Behavioral evidence for the significance of serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors in cocaine addiction

Addiction Biology

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 227-249

  Filip, Małgorzata ^a,b   Alenina, Natalia ^c   Bader, Michael ^c   Przegaliński, Edmund ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY   (Poland)

^b JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

^c MAX DELBRÜCK CENTER FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE   (Germany)

Author keywords

5 HT receptors; Cocaine; Conditioned place preference; Discrimination; Reinstatement of seeking behavior; Self administration; Sensitization; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

1 [5 (2 THIENYLMETHOXY) 3 INDOLYL] 2 PROPANAMINE; 2 (6 CHLORO 5 FLUORO 1 INDOLYL) 1 METHYLETHYLAMINE; 3 (1,2,5,6 TETRAHYDRO 4 PYRIDYL)PYRROLO[3,2 B]PYRIDIN 5 ONE; 3 (3 DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYL) 4 HYDROXY N [4 (4 PYRIDINYL)PHENYL]BENZAMIDE; 4 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYL) 7 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPYRROLO[1,2 A]QUINOXALINE; 4,5,7A,8,9,10,11,11A OCTAHYDRO 10 METHYL 7H INDOLO[1,7 BC][2,6]NAPHTHYRIDINE; 5 METHOXY 3 (1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 4 PYRIDYL) 1H INDOLE; 5 PROPOXY 3 (1,2,5,6 TETRAHYDRO 4 PYRIDYL)PYRROLO[3,2 B]PYRIDINE; 6 CHLORO 2 (1 PIPERAZINYL)PYRAZINE; AMPEROZIDE; BUSPIRONE; COCAINE; EPLIVANSERIN; GEPIRONE; IPSAPIRONE; N [2 [4 (2 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]ETHYL] N (2 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; N [4 METHOXY 3 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYL)PHENYL] 2' METHYL 4' (5 METHYL 1,2,4 OXADIAZOL 3 YL)[1,1' BIPHENYL] 4 CARBOXAMIDE; RITANSERIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 1B RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2B RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 3 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 6 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; TANDOSPIRONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VOLINANSERIN; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER;

AGITATION; ALERTNESS; ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY; AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLURRED VISION; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; DEATH; DECREASED APPETITE; DEPRESSION; DRUG DISCRIMINATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; DRUG SENSITIZATION; DRUG USE; DYSPHORIA; ENERGY YIELD; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART ARREST; HEART INFARCTION; HYPERPHAGIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHERMIA; IRRITABILITY; LOCOMOTION; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOOD DISORDER; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE SPASM; MYALGIA; MYDRIASIS; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PARANOIA; PLACE PREFERENCE; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SENSITIZATION; SLEEP DISORDER; STROKE; TACHYCARDIA; TISSUE INJURY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; APPETITE; BRAIN; CONDITIONED REFLEX; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECTS; EMOTION; EUPHORIA; HUMAN; LEARNING; MOTIVATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; TOXICITY;

ANIMALS; APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; BRAIN; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; CONSUMMATORY BEHAVIOR; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EMOTIONS; EUPHORIA; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; NOREPINEPHRINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; RATS; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN; SELF ADMINISTRATION; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 77953181780     PISSN: 13556215     EISSN: 13691600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00214.x     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. 1B receptors decreases cocaine- and sucrose-seeking behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 80 : 297 307.
2. Ago Y, Nakamura S, Hayashi A, Itoh S, Baba A, Matsuda T (2006) Effects of osemozotan, ritanserin and azasetron on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 85 : 198 205.
3. Ago Y, Nakamura S, Baba A, Matsuda T (2008) Neuropsychotoxicity of abused drugs: effects of serotonin receptor ligands on methamphetamine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 106 : 15 21.
4. 1A receptor agonist. Neurosci Lett 170 : 141 144.
5. Ali I, Kelly ME (1996) 8-OH-DPAT enhances the expression of cocaine-induced place preference in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol (Suppl 119).
6. Ali I, Kelly ME (1997) Buspirone fails to affect cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58 : 311 315.
7. Allan AM, Galindo R, Chynoweth J, Engel SR, Savage DD (2001) Conditioned place preference for cocaine is attenuated in mice over-expressing the 5-HT(3) receptor. Psychopharmacology 158 : 18 27.
8. Arolfo MP, McMillen BA (1999) Effects of amperozide and tiospirone, atypical antipsychotic 5-HT2 drugs, on food-reinforced behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 68 : 93 98.
9. Arpin-Bott MP, Dietrich JB, Dirrig-Grosch S, Aunis D, Zwiller J (2006) Induction by cocaine of the serotonergic 5-HT3 receptor in rat cerebellum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074 : 382 389.
10. Balster RL, Woolverton W (1982) Intravenous buspirone self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Clin Psychiatry 43 : 34 39. (Pubitemid 13221544)
11. Baumann MH, Rothman RB (1995) Repeated cocaine administration reduces 5-HT1A-mediated prolactin secretion in rats. Neurosci Lett 193 : 9 12.
