy, D.5
  • 62
    • 0032480801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular basis for the normal T wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long-QT syndrome
    • Yan G-X, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the normal T wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 1998;98:1928-36. (Pubitemid 28509291)
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , Issue.18 , pp. 1928-1936
    • Yan, G.-X.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 63
    • 0030478365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postextrasystolic U wave augmentation, a new marker of increased arrhythmic risk in patients without the long QT syndrome
    • Viskin MDS, Heller MDK, Barron MDHV, et al. Postextrasystolic U wave augmentation, a new marker of increased arrhythmic risk in patients without the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1746-52.
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1746-1752
    • Viskin, M.D.S.1    Heller, M.D.K.2    Barron, M.D.H.V.3
  • 64
    • 67649528748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giant T-U waves precede torsades de pointes in long QT syndrome: A systematic electrocardiographic analysis in patients with acquired and congenital QT prolongation
    • Kirchhof P, Franz MR, Bardai A, Wilde AM. Giant T-U waves precede torsades de pointes in long QT syndrome: a systematic electrocardiographic analysis in patients with acquired and congenital QT prolongation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:143-9.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.54 , pp. 143-149
    • Kirchhof, P.1    Franz, M.R.2    Bardai, A.3    Wilde, A.M.4
  • 65
    • 0025935591 scopus 로고
    • The long QT syndrome: Prospective longitudinal study of 328 families
    • Moss A, Schwartz P, Crampton R, et al. The long QT syndrome: prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation 1991;84:1136-44.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1136-1144
    • Moss, A.1    Schwartz, P.2    Crampton, R.3
  • 67
    • 33746833635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation)
    • European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society, Erratum in J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:562.
    • European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society, Fuster V, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients With atrial fibrillation). J Am Coll Card 2006;48:854-906. (Erratum in J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:562.)
    • J Am Coll Card , vol.2006 , Issue.48 , pp. 854-906
    • Fuster, V.1
  • 68
    • 39149085043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of catheter substrate ablation for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation
    • Nademanee K, Schwab MC, Kosar EM, et al. Clinical outcomes of catheter substrate ablation for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:843-9.
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.51 , pp. 843-849
    • Nademanee, K.1    Schwab, M.C.2    Kosar, E.M.3
  • 69
    • 33847288805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality trends in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation: A 21-year community-based study
    • Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, et al. Mortality trends in patients diagnosed with first atrial fibrillation: a 21-year community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:986-92.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.49 , pp. 986-992
    • Miyasaka, Y.1    Barnes, M.E.2    Bailey, K.R.3
  • 70
    • 45549089895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure
    • Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, et al. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2667-77.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 2667-2677
    • Roy, D.1    Talajic, M.2    Nattel, S.3
  • 71
    • 0034715973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological intervention in atrial fibrillation (PIAF) - A randomised trial
    • Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation: pharmacological intervention in atrial fibrillation (PIAF) - a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356: 1789-94.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1789-1794
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Kuck, K.H.2    Lilienthal, J.3
  • 72
    • 21144444031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: A randomized trial
    • Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:2634-40.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 2634-2640
    • Wazni, O.M.1    Marrouche, N.F.2    Martin, D.O.3
  • 73
    • 30344433275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catheter ablation treatment in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation: A prospective, multi-centre, randomized, controlled study (catheter ablation for the cure of atrial fibrillation study)
    • Stabile G, Bertaglia E, Senatore G, et al. Catheter ablation treatment in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation: a prospective, multi-centre, randomized, controlled study (catheter ablation for the cure of atrial fibrillation study). Eur Heart J 2006;27:216-21.
    • (2006) Eur Heart J , vol.27 , pp. 216-221
    • Stabile, G.1    Bertaglia, E.2    Senatore, G.3
  • 75
    • 0037022208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: Impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks
    • Schron EB, Exner DV, Yao Q, et al. Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks. Circulation 2002;105:589-94.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 589-594
    • Schron, E.B.1    Exner, D.V.2    Yao, Q.3
  • 76
    • 0036345696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of life in the Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS)
    • Irvine J, Dorian P, Baker B, et al. Quality of life in the Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS). Am Heart J 2002;144:282-9.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.144 , pp. 282-289
    • Irvine, J.1    Dorian, P.2    Baker, B.3
  • 77
    • 0242382791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients: Quality of life in recipients with and without ICD shock delivery: A prospective study
    • Kamphuis HCM, de Leeuw JRJ, Derksen R, Hauer RNW, Winnubst JAM. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients: quality of life in recipients with and without ICD shock delivery: a prospective study. Europace 2003;5:381-9.
    • (2003) Europace , vol.5 , pp. 381-389
    • Kamphuis, H.C.M.1    De Leeuw, J.R.J.2    Derksen, R.3    Hauer, R.N.W.4    Winnubst, J.A.M.5
  • 78
    • 0035869287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pause-dependent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia during long-term treatment with dofetilide: A placebo-controlled, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator-based evaluation
    • Mazur A, Anderson ME, Bonney S, Roden DM. Pause-dependent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia during long-term treatment with dofetilide: a placebo-controlled, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator-based evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1100-5.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1100-1105
    • Mazur, A.1    Anderson, M.E.2    Bonney, S.3    Roden, D.M.4
  • 79
    • 0033578076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol
    • Pacifico A, Hohnloser SH, Williams JH, et al. Prevention of implantable-defibrillator shocks by treatment with sotalol. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1855-62.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 1855-1862
    • Pacifico, A.1    Hohnloser, S.H.2    Williams, J.H.3
  • 80
    • 0029778315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation
    • Stambler BS, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA, Perry KT, Wakefield LK, VanderLugt JT. Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Circulation 1996;94:1613-21.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 1613-1621
    • Stambler, B.S.1    Wood, M.A.2    Ellenbogen, K.A.3    Perry, K.T.4    Wakefield, L.K.5    VanderLugt, J.T.6
  • 81
    • 33646835397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intravenous ibutilide vs. propafenone for rapid termination of recent onset atrial fibrillation
    • Zhang N, Guo JH, Zhang HCh, Li XB, Zhang P, Xn YN. Comparison of intravenous ibutilide vs. propafenone for rapid termination of recent onset atrial fibrillation. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:1395-400.
