Clozapine and cocaine effects on dopamine and serotonin release in nucleus accumbens during psychostimulant behavior and withdrawal

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 157-171

  Broderick, Patricia A ^a,b,c,d   Hope, Omotola ^a,c,f   Okonji, Catherine ^a,c,g   Rahni, David N ^a,e   Zhou, Yueping ^a,h  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e PACE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute; Animal models of psychosis; Autoreceptors; BRODERICK PROBE microelectrodes; Clozapine; Clozapine cocaine combination; Cocaine; Cocaine withdrawal; Depression; Dopamine (DA)

Indexed keywords

BRAIN MONOAMINE; CLOZAPINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE; GAMMA BUTYROLACTONE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 2 ANTAGONIST;

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVICE; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG EFFECT; LABORATORY; LOCOMOTION; MEDICAL RECORD; MICROELECTRODE; MOBILIZATION; NERVE ENDING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; RAT; RAT STRAIN; SEROTONIN RELEASE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0347626166     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.032     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Beart P.M., McDonald D. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic- dopaminergic interactions in the ventral tegmental area of rat brain. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34:1982;591-593.
2. Bradberry C.W., Roth R.H. Cocaine increases extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area as shown by in vivo microdialysis. Neurosci. Lett. 103:1989;97-102.
3. Bradberry C.W., Nobiletti J.B., Elsworth J.D., Murphy B., Jatlow P., Roth R.H. Cocaine and cocaethylene: microdialysis comparison of brain drug levels and effects on dopamine and serotonin. J. Neurochem. 60:1993;1429-1435.
4. Brady K.T., Lydiard R.B., Malcolm R., Ballenger J.C. Cocaine-induced psychosis. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 52:1991;509-512.
5. Broderick P.A. Striatal neurochemistry of dynorphin-(1-13): in vivo electrochemical semidifferential analyses. Neuropeptides. 10:1987;369-386.
6. Broderick P.A. Distinguishing in vitro electrochemical signatures for norepinephrine and dopamine. Neurosci. Lett. 95:1988;275-280.
7. Broderick P.A. Characterizing stearate probes in vitro for the electrochemical detection of dopamine and serotonin. Brain Res. 495:1989;115-121.
8. Broderick P.A. State-of-the-art microelectrodes for in vivo voltammetry. Electroanalysis. 2:1990;241-251.
9. Broderick P.A. Cocaine: on-line analysis of an accumbens amine neuronal basis for psychomotor behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40:1991;959-968.
10. Broderick P.A. In vivo voltammetric studies on release mechanisms for cocaine with γ-butyrolactone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40:1991;969-975.
11. Broderick P.A. Cocaine's colocalized effects on synaptic serotonin and dopamine in ventral tegmentum in a reinforcement paradigm. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42:1992;889-898.
12. Broderick P.A. Distinguishing effects of cocaine (IV) and (SC) on mesoaccumbens dopamine and serotonin release with chloral hydrate anesthesia. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43:1992;929-937.
13. Broderick, P.A., 1999. Microelectrodes and their use in an electrochemical arrangement with telemetric application. U.S. Patent # 5, 938, 903. Representative of approximately 20 patents and trademarks.
14. Broderick P.A. Microsensors detect cocaine neuroadaptation: serotonin release within basal ganglia is not rhythmic with movement. Massaro E.J., Schardein J.L., Broderick P.A., Schlaepfer T.E., Mattsson J.L. Handbook of Neurotoxicology. vol. 2:2001;323-367 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
15. Broderick P.A. Interleukin 1α alters hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine release during open-field behavior in Sprague-Dawley animals: differences from the Fawn-Hooded animal model of depression. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 26:2002;1355-1372.
16. Broderick, P.A., Pacia, S.V., 2003. Identification, diagnosis and treatment of neuropathologies, neurotoxicities, tumors, and brain and spinal cord injuries using microelectrodes with microvoltammetry. U.S. Patent #PCT/US02/11244.