12. Baumann MH, Rothman RB (1998) Alterations in serotonergic responsiveness during cocaine withdrawal in rats: similarities to major depression in humans. Biol Psychiatry 44 : 578 591.
13. Baumann MH, Becketts KM, Rothman RB (1995) Evidence for alterations in presynaptic serotonergic function during withdrawal from chronic cocaine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 282 : 87 93.
14. Belin D, Jonkman S, Dickinson A, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2009) Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: relevance for the understanding of addiction. Behav Brain Res 199 : 89 102.
15. Belzung C, Scearce-Levie K, Barreau S, Hen R (2000) Absence of cocaine-induced place conditioning in serotonin 1B receptor knock-out mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66 : 221 225.
16. Broderick PA, Hope O, Okonji C, Rahni DN, Zhou Y (2004) Clozapine and cocaine effects on dopamine and serotonin release in nucleus accumbens during psychostimulant behavior and withdrawal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28 : 157 171.
17. Bubar MJ, Cunningham KA (2008) Prospects for serotonin 5-HT2R pharmacotherapy in psychostimulant abuse. Prog Brain Res 172 : 319 346.
18. Burbassi S, Cervo L (2008) Stimulation of serotonin2C receptors influences cocaine-seeking behavior in response to drug-associated stimuli in rats. Psychopharmacology 196 : 15 27.
19. Burmeister JJ, Lungren EM, Kirschner KF, Neisewander JL (2004) Differential roles of 5-HT receptor subtypes in cue and cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 : 660 668.
20. Callahan PM, Cunningham KA (1995) Modulation of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine by 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 : 1414 1424.
21. Callahan PM, Cunningham KA (1997) Modulation of the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine: comparison of the effects of fluoxetine with 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists. Neuropharmacology 36 : 373 381.
22. Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E (2001) Cocaine and serotonin: a role for the 5-HT(1A) receptor site in the mediation of cocaine stimulant effects. Behav Brain Res 126 : 127 133.
23. Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E (2005a) Acute and chronic cocaine behavioral effects in novel versus familiar environments: open-field familiarity differentiates cocaine locomotor stimulant effects from cocaine emotional behavioral effects. Behav Brain Res 158 : 321 330.
24. Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP (2005b) Evidence that the 5-HT1A autoreceptor is an important pharmacological target for the modulation of cocaine behavioral stimulant effects. Brain Res 1034 : 162 171.
25. Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP (2005c) Pharmacological inhibition of DA- and 5-HT activity blocks spontaneous and cocaine-activated behavior: reversal by chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res 1047 : 194 204.
26. Carrasco GA, Battaglia G (2007) Withdrawal from a single exposure to cocaine increases 5-HT2A receptor and G protein function. Neuroreport 18 : 51 55.
27. Carrasco GA, Van de Kar LD, Sullivan NR, Landry M, Garcia F, Muma NA, Battaglia G (2006) Cocaine-mediated supersensitivity of 5-HT2A receptors in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is a withdrawal-induced phenomenon. Neuroscience 143 : 7 13.
28. Castanon N, Scearce-Levie K, Lucas JJ, Rocha B, Hen R (2000) Modulation of the effects of cocaine by 5-HT1B receptors: a comparison of knockouts and antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 : 559 566.
29. Cervo L, Carnovali F, Stark JA, Mennini T (2003) Cocaine-seeking behavior in response to drug-associated stimuli in rats: involvement of D3 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 : 1150 1159.
30. 3 receptor antagonists do not modify cocaine place conditioning or the rise in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55 : 33 37.
31. 1B receptors induces conditioned place aversion and facilitates cocaine place conditioning in rats. Psychopharmacology 163 : 142 150.
32. Chait LD, Uhlenhuth EH, Johanson CE (1987) Reinforcing and subjective effects of several anorectics in normal human volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242 : 777 783.
33. Chen Z, Tetzlaff J, Sripathirathan K, Carrasco GA, Shankaran M, Van De Kar LD, Muma NA, Battaglia G (2005) Paroxetine is effective in desensitizing 5-HT1A receptor function in adult offspring exposed prenatally to cocaine. Psychopharmacology 180 : 316 326.
34. Costall B, Jones BJ, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Onaivi ES, Tyers MB (1990) Ondansetron inhibits a behavioural consequence of withdrawing from drugs of abuse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36 : 339 344.
35. Cunningham KA, Paris JM, Goeders NE (1992) Chronic cocaine enhances serotonin autoregulation and serotonin uptake binding. Synapse 11 : 112 123.
36. Czoty PW, Howell LL (2000) Behavioral effects of AMI-193, a 5-HT(2A)- and dopamine D(2)-receptor antagonist, in the squirrel monkey. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 : 257 264.
37. Czoty PW, McCabe C, Nader MA (2005) Effects of the 5-HT(1A) agonist (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) on cocaine choice in cynomolgus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 16 : 187 191.
