Caveolin, sterol carrier protein-2, membrane cholesterol-rich microdomains and intracellular cholesterol trafficking

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 51, Issue , 2010, Pages 279-318

  Schroeder, Friedhelm ^a   Huang, Huan ^b   McIntosh, Avery L ^b   Atshaves, Barbara P ^b   Martin, Gregory G ^b   Kier, Ann B ^b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Caveolae; Cholesterol; Domains; Membrane; Sterol carrier protein 2

Indexed keywords

EUKARYOTA;

CARRIER PROTEIN; CAVEOLIN; CHOLESTEROL; DRUG DERIVATIVE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; GANGLIOSIDE GM1; MEMBRANE LIPID; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN; STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN; STEROL CARRIER PROTEINS; VESICULAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; BILE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL MEMBRANE; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; GENETICS; HUMAN; LIVER; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BILE; CARRIER PROTEINS; CAVEOLINS; CELL MEMBRANE; CHOLESTEROL; FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEINS; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE; HUMANS; LIVER; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; VESICULAR TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 77952309737     PISSN: 03060225     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8622-8_10     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Amigo, L., Zanlungo, S., Miquel, J.F., Glick, J.M., Hyogo, H., Cohen, D.E., Rigotti, A., and Nervi, F., 2003, Hepatic overexpression of sterol carrier protein-2 inhibits VLDL production and reciprocally enhances biliary lipid secretion. J. Lipid Res. 44: 399–407.
2. Anderson, R.G.W. and Jacobson, K., 2002, A role for lipid shells in targeting proteins to caveolae, rafts, and other lipid domains. Science 296: 1821–1825.
3. Anniss, A.M., Apostolopoulos, J., Dworkin, S., Purton, L.E., and Sparrow, R.L., 2002, An oxysterol binding protein family identified in the mouse. DNA Cell Biol. 21: 571–580.
4. Assanasen, C., Mineo, C., Seetharam, D., Yuhanna, I.S., Marcel, Y.L., Connelly, M.A., Williams, D.L., de la Llera-Moya, M., Shaul, P.W., and Silver, D.L., 2005, Cholesterol binding, efflux, and PDZ-interacting domain of scavenger receptor-B1 mediate HDL-initiated signaling. J. Clin. Invest. 115: 969–977.
5. Atshaves, B.P., Gallegos, A., McIntosh, A.L., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2003, Sterol carrier protein-2 selectively alters lipid composition and cholesterol dynamics of caveo-lae/lipid raft vs non-raft domains in L-cell fibroblast plasma membranes. Biochemistry 42: 14583–14598.
6. Atshaves, B.P., Jefferson, J.R., McIntosh, A.L., McCann, B.M., Landrock, K., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2007a, Effect of sterol carrier protein-2 expression on sphingolipid distribution in plasma membrane lipid rafts/caveolae. Lipids 42: 871–884.
7. Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Landrock, D., Payne, H.R., Mackie, J., Maeda, N., Ball, J.M., Schroeder, F., and Kier, A.B., 2007b, Effect of SCP-x gene ablation on branched-chain fatty acid metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 292: 939–951.
8. Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Martin, G.G., Landrock, D., Payne, H.R., Bhuvanendran, S., Landrock, K.K., Lyuksyutova, O.I., Johnson, J.D., Macfarlane, R.D., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2009, Overexpression of sterol carrier protein-2 differentiallly alters hepatic cholesterol accumulation in cholesterol-fed mice. J. Lipid Res. 50: 1429–47.
9. Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Payne, H.R., Gallegos, A.M., Landrock, K., Maeda, N., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2007c, Sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x gene ablation alters lipid raft domains in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 48: 2193–2211.
10. Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Payne, H.R., Mackie, J., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2005, Effect of branched-chain fatty acid on lipid dynamics in mice lacking liver fatty acid binding protein gene. Am. J. Physiol. 288: C543–C558.
11. Atshaves, B.P., Payne, H.R., McIntosh, A.L., Tichy, S.E., Russell, D., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2004, Sexually dimorphic metabolism of branched chain lipids in C57BL/6 J mice. J. Lipid Res. 45: 812–830.
12. Atshaves, B.P., Starodub, O., McIntosh, A.L., Roths, J.B., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2000, Sterol carrier protein-2 alters HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 36852–36861.
13. Avdulov, N.A., Chochina, S.V., Igbavboa, U., Warden, C.H., Schroeder, F., and Wood, W.G., 1999, Lipid binding to sterol carrier protein-2 is inhibited by ethanol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1437: 37–45.
14. Babiychuk, E.B. and Draeger, A., 2006, Biochemical characterization of detergent-resistant membranes: a systematic approach. Biochem. J. 397: 407–416.
15. Balbis, A.B.G., Mounier, C., and Posner, B.I., 2004, Effect of insulin on caveolin-enriched membrane domains in rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 39348–39357.
16. Baldan, A., Tarr, P., Lee, R., and Edwards, P.A., 2006, ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 and lipid homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 17: 227–232.
17. Beltroy, E.P., Richardson, J.A., Horton, J.D., Turley, S.D., and Dietschy, J.M., 2005, Cholesterol accumulation and liver cell death in mice with NPC disease. Hepatology 42: 886–893.
18. Bourret, G., Brodeur, M.R., Luangrath, V., Lapointe, J., Falstrault, L., and Brissette, L., 2006, In vivo cholesteryl ester selective uptake of mildly and standardly oxidized LDL occurs by both parenchymal and nonparenchymal mouse hepatic cells but SR-BI is only responsible for standardly oxidized LDL selective uptake by nonparenchymal cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 38: 1160–1170.
19. Bretscher, M.S. and Munro, S., 1993, Cholesterol and the Golgi apparatus. Science 261: 1280–1281.
20. Brouillette, C., Bose, Y., Perusse, L., Gaudet, D., and Vohl, M.-C., 2004, Effect of liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP) T94A missense mutation on plasma lipoprotein responsiveness to treatment with fenofibrate. J. Hum. Genet. 49: 424–432.
21. Chang, T.Y., Chang, C.C., Lin, S., Yu, C., Li, B.L., and Miyazaki, A., 2001, Roles of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltrasnferase-1 and -2. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12: 289–296.
22. Chang, T.-Y., Chang, C.C.Y., and Cheng, D., 1997, Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66: 613–638.
23. Chang, T.-Y., Reid, P.C., Sugii, S., Ohgami, N., Cruz, J.C., and Chang, C.C.Y., 2005, Niemann-Pick Type C disease and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 20917–20920.