17. Broderick P.A., Phelix C.F. I. Serotonin (5-HT) within dopamine reward circuits signals open-field behavior: II. Basis of 5-HT-DA interaction in cocaine dysfunctional behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21(3):1997;227-260.
18. 4 antagonist, PNU-101387G: in vivo effects on mesocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal dopamine and serotonin release. J. Neural Transm. 105:1998;749-767.
19. Broderick P.A., Piercey M.F. Neurochemical and behavioral evidence supporting (+)-AJ 76 as a potential pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. J. Neural Transm. 105:1998;1307-1324.
20. Broderick P.A., Kornak E.P., Eng F., Wechsler R.W. Real time detection of acute (IP) cocaine-enhanced dopamine and serotonin release in ventrolateral nucleus accumbens of the behaving Norway rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46:1993;715-722.
21. Broderick P.A., Penn Erskine C., Charleton H., Green S., Okonji C. A four week follow-up study of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) release in nucleus accumbens of animals behaving in an open-field paradigm, after acute cocaine administration. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;1867.
22. Broderick P.A., Pacia S.V., Doyle W.K., Devinsky O. Monoamine neurotransmitters in resected hippocampal subparcellations from neocortical and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients: in situ microvoltammetric studies. Brain Res. 878:2000;49-63.
23. 2A antagonist attenuation of cocaine-induced serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) release in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during open-field behavior: in vivo microvoltammetric studies using ketanserin. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 27:2001;405.
24. Broderick P.A., Rahni D.N., Zhou Y. Acute and subacute effects of risperidone and cocaine on accumbens dopamine and serotonin release using in vivo microvoltammetry on line with open-field behavior. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 27(6):2003;1037-1054.
25. Brown E.E., Finlay J.M., Wong J.T., Damsma G., Fibiger H.C. Behavioral and neurochemical interactions between cocaine and buprenorphine: implications for the pharmacology of cocaine abuse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 256:1991;119-126.
26. Brunello N., Masotto C., Steardo L., Markstein R., Racagni G. New insights into the biology of schizophrenia through the mechanism of action of clozapine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 13(3):1995;177-213.
27. Buckley P.F. Substance abuse in schizophrenia: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 59(Suppl. 3):1998;S26-S30.
28. Carroll M.E., Lac S.T., Asencio M., Kragh R. Intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats is reduced by dietary L-tryptophan. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 100:1990;293-300.
29. Carroll M.E., Lac S.T., Asencio M., Kragh R. Fluoxetine reduces intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35:1990;237-244.
30. Carroll F.I., Gray J.L., Abraham P., Kuzemko M.A., Lewin A.H., Boja J.W., Kuhar M.J. 3-Aryl-2-(3′-substituted-1′,2′,4′-oxadiazol- 5′-yl) tropane analogues of cocaine: affinities at the cocaine binding site at the dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. J. Med. Chem. 36:1993;2886-2890.
31. Chen N.H., Reith M.E. 3[H] dopamine and [3H] serotonin release in vitro induced by electrical stimulation in A9 and A10 dopamine regions of rat brain: characterization and responses to cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267(1):1993;379-389.
32. Chou Y.H., Halldin C., Farde L. Occupancy of 5-HT(1A) receptors by clozapine in the primate brain: a PET study. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 166(3):2003;234-240.
33. Clinical Pharmacology of Clozapine, 2002. Rx List of Monographs.
34. Cools A.R., van Rossum J.M. Caudal dopamine and stereotype behaviour of cats. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 187:1970;163-173.
35. Costall B., Naylor R.J. The role of telencephalic dopaminergic systems in the mediation of apomorphine-stereotyped behaviour. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 24:1973;8-24.
36. Costall B., Naylor R.J., Pycock C. Non-specific supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 35:1976;275-283.
37. 3 receptor antagonists attenuate dopamine-induced hyperactivity in the rat. NeuroReport. 1:1990;77-80.
38. Cunningham K.A., Lakoski J.M. Electrophysiological effects of cocaine and procaine on dorsal raphe serotonin neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 148:1988;457-462.
