Alterations in serotonergic responsiveness during cocaine withdrawal in rats: Similarities to major depression in humans

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 44, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 578-591

  Baumann, Michael H ^a,b   Rothman, Richard B ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cocaine withdrawal; Depression; Serotonin neurons; Serotonin(1A) receptors; Serotonin2 receptors

Indexed keywords

2 DIPROPYLAMINO 8 HYDROXYTETRALIN; 4 IODO 2,5 DIMETHOXYAMPHETAMINE; COCAINE; FENFLURAMINE; PROLACTIN; SEROTONIN AGONIST;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEEDING; HORMONE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; RAT; SEROTONIN RELEASE;

5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN; 8-HYDROXY-2-(DI-N-PROPYLAMINO)TETRALIN; AMPHETAMINES; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; COCAINE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FENFLURAMINE; MALE; PROLACTIN; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN AGONISTS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 0032191731     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00123-1     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Aghajanian GK, Sprouse JS, Rasmussen K (1987): Physiology of the midbrain serotonin system. In: Meltzer HY, editor. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press, pp 141-149.
2. 2 and β-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:1038-1047.
3. 2 binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims and control subjects. Am J Psychiatry 146:730-736.
4. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P (1976): 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: A suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1193-1197.
5. 1 agonists in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 50:241-247.
6. Bailey DN, Shaw RF (1989): Cocaine-and methamphetamine-related deaths in San Diego County (1987): Homicides and accidental overdoses. J Forensic Sci 34:407-422.
7. 1A-mediated prolactin secretion in rats. Neurosci Lett 193:9-12.
8. 2/1C agonist DOI. Biol Psychiatry 34:576-577.
9. Baumann MH, Raley TJ, Partilla JS, Rothman RB (1993b): Biosynthesis of dopamine and serotonin in the rat brain after repeated cocaine injections: A microdissection mapping study. Synapse 14:40-50.
10. Baumann MH, Rutter JJ, Auerbach SB (1993c): Intravenous administration of the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) increases extracellular serotonin in the diencephalon of awake rats. Neuropharmacology 32:1381-1385.
11. Baumann MH, Becketts KM, Rothman RB (1995a): Evidence for alterations in presynaptic serotonergic function during withdrawal from chronic cocaine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 282:87-93.
12. Baumann MH, Gendron TM, Becketts KM, Henningfield JE, Gorelick DA, Rothman RB (1995b): Effects of intravenous cocaine on plasma cortisol and prolactin in human cocaine abusers. Biol Psychiatry 38:751-755.
13. Baumann MH, Staley JK, Mash DC (1995c): The serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) binds to serotonin transporter sites in human brain. Neuroreport 6:2150-2152.
14. Bendotti C, Samanin R (1986): 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) elicits eating in free-feeding rats by acting on central serotonin receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 121:147-150.
15. Benmansour S, Tejani-Butt SM, Hauptmann M, Brunswick DJ (1992): Lack of effect of high-dose cocaine on monoamine uptake sites in rat brain measured by quantitative autoradiography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 106:459-462.
16. Berger UV, Gu XF, Azmitia EC (1992): The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol 215:153-160.
17. Black EW, Lakoski JM (1990): In vitro electrophysiology of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in subchronic cocaine-treated rats: Development of tolerance to acute cocaine administration. Mol Cell Neurosci 1:84-91.
18. Blier P, de Montigny C, Chaput Y (1987): Modifications of the serotonin system by antidepressant treatments: Implications for the therapeutic response in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7(suppl 6):24S-35S.
19. Borowsky B, Kuhn CM (1991a): Monoamine mediation of cocaine-induced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:204-210.
20. Borowsky B, Kuhn CM (1991b): Chronic cocaine administration sensitizes behavioral but not neuroendocrine responses. Brain Res 543:301-306.
21. Bradberry CW, Nobiletti JB, Elsworth JD, Murphy B, Jatlow P, Roth RH (1993): Cocaine and cocaethylene: Microdialysis comparison of brain drug levels and effects on dopamine and serotonin. J Neurochem 60:1429-1435.