38. Darmani NA, Martin BR, Glennon RA (1992) Repeated administration of low doses of cocaine enhances the sensitivity of 5-HT2 receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41 : 519 527.
39. David V, Segu L, Buhot MC, Ichaye M, Cazala P (2004) Rewarding effects elicited by cocaine microinjections into the ventral tegmental area of C57BL/6 mice: involvement of dopamine D1 and serotonin1B receptors. Psychopharmacology 174 : 367 375.
40. 2 receptor antagonists given in the acute withdrawal from daily cocaine injections can reverse established sensitization. Eur J Pharmacol 453 : 255 263.
41. Davidson C, Lazarus C, Lee TH, Ellinwood EH (2004) Ondansetron, given during the acute cocaine withdrawal, attenuates oral cocaine self-administration. Eur J Pharmacol 503 : 99 102.
42. Davidson C, Lee TH, Xiong Z, Ellinwood EH (2002b) Ondansetron given in the acute withdrawal from a repeated cocaine sensitization dosing regimen reverses the expression of sensitization and inhibits self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 : 542 553.
43. De La Garza R 2nd., Callahan PM, Cunningham KA (1996) Detailed investigations of 5-HT3 compounds in a drug discrimination model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54 : 533 540.
44. De La Garza R 2nd., Callahan PM, Cunningham KA (1998) The discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine: effects of microinfusion of cocaine, a 5-HT1A agonist or antagonist, into the ventral tegmental area. Psychopharmacology 137 : 1 6.
45. De La Garza R 2nd., Cunningham KA (2000) The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin on spontaneous activity, cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization: a microanalysis of locomotor activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292 : 610 617.
46. De La Garza R 2nd., Newton TF, Kalechstein AD (2005) Risperidone diminishes cocaine-induced craving. Psychopharmacology 178 : 347 350.
47. De Wit H, Stewart J (1981) Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 75 : 134 143.
48. Depoortere RY, Li DH, Lane JD, Emmett-Oglesby MW (1993) Parameters of self-administration of cocaine in rats under a progressive-ratio schedule. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45 : 539 548.
49. Di Chiara G (1995) The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug Alcohol Depend 38 : 95 137.
50. Dremencov E, Newnab ME, Kinor N, Blatman-Jan G, Schindler CJ, Overstreet DH, Yadid G (2005) Hyperfunctionality of serotonin-2C receptor-mediated inhibition of accumbal dopamine release in an animal model of depression is reversed by antidepressant treatment. Neuropharmacology 48 : 43 42.
51. Drummond DC, Tiffany ST, Glautier S, Remington B (1995) Addictive Behaviour: Cue Exposure Theory and Practice.
52. Dugovic C, Meert TF, Ashton D, Clincke GH (1992) Effects of ritanserin and chlordiazepoxide on sleep-wakefulness alterations in rats following chronic cocaine treatment. Psychopharmacology 108 : 263 270.
53. Dworkin SI, Co C, Smith JE (1995) Rat brain neurotransmitter turnover rates altered during withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration. Brain Res 682 : 116 126.
54. EMCDDA (2008) Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe, Lisbon. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
55. Erritzoe D, Frokjaer VG, Haugbol S, Marner L, Svarer C, Holst K, Baare WF, Rasmussen PM, Madsen J, Paulson OB, Knudsen GM (2009) Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding: relations to body mass index, tobacco and alcohol use. Neuroimage 46 : 23 30.
56. Ettenberg A, Bernardi RE (2007) Effects of buspirone on the immediate positive and delayed negative properties of intravenous cocaine as measured in the conditioned place preference test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 87 : 171 178.
57. Ettenberg A, Raven MA, Danluck DA, Necessary BD (1999) Evidence for opponent-process actions of intravenous cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64 : 507 512.
58. Fantegrossi WE, Ullrich T, Rice KC, Woods JH, Winger G (2002) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and its stereoisomers as reinforcers in rhesus monkeys: serotonergic involvement. Psychopharmacology 161 : 356 364.
59. Ferguson SM, Mitchell ES, Neumaier JF (2008) Increased expression of 5-HT6 receptors in the nucleus accumbens blocks the rewarding but not psychomotor activating properties of cocaine. Biol Psychiatry 63 : 207 213.
60. 2 receptors in cocaine self-administration and seeking behavior in rats. Pharmacol Rep 57 : 35 46.
61. Filip M, Bader M (2009) An overview on serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors and their role in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Rep 61 : 761 777.
62. 2 receptor subtypes to the hyperlocomotor effects of cocaine: acute and chronic pharmacological analyses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310 : 1246 1254.
63. Filip M, Bubar MJ, Cunningham KA (2006) Contribution of serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2 receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology 183 : 482 489.
64. Filip M, Frankowska M, Zaniewska M, Gołda A, Przegaliński E (2005) The serotonergic system and its role in cocaine addiction. Pharmacol Rep 57 : 685 700.