39. Dackis C.A., Gold M.S. New concepts in cocaine addiction: the dopamine depletion hypothesis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 9(3):1985;469-477.
40. De La Garza R. II, Cunningham K.A. The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin on spontaneous activity, cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization: a microanalysis of locomotor activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292(2):2000;610-617.
41. Delfs J.M., Schreiber L., Kelley A.E. Microinjection of cocaine into the nucleus accumbens elicits locomotor activation in the rat. J. Neurosci. 10(1):1990;303-310.
42. de Wit H., Wise R.A. Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide but not with the noradrenergic blockers, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. Can. J. Psychol. 31:1977;195-203.
43. 2c receptor antagonist, increases dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system. Neuropharmacology. 38:1999;1195-1205.
44. 2c receptors in vivo. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71:2002;607-613.
45. Drescher K., Hetey L. Influence of antipsychotics and serotonin antagonists on presynaptic receptors modulating the release of serotonin in synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neuropharmacology. 27(1):1988;31-36.
46. Duffy R.A., Hunt M.A., Wamsley J.K., McQuade R.D. In vivo autoradiography of [3H] SCH 39166 in rat brain: selective displacement by D1/D5 antagonists. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 19(1):2000;41-46.
47. Einhorn L.C., Johnsen P.A., White F.J. Electrophysiological effects of cocaine in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system: studies in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;100-112.
48. Farren C.K., Hameedi F.A., Rosen M.A., Woods S., Jatlow P., Kosten T.R. Significant interaction between clozapine and cocaine in cocaine addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend. 59(2):2000;153-163.
49. Filip M., Cunningham K.A. Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptors in nucleus accumbens regulate expression of hyperlocomotive and discriminate stimulus effects of cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 21(19):2002;7781-7787.
50. Filip M., Nowak E., Papia I. On the role of serotonin 2A/2C receptors in the sensitization to cocaine. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52(3):2001;471-481.
51. Fischman M.W. The behavioral pharmacology of cocaine in humans. NIDA Res. Monogr. 50:1984;72-91.
52. Foucault, R., Broderick, P.A., Rahni, D.N., Lombardi, J.R., Birke, R.L., 2002. Neurotransmitter signatures: a correlation between Raman spectroscopy and microvoltammetric BRODERICK PROBES®. NIH/NIGMS Conference and Abstract, New Orleans, LA.
53. 2 antagonism of amphetamine-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52:1995;799-804.
54. Galloway M.P. Regulation of dopamine and serotonin synthesis by acute administration of cocaine. Synapse. 6:1990;63-72.
55. Gawin F., Kleber H. Pharmacological treatments of cocaine abuse. (Review) Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 9:1986;573-583.
56. Gawin F.H., Kleber H.D. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Clinical observations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 43:1986;104-113.
57. Gawin F.H., Allen D., Humblestone B. Outpatient treatment of "crack" cocaine smoking with flupenthixol decanoate. A preliminary report. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 46:1989;322-325.
58. Glazer W.M. Extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and the concept of atypicality. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 61(Suppl. 3):2000;S16-S21.
59. Hall F.S., Li X.F., Sora I., Xu F., Caron M., Lesch K.P., Murphy D.L., Uhl G.R. Cocaine mechanisms: enhanced cocaine, fluoxetine and nisoxetine place preferences following monoamine transporter deletions. Neuroscience. 115(1):2002;153-161.
60. Harris D., Batki S.L. Stimulant psychosis: symptom profile and acute clinical course. Am. J. Addict. 9(1):2000;28-37.
61. Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Food reward and cocaine increases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis. Life Sci. 42:1988;1705-1712.
62. 2c receptor RNA editing alters receptor basal activity: implications for serotonergic signal transduction. J. Neurochem. 73:1999;1711-1717.
63. 2c receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295:2000;226-232.
64. Herve D., Simon H., Blanc G., Lisoprawski A., LeMoal M., Glowinski J., Tassin J.P. Increased utilization of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens but not in the cerebral cortex after dorsal raphe lesion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 15:1979;127-133.