24. Cohen, D.E., 1999, Hepatocellular transport and secretion of biliary lipids. Cur. Opin. Lipidology 10: 295–302.
25. Connelly, M.A. and Williams, D.L., 2004, Scavenger receptor B1: A scavenger receptor with a mission to transport high density lipoprotein lipids. Cur. Opin. Lipidol. 15: 287–295.
26. de Almeida, R.F.M., Loura, L.M.S., Fedorov, A., and Prieto, M., 2005, Lipid rafts have different sizes depending on membrane composition: a time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer study. J. Mol. Biol. 346: 1109–1120.
27. De la Llera-Moya, M., Rothblat, G.H., Connelly, M.A., Kellner-Weibel, G., Sakr, S.W., Phillips, M.C., and Williams, D.L., 1999, Scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1) mediates free cholesterol flux independently of HDL tethering to the surface. J. Lipid Res. 40: 575–580.
28. Everson, W.V. and Smart, E.J., 2005, Caveolae and the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeosta-sis. In Caveolae and Lipid Rafts: Roles in Signal Transduction and the Pathogenesis of Human Disease. M. P. Lisanti and P. G. Frank, editors. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 37–55.
29. Ferdinandusse, S., Kostopoulos, P., Denis, S., Rusch, R., Overmars, H., Dillman, U., Reith, W., Haas, D., Wanders, R.J.A., Duran, M., and Marziniak, M., 2006, Mutations in the gene encoding peroxisomal sterol carrier protein-x (SCP-x) cause leukencephalopathy with dystonia and motor neuropathy. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78: 1046–1052.
30. Feul-Lagerstedt, E., Movitz, C., Pelime, S., Dahlgren, C., and Karlsson, A., 2007, Lipid raft proteome of the human neutrophil azurophil granule. Proteomics 7: 194–205.
31. Fex, M., Lucas, S., Winzell, M.S., Ahren, B., Holm, C., and Mulder, H., 2006, β-Cell lipases and insulin secretion. Diabetes 55: S24–S31.
32. Fischer, R.T., Cowlen, M.S., Dempsey, M.E., and Schroeder, F., 1985, Fluorescence of delta 5,7,9(11),22-ergostatetraen-3 beta-ol in micelles, sterol carrier protein complexes, and plasma membranes. Biochemistry 24: 3322–3331.
33. Fisher, E., Weikert, C., Klapper, M., Lindner, I., Mohlig, M., Spranger, J., Boeing, H., Schrezenmeir, J., and Doring, F., 2007, L-FABP T94A is associated with fasting triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in women. Mol. Gen. Metab. 91: 278–284.
34. Foster, L.J., de Hoog, C.L., and Mann, M., 2003, Unbiased quantitative proteomics of lipid rafts reveals high specificity for signaling factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100: 5813–5818.
35. Frolov, A., Petrescu, A., Atshaves, B.P., So, P.T.C., Gratton, E., Serrero, G., and Schroeder, F., 2000, High density lipoprotein mediated cholesterol uptake and targeting to lipid droplets in intact L-cell fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 12769–12780.
36. Frolov, A., Woodford, J.K., Murphy, E.J., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1996a, Spontaneous and protein-mediated sterol transfer between intracellular membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 16075–16083.
37. Frolov, A.A., Woodford, J.K., Murphy, E.J., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1996b, Fibroblast membrane sterol kinetic domains: modulation by sterol carrier protein 2 and liver fatty acid binding protein. J. Lipid Res. 37: 1862–1874.
38. Fuchs, M., Hafer, A., Muench, C., Kannenberg, F., Teichmann, S., Scheibner, J., Stange, E.F., and Seedorf, U., 2001, Disruption of the sterol carrier protein 2 gene in mice impairs biliary lipid and hepatic cholesterol metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 48058–48065.
39. Gallegos, A.M., Atshaves, B.P., Storey, S., McIntosh, A., Petrescu, A.D., and Schroeder, F., 2001a, Sterol carrier protein-2 expression alters plasma membrane lipid distribution and cholesterol dynamics. Biochemistry 40: 6493–6506.
40. Gallegos, A.M., Atshaves, B.P., Storey, S.M., Starodub, O., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., McIntosh, A., Martin, G., Chao, H., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2001b, Gene structure, intra-cellular localization, and functional roles of sterol carrier protein-2. Prog. Lipid Res. 40: 498–563.
41. Gallegos, A.M., McIntosh, A.L., Atshaves, B.P., and Schroeder, F., 2004, Structure and cholesterol domain dynamics of an enriched caveolae/raft isolate. Biochem. J. 382: 451–461.
42. Gallegos, A.M., McIntosh, A.L., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2008, Membrane domain distributions: Analysis of fluorescent sterol exchange kinetics. Curr. Anal. Chem. 4: 1–7.
43. Gallegos, A.M., Storey, S.M., Kier, A.B., Schroeder, F., and Ball, J.M., 2006, Structure and cholesterol dynamics of caveolae/raft and nonraft plasma membrane domains. Biochemistry 45: 12100–12116.
44. Gulbins, E. and Li, P.L., 2006, Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ceramide. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290: 11–26.
45. Hale, J.E. and Schroeder, F., 1982, Asymmetric transbilayer distribution of sterol across plasma membranes determined by fluorescence quenching of dehydroergosterol. Eur. J. Biochem. 122: 649–661.
46. Hao, M., Mukherjee, S., and Maxfield, F.R., 2001, Cholesterol depletion induces large scale domain segregation in living cell membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98: 13072–13077.
47. Harder, C.J., Meng, A., Rippstein, P., McBride, H.M., and McPherson, R., 2007, SR-BI undergoes cholesterol-stimulated transcytosis to the bile canaliculus in polarized WIF-B cells. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 1445–1455.
48. Harris, W.S., Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E., Kris-Etherton, P., Rudel, L.L., Appel, L.J., Engler, M.M., Engler, M.B., and Sacks, F., 2009, Omega-6 fatty acids and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Circulation 119: 902–907.
49. Harroun, T.A., Katsaras, J., and Wassall, S.R., 2008, Cholesterol is found to reside in the center of a polyunsaturated lipid membrane. Biochemistry 47: 7090–7096.
50. Hayakawa, E., Naganuma, M., Mukasa, K., Shimozawa, T., and Araiso, T., 1998, Change of Motion and Localization of Cholesterol Molecule during La-HII Transition. Biophys. J. 74: 892–898.
51. Haynes, M.P., Phillips, M.C., and Rothblat, G.H., 2000, Efflux of cholesterol from different cellular pools. Biochemistry 39: 4508–4517.