22. Bradford MM (1976): A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248-254.
23. Briley M, Moret C (1993): Neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant therapies. Clin Neuropharmacol 16:387-400.
24. Broadhurst AM, Briley M (1988): Catecholamine and serotonin synthesis ex vivo as an index of in vivo neuronal activity and regulation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 9:349-351.
25. Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Fergeson P, Hudson J, McKernin C (1997): The meta-chlorophenylpiperazine challenge test in cocaine addicts: Hormonal and psychological responses. Biol Psychiatry 41:1071-1086.
26. Carroll ME, Lac ST (1987): Cocaine withdrawal produces behavioral disruptions in rats. Life Sci 40:2183-2190.
27. Chaouloff F (1993): Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems. Brain Res Rev 18:1-32.
28. Chaput Y, de Montigny C, Blier P (1991): Presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications of the serotonin system by long-term administration of antidepressant treatments: An in vivo electrophysiological study in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 5:219-229.
29. Cleare AJ, Murray RM, O'Keane V (1996): Reduced prolactin and cortisol responses to d-fenfluramine in depressed compared to healthy matched control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:349-354.
30. Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, Maurer G, Cochrane K, Cooper TB, et al (1989): Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:587-599.
31. Cowen PJ (1993): Serotonin receptor subtypes in depression: Evidence from studies in neuroendocrine regulation. Clin Neuropharmacol 16:S6-S18.
32. Cowen PJ, Charig EM (1987): Neuroendocrine responses to tryptophan in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 958-966.
33. Cowen PJ, Anderson IM, Grahame-Smith DG (1991): Neuroendocrine effects of azapirones. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16: 21S-25S.
34. 1A receptor sensitivity in major depression. A neuroendocrine study with buspirone. Br J Psychiatry 164:372-379.
35. Cunningham KA (1995): Modulation of serotonin function by acute and chronic cocaine: Neurophysiological analyses. In: Hammer R, editor. Molecular Neurobiology of Cocaine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp 121-143.
36. Cunningham KA, Paris JM, Goeders NE (1992): Chronic cocaine enhances serotonin autoregulation and serotonin uptake binding. Synapse 11:112-123.
37. Dackis CA, Gold MS (1985): New concepts in cocaine addiction: The dopamine depletion hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:469-477.
38. 2 receptor function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:519-527.
39. Deakin JFW (1996): 5-HT, antidepressant drugs and the psychosocial origins of depression. J Psychopharmacol 10:31-38.
40. Deakin JFW, Pennel I, Upadhyaya AK, Lofthouse R (1990): A neuroendocrine study of 5-HT function in depression: Evidence for biological mechanisms and psychosocial causation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 101:85-92.
41. De Leon G (1993): Cocaine abusers in therapeutic community treatment. NIDA Res Monogr 135:163-188.
42. Dinan TG (1994): Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A psychobiological model. Br J Psychiatry 164:365-371.
43. Di Sciullo A, Bluet-Pajot MT, Mounier F, Oliver C, Schmidt B, Kordon C (1990): Changes in anterior pituitary hormone levels after serotonin 1A receptor stimulation. Endocrinology 127:567-572.
44. Dourish CT, Hutson PH, Curzon G (1986): p-Chlorophenylalanine prevents feeding induced by the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 89:467-471.
45. Farfel GM, Seiden LS (1995): Role of hypothermia in the mechanism of protection against serotonergic toxicity. II. Experiments with methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine, fenfluramine, dizocilpine and dextromethorphan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272:868-875.
46. Garattini S, Mennini T, Samanin R (1989): Reduction of food intake by manipulation of central serotonin. Br J Psychiatry 155(suppl 8):41-51.
47. Gawin FH, Kleber HD (1986): Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers: Clinical observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:107-113.