65. 2A/2C receptors in the sensitization to cocaine. J Physiol Pharmacol 52 : 471 481. (Pubitemid 32946285)
66. 1B receptors and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibition in the cocaine-evoked discriminative stimulus effects in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 52 : 249 263.
67. 1B receptors ligands, microinjected into the ventral tegmental area on cocaine discrimination in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 459 : 239 245.
68. Filip M, Papla I, Nowak E, Jungersmith K, Przegaliński E (2002) Effects of serotonin (5-HT)(1B) receptors ligands, microinjected into accumbens subregions, on cocaine discrimination in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's. Arch Pharmacol 366 : 226 234.
69. Fischman MW, Schuster CR, Resnekov L, Shick FE, Krasnegor NA, Fennell DX (1976) Cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine administration in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33 : 983 989.
70. 2C receptor antagonist SB 242084 on cocaine-induced locomotor activity, cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement of responding. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 : 576 586.
71. Fletcher PJ, Ming ZH, Higgins GA (1993) Conditioned place preference induced by microinjection of 8-OH-DPAT into the dorsal or median raphe nucleus. Psychopharmacology 113 : 31 36.
72. Fletcher PJ, Rizos Z, Sinyard J, Tampakeras M, Higgins GA (2008) The 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 reduces cocaine self-administration and reinstatement induced by the stressor yohimbine, and contextual cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 : 1402 1412.
73. Fletcher PJ, Tampakeras M, Sinyard J, Higgins GA (2007) Opposing effects of 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists in the rat and mouse on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time test. Psychopharmacology 195 : 223 234.
74. Frankowska M, Filip M, Papp M, Przegaliński E (2006) Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration or chronic mild stress increases immobility in the forced swim test in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 16 (Suppl 1 44.
75. Frantz KJ, Hansson KJ, Stouffer DG, Parsons LH (2002) 5-HT(6) receptor antagonism potentiates the behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine but not cocaine. Neuropharmacology 42 : 170 180.
76. Fuchs RA, Tran-Nguyen LTL, Specio SE, Groff RS, Neisewander JL (1998) Predictive validity of the extinction/reinstatement model of drug craving. Psychopharmacology 135 : 151 160.
77. Gold LH, Balster RL (1992) Effects of buspirone and gepirone on i.v. cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 108 : 289 294.
78. Gorelick DA, Gardner EL, Xi ZX (2004) Agents in development for the management of cocaine abuse. Drugs 64 : 1547 1573.
79. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Silverman P, Schmitz JM, Stotts A, Creson D, Bailey R (2000) Risperidone for the treatment of cocaine dependence: randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20 : 305 310.
80. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Stotts A, Cowan K, Kopecky C, Dougherty A, Moeller FG, Hassan S, Schmitz J 2004) Agonist-like or antagonist-like treatment for cocaine dependence with methadone for heroin dependence: two double-blind randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 : 969 981.
81. Griffiths RR, Lamb RJ, Sannerud CA, Ator NA, Brady JV (1991) Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other sedative-anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology 103 : 154 161.
82. 2C receptors on cocaine- and food-maintained behavior. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295 : 1183 1191.
83. Hall FS, Li XF, Randall-Thompson J, Sora I, Murphy DL, Lesch KP, Caron M, Uhl GR (2009) Cocaine-conditioned locomotion in dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter and 5-HT transporter knockout mice. Neuroscience 162 : 870 880.
84. Hammer C, Kapeller J, Endele M, Fischer C, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Friedel S, Gratacòs M, Estivill X, Fichter M, Fernández-Aranda F, Ehrlich S, Rappold G, Niesler B (2009) Functional variants of the serotonin receptor type 3A and B gene are associated with eating disorders. Pharmacogenet Genomics 19 : 790 799.
85. Harrell AV, Allan AM (2003) Improvements in hippocampal-dependent learning and decremental attention in 5-HT(3) receptor overexpressing mice. Learn Mem 10 : 410 419.
86. Harrison AA, Liem YT, Markou A (2001) Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 : 55 71.
87. Hayes DJ, Graham DA, Greenshaw AJ (2009) Effects of systemic 5-HT(1B) receptor compounds on ventral tegmental area intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 604 : 74 78.
88. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Fisas A, Codony X, Buschmann H (2008) Selective 5-HT6 receptor ligands: progress in the development of a novel pharmacological approach to the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Ther 117 : 207 231.
89. Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ (2003) Serotonin and drug reward: focus on 5-HT2C receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 480 : 151 162.
90. Hill MJ, Reynolds GP (2007) 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphisms associated with antipsychotic drug action alter promoter activity. Brain Res 1149 : 14 17.
91. Hodge CW, Bratt AM, Kelley SP (2008) Deletion of the 5-HT(3A)-receptor subunit blunts the induction of cocaine sensitization. Genes Brain Behav 7 : 96 102.