52. Holthuis, J.C.M. and Levine, T.P., 2005, Lipid traffic: floppy drives and superhighway. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 209–220.
53. Holtta-Vuori, M., Uronen, R.-L., Repakova, J., Salonen, E., Vattulainen, L., Panula, P., Li, Z., Bittman, R., and Ikonen, E., 2008, BODIPY-cholesterol: a new tool to visualize sterol trafficking in living cells and organisms. Traffic 9: 1839–1849.
54. Huang, H., Ball, J.A., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1999a, Interaction of the N-terminus of sterol carrier protein-2 with membranes: role of membrane curvature. Biochem. J. 344: 593–603.
55. Huang, H., Ball, J.A., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1999b, The sterol carrier protein-2 amino terminus: a membrane interaction domain. Biochemistry 38: 13231–13243.
56. Huang, H., Gallegos, A., Zhou, M., Ball, J.M., and Schroeder, F., 2002, Role of sterol carrier protein-2 N-terminal membrane binding domain in sterol transfer. Biochemistry 41: 12149–12162.
57. Huang, H., McIntosh, A.L., Atshaves, B.P., Ohno-Iwashita, Y., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2009, Use of dansyl-cholestanol as a probe of cholesterol behavior in membranes of living cells. J. Lipid Res. published December 11, 2009, doi:10.1194/jlr.M003244.
58. Hui, D.Y., Labonte, E.D., and Howles, P.N., 2008, Development and physiological regulation of intestinal absorption. III. Intestinal transporters and cholesterol absorption. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Phys. 294: G839–G843.
59. Igbavboa, U., Avdulov, N.A., Schroeder, F., and Wood, W.G., 1996, Increasing age alters transbi-layer fluidity and cholesterol asymmetry in synaptic plasma membranes of mice. J. Neurochem. 66: 1717–1725.
60. Ikonen, E. and Vainio, S., 2005, Lipid microdomains and insulin resistance: is there a connection? Sci. STKE pe3: 1–3.
61. Incerpi, S., Jefferson, J.R., Wood, W.G., Ball, W.J., and Schroeder, F., 1992, Na pump and plasma membrane structure in L-cell fibroblasts expressing rat liver fatty acid binding protein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 298: 35–42.
62. Incerpi, S., Vito, P.D., Luly, P., Jefferson, J.R., and Schroeder, F., 1991. The sodium pump and plasma membrane structure: effect of insulin and aging. In Biotechnology of Cell Regulation, Serono Symposia Series Adv. in Exptl. Med. R. Verna and Y. Nishizuka, editors. Raven Press, NY, pp. 409–423.
63. Ismair, M.G., Hausler, S., Stuermer, C.A., Guyot, C., Meier, P.J., Roth, J., and Stieger, B., 2009, ABC-transporters are localized in caveolin-1-positive and reggie-1-negative and reggie-2-negative microdomains of the canalicular membrane in rat hepatoctyes. Hepatology 49: 1673–1682.
64. Jefferson, J.R., Powell, D.M., Rymaszewski, Z., Kukowska-Latallo, J., and Schroeder, F., 1990, Altered membrane structure in transfected mouse L-Cell fibroblasts expressing rat liver fatty acid-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 11062–11068.
65. Jefferson, J.R., Slotte, J.P., Nemecz, G., Pastuszyn, A., Scallen, T.J., and Schroeder, F., 1991, Intracellular sterol distribution in transfected mouse L-cell fibroblasts expressing rat liver fatty acid binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 5486–5496.
66. Jessup, W., Gelissen, I., Gaus, K., and Kritharides, L., 2006, Roles of ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1, scavenger receptor BI and membrane lipid domains in cholesterol export from macrophages. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 17: 247–267.
67. Ji, Y., Wang, N., Ramakrishnan, R., Sehayek, E., Huszar, D., Breslow, J.L., and Tall, A.R., 1999, Hepatic scavenger receptor B1 promotes rapid clearance of high density lipoprotein free cholesterol and its transport into bile. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 33398–33402.
68. Kamau, S.W., Kramer, S.D., Gunthert, M., and Wunderlich-Allenspach, H., 2005, Effect of the modulation of the membrane lipid composition on the localization and function of P-glycoprotein in MDR1-MDCK cells. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 41: 207–216.
69. Kanno, K., Wu, M.K., Scapa, E.F., Roderick, S.L., and Cohen, D.E., 2007, Structure and function of phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP)/StarD2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771: 654–662.
70. Karten, B. et al., 2006, J. Biol. Chem. 281: 4049–4057.
71. Kellner-Weibel, G., de la Llera-Moya, M., Connelly, M.A., Stoudt, G., Christian, A.E., Haynes, M.P., Williams, D.L., and Rothblat, G.H., 2000, Biochemistry 43: 544–549.
72. Kier, A.B., Sweet, W.D., Cowlen, M.S., and Schroeder, F., 1986, Regulation of transbilayer distribution of a fluorescent sterol in tumor cell plasma membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 861: 287–301.
73. Lagace, T.A., Byers, D.M., Cook, H.W., and Ridgway, N.D., 1997, Altered regulation of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the oxysterol binding protein is dependent on the pleckstrin homology domain. Biochem. J. 326: 205–213.
74. Laitinen, S., Lehto, M., Lehtonen, S., Hyvarinen, K., Heino, S., Lehtonen, E., Ehnholm, C., Ikonen, E., and Olkkonen, V.M., 2002, ORP2, a homolog of oxysterol binding protein, regulates cellular cholesterol metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 43: 245–255.
75. Lakowicz, J. R. 2006. Energy transfer. In Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J. R. Lakowicz, editor. Springer Science, New York, NY, pp. 443–475.
76. Lange, A.J., Dolde, J., and Steck, T.L., 2007, The rate of transmembrane movement of cholesterol in the human erythrocyte. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 5321–5323.
77. Li, Q., Zhang, Q., Wang, M., Zhao, S., Ma, J., Luo, N., Li, N., Li, Y., Xu, G., and Li, J., 2007, Eicosapentaenoic acid modifies lipid composition in caveolae and induces translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochimie 89: 169–177.
78. Lichtenberg, D., Gonnelli, M., and Heerklotz, H., 2005, Detergent-resistant membranes should not be identified with membrane rafts. Trends Biochem. Sci. 30: 430–436.
79. Ma, D.W.L., Seo, J., Davidson, L.A., Callaway, E.S., Fan, Y.-Y., Lupton, J.R., and Chapkin, R.S., 2004, n-3 PUFA alter caveolae lipid composition and resident protein localization in mouse colon. F A S E B J. 18: 1040–1042.