48. Gibbons RD, Davis JM (1986): Consistent evidence for a biological subtype of depression characterized by low CSF monoamine levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74:8-12.
49. 2 receptor-mediated head-twitch behavior following antidepressant treatment to mice. Br J Pharmacol 83:235-242.
50. Hamik A, Peroutka SJ (1989): 1-(m-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) interactions with neurotransmitter receptors in human brain. Biol Psychiatry 25:569-575.
51. Heninger GR, Charney DS, Sternberg DE (1984): Serotonergic function in depression: Prolactin response to intravenous tryptophan in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:398-402.
52. Hjorth S, Carlsson A, Lindberg P, Sanchez D, Wikstrom H, Arvidsson L-E, et al (1982): 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, 8-OH-DPAT, a potent and selective simplified ergot congener with central 5-HT receptor stimulating activity. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 55:169-188.
53. 1A Receptors. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood, pp 94-105.
54. Humphrey PPA, Hartig P, Hoyer D (1993): A proposed new nomenclature for 5-HT receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:233-236.
55. Hutson PH, Dourish CT, Curzon G (1986): Neurochemical and behavioral evidence for mediation of the hyperphagic action of 8-OH-DPAT by 5-HT cell body autoreceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 129:347-352.
56. 2) in several rat brain regions. Eur J Pharmacol 238:425-429.
57. Johnson RG, Fiorella D, Rabin RA (1993): Effects of chronic cocaine administration on the serotonergic system in the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:289-293.
58. 1A receptors increases release of prolactin in the rat. Neuropharmacology 31:643-647.
59. Khantzian EJ (1985): The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 142:1259-1264.
60. Kleber HD (1995): Pharmacotherapy, current and potential, for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Clin Neuropharmacol 18(suppl 1):S96-S109.
61. Kleven MS, Woolverton WL, Seiden LS (1988): Lack of long-term monoamine depletions following repeated or continuous exposure to cocaine. Brain Res Bull 21:233-237.
62. Kokkinidis L (1988): Neurochemical correlates of post-amphetamine depression and sensitization in animals. Implications for behavioral pathology. In: Simon P, Soubrie P, Widlocher D, editors. Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders. Basel: Karger, pp 148-173.
63. Koob GF, Bloom FE (1988): Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242:715-723.
64. Koob GF, Caine SB, Parsons L, Markou A, Weiss F (1997): Opponent process theory and psycho stimulant addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:513-521.
65. Lee MA, Meltzer HY (1994): Blunted oral body temperature response to MK-212 in cocaine addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 35:217-222.
66. 1A receptor responsivity in unipolar depression: Evaluation of isapirone-induced ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients and controls. Biol Psychiatry 28:620-628.
67. 1A) receptor-mediated hyperthermic response to ipsapirone in unipolar depression. Life Sci 46:1271-1277.
68. Levy AD, Li Q, Kerr JE, Rittenhouse PA, Milonas G, Cabrera TM, et al (1991): Cocaine-induced elevation of plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone and corticosterone is mediated by serotonergic neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:495-500.
69. 2 agonist DOI. Eur J Pharmacol 221:121-127.
70. Levy AD, Li Q, Alvarez Sanz MC, Rittenhouse PA, Kerr JE, Van de Kar LD (1992b): Neuroendocrine responses to cocaine do not exhibit sensitization following repeated cocaine exposure. Life Sci 51:887-897.
71. Levy AD, Rittenhouse PA, Li Q, Alvarez Sanz MC, Kerr JE, Bethea CL, et al (1992c): Repeated injections of cocaine inhibit the serotonergic regulation of prolactin and renin secretion in rats. Brain Res 580:6-11.
72. Levy AD, Rittenhouse PA, Bonadonna AM, Alvarez Sanz MC, Bethea CL, Van de Kar LD (1993): Repeated exposure to cocaine produces long-lasting deficits in the serotonergic stimulation of prolactin and renin, but not adrenocorticotropin secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 241:275-278.