    • (2005) Int J Clin Pract , vol.59 , pp. 1395-1400
    • Zhang, N.1    Guo, J.H.2    Zhang, H.Ch.3    Li, X.B.4    Zhang, P.5    Xn, Y.N.6
  • 82
    • 33644668141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of ibutilide for cardioversion of atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients receiving amiodarone or propafenone
    • Fragakis N, Papadopoulos N, Papanastasiou S, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibutilide for cardioversion of atrial flutter and fibrillation in patients receiving amiodarone or propafenone. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:954-61.
    • (2005) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.28 , pp. 954-961
    • Fragakis, N.1    Papadopoulos, N.2    Papanastasiou, S.3
  • 83
    • 0035895318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapy
    • Glatter K, Yang Y, Chatterjee K, et al. Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapy. Circulation 2001;103:253-7.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 253-257
    • Glatter, K.1    Yang, Y.2    Chatterjee, K.3
  • 84
    • 0032807829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electropharmacologic characteristics of ventricular proarrhythmia induced by ibutilide
    • Chen YJ, Hsieh MH, Chiou CW, Chen SA. Electropharmacologic characteristics of ventricular proarrhythmia induced by ibutilide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34: 237-47.
    • (1999) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.34 , pp. 237-247
    • Chen, Y.J.1    Hsieh, M.H.2    Chiou, C.W.3    Chen, S.A.4
  • 85
    • 0027517892 scopus 로고
    • Comparative assessment of ibutilide, D-sotalol, clofilium, E-4031, and UK- 68,798 in a rabbit model of proarrhythmia
    • Buchanan LV, Kabell G, Brunden MN, Gibson JK. Comparative assessment of ibutilide, D-sotalol, clofilium, E-4031, and UK-68,798 in a rabbit model of proarrhythmia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;22:540-9. (Pubitemid 23286749)
    • (1993) Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 540-549
    • Buchanan, L.V.1    Kabell, G.2    Brunden, M.N.3    Gibson, J.K.4
  • 86
    • 67349225471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the G2677T/ C3435T haplotype of MDR1 on P-glycoprotein trafficking and ibutilide-induced block of HERG
    • McBride BF, Yang T, Roden DM. Influence of the G2677T/ C3435T haplotype of MDR1 on P-glycoprotein trafficking and ibutilide-induced block of HERG. Pharmacogenomics J 2009;9:194-201.
    • (2009) Pharmacogenomics J , vol.9 , pp. 194-201
    • McBride, B.F.1    Yang, T.2    Roden, D.M.3
  • 87
    • 17944363568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation
    • Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, et al. Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1861-72.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1861-1872
    • Singh, B.N.1    Singh, S.N.2    Reda, D.J.3
  • 88
    • 0033180139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of sinus rhythm with oral d,l-sotalol therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter
    • Benditt DG, Williams JH, Jin J, et al. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with oral d,l-sotalol therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:270-7.
    • (1999) Am J Cardiol , vol.84 , pp. 270-277
    • Benditt, D.G.1    Williams, J.H.2    Jin, J.3
  • 89
    • 0028876844 scopus 로고
    • β-Adrenergic blocking property of dl-sotalol maintains class III efficacy in guinea pig ventricular muscle after isoproterenol
    • Groh WJ, Gibson KJ, McAnulty JH, Maylie JG. β-Adrenergic blocking property of dl-sotalol maintains class III efficacy in guinea pig ventricular muscle after isoproterenol. Circulation 1995;91:262-4.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 262-264
    • Groh, W.J.1    Gibson, K.J.2    McAnulty, J.H.3    Maylie, J.G.4
  • 90
    • 0034619437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: The symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study
    • Singh S, Zoble RG, Yellen L, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation 2000;102:2385-90.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 2385-2390
    • Singh, S.1    Zoble, R.G.2    Yellen, L.3
  • 91
    • 84924264835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals. Wayne, NJ; Available from Accessed November 17, 2008
    • Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals. Betapace AF (sotalol) prescribing information. Wayne, NJ; 2007. Available from http://www.betapaceaf.com/PDF/ BetapaceAF-PI.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008.
    • (2007) Betapace AF (Sotalol) Prescribing Information
  • 92
    • 84924264588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pfizer, Inc. New York, NY; Available from Accessed November 17, 2008
    • Pfizer, Inc. Tikosyn (dofetilide) package insert. New York, NY; 2008. Available from http://www.tikosyn.com/pdf/PI-tikosyn.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008.
    • (2008) Tikosyn (Dofetilide) Package Insert
  • 93
    • 0033818001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dofetilide after twice daily and three times daily dosing
    • Allen MJ, Nichols DJ, Oliver SD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dofetilide after twice daily and three times daily dosing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:247-53.
    • (2000) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 247-253
    • Allen, M.J.1    Nichols, D.J.2    Oliver, S.D.3
  • 94
    • 20444456763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the quantitative prediction of dofetilide clinical QT prolongation from human ether-a-go-go-related gene current inhibition data
    • Jonker DM, Kenna LA, Leishman D, Wallis R, Milligan PA, Jonsson EN. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the quantitative prediction of dofetilide clinical QT prolongation from human ether-a-go-go-related gene current inhibition data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:572-82.
    • (2005) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.77 , pp. 572-582
    • Jonker, D.M.1    Kenna, L.A.2    Leishman, D.3    Wallis, R.4    Milligan, P.A.5    Jonsson, E.N.6
  • 95
    • 26444550865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the proarrhythmic potential of the novel antiarrhythmic agent AZD7009 and dofetilide in experimental models of torsades de pointes
    • Wu Y, Carlsson L, Liu T, Kowey Pr, Yan G-X. Assessment of the proarrhythmic potential of the novel antiarrhythmic agent AZD7009 and dofetilide in experimental models of torsades de pointes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:898-904.