80. Mackie, J.T., Atshaves, B.P., Payne, H.R., McIntosh, A.L., Schroeder, F., and Kier, A.B., 2009, Phytol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 37: 201–208.
81. Martin, G.G., Atshaves, B.P., Huang, H., McIntosh, A.L., Williams, B.W., Russell, D.H., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2009a, Hepatic phenotype of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablated mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 297: G1053–G1065.
82. Martin, G.G., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Mackie, J.T., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2005, Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation alters liver bile acid metabolism in male mice. Biochem. J. 391: 549–560.
83. Martin, G.G., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Mackie, J.T., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2006, Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation potentiates hepatic cholesterol accumulation in cholesterol-fed female mice. Am. J. Physiol. 290: G36–G48.
84. Martin, G.G., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Mackie, J.T., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2008a, Liver fatty acid binding protein gene ablated female mice exhibit increased age dependent obesity. J. Nutr. 138: 1859–1865.
85. Martin, G.G., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Mackie, J.T., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2009b, Liver fatty acid binding protein gene ablation enhances age-dependent weight gain in male mice. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 324: 101–115.
86. Martin, G.G., Danneberg, H., Kumar, L.S., Atshaves, B.P., Erol, E., Bader, M., Schroeder, F., and Binas, B., 2003a, Decreased liver fatty acid binding capacity and altered liver lipid distribution in mice lacking the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 21429–21438.
87. Martin, G.G., Hostetler, H.A., Tichy, S.E., Russell, D.H., Berg, J.M., Woldegiorgis, G., Spencer, T.A., Ball, J.A., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2008b, Structure and function of the sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) N-terminal pre-sequence. Biochemistry 47: 5915–5934.
88. Martin, G.G., Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Binas, B., and Schroeder, F., 2003b, Ablation of the liver fatty acid binding protein gene decreases fatty acyl CoA binding capacity and alters fatty acyl CoA pool distribution in mouse liver. Biochemistry 42: 11520–11532.
89. Martin, S. and Parton, R.G., 2005, Caveolin, cholesterol, and lipid bodies. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16: 163–174.
90. Martinez-Botas, J., Anderson, J.B., Tessier, D., Lapillonne, A., Chang, B.H.J., Quast, M.J., Gorenstein, D., Chen, K.-H., and Chan, L., 2000, Absence of perilipin results in leanness and reverses obesity in Leprdb/db mice. Nat. Genet. 26: 474–479.
91. Matarese, V., Stone, R.L., Waggoner, D.W., and Bernlohr, D.A., 1989, Intracellular fatty acid trafficking and the role of cytosolic lipid binding proteins. Prog. Lipid Res. 28: 245–272.
92. Mazzone, A., Tietz, P., Jefferson, J.R., Pagano, R., and LaRusso, N.F., 2006, Isolation and characterization of lipid microdomains from apical and basolateral plasma membranes of rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 43: 287–296.
93. McArthur, M.J., Atshaves, B.P., Frolov, A., Foxworth, W.D., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 1999, Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 40: 1371–1383.
94. McIntosh, A., Atshaves, B.P., Huang, H., Gallegos, A.M., Kier, A.B., Schroeder, F., Xu, H., Zhang, W., and Liu, S., 2007. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy and spatial analysis of dehy-droergosterol distributions on plasma membranes of living cells. In Lipid Rafts. T. McIntosh, editor. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, pp. 85–105.
95. McIntosh, A., Gallegos, A., Atshaves, B.P., Storey, S., Kannoju, D., and Schroeder, F., 2003, Fluorescence and multiphoton imaging resolve unique structural forms of sterol in membranes of living cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 6384–6403.
96. McIntosh, A.L., Atshaves, B.P., Gallegos, A.M., Storey, S.M., Reibenspies, J.H., Kier, A.B., Meyer, E., and Schroeder, F., 2008c, Structure of dehydroergosterol monohydrate and interaction with sterol carrier protein-2. Lipids 43: 1165–1184.
97. McIntosh, A.L., Atshaves, B.P., Huang, H., Gallegos, A.M., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2008a, Fluorescence techniques using dehydroergosterol to study cholesterol trafficking. Lipids 43: 1208.
98. McIntosh, A.L., Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Storey, S.M., Gallegos, A., Spencer, T.A., Bittman, R., Ohno-Iwashita, Y., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2008b. Fluorescent sterols for the study of cholesterol trafficking in living cells. In Probes and Tags to Study Biomolecular Function for Proteins, RNA, and Membranes. L. W. Miller, editor. Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim, pp. 1–33.
99. Miller, W.L., 2007, Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771: 663–676.
100. Moncecchi, D.M., Murphy, E.J., Prows, D.R., and Schroeder, F., 1996, Sterol carrier protein-2 expression in mouse L-cell fibroblasts alters cholesterol uptake. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1302: 110–116.
101. Mondal, M., Mesmin, B., Mukherjee, S., and Maxfield, F.R., 2009, Sterols are mainly in the cyto-plasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment in CHO cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 20: 581–588.
102. Morris, D. H. 2007a. Background on omega-3 fatty acids. In FLAX- A Health and Nutrition Primer. D. H. Morris, editor. Flax Council of Canada, pp. 22–33.
103. Morris, D. H. 2007b. Importance of omega-3 fatty acids for adults and infants. In FLAX-A Health and Nutrition Primer. D. H. Morris, editor. Flax Council of Canada, pp. 34–43.
104. Mukherjee, S., Zha, X., Tabas, I., and Maxfield, F.R., 1998, Cholesterol distribution in living cells: fluorescence imaging using dehydroergosterol as a fluorescent cholesterol analog. Biophys. J. 75: 1915–1925.
105. Muller, P. and Herrmann, A., 2002, Rapid transbilayer movement of spin-labeled steroids in human erythrocytes and in liposomes. Biophys. J. 82: 1418–1428.
106. Murcia, M., Faraldo-Gomez, J.D., Maxfield, F.R., and Roux, B., 2006, Modeling the structure of the StART domains of MLN64 and StAR proteins in complex with cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 47: 2614–2630.
107. Murphy, E.J., 1998, Sterol carrier protein-2 expression increases fatty acid uptake and cytoplasmic diffusion in L-cell fibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol. 275: G237–G243.
108. Murphy, E.J. and Schroeder, F., 1997, Sterol carrier protein-2 mediated cholesterol esterification in transfected L-cell fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1345: 283–292.