65. Herve D., Pickel V.M., Joh T.H., Beaudet A. Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: fine structure and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 435:1987;71-83.
66. Hillegaart V., Wadenberg M.L., Ahlenius S. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT on motor activity in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32:1989;797-800.
67. Hope, O., Lineen, E., Okonji, C., Green, S., Saleem, A., Aulakh, C.S., Broderick, P.A., 1995. Cocaine has remarkable nucleus accumbens effects on line, with behavior in the serotonin-deficient Fawn Hooded rat. NIH/NIGMS Symposium, Washington, DC.
68. 1A receptor agonism on antipsychotic drug-induced dopamine release in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 858(2):2000;252-263.
69. Ichikawa J., Kuroki T., Dai J., Meltzer H.Y. Effect of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular serotonin levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 351(2):1998;163-171.
70. Izenwasser S., Wesling L.L., Cox B.M. Comparison of the effects of cocaine and other inhibitors of dopamine uptake in rat striatum nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 520:1990;303-309.
71. Kalivas P.W. Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. Rev. 18:1993;75-113.
72. Kalivas P.W., Duffy P. Effect of acute and daily cocaine treatment on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Synapse. 5:1990;48-58.
73. Kalivas P.W., Nemeroff C.B. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. 1988;New York Academy of Sciences, New York.
74. Kane J., Honigfeld G., Singer J., Meltzer H. The Clozaril Collaborative Study Group. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison versus chlorpromazine/benztropine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;789-796.
75. Kapur S., Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics: new directions and new challenges in the treatment of schizophrenia. Annu. Rev. Med. 52:2001;503-517.
76. Kelly P.H., Seviour P., Iversen S.D. Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Res. 94:1975;507-522.
77. Koe B.K. Molecular geometry of inhibitors of the uptake of catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 199:1976;649-661.
78. Koob G.F., Nestler E.J. The neurobiology of drug addiction. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9:1997;482-497.
79. Kosten T.A., Nestler E.J. Clozapine attenuates cocaine conditioned place preference. Life Sci. 55(1):1994;PL9-PL14.
80. Kruzich P.J., See R.E. An evaluation of the role of 5-HT(2) receptor antagonism during subchronic antipsychotic drug administration in rats. Brain Res. 875(1-2):2000;35-43.
81. Kuoppamaki M., Palvimak E.P., Hietala J., Syvalahti E. Differential regulation of rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, a chronic treatment with clozapine, chlorpromazine and three putative atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology. 13(2):1995;139-150.
82. Kuroki T., Meltzer H.Y., Ichikawa J. Effect of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288:1999;774-781.
83. Lieberman J., Johns C., Cooper T., Pollack S., Kane J. Clozapine pharmacology and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 99:1989;S54-S59. (Supplement).
84. Lieberman J.A., Kinon B.J., Loebel A.D. Dopaminergic mechanisms in idiopathic and drug-induced psychoses. Schizophr. Bull. 16(1):1990;97-110.
85. Loh E.A., Roberts D.C. Breakpoints on a progressive-ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine increase following depletion of forebrain serotonin. Psychopharmacology. 101:1990;262-266.
86. Loh E.A., Fitch T., Vickers G., Roberts D.C. Clozapine increases breaking points on a progressive-ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42(3):1992;559-562.
87. 2C receptor subtypes in the control of in vivo dopamine outflow in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 74:2000;693-701.
88. Lutje Hulsik D. Functional and binding data for ketanserin. Organon. 2002.
89. Lysaker P., Bell M., Beam-Goulet J., Milstein R. Relationship of positive and negative symptoms to cocaine abuse in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 182(2):1994;109-112.
90. Mancama D., Arranz M.J., Munro J., Osborne S., Makoff A., Collier D., Kerwin R. Investigation of promoter variants of the histamine 1 and 2 receptors in schizophrenia and clozapine response. Neurosci. Lett. 333(3):2002;207-211.
91. Margolin A., Avants S.K., Kosten T.R. Mazindol for relapse prevention to cocaine abuse in methadone-maintained patients. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse. 21(4):1995;469-481.