    • (2005) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.16 , pp. 898-904
    • Wu, Y.1    Carlsson, L.2    Liu, T.3    Pr, K.4    Yan, G.-X.5
  • 96
    • 0037382246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sotalol and acute ventricular dilatation on action potential duration and dispersion of repolarization after defibrillation shocks
    • Kirchhof P, Milberg P, Eckardt L, Breithardt GN, Haverkamp W. Effect of sotalol and acute ventricular dilatation on action potential duration and dispersion of repolarization after defibrillation shocks. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003;41:640-8.
    • (2003) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.41 , pp. 640-648
    • Kirchhof, P.1    Milberg, P.2    Eckardt, L.3    Breithardt, G.N.4    Haverkamp, W.5
  • 97
    • 0033133393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiadrenergic effect of chronic amiodarone therapy in human heart failure
    • Kaye DM, Dart AM, Jennings GL, Esler MD. Antiadrenergic effect of chronic amiodarone therapy in human heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1553-9.
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 1553-1559
    • Kaye, D.M.1    Dart, A.M.2    Jennings, G.L.3    Esler, M.D.4
  • 100
    • 20844455583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term amiodarone administration remodels expression of ion channel transcripts in the mouse heart
    • Le Bouter S, El Harchi A, Marionneau C, et al. Long-term amiodarone administration remodels expression of ion channel transcripts in the mouse heart. Circulation 2004;110:3028-35.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 3028-3035
    • Le Bouter, S.1    El Harchi, A.2    Marionneau, C.3
  • 101
    • 45549094153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure
    • Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2678-87.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 2678-2687
    • Kober, L.1    Torp-Pedersen, C.2    McMurray, J.J.V.3
  • 102
    • 34548412826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter
    • Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJGM, et al. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med 2007;357:987-99.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 987-999
    • Singh, B.N.1    Connolly, S.J.2    Crijns, H.J.G.M.3
  • 103
    • 46349111138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations
    • Sicouri S, Glass A, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:1019-26.
    • (2008) Heart Rhythm , vol.5 , pp. 1019-1026
    • Sicouri, S.1    Glass, A.2    Belardinelli, L.3    Antzelevitch, C.4
  • 104
  • 105
    • 0348129532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: A randomized controlled trial
    • Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:309-16.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 309-316
    • Chaitman, B.R.1    Pepine, C.J.2    Parker, J.O.3
  • 106
    • 35148850168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ranolazine, an antianginal agent with novel electrophysiological properties on the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: Results from the metabolic efficiency with ranolazine for less ischemia in non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) randomized controlled trial
    • Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Hod H, et al. Effect of ranolazine, an antianginal agent with novel electrophysiological properties on the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: results from the metabolic efficiency with ranolazine for less ischemia in non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2007;116:1647-52.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 1647-1652
    • Scirica, B.M.1    Morrow, D.A.2    Hod, H.3
  • 107
    • 0020595805 scopus 로고
    • Mexiletine in the treatment of resistant ventricular arrhythmias: Enhancement of efficacy and reduction of dose-related side effects by combination with quinidine
    • Duff H, Roden D, Primm R, Oates J, Woosley R. Mexiletine in the treatment of resistant ventricular arrhythmias: enhancement of efficacy and reduction of dose-related side effects by combination with quinidine. Circulation 1983;67:1124-8. (Pubitemid 13099084)
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 1124-1128
    • Duff, H.J.1    Roden, D.2    Primm, R.K.3
  • 108
    • 0029125160 scopus 로고
    • Mexiletine antagonizes effects of sotalol on QT interval duration and its proarrhythmic effects in a canine model of torsade de pointes
    • Chézalviel-Guilbert F, Davy J-M, Poirier J-M, Weissenburger J. Mexiletine antagonizes effects of sotalol on QT interval duration and its proarrhythmic effects in a canine model of torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:787-92.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 787-792
    • Chézalviel-Guilbert, F.1    Davy, J.-M.2    Poirier, J.-M.3    Weissenburger, J.4
  • 109
    • 0031923253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of sotalol and quinidine in a canine model of torsades de pointes
    • Frederique C-G, Deplanne V, Davy J-M, et al. Combination of sotalol and quinidine in a canine model of torsades de pointes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:498-507.
    • (1998) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.9 , pp. 498-507
    • Frederique, C.-G.1    Deplanne, V.2    Davy, J.-M.3
  • 110
    • 0345701917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on the QT interval in patients receiving ibutilide
    • Caron MF, Kluger J, Tsikouris JP, Ritvo A, Kalus JS, White CM. Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on the QT interval in patients receiving ibutilide. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23: 296-300.
    • (2003) Pharmacotherapy , vol.23 , pp. 296-300
    • Caron, M.F.1    Kluger, J.2    Tsikouris, J.P.3    Ritvo, A.4    Kalus, J.S.5    White, C.M.6
  • 111
    • 0028032003 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute magnesium administration on the frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with heart failure
    • Sueta CA, Clarke SW, Dunlap SH, et al. Effect of acute magnesium administration on the frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1994;89:660-6.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , pp. 660-666
    • Sueta, C.A.1    Clarke, S.W.2    Dunlap, S.H.3
  • 112
    • 3042698830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model of effect of magnesium prophylaxis on frequency of torsades de pointes in ibutilide-treated patients
    • Coleman C, Kalus J, Caron M, Kluger J, White C. Model of effect of magnesium prophylaxis on frequency of torsades de pointes in ibutilide-treated patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004;61:685-8.
    • (2004) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.61 , pp. 685-688
    • Coleman, C.1    Kalus, J.2    Caron, M.3    Kluger, J.4    White, C.5
  • 113
    • 33744830894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovscular care. Part 7.2. Management of cardiac arrest
    • American Heart Association. 2005
    • American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovscular care. Part 7.2. Management of cardiac arrest. Circulation 2005;112(suppl 1):IV-58-66.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
  • 114
    • 0023773229 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiologic, inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects of propafenone, 5-hydroxypropafenone and Ndepropylpropafenone
    • Malfatto G, Zaza A, Forster M, Sodowick B, Danilo PJ, Rosen M. Electrophysiologic, inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects of propafenone, 5-hydroxypropafenone and Ndepropylpropafenone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;246: 419-26.