109. Nemecz, G. and Schroeder, F., 1988, Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of membrane cholesterol heterogeneity and exchange. Biochemistry 27: 7740–7749.
110. Nemecz, G. and Schroeder, F., 1991, Selective binding of cholesterol by recombinant fatty acid-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 17180–17186.
111. Newberry, E.P., Kennedy, S.M., Xie, Y., Luo, J., Stanley, S.E., Semenkovich, C.F., Crooke, R.M., Graham, M.J., and Davidson, N.O., 2008a, Altered hepatic triglyceride content after partial hepatectomy without impaired liver regeneration in multiple muring genetic models. Hepatology 48: 1097–1105.
112. Newberry, E.P., Kennedy, S.M., Xie, Y., Sternard, B.T., Luo, J., and Davidson, N.O., 2008b, Diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in L-FABP-/- mice is abrogated with SF, but not PUFA, feeding and attenuated after cholesterol supplementation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 294: G307–G314.
113. Newberry, E.P., Xie, Y., Kennedy, S., Buhman, K.K., Luo, J., Gross, R.W., and Davidson, N.O., 2003, Decreased hepatic triglyceride accumulation and altered fatty acid uptake in mice with deletion of the liver fatty acid binding protein gene. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 51664–51672.
114. Newberry, E.P., Xie, Y., Kennedy, S.M., Luo, J., and Davidson, N.O., 2006, Protection against western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid binding protein knockout mice. Hepatology 44: 1191–1205.
115. Ohgami, N., Ko, D.C., Thomas, M., Scott, M.P., Chang, C.C.Y., and Chang, T.-Y., 2004, Binding between NPC1 protein and a photoactivatable cholesterol analog requires a functional sterol sensing domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 34: 12473–12478.
116. Ohno-Iwashita, Y., Shimada, Y., Waheed, A.A., Hayashi, M., Inomata, M., Nakamura, M., Maruya, M., and Iwashita, S., 2004, Perfringolysin O, a cholesterol-binding cytolysin, as a probe for lipid rafts. Anaerobe 10: 125–134.
117. Orlowski, S., Martin, S., and Escargueil, A., 2006, P-glycoprotein and ‘lipid rafts’: some ambiguous mutual relationships (floating on them, building them or meeting them by chance?). Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63: 1038–1059.
118. Ortegren, U., Karlsson, M., Blazic, N., Blomqvist, M., Nysrom, F.H., Gustavsson, J., Fredman, P., and Stralfors, P., 2007, Lipids and glycosphingolipids in caveolae and surrounding plasma membrane of primary rat adipocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 271: 2028–2036.
119. Parathath, S., Connelly, M.A., Rieger, R.A., Klein, S.M., Abumrad, N.A., de la Llera-Moya, M., Iden, C.R., Rothblat, G.H., and Williams, D.L., 2004, Changes in plasma membrane properties and phosphatidylcholine subspecies of insect Sf9 cells due to expression of scavenger receptor class B, type 1, and CD36. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 41310–41318.
120. Parr, R.D., Martin, G.G., Hostetler, H.A., Schroeder, M.E., Mir, K.D., Kier, A.B., Ball, J.M., and Schroeder, F., 2007, A new N-terminal recognition domain in caveolin-1 interacts with sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2). Biochemistry 46: 8301–8314.
121. Parton, R.G., Hanzal-Bayer, M., and Handcock, J.F., 2006, Biogenesis of caveolae: a structural model for caveolin-induced domain formation. J. Cell Sci. 119: 787–796.
122. Parton, R.G. and Simons, K., 2007, The multiple faces of caveolae. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 185–194.
123. Perry, R.J. and Ridgway, N.D., 2006, Oxysterol binding protein and vesicle associated membrane protein associated protein are required for sterol dependent activation of the ceramide transport protein. Mol. Biol. Cell 17: 2604–2616.
124. Petersen, N.H., Faergeman, N.J., Yu, L., and Wustner, D., 2008, Kinetic imaging of NPC1L1 and sterol trafficking between plasma membrane and recycling endosomes in hepatoma cells. J. Lipid Res. 49: 2023–2037.
125. Petrescu, A.D., Gallegos, A.M., Okamura, Y., Strauss, I.J.F., and Schroeder, F., 2001, Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein binds cholesterol and modulaes mitochondrial membrane sterol domain dynamics. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 36970–36982.
126. Pike, L.J., 2004, Lipid rafts: heterogeneity on the high seas. Biochem. J. 378: 281–292.
127. Pike, L.J., 2006, Rafts defined: A report on the Keystone symposium on lipid rafts and cell function. J. Lipid Res. 47: 1597–1598.
128. Pike, L.J., Han, X., Chung, K.-N., and Gross, R.W., 2002, Lipid rafts are enriched in arachi-donic acid and plasmenylethanolamine and their composition is independent of caveolin-1 expression: a quantitative electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Biochemistry 41: 2075–2088.
129. Pitto, M., Brunner, J., Ferraretto, A., Ravasi, D., Palestini, P., and Masserini, M., 2000, Use of a photoactivatable GM1 ganglioside analogue to assess lipid distribution in caveolae bilayer. Glycoconj. J. 17: 215–222.
130. Puglielli, L., Rigotti, A., Amigo, L., Nunez, L., Greco, A.V., Santos, M.J., and Nervi, F., 1996, Modulation on intrahepatic cholesterol trafficking: Evidence by in vivo antisense treatment for the involvement of sterol carrier protein-2 in newly synthesized cholesterol transfer into bile. Biochem. J. 317: 681–687.
131. Robins, S.J. and Fasulo, J.M., 1999, Delineation of a novel hepatic route for the selective transfer of unesterified sterols from high density lipoproteins to bile: studies using the perfused rat liver. Hepatology 29: 1541–1548.
132. Rodriguez-Agundo, D., Ren, S., Hylemon, P.B., Redford, K., Natarajan, R., Del Castillo, A., Gil, G., and Pandak, W.M., 2005, Human StarD5, a cytosolic StAR-related lipid binding protein. J. Lipid Res. 46: 1615–1623.
133. Roff, C.F., Pastuszyn, A., Strauss, J.F.I., Billheimer, J.T., Vanier, M.T., Brady, R.O., Scallen, T.J., and Pentchev, P.G., 1992, Deficiencies in sex-regulated expression and levels of two hepatic sterol carrier proteins in a murine model of Niemann-Pick type C disease. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 15902–15908.