92. Homberg JR, Arends B, Wardeh G, Raasø HS, Schoffelmeer AN, de Vries TJ (2004) Individual differences in the effects of serotonergic anxiolytic drugs on the motivation to self-administer cocaine. Neuroscience 128 : 121 130.
93. Homberg JR, De Boer SF, Raasø HS, Olivier JD, Verheul M, Ronken E, Cools AR, Ellenbroek BA, Schoffelmeer AN, Vanderschuren LJ, De Vries TJ, Cuppen E 2008) Adaptations in pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor function and cocaine supersensitivity in serotonin transporter knockout rats. Psychopharmacology 200 : 367 380.
94. Hoplight BJ, Vincow ES, Neumaier JF (2005) The effects of SB 224289 on anxiety and cocaine-related behaviors in a novel object task. Physiol Behav 84 : 707 714.
95. Hoplight BJ, Vincow ES, Neumaier JF (2007) Cocaine increases 5-HT1B mRNA in rat nucleus accumbens shell neurons. Neuropharmacology 52 : 444 449.
96. Huss M, Lehmkuhl U (2002) Methylphenidate and substance abuse: a review of pharmacology, animal, and clinical studies. J Atten Disord 6 (Suppl 1 S65 S71.
97. Javaid JI, Sahni SK, Pandey SC, Davis JM (1993) Repeated cocaine administration does not affect 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 5-HT2) in several rat brain regions. Eur J Pharmacol 238 : 425 429.
98. Jean A, Conductier G, Manrique C, Bouras C, Berta P, Hen R, Charnay Y, Bockaert J, Compan V (2007) Anorexia induced by activation of serotonin 5-HT4 receptors is mediated by increases in CART in the nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 : 16335 16340.
99. Johanson CE, Barrett JE (1993) The discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in pigeons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267 : 1 8.
100. Johns JM, Lubin DA, Lieberman JA, Lauder JM (2002) Developmental effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on 5-HT1A receptors in male and female rat offspring. Dev Neurosci 24 : 522 530.
101. Johnson RG, Fiorella D, Rabin RA (1993) Effects of chronic cocaine administration on the serotonergic system in the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46 : 289 293.
102. 3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 attenuates cocaine- and mazindol-, but not methylphenidate-induced neurochemical and behavioral effects in the rat. Psychopharmacology 159 : 341 350.
103. Karila L, Gorelick D, Weinstein A, Noble F, Benyamina A, Coscas S, Blecha L et al 2008) New treatments for cocaine dependence: a focused review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11 : 425 438.
104. Kelley SP, Hodge CW (2003) The 5-HT3 antagonist Y-25130 blocks cocaine-induced lowering of ICSS reward thresholds in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 74 : 297 302.
105. Kelley SP, Bratt AM, Hodge CW (2003) Targeted gene deletion of the 5-HT3A receptor subunit produces an anxiolytic phenotype in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 461 : 19 25.
106. Kennett GA, Trail B, Bright F (1998) Anxiolytic-like actions of BW 723C86 in the rat Vogel conflict test are 5-HT2B receptor mediated. Neuropharmacology 37 : 1603 1610.
107. King GR, Joyner CM, Ellinwood EH Jr. (1993) Withdrawal from continuous or intermittent cocaine: behavioral responsivity to 5-HT1 receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45 : 577 587.
108. King GR, Pinto G, Konen J, Castro G, Tran S, Hilburn C (2002) The effects of continuous 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist administration on the subsequent behavioral response to cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol 449 : 253 259.
109. King GR, Xiong Z, Ellinwood EH Jr. (1997) Blockade of cocaine sensitization and tolerance by the co-administration of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and cocaine. Psychopharmacology 130 : 159 165.
110. 3 receptor antagonist, administered during withdrawal from intermittent and continuous cocaine. Psychopharmacology 135 : 263 269.
111. King GR, Xiong Z, Ellinwood EH Jr. (1999a) Blockade of accumbens 5-HT3 receptor down-regulation by ondansetron administered during continuous cocaine administration. Eur J Pharmacol 364 : 79 87.
112. King GR, Xiong Z, Ellinwood EH Jr. (1999b) Withdrawal from continuous cocaine administration: time dependent changes in accumbens 5-HT3 receptor function and behavioral tolerance. Psychopharmacology 142 : 352 359.
113. King GR, Xiong Z, Douglass S, Ellinwood EH Jr. (2000) Long-term blockade of the expression of cocaine sensitization by ondansetron, a 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 394 : 97 101.
114. Klein M (1998) Research issues related to development of medications for treatment of cocaine addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 844 : 75 91.
115. Klein DA, Gulley JM (2009) Reduced sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine is associated with increased sensitivity to its discriminative stimulus properties. Behav Pharmacol 20 : 67 77.