    • (1988) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.246 , pp. 419-426
    • Malfatto, G.1    Zaza, A.2    Forster, M.3    Sodowick, B.4    Danilo, P.J.5    Rosen, M.6
  • 115
    • 13944252558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sotalol versus propafenone for long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation
    • Kochiadakis GE, Igoumenidis NE, Hamilos ME, et al. Sotalol versus propafenone for long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1563-6.
    • (2004) Am J Cardiol , vol.94 , pp. 1563-1566
    • Kochiadakis, G.E.1    Igoumenidis, N.E.2    Hamilos, M.E.3
  • 116
    • 0035884729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term efficacy and safety of propafenone and sotalol for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01806-9, PII S0002914901018069
    • Bellandi F, Simonetti I, Leoncini M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of propafenone and sotalol for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:640-5. (Pubitemid 32831097)
    • (2001) American Journal of Cardiology , vol.88 , Issue.6 , pp. 640-645
    • Bellandi, F.1    Simonetti, I.2    Leoncini, M.3    Frascarelli, F.4    Giovannini, T.5    Maioli, M.6    Dabizzi, R.P.7
  • 117
    • 0033231798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic treatment by amiodarone on transmural heterogeneity of canine ventricular repolarization in vivo: Interactions with acute sotalol
    • Merot J, Charpentier F, Poirier J-M, Coutris G, Weissenburger J. Effects of chronic treatment by amiodarone on transmural heterogeneity of canine ventricular repolarization in vivo: interactions with acute sotalol. Cardiovasc Res 1999;44:303-14.
    • (1999) Cardiovasc Res , vol.44 , pp. 303-314
    • Merot, J.1    Charpentier, F.2    Poirier, J.-M.3    Coutris, G.4    Weissenburger, J.5
  • 118
    • 33845425922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative cardiac pathology among deaths due to cocaine toxicity, opioid toxicity and non-drug-related causes
    • Darke S, Kaye S, Duflou J. Comparative cardiac pathology among deaths due to cocaine toxicity, opioid toxicity and non-drug-related causes. Addiction 2006;101:1771-7.
    • (2006) Addiction , vol.101 , pp. 1771-1777
    • Darke, S.1    Kaye, S.2    Duflou, J.3
  • 119
    • 4444240593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of heroin addicts entering methadone maintenance treatment: Quality of life and gender
    • Puigdollers E, Domingo-Salvany A, Brugal T, et al. Characteristics of heroin addicts entering methadone maintenance treatment: quality of life and gender. Subst Use Misuse 2004;39:1353-68.
    • (2004) Subst Use Misuse , vol.39 , pp. 1353-1368
    • Puigdollers, E.1    Domingo-Salvany, A.2    Brugal, T.3
  • 120
    • 0038507402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: The enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial
    • Berkman L, Blummenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:3106-16.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 3106-3116
    • Berkman, L.1    Blummenthal, J.2    Burg, M.3
  • 121
    • 0034621493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study
    • Ferketich AK, Schwartzbaum JA, Frid DJ, Moeschberger ML. Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1261-8.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 1261-1268
    • Ferketich, A.K.1    Schwartzbaum, J.A.2    Frid, D.J.3    Moeschberger, M.L.4
  • 122
    • 34249887114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction
    • van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. British J Psychiatry 2007;190:460-6.
    • (2007) British J Psychiatry , vol.190 , pp. 460-466
    • Van Melle, J.P.1    De Jonge, P.2    Honig, A.3
  • 123
    • 34548176444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute psychosis leads to increased QT variability in patients suffering from schizophrenia
    • Bär K-J, Koschke M, Boettger MK, et al. Acute psychosis leads to increased QT variability in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007;95:115-23.
    • (2007) Schizophr Res , vol.95 , pp. 115-123
    • Bär, K.-J.1    Koschke, M.2    Boettger, M.K.3
  • 124
    • 33846624634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and metabolic risk in outpatients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics: Results of the CLAMORS study
    • Bobes J, Arango C, Aranda P, Carmena R, Garcia-Garcia M, Rejas J. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk in outpatients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics: results of the CLAMORS study. Schizophr Res 2007;90:162-73.
    • (2007) Schizophr Res , vol.90 , pp. 162-173
    • Bobes, J.1    Arango, C.2    Aranda, P.3    Carmena, R.4    Garcia-Garcia, M.5    Rejas, J.6
  • 125
    • 11844270509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome
    • Cohn T, Prud'homme D, Steiner D, Kameh H, Remington G. Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:753-60.
    • (2004) Can J Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 753-760
    • Cohn, T.1    Prud'Homme, D.2    Steiner, D.3    Kameh, H.4    Remington, G.5
  • 126
    • 19544393210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: The Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study
    • Saari K, Linderman S, Viilo K, et al. A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:559-63.
    • (2005) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.66 , pp. 559-563
    • Saari, K.1    Linderman, S.2    Viilo, K.3
  • 127
    • 0027493294 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between QTc interval duration and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction
    • Stajer D, Mozina H, Noc M, Rode P. Correlation between QTc interval duration and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 1993;26:333-40.
    • (1993) J Electrocardiol , vol.26 , pp. 333-340
    • Stajer, D.1    Mozina, H.2    Noc, M.3    Rode, P.4
  • 128
    • 34247210196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereoselective block of hERG channel by (S)-methadone and QT interval prolongation in CYP2B6 slow metabolizers
    • Eap CB, Crettol S, Rougier JS, et al. Stereoselective block of hERG channel by (S)-methadone and QT interval prolongation in CYP2B6 slow metabolizers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81:719-28.