134. Roper, K., Corbeil, D., and Huttner, W.B., 2000, Retention of prominin in microvilli reveals distinct cholesterol-based lipid microdomains in the apical plasma membrane. Nat. Cell Biol. 2: 582–592.
135. Saltiel, A.R. and Pessin, J.E., 2003, Insulin signaling in microdomains of the plasma membrane. Traffic 4: 711–716.
136. Sams, G.H., Hargis, B.M., and Hargis, P.S., 1991, Identification of two lipid binding proteins from liver of Gallus domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99B: 213–219.
137. Samsonov, A.V., Mihalyov, I., and Cohen, F.S., 2001, Characterization of cholesterol-sphingomyelin domains and their dynamics in bilayer membranes. Biophys. J. 81: 1486–1500.
138. Schoer, J., Gallegos, A., Starodub, O., Petrescu, A., Roths, J.B., Kier, A.B., and Schroeder, F., 2000, Lysosomal membrane cholesterol dynamics: role of sterol carrier protein-2 gene products. Biochemistry 39: 7662–7677.
139. Schram, V. and Thompson, T.E., 1997, Influence of the intrinsic membrane protein bacte-riorhodopsin on gel-phase domain topology in two-component phase-separated bilayers. Biophys. J. 72: 2217–2225.
140. Schroeder, F. 1988. Use of fluorescence spectroscopy in the assessment of biological membrane properties. In Advances in Membrane Fluidity: Methods for Studying Membrane Fluidity. R. C. Aloia, C. C. Cirtain, and L. M. Gordon, editors. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 193–217.
141. Schroeder, F., Atshaves, B.P., Gallegos, A.M., McIntosh, A.L., Liu, J.C., Kier, A.B., Huang, H., and Ball, J.M., 2005, Lipid rafts and caveolae organization. In Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology. P. G. Frank and M. P. Lisanti, editors. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 3–36.
142. Schroeder, F., Butko, P., Nemecz, G., Jefferson, J.R., Powell, D., Rymaszewski, Z., Dempsey, M.E., Kukowska-Latallo, J., and Lowe, J.B., 1989a, Sterol carrier protein: a ubiquitous protein in search of a function. In Bioengineered Molecules: Basic and Clinical Aspects. R. Verna, R. Blumenthal, and L. Frati, editors. Raven Press, New York, NY, pp. 29–45.
143. Schroeder, F., Fontaine, R.N., and Kinden, D.A., 1982, LM fibroblast plasma membrane sub-fractionation by affinity chromatography on ConA-sepharose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 690: 231–242.
144. Schroeder, F., Frolov, A., Schoer, J., Gallegos, A., Atshaves, B.P., Stolowich, N.J., Scott, A.I., and Kier, A.B., 1998, Intracellular sterol binding proteins, cholesterol transport and membrane domains. In Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. T. Y. Chang and D. A. Freeman, editors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 213–234.
145. Schroeder, F., Frolov, A., Starodub, O., Russell, W., Atshaves, B.P., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., Gallegos, A., McIntosh, A., Tahotna, D., Russell, D., Billheimer, J.T., Baum, C.L., and Kier, A.B., 2000, Pro-sterol carrier protein-2: role of the N-terminal presequence in structure, function, and peroxisomal targeting. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 25547–25555.
146. Schroeder, F., Frolov, A.A., Murphy, E.J., Atshaves, B.P., Jefferson, J.R., Pu, L., Wood, W.G., Foxworth, W.B., and Kier, A.B., 1996, Recent advances in membrane cholesterol domain dynamics and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 213: 150–177.
147. Schroeder, F., Gallegos, A.M., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., Chao, H., Yang, H., Frolov, A., and Kier, A.B., 2001a, Recent advances in membrane microdomains: rafts, caveolae and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Exp. Biol. Med. 226: 873–890.
148. Schroeder, F., Gallegos, A.M., Atshaves, B.P., Storey, S.M., McIntosh, A., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., Starodub, O., Chao, H., Yang, H., Frolov, A., and Kier, A.B., 2001b, Recent advances in membrane cholesterol microdomains: rafts, caveolae, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Exp. Biol. Med. 226: 873–890.
149. Schroeder, F., Jefferson, J.R., Kier, A.B., Knittell, J., Scallen, T.J., Wood, W.G., and Hapala, I., 1991a, Membrane cholesterol dynamics: cholesterol domains and kinetic pools. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 196: 235–252.
150. Schroeder, F. and Nemecz, G., 1989, Interaction of sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholines with fluorescent dehydroergosterol. Biochemistry 28: 5992–6000.
151. Schroeder, F. and Nemecz, G., 1990, Transmembrane Cholesterol Distribution. In Advances in Cholesterol Research. M. Esfahami and J. Swaney, editors. Telford Press, Caldwell, NJ, pp. 47–87.
152. Schroeder, F., Nemecz, G., Barenholz, Y., Gratton, E., and Thompson, T.E., 1988a, Cholestatrienol Time Resolved Fluorescence in Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers. In Time Resolved Laser Spectroscopy in Biochemistry. J.R. Lakowicz, M. Eftink, and J. Wampler, editors. SPIE Press, pp. 457–465.
153. Schroeder, F., Nemecz, G., Gratton, E., Barenholz, Y., and Thompson, T.E., 1988b, Fluorescence properties of cholestatrienol in phosphatidylcholine bilayer vesicles. Biophys. Chem. 32: 57–72.
154. Schroeder, F., Nemecz, G., Wood, W.G., Joiner, C., Morrot, G., Ayraut-Jarrier, M., and Devaux, P.F., 1991b, Transmembrane distribution of sterol in the human erythrocyte. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1066: 183–192.
155. Schroeder, F., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Martin, G.G., Hostetler, H.A., Vespa, A., Landrock, K., Landrock, D., Payne, H.R., and Kier, A.B., 2008, Role of fatty acid binding proteins and long chain fatty acids in modulating nuclear receptors and gene transcription. Lipids 43: 1–17.
156. Schroeder, F. and Sweet, W.D., 1988. The role of membrane lipid and structure asymmetry on transport systems. In Advances in Biotechnology of Membrane Ion Transport. P. L. Jorgensen and R. Verna, editors. Serono Symposia, New York, NY, pp. 183–195.
157. Schroeder, F., Wood, W.G., Morrison, W.J., Fontaine, R.N., and Kier, A.B., 1989b, Synaptosomal plasma membrane lipid and structural asymmetry. In Neurochemical Aspects of Phospholipid Metabolism. L. Freysz, J. N. Hawthorne, and G. Toffano, editors. Liviana Press, Padova, Italy, pp. 17–33.