116. Knyshevski I, Ricci LA, McCann TE, Melloni RH Jr. (2005) Serotonin type-1A receptors modulate adolescent, cocaine-induced offensive aggression in hamsters. Physiol Behav 85 : 167 176. (Pubitemid 40733246)
117. Koe BK (1976) Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 199 : 649 661.
118. Koetzner L, Mastropaolo J, Deutsch SI (1995) Facilitating role of m-chlorophenylbiguanide in a cocaine discrimination. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52 : 815 818.
119. Koob GF (2009) Dynamics of neuronal circuits in addiction: reward, antireward, and emotional memory. Pharmacopsychiatry 42 (Suppl 1 S32 S41.
120. Koob GF, Bloom FE (1988) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242 : 715 723.
121. Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC, Boja JW (1991) The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Trends Neurosci 14 : 299 302.
122. Lacosta S, Roberts DC (1993) MDL 72222, ketanserin, and methysergide pretreatments fail to alter breaking points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44 : 161 165.
123. Lane JD, Pickering CL, Hooper ML, Fagan K, Tyers MB, Emmett-Oglesby MW (1992) Failure of ondansetron to block the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat. Drug Alcohol Depend 30 : 151 162.
124. Lee MA, Meltzer HY (1994) Blunted oral body temperature response to MK-212 in cocaine addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 35 : 217 222.
125. Lee MD, Simansky KJ (1997) CP-94, 253: a selective serotonin1B (5-HT1B) agonist that promotes satiety. Psychopharmacology 131 : 264 270.
126. Levy AD, Li Q, Van de Kar LD (1994) Repeated cocaine exposure inhibits the adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the serotonin releaser d-fenfluramine and the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT. Neuropharmacology 33 : 335 342.
127. Liu S, Cunningham KA (2006) Serotonin2C receptors (5-HT2C R) control expression of cocaine-induced conditioned hyperactivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 81 : 275 282.
128. Markou A, Koob GF (1991) Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 4 : 17 26.
129. Markou A, Weiss F, Gold LH, Caine SB, Schulteis G, Koob GF (1993) Animal models of drug craving. Psychopharmacology 112 : 163 182.
130. Matell MS, King GR (1997) 5-HT3 receptor mediated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens during withdrawal from continuous cocaine. Psychopharmacology 130 : 242 248.
131. McMahon LR, Cunningham KA (1999) Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) receptors attenuates hyperactivity induced by cocaine: putative role for 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291 : 300 307.
132. McMahon LR, Cunningham KA (2001) Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2a) receptors attenuates the behavioral effects of cocaine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297 : 357 363.
133. McMillen BA, Jones EA, Hill LJ, Williams HL, Björk A, Myers RD (1993) Amperozide, a 5-HT2 antagonist, attenuates craving for cocaine by rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46 : 125 129.
134. Meert TF (1992) Ritanserin overcomes exploratory inhibition induced by cocaine withdrawal. Behav Pharmacol 3 : 149 154.
135. Meert TF, Awouters F, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Janssen PA (1991) Ritanserin reduces abuse of alcohol, cocaine, and fentanyl in rats. Pharmacopsychiatry 24 : 159 163.
136. Mosner A, Kuhlman G, Roehm C, Vogel WH (1997) Serotonergic receptors modify the voluntary intake of alcohol and morphine but not of cocaine and nicotine by rats. Pharmacology 54 : 186 192.
137. Müller CP, Carey RJ (2006) Intracellular 5-HT2C-receptor dephosphorylation: a new target for treating drug addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 : 455 458.
138. Müller CP, Huston JP (2006) Determining the region-specific contributions of 5-HT receptors to the psychostimulant effects of cocaine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 : 105 112.
139. Müller CP, Carey RJ, Huston JP, De Souza Silva, MA (2007) Serotonin and psychostimulant addiction: focus on 5-HT1A-receptors. Prog Neurobiol 81 : 133 178.
140. Munzar P, Kutkat SW, Miller CR, Goldberg SR (2000) Failure of baclofen to modulate discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine or methamphetamine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 408 : 169 174.
141. Neisewander JL, Acosta JI (2007) Stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors attenuates cue and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Behav Pharmacol 18 : 791 800.
142. Neisewander JL, McDougall SA, Bowling SL, Bardo MT (1990) Conditioned taste aversion and place preference with buspirone and gepirone. Psychopharmacology 100 : 485 490.
143. 1B receptors in nucleus accumbens efferents sensitizes animals to cocaine. J Neurosci 22 : 10856 10863.
144. Nic Dhonnchadha BA, Fox RG, Stutz SJ, Rice KC, Cunningham KA (2009) Blockade of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor suppresses cue-evoked reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in a rat self-administration model. Behav Neurosci 123 : 382 396.
145. NIDA/NIH (2009) Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse. Vol. I: Executive Summary June 2008, Pub. No. 09-6421.
146. Nilsson BM (2006) 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists as potential antiobesity agents. J Med Chem 49 : 4023 4034.
147. O'Dell LE, Manzardo AM, Polis I, Stouffer DG, Parsons LH (2006) Biphasic alterations in serotonin-1B (5-HT1B) receptor function during abstinence from extended cocaine self-administration. J Neurochem 99 : 1363 1376.