    • (2007) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.81 , pp. 719-728
    • Eap, C.B.1    Crettol, S.2    Rougier, J.S.3
  • 131
    • 37149031066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial
    • Wedam EF, Bigelow GE, Johnson RE, Nuzzo PA, Haigney MCP. QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:2469-75.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 2469-2475
    • Wedam, E.F.1    Bigelow, G.E.2    Johnson, R.E.3    Nuzzo, P.A.4    Haigney, M.C.P.5
  • 132
    • 69049105442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction
    • Oviedo-Joekes E, Brissette S, Marsh DC, et al. Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. N Engl J Med 2009;361:777-86.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.361 , pp. 777-786
    • Oviedo-Joekes, E.1    Brissette, S.2    Marsh, D.C.3
  • 133
    • 37049003034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Texas medication algorithm project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2006 update
    • Moore TA, Buchanan RW, Buckley PF, et al. The Texas medication algorithm project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2006 update. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1751-62.
    • (2007) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 1751-1762
    • Moore, T.A.1    Buchanan, R.W.2    Buckley, P.F.3
  • 134
    • 33748945158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of agitation in mental illness: Treatment guidelines and current therapies
    • Marder S. A review of agitation in mental illness: treatment guidelines and current therapies. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(suppl 10):13-21. (Pubitemid 44433622)
    • (2006) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.67 , Issue.SUPPL. 10 , pp. 13-21
    • Marder, S.R.1
  • 135
    • 33745399855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of antipsychotic drugs on Ito,INa,Isus,IK1, and hERG: QT prolongation, structure activity relationship, and network analysis
    • Crumb W, Ekins S, Sarazan R, et al. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on Ito ,INa,Isus,IK1, and hERG: QT prolongation, structure activity relationship , and network analysis. Pharm Res 2006;23:1133-43.
    • (2006) Pharm Res , vol.23 , pp. 1133-1143
    • Crumb, W.1    Ekins, S.2    Sarazan, R.3
  • 136
    • 0037118903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs
    • Kongsamut S, Kang J, Chen X-L, Roehr J, Rampe D. A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;450:37-41.
    • (2002) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.450 , pp. 37-41
    • Kongsamut, S.1    Kang, J.2    Chen, X.-L.3    Roehr, J.4    Rampe, D.5
  • 137
    • 0003485638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous FDA psychopharmacological drugs advisory committee, July 19, Available from
    • Anonymous. Study 054. Briefing document for Zeldox capsules (ziprasidone HCL). FDA psychopharmacological drugs advisory committee, July 19, 2000. Available from http:// www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3619b1a.pdf.
    • (2000) Study 054. Briefing Document for Zeldox Capsules (Ziprasidone HCL)
  • 139
    • 0442323094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic factors in the adverse cardiovascular effects of antipsychotic drugs
    • Brown CS, Farmer RG, Soberman JE, Eichner SF. Pharmacokinetic factors in the adverse cardiovascular effects of antipsychotic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:33-56.
    • (2004) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.43 , pp. 33-56
    • Brown, C.S.1    Farmer, R.G.2    Soberman, J.E.3    Eichner, S.F.4
  • 140
    • 0037780747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual rate dependent cardiac electrophysiological effects of haloperidol: Slowing of intraventricular conduction and lengthening of repolarization
    • Mörl D, Agneter E, Krivanek P, Koppatz K, Todt H. Dual rate dependent cardiac electrophysiological effects of haloperidol: slowing of intraventricular conduction and lengthening of repolarization. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003;41:870-9.
    • (2003) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.41 , pp. 870-879
    • Mörl, D.1    Agneter, E.2    Krivanek, P.3    Koppatz, K.4    Todt, H.5
  • 141
    • 0034963201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes associated with chlorpromazine: Case report and review of associated ventricular arrhythmias
    • Hoehns JD, Stanford RH, Geraets DR, Skelly KS, Lee HC, Gaul BL. Torsades de pointes associated with chlorpromazine: case report and review of associated ventricular arrhythmias. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:871-83.
    • (2001) Pharmacotherapy , vol.21 , pp. 871-883
    • Hoehns, J.D.1    Stanford, R.H.2    Geraets, D.R.3    Skelly, K.S.4    Lee, H.C.5    Gaul, B.L.6
  • 142
    • 0035200703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of intravenous haloperidol on QT interval dispersion in critically ill patients: Comparison with QT interval prolongation for assessment of risk of torsades de pointes
    • Tisdale JE, Rasty S, Padhi ID, Sharma ND, Rosman H. The effect of intravenous haloperidol on QT interval dispersion in critically ill patients: comparison with QT interval prolongation for assessment of risk of torsades de pointes. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:1310-18.
    • (2001) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.41 , pp. 1310-1318
    • Tisdale, J.E.1    Rasty, S.2    Padhi, I.D.3    Sharma, N.D.4    Rosman, H.5
  • 143
    • 34250354021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipsychotic drugs and QTc prolongation: The potential role of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism
    • Dorado P, Berecz R, Penas-Lledo EM, Llerena A. Antipsychotic drugs and QTc prolongation: the potential role of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007;3:9-19.
    • (2007) Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol , vol.3 , pp. 9-19
    • Dorado, P.1    Berecz, R.2    Penas-Lledo, E.M.3    Llerena, A.4
  • 145
    • 0033773489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes secondary to intravenous haloperidol after coronary bypass grafting surgery
    • Perrault LP, Denault AY, Carrier M, Cartier R, Belisle S. Torsades de pointes secondary to intravenous haloperidol after coronary bypass grafting surgery. Can J Anesth 2000;47:251-4.
    • (2000) Can J Anesth , vol.47 , pp. 251-254
    • Perrault, L.P.1    Denault, A.Y.2    Carrier, M.3    Cartier, R.4    Belisle, S.5
  • 146
    • 0032518968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes associated with intravenous haloperidol in critically ill patients
    • Sharma ND, Rosman HS, Padhi ID, Tisdale JE. Torsades de pointes associated with intravenous haloperidol in critically ill patients. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:238-40.