158. Schwarz, M., Russell, D.W., Dietschy, J.M., and Turley, S.D., 2001, Alternate pathways of bile acid synthesis in the cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase knockout mouse are not upregulated by either cholesterol or cholestyramine feeding. J. Lipid Res. 42: 1594–1603.
159. Seedorf, U., Raabe, M., Ellinghaus, P., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., Engel, T., Denis, S., Wouters, F., Wirtz, K.W.A., Wanders, R.J.A., Maeda, N., and Assmann, G., 1998, Defective peroxisomal catabolism of branched fatty acyl coenzyme A in mice lacking the sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x gene function. Genes Dev. 12: 1189–1201.
160. Shahedi, V., Oradd, G., and Lindblom, G., 2006, Domain-formation in DOPC/SM bilayers studied by pfg-NMR: Effect of sterol structure. Biophys. J. 91: 2501–2507.
161. Shaw, J.E., Epand, R.F., Epand, R.M., Li, Z., Bittman, R., and Yip, C.M., 2006, Correlated fluorescence-atomic force microscopy of membrane domains: Structure of fluorescence probes determines lipid localization. Biophys. J. 90: 2170–2178.
162. Shimada, Y., Maruya, M., Iwashita, S., and Ohno-Iwashita, Y., 2002, The C-terminal domain of perfringolysin O is an essential cholesterol-binding unit targeting to cholesterol-rich domains. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 6195–6203.
163. Silver, D.L., 2004, SRB1 and protein-protein interactions in hepatic high density lipoprotein metabolism. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Dis. 5: 327–333.
164. Simopoulos, A.P., 2006, Evolutional aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 60: 502–507.
165. Smart, E.J. and van der Westhuyzen, D.R., 1998, Scavenger receptors, caveolae, caveolin, and cholesterol trafficking. In Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. T. Y. Chang and D. A. Freeman, editors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 253–272.
166. Smart, E.J., Ying, Y., Mineo, C., and Anderson, R.G.W., 1995, A detergent-free method for purifying caveolae membrane from tissue culture cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92: 10404–10408.
167. Soccio, R. and Breslow, J.L., 2003, StAR-related lipid transfer (START) proteins: mediators of intracellular lipid metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 22183–22186.
168. Spann, N.J., Kang, S., Li, A.C., Chen, A.Z., Newberry, E.P., Davidson, N.O., Hui, S.T.Y., and Davis, R.A., 2006, Coordinate transcriptional repression of liver fatty acid binding protein and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein blocks hepatic VLDL secretion without hepatosteatosis. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 33066–33077.
169. Spink, C.H., Yeager, M., and Feigenson, G.W., 1990, Partitioning behavior of indocarbocyanine probes between coexisting gel and fluid phases in model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1023: 25–33.
170. Stillwell, W. and Wassall, S.R., 2003, Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid. Chem. Phys. Lipids 126: 1–27.
171. Stolowich, N.J., Frolov, A., Petrescu, A.D., Scott, A.I., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1999, Holo-sterol carrier protein-2: 13C-NMR investigation of cholesterol and fatty acid binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 35425–35433.
172. Stolowich, N.J., Petrescu, A.D., Huang, H., Martin, G., Scott, A.I., and Schroeder, F., 2002, Sterol carrier protein-2: structure reveals function. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59: 193–212.
173. Storey, S.M., Gallegos, A.M., Atshaves, B.P., McIntosh, A.L., Martin, G.G., Landrock, K., Kier, A.B., Ball, J.A., and Schroeder, F., 2007a, Selective cholesterol dynamics between lipoproteins and caveolae/lipid rafts. Biochemistry 46: 13891–13906.
174. Storey, S.M., Gibbons, T.F., Williams, C.V., Parr, R.D., Schroeder, F., and Ball, J.M., 2007b, Full-length, glycosylated NSP4 is localized to plasma membrane caveolae by a novel raft isolation technique. J. Virol. 81: 5472–5483.
175. Stulnig, T.M., Huber, J., Leitinger, N., Imre, E.M., Angelisova, P., Nowotny, P., and Waldhaus, W., 2001, Polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid displaces proteins from membrane lipid rafts by altering raft lipid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 37335–37340.
176. Subramanian, K. and Balch, W.E., 2008, NPC1/NPC2 function as a tag team duo to mobilize cholesterol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105: 15223–15224.
177. Suchanek, M., Hynynen, R., Wohlfahrt, G., Lehto, M., Johansson, M., Saarinen, H., Radzikowska, A., Thiele, C., and Olkkonen, V.M., 2007, The mammalian oxysterol-binding protein related proteins (ORPs) bind 25-hydroxycholesterol in an evolutionarily conserved pocket. Biochem. J. 405: 473–480.
178. Sugii, S., Reid, P.C., Ohgami, N., Shimada, Y., Maue, R.A., Ninomiya, H., Ohno-Iwashita, Y., and Chang, T.-Y., 2003, Biotinylated theta-toxin derivative as a probe to examine intracel-lular cholesterol-rich domains in normal and Niemann-Pick type C1 cells. J. Lipid Res. 44: 1033–1041.
179. Sweet, W.D. and Schroeder, F., 1988a. Lipid domains and enzyme activity. In Advances in Membrane Fluidity: Lipid Domains and the Relationship to Membrane Function. R. C. Aloia, C. C. Cirtain, and L. M. Gordon, editors. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 17–42.
180. Sweet, W.D. and Schroeder, F., 1988b, Polyunsaturated fatty acids alter sterol transbilayer domains in LM fibroblast plasma membrane. FEBS Lett. 229: 188–192.
181. Tansey, J.T., Sztalryd, C., Gruia-Gray, J., Roush, D.L., Zee, J.V., Gavrilova, O., Reitman, M.L., Deng, C.-X., Li, C., Kimmel, A.R., and Londos, C., 2001, Perilipin ablation results in a lean mouse with aberrant adipocyte lipolysis, enhanced leptin production, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98: 6494–6499.
182. Thiele, C., Hannah, M.J., Fahrenholz, F., and Huttner, W.B., 2000, Cholesterol binds to synapto-physin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nat. Cell Biol. 2: 42–49.
183. Thigpen, J.E., Setchell, K.D., Ahlmark, K.B., Kocklear, J., Spahr, T., Caviness, G.F., Goelz, M.F., Haseman, J.K., Newbold, R.R., and Forsythe, D.B., 1999a, Phytoestrogen content of purified, open- and closed-formula laboratory animal diets. Lab. An. Sci. 49: 530–536.