148. Paine TA, Jackman SL, Olmstead MC (2002) Cocaine-induced anxiety: alleviation by diazepam, but not buspirone, dimenhydrinate or diphenhydramine. Behav Pharmacol 13 : 511 523.
149. Pani PP, Maremmani I, Trogu E, Gessa GL, Ruiz P, Akiskal HS (2009) Delineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addictions: should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included? J Affect Disord, doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.012.
150. Papp M, Willner P (1991) 8-OH-DPAT-induced place preference and place aversion: effects of PCPA and dopamine antagonists. Psychopharmacology 103 : 99 102.
151. Paris JM, Cunningham KA (1991) Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists do not alter the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 104 : 475 478.
152. Parsons LH, Koob GF, Weiss F (1995) Serotonin dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens of rats during withdrawal after unlimited access to intravenous cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 : 1182 1191.
153. 1B receptor stimulation enhances cocaine reinforcement. J Neurosci 18 : 10078 10089.
154. Peltier R, Schenk S (1991) GR38032F, a serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist, fails to alter cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39 : 133 136.
155. Peltier R, Schenk S (1993) Effects of serotonergic manipulations on cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 110 : 390 394.
156. Peltier RL, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Thomas WH, Schenk S (1994) Failure of ritanserin to block the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48 : 473 478.
157. Pentkowski NS, Acosta JI, Browning JR, Hamilton EC, Neisewander JL (2009) Stimulation of 5-HT(1B) receptors enhances cocaine reinforcement yet reduces cocaine-seeking behavior. Addict Biol 14 : 419 430.
158. Perret G, Schluger JH, Unterwald EM, Kreuter J, Ho A, Kreek MJ (1998) Downregulation of 5-HT1A receptors in rat hypothalamus and dentate gyrus after 'binge' pattern cocaine administration. Synapse 30 : 166 171.
159. Prahash A, Das G (1993) Cocaine and the nervous system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Therap Toxicol 31 : 575 581.
160. Przegaliński E, Filip M (1997) Stimulation of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors attenuates the locomotor, but not the discriminative, effects of amphetamine and cocaine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 8 : 699 706.
161. Przegaliński E, Czepiel K, Nowak E, Dlaboga D, Filip M (2003) Withdrawal from chronic cocaine up-regulates 5-HT1B receptors in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 351 : 169 172.
162. 1B receptor ligands on cocaine sensitization in rats. Behav Pharmacol 12 : 109 116.
163. Przegaliński E, Gołda A, Frankowska M, Zaniewska M, Filip M (2007) Effects of serotonin 5-HT1B receptor ligands on the cocaine- and food-maintained self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 559 : 165 172.
164. Przegaliński E, Gołda A, Filip M (2008) Effects of serotonin (5-HT)(1B) receptor ligands on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Pharmacol Rep 60 : 798 810.
165. Przegaliński E, Siwanowicz J, Papla I, Filip M (2002) Effects of 5-HT(1B) receptor ligands, microinjected into the accumbal shell or core on the sensitization to cocaine in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12 : 387 396.
166. Przegaliński E, Papla I, Siwanowicz J, Filip M (2004) Effects of 5-HT1B receptor ligands microinjected into the ventral tegmental area on the locomotor and sensitizating effects of cocaine in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 14 : 217 225.
167. Pullagurla M, Bondareva T, Young R, Glennon RA (2004) Modulation of the stimulus effects of (+)amphetamine by the 5-HT6 antagonist MS-245. Pharmacol
168. Rademacher DJ, Anders KA, Riley MG, Nesbitt JT, Steinpreis RE (2000) Determination of the place conditioning and locomotor effects of amperozide in rats: a comparison with cocaine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 8 : 434 443.
169. Rademacher DJ, Kuppinger HE, Thompson KJ, Harrington A, Kaczmarek HJ, Kopish AJ, Steinpreis RE (1999) The effects of amperozide on cocaine-induced social withdrawal in rats. Behav Brain Res 99 : 75 80.
170. Rapoza D (1993) Buspirone fails to affect the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45 : 179 183.
171. Reavill C, Hatcher JP, Lewis VA, Sanger GJ, Hagan J (1998) 5-HT4 receptor antagonism does not affect motor and reward mechanisms in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 357 : 115 120.
172. Ricci LA, Grimes JM, Melloni RH Jr. (2004a) Serotonin type 3 receptors modulate the aggression-stimulating effects of adolescent cocaine exposure in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav Neurosci 118 : 1097 1110.
173. Ricci LA, Stellar JR, Todtenkopf MS (2004b) Subregion-specific down-regulation of 5-HT3 immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens shell during the induction of cocaine sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77 : 415 422.
174. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1988) Cocaine self-administration appears to be mediated by dopamine uptake inhibition. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12 : 233 239.
175. Robbins TW, Ersche KD, Everitt BJ (2008) Drug addiction and the memory systems of the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1141 : 1 21.