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.81 , pp. 238-240
    • Sharma, N.D.1    Rosman, H.S.2    Padhi, I.D.3    Tisdale, J.E.4
  • 147
    • 0035062824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the QTc interval during olanzapine treatment of patients with schizophrenia and related psychosis
    • Czekalla J, Beasley C, Dellva M, Berg P, Grundy S. Analysis of the QTc interval during olanzapine treatment of patients with schizophrenia and related psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:191-8. (Pubitemid 32270094)
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-198
    • Czekalla, J.1    Beasley Jr., C.M.2    Dellva, M.A.3    Berg, P.H.4    Grundy, S.5
  • 149
    • 0037410337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: Safety and tolerability in shortterm, placebo-controlled trials
    • Marder SR, McQuade RD, Stock E, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability in shortterm, placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr Res 2003;61:123-36.
    • (2003) Schizophr Res , vol.61 , pp. 123-136
    • Marder, S.R.1    McQuade, R.D.2    Stock, E.3
  • 150
    • 0036468699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible association of QTc interval prolongation with co-administration of quetiapine and lovastatin
    • Furst BA, Champion KM, Pierre JM, Wirshing DA, Wirshing WC. Possible association of QTc interval prolongation with co-administration of quetiapine and lovastatin. Biologic Psychiatry 2002;51:264-5.
    • (2002) Biologic Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 264-265
    • Furst, B.A.1    Champion, K.M.2    Pierre, J.M.3    Wirshing, D.A.4    Wirshing, W.C.5
  • 151
    • 25644434889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes in a patient with complex medical and psychiatric conditions receiving low-dose quetiapine
    • Vieweg WVR, Schneider RK, Ma W. Torsade de pointes in a patient with complex medical and psychiatric conditions receiving low-dose quetiapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;112:318-22.
    • (2005) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.112 , pp. 318-322
    • Vieweg, W.V.R.1    Schneider, R.K.2    Ma, W.3
  • 152
    • 33847209254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired long QT syndrome: Risperidone-facilitated triggered activity and torsades de pointes during complete AV block
    • Raviña T, Raviña P, Gutierrez J. Acquired long QT syndrome: risperidone-facilitated triggered activity and torsades de pointes during complete AV block. Int J Cardiol 2007;116: 416-20.
    • (2007) Int J Cardiol , vol.116 , pp. 416-420
    • Raviña, T.1    Raviña, P.2    Gutierrez, J.3
  • 153
    • 3242732096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QTc interval, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes and risperidone plasma concentrations
    • Llerena A, Berecz R, Dorado P, de la Rubia A. QTc interval, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes and risperidone plasma concentrations. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18:189-93.
    • (2004) J Psychopharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 189-193
    • Llerena, A.1    Berecz, R.2    Dorado, P.3    De La Rubia, A.4
  • 154
    • 23944498595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New generation antipsychotic drugs and QTc interval prolongation
    • Vieweg W. New generation antipsychotic drugs and QTc interval prolongation. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2003;5:205-15.
    • (2003) Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 205-215
    • Vieweg, W.1
  • 155
    • 45849103106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proarrhythmic potential of antimicrobial agents
    • Simko J, Csilek A, Karaszi J, Lorincz I. Proarrhythmic potential of antimicrobial agents. Infection 2008;36:194-206.
    • (2008) Infection , vol.36 , pp. 194-206
    • Simko, J.1    Csilek, A.2    Karaszi, J.3    Lorincz, I.4
  • 156
    • 0037100316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concomitant risk factors in reports of torsades de pointes associated with macrolide use: Review of the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system
    • Shaffer D, Singer S, Korvick J, Honig P. Concomitant risk factors in reports of torsades de pointes associated with macrolide use: review of the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:197-200.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 197-200
    • Shaffer, D.1    Singer, S.2    Korvick, J.3    Honig, P.4
  • 157
    • 33744529577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes induced by antibiotics
    • Justo D, Zeltser D. Torsades de pointes induced by antibiotics. Eur J Intern Med 2006;17:254-9.
    • (2006) Eur J Intern Med , vol.17 , pp. 254-259
    • Justo, D.1    Zeltser, D.2
  • 158
    • 0024994542 scopus 로고
    • Erythromycin-induced long QT syndrome: Concordance with quinidine and underlying cellular electrophysiologic mechanism
    • Nattel S, Ranger S, Talajic M, Lemery R, Roy D. Erythromycin-induced long QT syndrome: concordance with quinidine and underlying cellular electrophysiologic mechanism. Am J Med 1990;89:235-8.
    • (1990) Am J Med , vol.89 , pp. 235-238
    • Nattel, S.1    Ranger, S.2    Talajic, M.3    Lemery, R.4    Roy, D.5
  • 159
    • 0344034363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the inhibitory effects of erythromycin and clarithromycin on the HERG potassium channel
    • Stanat SJ, Carlton CG, Crumb WJ Jr, Agrawal KC, Clarkson CW. Characterization of the inhibitory effects of erythromycin and clarithromycin on the HERG potassium channel. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;254:1-7.
    • (2003) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.254 , pp. 1-7
    • Stanat, S.J.1    Carlton, C.G.2    Crumb Jr., W.J.3    Agrawal, K.C.4    Clarkson, C.W.5
  • 160
    • 0036089685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of human cardiac potassium channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) by macrolide antibiotics
    • Volberg WA, Koci BJ, Su W, Lin J, Zhou J. Blockade of human cardiac potassium channel human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) by macrolide
    • (2002) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.302 , pp. 320-327
    • Volberg, W.A.1    Koci, B.J.2    Su, W.3    Lin, J.4    Zhou, J.5
  • 161
    • 0027374247 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological mechanisms in a canine model of erythromycin- Associated long QT syndrome
    • Rubart M, Pressler M, Pride H, Zipes D. Electrophysiological mechanisms in a canine model of erythromycin-associated long QT syndrome. Circulation 1993;88:1832-44. (Pubitemid 23296931)
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , Issue.4 I , pp. 1832-1844
    • Rubart, M.1    Pressler, M.L.2    Pride, H.P.3    Zipes, D.P.4
  • 162
    • 0030468097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes
    • Antzelevitch CS, Zhang ZQ, Yan GX. Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1836-48.