92. McGregor A., Lacosta S., Roberts D.C.S. L-Tryptophan decreases the breaking point under a progressive ratio schedule of intravenous cocaine self-administration in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45:1993;651-655.
93. McKinney W.T. Basis of development of animal models in psychiatry: an overview. Koob G.F., Elhers C.L., Kupfer D.J. Animal Models of Depression. 1989;3-17 Birkhauser Press, Boston, MA.
94. McMahon L.R., Cunningham K.A. Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (2A) receptors attenuates the behavioral effects of cocaine in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 297(1):2001;357-363.
95. McMahon L.R., Filip M., Cunningham K.A. Differential regulation of the mesoaccumbens circuit by serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and (5-HT)2C receptors. J. Neurosci. 21(19):2001;7781-7787.
96. Meltzer H.Y. Clinical studies on the mechanism of action of clozapine: the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology. 99:1989;518-527.
97. Meltzer H.Y. The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr. Bull. 17:1991;263-287.
98. Meltzer H.Y. Dimensions of outcome with clozapine. Br. J. Psychiatry. 160(Suppl. 17):1992;S46-S53.
99. Meltzer H.Y. The role of serotonin in antipsychotic drug action. Neuropsychopharmacology. 21:1999;S106-S115. (Supplement).
100. Meltzer H.Y., Nash J.F. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on serotonin receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 43:1991;587-604.
101. 2 receptor occupancy: implications for antipsychotic action. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216:1992;67-71.
102. Mendoza R., Miller B.L., Mena I. Emergency room evaluation of cocaine-associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent Dev. Alcohol. 10:1992;73-87.
103. Mets B., Diaz J., Soo E., Jamdar S. Cocaine, norcocaine, ecgonine methylester and benzoylecgonine pharmacokinetics in the rat. Life Sci. 65(12):1999;1317-1328.
104. Miller B.L., Mena I., Giombetti R., Villanueve-Meyer J., Djenderedjian A.H. Neuropsychiatric effects of cocaine: SPECT Measurements. J. Addict. Dis. 11:1992;47-58.
105. Misra A.L., Nayak P.K., Patel M.N., Vadlamani N.I., Mule S.J. Identification of norcocaine as a metabolite of (3H)-cocaine in rat brain. Experientia. 30(11):1974;1312-1314.
106. Misra A.L., Vadlamani N.I., Bloch R., Nayak P.K., Mule S.J. Physiologic disposition and metabolism of (3H) ecgonine (cocaine metabolite) in the rat. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 8(1):1974;55-63.
107. Mitchell J., Vierkant A.D. Delusions and hallucinations of cocaine abusers and paranoid schizophrenics: a comparative study. J. Psychol. 125(3):1991;301-310.
108. 2A antagonist. Behav. Brain Res. 73:1995;163-167.
109. Mueser K.T., Nishith P., Tracy H., De Girolamo J., Molinaro M. Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 21(3):1995;367-378.
110. Nambudin D.E., Young R.C. A case of late-onset crack dependence and subsequent psychosis in the elderly. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 8:1991;253-255.
111. Nayak P.K., Misra A.L., Mule S.J. Physiological disposition and biotransformation of (3H) cocaine in acutely and chronically treated rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196(3):1976;556-569.
112. Ng J.P., Hubert G.W., Justice J.B. Jr. Increased stimulated release and uptake of dopamine in nucleus accumbens after repeated cocaine administration as measured by in vivo voltammetry. J. Neurochem. 56:1991;1485-1492.
113. Pan Z.Z., William J.T. Differential actions of cocaine and amphetamine on dorsal raphe neurons in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251:1989;56-62.
114. Parsa M., Ramirez L.F., Loula E.C., Meltzer H.Y. Effect of clozapine on psychotic depression and parkinsonism. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11:1991;330-331.
115. Parsons L.H., Justice J.B. Serotonin and dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area and dorsal raphe nucleus following repeated cocaine administration. J. Neurochem. 61:1993;1611-1619.