73. Levy AD, Baumann MH, Van de Kar LD (1994a): Monoaminergic regulation of neuroendocrine function and its modification by cocaine. Front Neuroendocrinol 15:85-156.
74. 1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT. Neuropharmacology 33:335-342.
75. 2 and β-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:954-959.
76. Mann JJ, McBride PA, Malone KM, DeMeo M, Keilp J (1995): Blunted serotonergic responsivity in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 13:53-64.
77. Mann JJ, Malone KM, Sweeney JA, Brown RP, Linnoila M, Stanley B, et al (1996): Attempted suicide characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:576-586.
78. Markou A, Koob GF (1991): Postcocaine anhedonia: An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 4:17-26.
79. Martin GR, Humphrey PPA (1994): Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacology 33:261-273.
80. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, Stajic M, Morgan EB, Mann JJ (1992): Prevalence of cocaine use among residents of New York City who committed suicide during a one-year period. Am J Psychiatry 149:371-375.
81. Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Leon AC, Hirsch CS, Stajic M, Portera L, et al (1995): Fatal injuries after cocaine use as a leading cause of death among young adults in New York City. N Engl J Med 332:1753-1757.
82. McElroy JF, Miller JM, Meyer JS (1984): Fenfluramine, p-chloroamphetamine and p-fluoroamphetamine stimulation of pituitary-adrenocortical activity in rat: Evidence for differences in site and mechanism of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 228:593-599.
83. Meltzer HY, Lowy MT (1987): The serotonin hypothesis of depression. In: Meltzer HY, editor. Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press, pp 513-526.
84. Meltzer HY, Maes M (1994): Effects of buspirone on plasma prolactin and cortisol levels in major depressed and normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry 35:316-323.
85. Meltzer HY, Maes M (1995): Effects of ipsapirone on plasma cortisol and body temperature in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 38:450-457.
86. Mendelson JH, Mello NK (1996): Management of cocaine abuse and dependence. N Engl J Med 334:965-972.
87. Mendelson JH, Teoh SK, Mello NK, Ellingboe J, Rhoades E (1992): Acute effects of cocaine on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in cocaine-dependent men. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:505-509.
88. Mitchell P, Smythe G (1990): Hormonal responses to fenfluramine in depressed and control subjects. J Affect Disord 19:43-51.
89. Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Fulton M, Kramer G, Petty F (1994): A preliminary neuroendocrine study with buspirone in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 10:75-83.
90. Moldow RL, Fischman AJ (1987): Cocaine induced secretion of ACTH, beta-endorphin, and corticosterone. Peptides 8:819-822.
91. Murphy DL, Lesch KP, Aulakh CS, Pigot TA (1991): Serotonin-selective arylpiperazines with neuroendocrine, behavioral, temperature, and cardiovascular effects in humans. Pharmacol Rev 43:527-561.
92. Neisewander JL, Lucki I, McGonigle P (1994): Time-dependent changes in sensitivity to apomorphine and monoamine receptors following withdrawal from continuous cocaine administration in rats. Synapse 16:1-10.
93. Nestler EJ (1992): Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. J Neurosci 12:2439-2450.
94. O'Keane V, Dinan TG (1991): Prolactin and cortisol responses to d-fenfluramine in major depression: Evidence for diminished responsivity of central serotonergic function. Am J Psychiatry 148:1009-1015.
95. Paris JM, Callahan PM, Lee JM, Cunningham KA (1991): Behavioral sensitization to cocaine is not associated with changes in serotonin (5-HT) fiber immunoreactivity in rat forebrain. Brain Res Bull 27:843-847.
96. Parsons LH, Justice JB (1993): Serotonin and dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and dorsal raphe nucleus following repeated cocaine administration. J Neurochem 61:1611-1619.
97. Parsons LH, Koob GF, Weiss F (1995): Serotonin dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens of rats during withdrawal after unlimited access to intravenous cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1182-1191.
98. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH (1980): Chronic antidepressant treatment decreases spiroperidol-labeled serotonin receptor binding. Science 210:88-90.
