Novel Therapeutic Targets

Cancer Treatment and Research

Volumn 149, Issue , 2009, Pages 63-84

  Farley, John ^a,b   Birrer, Michael J ^c  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 (2 CHLORO 4 IODOANILINO) N CYCLOPROPYLMETHOXY 3,4 DIFLUOROBENZAMIDE; 2 (2 METHYL 2 PYRROLIDINYL) 1H BENZIMIDAZOLE 4 CARBOXAMIDE; 4 [3 CHLORO 4 (2 PYRIDINYLMETHOXY)ANILINO] 3 CYANO 6 (4 DIMETHYLAMINOCROTONAMIDO) 7 ETHOXYQUINOLINE; 5 (4 BROMO 2 CHLOROANILINO) 4 FLUORO 1 METHYL 1H BENZIMIDAZOLE 6 CARBOHYDROXAMIC ACID 2 HYDROXYETHYL ESTER; 6 [4 (4 ETHYL 1 PIPERAZINYLMETHYL)PHENYL] 4 (ALPHA METHYLBENZYLAMINO) 7H PYRROLO[2,3 D]PYRIMIDINE; 7 HYDROXYSTAUROSPORINE; AFLIBERCEPT; AG 014699; BEVACIZUMAB; CANERTINIB; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEFOROLIMUS; ERLOTINIB; EVEROLIMUS; GEFITINIB; GPI 21016; IMATINIB; INO 1001; KU 00559436; LAPATINIB; LONAFARNIB; MATUZUMAB; MOTESANIB; PACLITAXEL; PANITUMUMAB; PELITINIB; PERTUZUMAB; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; RAPAMYCIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VOLOCIXIMAB;

CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER THERAPY; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTESTINE PERFORATION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; OVARY CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG DESIGN; FEMALE; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; HUMANS; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES;

EID: 77953654663     PISSN: 09273042     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_3     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:71-96.
2. Bhoola S, Hoskins WJ. Diagnosis and management of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1399-1410.
3. Cannistra SA. Cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2519-2529.
4. Piccart MJ, Bertelsen K, Stuart G, et al. Long-term follow-up confirms a survival advantage of the paclitaxel-cisplatin regimen over the cyclophosphamide-cisplatin combination in advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003;13(Suppl 2):144-148.
5. Tummala MK, McGuire WP. Recurrent ovarian cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2005;3:723-736.
6. Heinrich MC, Blanke CD, Druker BJ, Corless CL. Inhibition of KIT tyrosine kinase activity: a novel molecular approach to the treatment of KIT-positive malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1692-1703.
7. Demetri GD. Targeting c-kit mutations in solid tumors: scientific rationale and novel therapeutic options. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:19-26.
8. Mauro MJ, Druker BJ. STI571: targeting BCR-ABL as therapy for CML. Oncologist. 2001;6:233-238.
9. Bookman MA. Biologic therapies for gynecologic cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 1995;7:478-484.
10. Bookman MA. Biological therapy of ovarian cancer: current directions. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:381-396.
11. Darcy KM, Schilder RJ. Relevant molecular markers and targets. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:S6-S13.
12. Goel S, Mani S, Perez-Soler R. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a clinical perspective. Curr Oncol Rep. 2002;4:9-19.
13. Folkman J. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1757-1763.
14. Aguilar Z, Akita RW, Finn RS, et al. Biologic effects of heregulin/neu differentiation factor on normal and malignant human breast and ovarian epithelial cells. Oncogene. 1999;18:6050-6062.
15. Pegram M, Hsu S, Lewis G, et al. Inhibitory effects of combinations of HER-2/neu antibody and chemotherapeutic agents used for treatment of human breast cancers. Oncogene. 1999;18:2241-2251.
16. Martin L, Schilder R. Novel approaches in advancing the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer: the role of angiogenesis inhibition. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2894-2901.
17. Veikkola T, Karkkainen M, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K. Regulation of angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cancer Res. 2000;60:203-212. (Pubitemid 30070735)
18. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 1996;86:353-364.
19. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70.
20. Abulafia O, Triest WE, Sherer DM. Angiogenesis in malignancies of the female genital tract. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;72:220-231.
21. Paley PJ, Staskus KA, Gebhard K, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in early stage ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80:98-106.
22. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med. 1995;1:149-153.
23. Li CY, Shan S, Huang Q, et al. Initial stages of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis: evaluation via skin window chambers in rodent models. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:143-147.
24. Verhoef C, de Wilt JH, Verheul HM. Angiogenesis inhibitors: perspectives for medical, surgical and radiation oncology. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:2623-2630.
25. Yokoyama Y, Dhanabal M, Griffioen AW, Sukhatme VP, Ramakrishnan S. Synergy between angiostatin and endostatin: inhibition of ovarian cancer growth. Cancer Res. 2000;60:2190-2196.
26. Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1539-1544.
27. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2335-2342.
28. Burger RA, Sill MW, Monk BJ, Greer BE, Sorosky JI. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5165-5171.
29. Monk BJ, Han E, Josephs-Cowan CA, Pugmire G, Burger RA. Salvage bevacizumab (rhuMAB VEGF)-based therapy after multiple prior cytotoxic regimens in advanced refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102:140-144.
30. Chura JC, Van Iseghem K, Downs LS Jr, Carson LF, Judson PL. Bevacizumab plus cyclophosphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:326-330.
31. Arora N, Tewari D, Cowan C, Saffari B, Monk BJ, Burger RA. Bevacizumab demonstrates activity in advanced refractory fallopian tube carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008;18:369-372.
32. Agus DB, Bunn PA Jr, Franklin W, Garcia M, Ozols RF. HER-2/neu as a therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol. 2000;27:53-63; discussion 92-100.
33. Christensen JG, Schreck RE, Chan E, et al. High levels of HER-2 expression alter the ability of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family tyrosine kinase inhibitors to inhibit EGFR phosphorylation in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7: 4230-4238.
34. Cuello M, Ettenberg SA, Clark AS, et al. Down-regulation of the erbB-2 receptor by trastuzumab (herceptin) enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines that overexpress erbB- 2. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4892-4900.
35. Franklin WA, Veve R, Hirsch FR, Helfrich BA, Bunn PA Jr. Epidermal growth factor receptor family in lung cancer and premalignancy. Semin Oncol. 2002;29:3-14.
36. Kumar R, Mandal M, Vadlamudi R. New insights into anti-HER-2 receptor monoclonal antibody research. Semin Oncol. 2000;27:84-91; discussion 2-100.
37. Lei W, Mayotte JE, Levitt ML. EGF-dependent and independent programmed cell death pathways in NCI-H596 nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;245:939-945.
38. Leu CM, Chang C, Hu C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) suppresses staurosporineinduced apoptosis by inducing mcl-1 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Oncogene. 2000;19:1665-1675.
39. Arteaga CL, Khuri F, Krystal G, Sebti S. Overview of rationale and clinical trials with signal transduction inhibitors in lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 2002;29:15-26.
40. Hackel PO, Zwick E, Prenzel N, Ullrich A. Epidermal growth factor receptors: critical mediators of multiple receptor pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999;11:184-189.
41. Hunter T. Signaling-2000 and beyond. Cell. 2000;100:113-127.
42. Riese DJ 2nd, Stern DF. Specificity within the EGF family/ErbB receptor family signaling network. Bioessays. 1998;20:41-48.
43. Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX. Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001;2:127-137.
44. Gullick WJ, Marsden JJ, Whittle N, Ward B, Bobrow L, Waterfield MD. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors on human cervical, ovarian, and vulval carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1986;46:285-292.
45. Scoccia B, Lee YM, Niederberger C, Ilekis JV. Expression of the ErbB family of receptors in ovarian cancer. J Soc Gynecol Invest. 1998;5:161-165.
46. Goff BA, Shy K, Greer BE, Muntz HG, Skelly M, Gown AM. Overexpression and relationships of HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, Ki-67, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1996;17: 487-492.
47. Fan Z, Lu Y, Wu X, Mendelsohn J. Antibody-induced epidermal growth factor receptor dimerization mediates inhibition of autocrine proliferation of A431 squamous carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:27595-27602.
48. Mendelsohn J. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by a monoclonal antibody as anticancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:2703-2707.
49. Divgi CR, Welt S, Kris M, et al. Phase I and imaging trial of indium 111-labeled antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody 225 in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83:97-104.
50. Bookman MA, Darcy KM, Clarke-Pearson D, Boothby RA, Horowitz IR. Evaluation of monoclonal humanized anti-HER2 antibody, trastuzumab, in patients with recurrent or refractory ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma with overexpression of HER2: a phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:283-290.
51. Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2639-2648.
52. Serrano-Olvera A, Duenas-Gonzalez A, Gallardo-Rincon D, Candelaria M, De la Garza-Salazar J. Prognostic, predictive and therapeutic implications of HER2 in invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2006;32:180-190.
53. Heymach JV, Nilsson M, Blumenschein G, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Herbst R. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in development for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:4441s-4445s.
54. Seiden MV, Burris HA, Matulonis U, et al. A phase II trial of EMD72000 (matuzumab), a humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian and primary peritoneal malignancies. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104:727-731.
55. Gordon MS, Matei D, Aghajanian C, et al. Clinical activity of pertuzumab (rhuMAb 2C4), a HER dimerization inhibitor, in advanced ovarian cancer: potential predictive relationship with tumor HER2 activation status. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4324-4332.