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1836-1848
    • Antzelevitch, C.S.1    Zhang, Z.Q.2    Yan, G.X.3
  • 163
    • 0036784524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macrolide antibiotics despite similar QT prolongation: Fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes
    • Milberg P, Eckardt L, Bruns HJ, et al. Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macrolide antibiotics despite similar QT prolongation: fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303:218-25.
    • (2002) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.303 , pp. 218-225
    • Milberg, P.1    Eckardt, L.2    Bruns, H.J.3
  • 164
    • 0018868749 scopus 로고
    • Intersubject and dose-related variability after intravenous administration of erythromycin
    • Austin KL, Mather LE, Philpot CR, McDonald PJ. Intersubject and dose-related variability after intravenous administration of erythromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980;10:273-9.
    • (1980) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 273-279
    • Austin, K.L.1    Mather, L.E.2    Philpot, C.R.3    McDonald, P.J.4
  • 165
    • 0025350486 scopus 로고
    • Association of intravenous erythromycin and potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia with Q-T prolongation (torsades de pointes)
    • Schoenenberger RA, Haefeli WE, Weiss P, Ritz RF. Association of intravenous erythromycin and potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia with Q-T prolongation (torsades de pointes). BMJ 1990;300:1375-6.
    • (1990) BMJ , vol.300 , pp. 1375-1376
    • Schoenenberger, R.A.1    Haefeli, W.E.2    Weiss, P.3    Ritz, R.F.4
  • 166
    • 0029661890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QTc-interval prolongation associated with slow intravenous erythromycin lactobionate infusions in critically ill patients: A prospective evaluation and review of the literature
    • Tschida SJ, Guay DRP, Straka RJ, Hoey LL, Johanning R, Vance-Bryan K. QTc-interval prolongation associated with slow intravenous erythromycin lactobionate infusions in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:663-74.
    • (1996) Pharmacotherapy , vol.16 , pp. 663-674
    • Tschida, S.J.1    Guay, D.R.P.2    Straka, R.J.3    Hoey, L.L.4    Johanning, R.5    Vance-Bryan, K.6
  • 167
    • 0031944690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT prolongation and torsades de pointes associated with clarithromycin
    • Lee KL, Jim MH, Tang SC, Tai YT. QT prolongation and torsades de pointes associated with clarithromycin. Am J Med 1998;104:395-6.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.104 , pp. 395-396
    • Lee, K.L.1    Jim, M.H.2    Tang, S.C.3    Tai, Y.T.4
  • 168
    • 0033020413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarithromycin associated with torsades de pointes
    • Kamochi H, Nii T, Eguchi K, et al. Clarithromycin associated with torsades de pointes. Jpn Circ J 1999;63:421-2.
    • (1999) Jpn Circ J , vol.63 , pp. 421-422
    • Kamochi, H.1    Nii, T.2    Eguchi, K.3
  • 169
    • 0032918379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in healthy poor and extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
    • Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Flockhart DA. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in healthy poor and extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:10-20.
    • (1999) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.65 , pp. 10-20
    • Desta, Z.1    Kerbusch, T.2    Flockhart, D.A.3
  • 170
    • 0034072788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mechanism of a fatal clarithromycin-pimozide interaction in a patient with Tourette syndrome
    • Flockhart DA, Drici MD, Kerbusch T, et al. Studies on the mechanism of a fatal clarithromycin-pimozide interaction in a patient with Tourette syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:317-24.
    • (2000) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.20 , pp. 317-324
    • Flockhart, D.A.1    Drici, M.D.2    Kerbusch, T.3
  • 171
    • 0032947319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia induced by clarithromycin and disopyramide in the presence of hypokalemia
    • Hayashi Y, Ikeda U, Hashimoto T, Watanabe T, Mitsuhashi T, Shimada K. Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia induced by clarithromycin and disopyramide in the presence of hypokalemia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22:672-4.
    • (1999) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.22 , pp. 672-674
    • Hayashi, Y.1    Ikeda, U.2    Hashimoto, T.3    Watanabe, T.4    Mitsuhashi, T.5    Shimada, K.6
  • 172
    • 0031016540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening interaction between clarithromycin and disopyramide
    • Paar D, Terjung B, Sauerbruch T. Life-threatening interaction between clarithromycin and disopyramide. Lancet 1997;349:326-7.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 326-327
    • Paar, D.1    Terjung, B.2    Sauerbruch, T.3
  • 173
    • 0030866771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes in two chronic renal failure patients treated with cisapride and clarithromycin
    • Sekkarie MA. Torsades de pointes in two chronic renal failure patients treated with cisapride and clarithromycin. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;30:437-9.
    • (1997) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.30 , pp. 437-439
    • Sekkarie, M.A.1
  • 174
    • 2942560844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT prolongation with antimicrobial agents: Understanding the significance
    • Owens RC Jr. QT prolongation with antimicrobial agents: understanding the significance. Drugs 2004;64:1091-124.
    • (2004) Drugs , vol.64 , pp. 1091-1124
    • Owens Jr., R.C.1
  • 175
    • 0035814612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of torsades de pointes with non-cardiac drugs: Prolongation of QT interval is probably a class effect of fluoroquinolones
    • Iannini PB, Doddamani S, Byazrova E, Curciumaru I, Kramer H. Risk of torsades de pointes with non-cardiac drugs: prolongation of QT interval is probably a class effect of fluoroquinolones. BMJ 2001;322:46-7.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 46-47
    • Iannini, P.B.1    Doddamani, S.2    Byazrova, E.3    Curciumaru, I.4    Kramer, H.5
  • 176
    • 0035207325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents on the action potential duration in guinea pig ventricular myocardia
    • Hagiwara T, Satoh S, Kasai Y, Takasuna K. A comparative study of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents on the action potential duration in guinea pig ventricular myocardia. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001;87:231-4. (Pubitemid 33815528)
    • (2001) Journal of Pharmacological Sciences , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-234
    • Hagiwara, T.1    Satoh, S.2    Kasai, Y.3    Takasuna, K.4
  • 177
    • 0034525584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a single oral dose of moxifloxacin (400 mg and 800 mg) on ventricular repolarization in healthy subjects
    • Demolis JL, Kubitza D, Tenneze L, Funck-Brentano C. Effect of a single oral dose of moxifloxacin (400 mg and 800 mg) on ventricular repolarization in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:658-66.