116. Parsons L.H., Koob G.F., Weiss F. Serotonin dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens of rats during withdrawal after unlimited access to intravenous cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274:1995;1182-1191.
117. Parsons L.H., Koob G.F., Weiss F. Extracellular serotonin is decreased in the nucleus accumbens during withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. Behav. Brain Res. 73(1-2):1996;225-228.
118. Pellegrino L.J., Pellegrino A.S., Cushman A.J. A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain. 1979;Plenum, New York.
119. Peltier R.L., Emmett-Oglesby M.W., Thomas W.H., Schenk S. Failure of ritanserin to block the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 48:1994;473-478.
120. Pere J.J. Clinical pharmacology: the example of clozapine (Leponex). Encephale. 21(3):1995;9-12.
121. Phelix C.F., Broderick P.A. Light microscopic immunocytochemical evidence of converging serotonin and dopamine terminals in ventrolateral nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. Rev. 37:1995;37-40.
122. Pijnenburg A.J.J., Honig W.M.M., van Rossum J.M. Effects of antagonists upon locomotor stimulation induced by injection of dopamine and noradrenaline into the nucleus accumbens of nialamide-pretreated rats. Psychopharmacologia. 41:1975;175-180.
123. Porrino L.J., Ritz M.C., Goodman N.L., Sharpe L.G., Kuhar M.J., Goldberg S.R. Differential effects of the pharmacological manipulation of serotonin systems on cocaine and amphetamine self-administration in rats. Life Sci. 45:1989;1529-1535.
124. Price L.H., Charney D.S., Delgado P.L., Heninger G.R. Lithium and serotonin function: implications for the serotonin hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 100:2001;3-12.
125. Ramana S.V., Desiraju T. Investigation of influence of diazepam, valproate, cyproheptadine and cortisol on the rewarding ventral tegmental self-stimulation behavior. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 33:1989;179-185.
126. Ranjan R., Meltzer H.Y. Acute and long-term effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant psychotic depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 40:1996;253-258.
127. 3H] cocaine binding in brain is associated with serotonin neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 23:1983;600-606.
128. Richardson N.R., Roberts D.C.S. Fluoxetine pretreatment reduces breaking point on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine self-administration in the rat. Life Sci. 49:1991;833-840.
129. Richelson E., Souder T. Binding of antipsychotic drugs to human brain receptors focus on newer generation compounds. Life Sci. 68(1):2000;29-39.
130. Risner M.E., Jones B.E. Intravenous self-administration of cocaine and norcocaine by dogs. Psychopharmacology. 71:1980;83-89.
131. Roberts D.C.S., Koob G.F. Disruption of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the ventral tegmental area in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17:1982;901-904.
132. Roberts D.C.S., Corcoran M.E.O., Fibiger H.C. On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6:1977;615-620.
133. Robertson A., MacDonald C. The effects of some atypical neuroleptics on apomorphine-induced behaviors as a measure of their relative potencies in blocking presynaptic versus postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24(6):1986;1639-1643.
134. Rosenthal R.N., Miner C.R. Differential diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia in patients with substance use disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 23(2):1997;187-193.
135. Ross S.B., Renyi A.L. Inhibition of the uptake of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 7:1969;270-277.
136. Rosse R.B., Collins J.P. Jr., Fay-McCarthy M., Alim T.N., Wyatt R.J., Deutsch S.I. Phenomenologic comparison of the idiopathic psychosis of schizophrenia and drug-induced cocaine and phencyclidine psychoses: a retrospective study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 17(4):1994;359-369.
137. Satel S.L., Edell W.S. Cocaine-induced paranoia and psychosis proneness. Am. J. Psychiatry. 148(12):1991;1708-1711.
138. Satel S.L., Seibyl J.P., Charney D.S. Prolonged cocaine psychosis implies underlying major psychopathology. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 52(8):1991;349-350.
139. Schotte A., Janssen P.F., Megens A.A., Leysen J.E. Occupancy of central neurotransmitter receptors by risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, measured ex vivo by quantitative autoradiography. Brain Res. 631(2):1993;191-202.