56. Al-Obeidi FA, Lam KS. Development of inhibitors for protein tyrosine kinases. Oncogene. 2000;19:5690-5701.
57. Baselga J, Averbuch SD. ZD1839 ('Iressa') as an anticancer agent. Drugs. 2000;60(Suppl 1):33-40; discussion 1-2.
58. Bianco C, Bianco R, Tortora G, et al. Antitumor activity of combined treatment of human cancer cells with ionizing radiation and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody C225 plus type I protein kinase A antisense oligonucleotide. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:4343-4350. (Pubitemid 30840187)
59. Ciardiello F, Bianco R, Damiano V, et al. Antitumor activity of sequential treatment with topotecan and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody C225. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:909-916.
60. Sewell JM, Macleod KG, Ritchie A, Smyth JF, Langdon SP. Targeting the EGF receptor in ovarian cancer with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD 1839 ("Iressa"). Br J Cancer. 2002;86:456-462.
61. Schilder RJ, Sill MW, Chen X, et al. Phase II study of gefitinib in patients with relapsed or persistent ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma and evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and immunohistochemical expression: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:5539-5548.
62. Gordon AN, Finkler N, Edwards RP, et al. Efficacy and safety of erlotinib HCl, an epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: results from a phase II multicenter study. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005;15:785-792.
63. Kwak EL, Sordella R, Bell DW, et al. Irreversible inhibitors of the EGF receptor may circumvent acquired resistance to gefitinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102: 7665-7670.
64. Campos S, Hamid O, Seiden MV, et al. Multicenter, randomized phase II trial of oral CI-1033 for previously treated advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5597-5604.
65. Arteaga CL. Epidermal growth factor receptor dependence in human tumors: more than just expression? Oncologist. 2002;7(Suppl 4):31-39.
66. Druker BJ. David A. Karnofsky Award lecture. Imatinib as a paradigm of targeted therapies. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:239s-245s.
67. Inoue M, Kyo S, Fujita M, Enomoto T, Kondoh G. Coexpression of the c-kit receptor and the stem cell factor in gynecological tumors. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3049-3053.
68. Alberts DS, Liu PY, Wilczynski SP, et al. Phase II trial of imatinib mesylate in recurrent, biomarker positive, ovarian cancer (Southwest Oncology Group Protocol S0211). Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:784-788.
69. Teneriello MG, Ebina M, Linnoila RI, et al. p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Res. 1993;53:3103-3108.
70. Annunziata CM, Azad N, Hoskins E, Kohn EC. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. In: Hoskins WJ YRC, Markman M, Perez CA, Barakat R, Randall M, eds. Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: In press.
71. Alonio LV, Picconi MA, Dalbert D, et al. Haras oncogene mutation associated to progression of papillomavirus induced lesions of uterine cervix. J Clin Virol. 2003; 27:263-269.
72. Sun J, Blaskovich MA, Knowles D, et al. Antitumor efficacy of a novel class of non-thiolcontaining peptidomimetic inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I: combination therapy with the cytotoxic agents cisplatin, Taxol, and gemcitabine. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4919-4926.
73. Hutson TE. Safety and tolerability of sorafenib in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: a phase III overview. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7:1193-1202.
74. Gao N, Flynn DC, Zhang Z, et al. G1 cell cycle progression and the expression of G1 cyclins are regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling in human ovarian cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004;287:C281-C291.
75. Dancey JE. Therapeutic targets: mTOR and related pathways. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006; 5:1065-1073.
76. Mabuchi S, Altomare DA, Cheung M, et al. RAD001 inhibits human ovarian cancer cell proliferation, enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and prolongs survival in an ovarian cancer model. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:4261-4270.
77. Giavazzi R, Garofalo A, Ferri C, et al. Batimastat, a synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, potentiates the antitumor activity of cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma xenografts. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:985-992.
78. Brown PD. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: a novel class of anticancer agents. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1995;35:293-301.
79. Formenti S, Felix J, Salonga D, Danenberg K, Pike MC, Danenberg P. Expression of metastases-associated genes in cervical cancers resected in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:4653-4657.
80. Hidalgo M, Eckhardt SG. Development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:178-193. (Pubitemid 32166488)
81. Nguyen DM, Lorang D, Chen GA, Stewart JHt, Tabibi E, Schrump DS. Enhancement of paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells by 17-allylamino geldanamycin: in vitro and in vivo analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:371-378; discussion 8-9.
82. An WG, Schulte TW, Neckers LM. The heat shock protein 90 antagonist geldanamycin alters chaperone association with p210bcr-abl and v-src proteins before their degradation by the proteasome. Cell Growth Differ. 2000;11:355-360.
83. Nanbu K, Konishi I, Mandai M, et al. Prognostic significance of heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 in endometrial carcinomas. Cancer Detect Prev. 1998;22:549-555.