    • (2000) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.68 , pp. 658-666
    • Demolis, J.L.1    Kubitza, D.2    Tenneze, L.3    Funck-Brentano, C.4
  • 179
    • 0032737725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes in a patient receiving fluconazole [case report]
    • Wassmann S, Nickenig G, Bohm M. Long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes in a patient receiving fluconazole [case report]. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:797.
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.131 , pp. 797
    • Wassmann, S.1    Nickenig, G.2    Bohm, M.3
  • 181
    • 0036896408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probable case of torsades de pointes induced by fluconazole
    • Khazan M, Mathis AS. Probable case of torsades de pointes induced by fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:1632-7.
    • (2002) Pharmacotherapy , vol.22 , pp. 1632-1637
    • Khazan, M.1    Mathis, A.S.2
  • 182
    • 33646493387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes upon fluconazole administration in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia
    • Tatetsu H, Asou N, Nakamura M, et al. Torsades de pointes upon fluconazole administration in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2006;81:366-9.
    • (2006) Am J Hematol , vol.81 , pp. 366-369
    • Tatetsu, H.1    Asou, N.2    Nakamura, M.3
  • 183
    • 21844457312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voriconazole-induced QT interval prolongation and ventricular tachycardia: A non-concentration-dependent adverse effect
    • Alkan Y, Haefeli WE, Burhenne J, Stein J, Yaniv I, Shalit I. Voriconazole-induced QT interval prolongation and ventricular tachycardia: a non-concentration-dependent adverse effect. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:e49-52.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39
    • Alkan, Y.1    Haefeli, W.E.2    Burhenne, J.3    Stein, J.4    Yaniv, I.5    Shalit, I.6
  • 185
    • 34247889989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inherited long QT syndrome revealed by antifungals drug-drug interaction
    • Eiden C, Peyriere H, Tichit R, et al. Inherited long QT syndrome revealed by antifungals drug-drug interaction. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007;32:321-4.
    • (2007) J Clin Pharm Ther , vol.32 , pp. 321-324
    • Eiden, C.1    Peyriere, H.2    Tichit, R.3
  • 186
    • 34548276036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecularly targeted oncology therapeutics and prolongation of the QT interval
    • Strevel E, Ing DJ, Siu LL. Molecularly targeted oncology therapeutics and prolongation of the QT interval. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3362-71.
    • (2007) J Clin Oncol , vol.25 , pp. 3362-3371
    • Strevel, E.1    Ing, D.J.2    Siu, L.L.3
  • 189
    • 67349107675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover, NJ
    • Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Tasigna (nilotinib) prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ; 2007.
    • (2007) Tasigna (Nilotinib) Prescribing Information
  • 191
    • 42049098575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II testing of sunitinib: The National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group IND program trials IND182-185
    • Buckstein R, Meyer RM, Seymour L, et al. Phase II testing of sunitinib: the National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group IND program trials IND182-185. Curr Oncol 2007;14:154-61.
    • (2007) Curr Oncol , vol.14 , pp. 154-161
    • Buckstein, R.1    Meyer, R.M.2    Seymour, L.3
  • 192
    • 27144517504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Comprehensive Cancer Network. version 1.2010. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network
    • National Comprehensive Cancer Network. The NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology, acute myeloid leukemia (version 1.2010). Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2009.
    • (2009) The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Acute Myeloid Leukemia
  • 193
    • 0035884639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia
    • Soignet SL, Frankel SR, Douer D, et al. United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3852-60.
    • (2001) J Clin Oncol , vol.19 , pp. 3852-3860
    • Soignet, S.L.1    Frankel, S.R.2    Douer, D.3
  • 194
    • 0035283137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes in 3 patients with leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide
    • Unnikrishnan D, Dutcher JP, Varshneya N, et al. Torsades de pointes in 3 patients with leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide. Blood 2001;97:1514-16.
    • (2001) Blood , vol.97 , pp. 1514-1516
    • Unnikrishnan, D.1    Dutcher, J.P.2    Varshneya, N.3
  • 199
    • 34249779557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based review of the black-box warning for droperidol
    • Jackson CW, Sheehan AH, Reddan JG. Evidence-based review of the black-box warning for droperidol. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64:1174-86.
    • (2007) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.64 , pp. 1174-1186
    • Jackson, C.W.1    Sheehan, A.H.2    Reddan, J.G.3
  • 200
    • 34748849489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does low-dose droperidol administration increase the risk of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes in the general surgical population?
    • Nuttall GA, Eckerman KM, Jacob KA, et al. Does low-dose droperidol administration increase the risk of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes in the general surgical population? Anesthesiology 2007;107:531-6.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.107 , pp. 531-536
    • Nuttall, G.A.1    Eckerman, K.M.2    Jacob, K.A.3
  • 201
    • 0037407990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Drug Administration black box warning on the perioperative use of droperidol: A review of the cases
    • Habib AS, Gan TJ. Food and Drug Administration black box warning on the perioperative use of droperidol: a review of the cases. Anesth Analg 2003;96:1377-9.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 1377-1379
    • Habib, A.S.1    Gan, T.J.2
  • 203
    • 36749056453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hERG channel trafficking: Novel targets in drug-induced long QT syndrome
    • Dennis A, Wang L, Wan X, Ficker E. hERG channel trafficking: novel targets in drug-induced long QT syndrome. Biochem Soc Trans 2007;035:1060-3.
    • (2007) Biochem Soc Trans , vol.35 , pp. 1060-1063
    • Dennis, A.1    Wang, L.2    Wan, X.3    Ficker, E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.