99. Pilotte NS, Sharpe LG, Dax EM (1990): Multiple, but not acute, infusions of cocaine alter the release of prolactin in male rats. Brain Res 512:107-112.
100. 3H] cocaine binding in brain is associated with serotonergic neurons. Mol Pharmacol 23:600-606.
101. 1C/2 receptors. Endocrinology 133:661-667.
102. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1987): Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237:1219-1223.
103. Rivier C, Vale W (1987): Cocaine stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion through a corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-mediated mechanism. Brain Res 422:402-406.
104. Rowland NE, Carlton J (1986): Neurobiology of the anorectic drug fenfluramine. Prog Neurobiol 27:13-62.
105. Roy A, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M (1990): Serotonin in suicide, violence and alcoholism. In: Coccaro EF, Murphy DL, editors. Serotonin in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 185-208.
106. 1A agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:101-112.
107. Schuldiner S, Steiner-Mordoch S, Yelin R, Wall SC, Rudnick G (1993): Amphetamine derivatives interact with both plasma membrane and secretory vesicle biogenic amine transporters. Mol Pharmacol 44:1227-1231.
108. Siever LJ, Murphy DL, Slater S, de la Vega E, Lipper S (1984): Plasma prolactin changes following fenfluramine in depressed patients compared to controls: An evaluation of central serotonergic responsivity in depression. Life Sci 34: 1029-1039.
109. Siever LJ, Kahn RS, Lawlor BA, Trestman RL, Lawrence TL, Coccaro EF (1991): Critical issues in defining the role of serotonin in psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Rev 43:509-525.
110. Smith CE, Ware CJ, Cowen PJ (1991): Pindolol decreases prolactin and growth hormone responses to intravenous 1-tryptophan. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 103:140-142.
111. Stanley M, Mann JJ (1983): Increased serotonin-2 binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims Lancet i:214-216.
112. 1 receptors and of catecholaminergic systems in the behavioural responses to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 106:271-282.
113. Van de Kar LD (1991): Neuroendocrine pharmacology of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 31: 289-320.
114. Van de Kar LD, Urban JH, Richardson KD, Bethea CL (1985): Pharmacological studies on the serotonergic and nonserotonin-mediated stimulation of prolactin and corticosterone secretion by fenfluramine. Neuroendocrinology 41:283-288.
115. Van de Kar LD, Bonadonna AM, Rittenhouse PA, Kerr JE, Levy AD, Iyer L, et al (1992a): Prior chronic exposure to cocaine inhibits the serotonergic stimulation of ACTH and secretion of corticosterone. Neuropharmacology 31:169-175.
116. Van de Kar LD, Rittenhouse PA, O'Connor P, Palionis T, Brownfield MS, Lent SJ, et al (1992b): Effect of cocaine injections on the neuroendocrine response to the serotonin agonist MK-212. Biol Psychiatry 32:258-269.
117. Weddington WW, Brown BS, Haertzen CA, Cone EJ, Dax EM, Herning RI, et al (1991): Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:861-868.
118. Wilkinson LO, Dourish CT (1991): Serotonin and animal behavior. In: Peroutka SJ, editor. Serotonin Receptor Subtypes: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp 147-210.
119. Willner P, Muscat R (1991): Animal models for investigating the symptoms of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. In: Olivier B, Mos J, Slangen JL, editors. Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, pp 183-198.
120. Willoughby JO, Menadue MF, Liebelt HJ (1988): Activation of 5-HT 1 receptors in the medial basal hypothalamus stimulates prolactin secretion in the unanesthetized rat. Neuroendocrinology 47:83-87.
121. Woolverton WL, Kleven MS (1988): Evidence for cocaine dependence in monkeys following prolonged period of exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94:288-291.
122. Yeh SY, De Souza EB (1991): Lack of neurochemical evidence for neurotoxic effects of repeated cocaine administration in rats on brain monoamine neurons. Drug Alcohol Depend 27:51-61.