84. Neckers L, Schulte TW, Mimnaugh E. Geldanamycin as a potential anti-cancer agent: its molecular target and biochemical activity. Invest New Drugs. 1999;17:361-373.
85. Yoshida H, Kitamura K, Tanaka K, et al. Accelerated degradation of PMLretinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARA) oncoprotein by all-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: possible role of the proteasome pathway. Cancer Res. 1996;56:2945-2948.
86. Cheson BD. Hematologic malignancies: new developments and future treatments. Semin Oncol. 2002;29:33-45.
87. Sunwoo JB, Chen Z, Dong G, et al. Novel proteasome inhibitor PS-341 inhibits activation of nuclear factor-kappa B, cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:1419-1428.
88. Aghajanian C, Dizon DS, Sabbatini P, Raizer JJ, Dupont J, Spriggs DR. Phase I trial of bortezomib and carboplatin in recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5943-5949.
89. Ramirez PT, Landen CN Jr, Coleman RL, et al. Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with carboplatin in patients with platinum- and taxaneresistant ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:68-71.
90. Sebolt-Leopold JS, Dudley DT, Herrera R, et al. Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo. Nat Med. 1999;5:810-816.
91. MacKeigan JP, Collins TS, Ting JP.MEKinhibition enhances paclitaxel-induced tumor apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:38953-38956.
92. Manzano RG, Montuenga LM, Dayton M, et al. CL100 expression is down-regulated in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and its re-expression decreases its malignant potential. Oncogene. 2002;21:4435-4447.
93. Hayakawa J, Ohmichi M, Kurachi H, et al. Inhibition of BAD phosphorylation either at serine 112 via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade or at serine 136 via Akt cascade sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Cancer Res. 2000; 60:5988-5994.
94. Friday BYC, Sminth P, Adejei A. A potential role for the modulation of a negative feedback loop between Erk and Raf mediating sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in human lung cancer cell lines. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;47:A4868.
95. Tran ESK, Chow P, Huynh H. Targeted inhibition of the MEK-ERK signaling cascade by the selective MEK 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRAY-142886) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;47:A5470.
96. Morgan DO, Fisher RP, Espinoza FH, et al. Control of eukaryotic cell cycle progression by phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4(Suppl 1): S77-S83.
97. Senderowicz AM, Sausville EA. Preclinical and clinical development of cyclin-dependent kinase modulators. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:376-387.
98. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev. 1999;13:1501-1512.
99. Tsihlias J, Kapusta L, Slingerland J. The prognostic significance of altered cyclindependent kinase inhibitors in human cancer. Annu Rev Med. 1999;50:401-423.
100. Kerr JS, Wexler RS, Mousa SA, et al. Novel small molecule alpha v integrin antagonists: comparative anti-cancer efficacy with known angiogenesis inhibitors. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:959-968.
101. Patel V, Senderowicz AM, Pinto D Jr, et al. Flavopiridol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, suppresses the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas by inducing apoptosis. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1674-1681.
102. Senderowicz AM, Headlee D, Stinson SF, et al. Phase I trial of continuous infusion flavopiridol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory neoplasms. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2986-2999.
103. Tan AR, Headlee D, Messmann R, et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of flavopiridol administered as a daily 1-hour infusion in patients with advanced neoplasms. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4074-4082.
104. Bunch RT, Eastman A. 7-Hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) causes redistribution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and abrogates cisplatin-induced S-phase arrest in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell Growth Differ. 1997;8:779-788.
105. Husain A, Yan XJ, Rosales N, Aghajanian C, Schwartz GK, Spriggs DR. UCN-01 in ovary cancer cells: effective as a single agent and in combination with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum( II) independent of p53 status. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:2089-2097.
106. Welch S, Hirte HW, Carey MS, et al. UCN-01 in combination with topotecan in patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer: a study of the Princess Margaret Hospital Phase II consortium. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;106:305-310.
107. de la Lastra CA, Villegas I, Sanchez-Fidalgo S. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: new pharmacological functions and potential clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:933-962.
108. McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Martin NM, Smith GC, Ashworth A. BRCA2-deficient CAPAN-1 cells are extremely sensitive to the inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: an issue of potency. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4:934-936.
109. Bryant HE, Schultz N, Thomas HD, et al. Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Nature. 2005;434:913-917.
110. Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature. 2005;434:917-921.
111. Calabrese CR, Almassy R, Barton S, et al. Anticancer chemosensitization and radiosensitization by the novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor AG14361. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:56-67.
112. Plummer ER. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006;6:364-368.
113. Tentori L, Graziani G. Chemopotentiation by PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2005;52:25-33.
114. Plummer ER, Calvert H. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: a two-armed strategy for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:6252-6256.
115. Azzabi A, Hughes AN, Calvert PM, et al. Phase I study of temozolomide plus paclitaxel in patients with advanced malignant melanoma and associated in vitro investigations. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:1006-1012.