140. Schotte A., Janssen P.F.M., Gommeren W., Luyten W.H.M.L., Van Gompel P., Lesage A.S., De Loore K., Leysen J.E. Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology. 124:1996;57-73.
141. Serper M.R., Chou J.C., Allen M.H., Czobor P., Cancro R. Symptomatic overlap of cocaine intoxication and acute schizophrenia at emergency presentation. Schizophr. Bull. 25(2):1999;387-394.
142. Sherer M.A., Kumor K.M., Cone E.J., Jaffe J.H. Suspiciousness induced by four-hour intravenous infusions of cocaine. Preliminary findings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45(7):1988;673-677.
143. Spealman R.D., Bergman J., Madras B.K., Kamien J.B., Melia K.F. Role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the behavioral effects of cocaine. Neurochem. Int. 20:1992;S147-S152. (Supplement).
144. Sprouse J.S., Reynolds L.S., Braselton J.P., Rollema H., Zorn S.H. Comparison of the novel antipsychotic ziprasidone with clozapine and olanzepine: inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing and the role of 5-HT(1A) receptor activation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 21(5):1999;622-631.
145. Stahl S.M. Essential psychopharmacology. 2000;Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
146. Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat-cell bodies and terminals. Neurosci. 6:1981;557-618.
147. 2 receptor occupancy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 12:1995;57-64.
148. Sun L., Lau C.E. Simultaneous pharmacokinetic modeling of cocaine and its metabolites, norcocaine and benzoylecgonine, after intravenous and oral administration in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 29(9):2001;1183-1189.
149. Taylor W.A., Staby A.E. Acute treatment of alcohol and cocaine emergencies. Recent Dev. Alcohol. 10:1992;179-191.
150. 2A antagonism of cocaine-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 59(2):1998;275-280.
151. Tueth M.J. High incidence of psychosis in cocaine intoxication and preventing violence in the ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 11(6):1993;676.
152. Van Bockstaele E.J., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructure of serotonin- immunoreactive terminals in the core and shell of the rat nucleus accumbens: cellular substrates for interactions with catecholamine afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 334:1993;603-617.
153. Van Bockstaele E.J., Cestari D.M., Pickel V.M. Synaptic structure and connectivity of serotonin in the ventral tegmental area: potential sites for modulation of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Brain Res. 674:1994;307-322.
154. Volonte M., Monferini E., Cerutti M., Fodritto F., Borsini F. BIMG 80, a novel potential antipsychotic drug: evidence for multireceptor actions and preferential release of dopamine in prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 69(1):1997;182-190.
155. Walsh S.L., Cunningham K.A. Serotonergic mechanisms involved in the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing, and subjective effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology. 130:1997;41-58.
156. Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., Suddath R., Torrey E.F. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am. J. Psychiatry. 149(7):1992;890-897.
157. Williams R. Optimal dosing with risperidone: updated recommendations. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 62(4):2001;282-289.
158. 2-type contributions to psychomotor sensitization and reward: implications for pharmacological treatment strategies. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18(Suppl. 1):1995;S74-S83.
159. Wise R.A., Bozarth M.A. A psychostimulant theory of addiction. Psychol. Rev. 94:1987;469-492.
160. Wise R.A., Rompre P.P. Brain dopamine and reward. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 40:1989;191-225.
161. 2A/2C receptors within the nucleus accumbens increases local dopaminergic transmission. Brain Res. Bull. 51(1):2000;75-81.
162. 2A receptor stimulation in rats pretreated with intermittent cocaine. Brain Res. 863(1-2):2000;254-258.
163. Zahniser N.R., Peris J., Dwoskin L.P., Curella P., Yasuda R.P., O'Keefe L., Boyson S.J. Sensitization to cocaine in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. NIDA Res. Monogr. 88:1988;55-77.
164. Zimmet S.V., Strous R.D., Burgess E.S., Kohnstamm S., Green A.L. Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective survey. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 20(1):2000;94-98.