176. 1A receptors do not show higher propensity to self-administer cocaine. Behav Pharmacol 9 : 78S.
177. Rocha BA, Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Ator R, Giros B, Miller GW, Caron MG (1998b) Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Nat Neurosci 1 : 132 137.
178. 2C receptor mutant mice. J Neurosci 22 : 10039 10045.
179. Rocha BA, Scearce-Levie K, Lucas JJ, Hiroi N, Castanon N, Crabbe JC, Nestler EJ, Hen R (1998c) Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor. Nature 393 : 175 178.
180. Rodd ZA, Bell RL, Kuc KA, Zhang Y, Murphy JM, McBride WJ (2005) Intracranial self-administration of cocaine within the posterior ventral tegmental area of Wistar rats: evidence for involvement of serotonin-3 receptors and dopamine neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313 : 134 145.
181. Rodd ZA, Gryszowka VE, Toalston JE, Oster SM, Ji D, Bell RL, McBride WJ (2007) The reinforcing actions of a serotonin-3 receptor agonist within the ventral tegmental area: evidence for subregional and genetic differences and involvement of dopamine neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321 : 1003 1012.
182. Sannerud CA, Ator NA, Griffiths RR (1993) Behavioral pharmacology of tandospirone in baboons: chronic administration and withdrawal, self-injection and drug discrimination. Drug Alcohol Depend 32 : 195 208.
183. Schama KF, Howell LL, Byrd LD (1997) Serotonergic modulation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology 132 : 27 34.
184. Schechter MD (1992) Rats bred for differences in preference to cocaine: other behavioral measurements. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 43 : 1015 1021.
185. Schechter MD (1993) Cocaine discrimination is attenuated by isradipine and CGS 10746B. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44 : 661 664.
186. Schenk S (2000) Effects of the serotonin 5-HT(2) antagonist, ritanserin, and the serotonin 5-HT(1A) antagonist, WAY 100635, on cocaine-seeking in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 : 363 369.
187. Schmitz A, Kirsch P, Reuter M, Alexander N, Kozyra E, Kuepper Y, Osinsky R, Hennig J (2009) The 5-HT1A C(-1019)G polymorphism, personality and electrodermal reactivity in a reward/punishment paradigm. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12 : 383 392.
188. See RE (2005) Neural substrates of cocaine-cue associations that trigger relapse. Eur J Pharmacol 526 : 140 146.
189. Shippenberg TS, Koob GF (2002) Recent advances in animal models of drug addiction. In : Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C, eds. Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress, pp. 1381 1397.
190. Simms D, Gallagher JP (1996) Modification of serotonin responses in rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons by acute and chronic cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276 : 1292 1303.
191. 2C agonist, shows activity in animal models of antipsychotic activity. Neuropharmacology 52 : 279 290.
192. Sizemore GM, Co C, Smith JE (2000) Ventral pallidal extracellular fluid levels of dopamine, serotonin, gamma amino butyric acid, and glutamate during cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 150 : 391 398.
193. Somerville EM, Horwood JM, Lee MD, Kennett GA, Clifton PG (2007) 5-HT(2C) receptor activation inhibits appetitive and consummatory components of feeding and increases brain c-fos immunoreactivity in mice. Eur J Neurosci 25 : 3115 3124.
194. Sora I, Hall FS, Andrews AM, Itokawa M, Li XF, Wei HB, Wichems C, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR 2001) Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 5300 5305.
195. Sora I, Wichems C, Takahashi N, Li XF, Zeng Z, Revay R, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR 1998) Cocaine reward models: conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 : 7699 7704.
196. 3 receptor antagonists block cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced place preference. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo 12 : 33 38.
197. Szumlinski KK, Frys KA, Kalivas PW (2003) Pretreatment with serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists produces no observable blockade of long-term motor sensitization to cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology 165 : 329 336.
198. Szumlinski KK, Frys KA, Kalivas PW (2004) Dissociable roles for the dorsal and median raphé in the facilitatory effect of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation upon cocaine-induced locomotion and sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 : 1675 1687.
199. Tatarczyńska E, Kłodzińska A, Stachowicz K, Chojnacka-Wójcik E (2004) Effects of a selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist and antagonists in animal models of anxiety and depression. Behav Pharmacol 15 : 523 534.
200. Thomsen M, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Caine SB (2009) Dramatically decreased cocaine self-administration in dopamine but not serotonin transporter knock-out mice. J Neurosci 29 : 1087 1092.
201. UNODC (2006) World drug report.
202. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Logan J, Ding YS, Dewey SL, Hitzemann R, Gifford AN, Pappas NR 1999) Blockade of striatal dopamine transporters by intravenous methylphenidate is not sufficient to induce self-reports of 'high'. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288 : 14 20.
203. Walsh SL, Cunningham KA (1997) Serotonergic mechanisms involved in the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing and subjective effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 130 : 41 58.