184. Thigpen, J.E., Setchell, K.D., Goelz, M.F., and Forsythe, D.B., 1999b, The phytoestrogen content of rodent diets. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: A182–A183.
185. Troup, G.M., Tulenko, T.N., Lee, S.P., and Wrenn, S.P., 2003, Detection and characterization of laterally phase separated cholesterol domains in model lipid membranes. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 29: 217–231.
186. Tsujishita, Y. and Hurley, J.H., 2000, Structure and lipid transport mechanism of a StAR-related transport domain. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7: 408–411.
187. Tulenko, T.N., Chen, M., Mason, P.E., and Mason, R.P., 1998, Physical effects of cholesterol on arterial smooth muscle membranes: evidence of immiscible cholesterol domains and alterations in bilayer width during atherogenesis. J. Lipid Res. 39: 947–956.
188. Turley, S.D., Schwarz, M., Spady, D.K., and Dietschy, J.M., 1998, Gender related differences in bile acid and sterol metabolism in outbred CD-1 mice fed low and high cholesterol diets. Hepatology 28: 1088–1094.
189. Vainio, S., Bykov, I., Hermansson, M., Jokitalo, E., Somerharju, P., and Ikonen, E., 2005, Defective insulin receptor activation and altered lipid rafts in Niemann-Pick type C disease hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 391: 465–472.
190. Vainio, S., Heino, S., Mansson, J.E., Fredman, P., Kuismanen, E., Vaarala, O., and Ikonen, E., 2002, Dynamic association of human insulin receptor with lipid rafts in cells lacking caveolae. EMBO Rep. 3: 95–100.
191. Vaughan, A.M. and Oram, J.F., 2005, J. Biol. Chem. 280: 30150–30157.
192. Wanaski, S., Ng, B.K., and Glaser, M., 2003, Caveolin scaffolding region and the membrane binding region of Src form lateral membrane domains. Biochemistry 42: 42–46.
193. Wang, C., JeBailey, L., and Ridgway, N.D., 2002, Oxysterol binding protein (OSBP)-related protein 4 binds 25-hydroxycholesterol and interacts with vimentin intermediate filaments. Biochem. J. 361: 461–472.
194. Wang, P.-Y., Weng, J., and Anderson, R.G.W., 2005, OSBP is a cholesterol-regulated scaffolding protein in control of ERK1/2 activation. Science 307: 1472–1476.
195. Weisiger, R.A., 2005, Cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins catalyze two distinct steps in intracel-lular transport of their ligands. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 239: 35–42.
196. Wood, W.G. and Schroeder, F., 1992. Membrane Exofacial and Cytofacial Leaflets: A New Approach to Understanding How Ethanol Alters Brain Membranes. In Alcohol and Neurobiology: Receptors, Membranes, and Channels. R. R. Watson, editor. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 161–184.
197. Wood, W.G., Schroeder, F., Hogy, L., Rao, A.M., and Nemecz, G., 1990, Asymmetric distribution of a fluorescent sterol in synaptic plasma membranes: effects of chronic ethanol consumption. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1025: 243–246.
198. Woodford, J.K., Behnke, W.D., and Schroeder, F., 1995a, Liver fatty acid binding protein enhances sterol transfer by membrane interaction. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 152: 51–62.
199. Woodford, J.K., Colles, S.M., Myers-Payne, S., Billheimer, J.T., and Schroeder, F., 1995b, Sterol carrier protein-2 stimulates intermembrane sterol transfer by direct membrane interaction. Chem. Phys. Lipids 76: 73–84.
200. Woodford, J.K., Jefferson, J.R., Wood, W.G., Hubbell, T., and Schroeder, F., 1993, Expression of liver fatty acid binding protein alters membrane lipid composition and structure in transfected L-cell fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1145: 257–265.
201. Wustner, D., Herrmann, A., Hao, M., and Maxfield, F.R., 2002, Rapid nonvesicular transport of sterol between the plasma membrane domains of polarized hepatic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 30325–30336.
202. Wustner, D., Mondal, M., Huang, A., and Maxfield, F.R., 2004, Different routes of transport for high density lipoprotein and its associated free sterol in polarized hepatic cells. J. Lipid Res. 45: 427–437.
203. Wustner, D., Mondal, M., Tabas, I., and Maxfield, F.R., 2005, Direct observation of rapid internalization and intracellular transport of sterol by macrophage foam cells. Traffic 6: 396–412.
204. Xie, Y., Newberry, E.P., Kennedy, S.M., Luo, J., and Davidson, N.O., 2009, Increased susceptibility to diet-induced gallstones in liver fatty acid binding protein knockout mice. J. Lipid Res. 50: 977–987.
205. Yan, D., Lehto, M., Rasilainen, L., Metso, J., Ehnholm, C., Yla-Herttuala, S., Jauhiainen, M., and Olkkonen, V.M., 2007, Oxysterol binding protein induces upregulation of SREBP-1c and enhances hepatic lipogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27: 1108–1114.
206. Yancey, P.G., Bortnick, A.E., Kellner-Weibel, G., de la Llera-Moya, M., Phillips, M.C., and Rothblat, G.H., 2003, Importance of Different Pathways of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23: 712–719.
207. Yu, C., Alterman, M., and Dobrowsky, R.T., 2005, Ceramide displaces cholesterol from lipid rafts and decreases the association of the cholesterol binding protein caveolin-1. J. Lipid Res. 46: 1678–1691.
208. Yu, C., Wang, F., Kan, M., Jin, C., Jones, R.B., Weintein, M., Deng, C.-X., and McKeehan, W.L., 2000, Elevated cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in mice lacking membrane tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR4. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 15482–15489.
209. Zanlungo, S., Amigo, L., Mendoza, H., Glick, J., Rodriguez, A., Kozarsky, K., Miquel, J.F., Rigotti, A., and Nervi, F., 2000, Overexpression of sterol carrier protein-2 in mice leads to increased hepatic cholesterol content and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Gastroenterology 118: 135
210. A1165. Zanlungo, S., Rigotti, A., and Nervi, F., 2004, Hepatic cholesterol transport from plasma into bile: implications for gallstone disease. Cur. Opin. Lipidol. 15: 279–286.
211. Zhang, W., McIntosh, A., Xu, H., Wu, D., Gruninger, T., Atshaves, B.P., Liu, J.C.S., and Schroeder, F., 2005, Structural analysis of sterol distribution in the plasma membrane of living cells. Biochemistry 44: 2864–2984.
212. Zhou, M., Parr, R.D., Petrescu, A.D., Payne, H.R., Atshaves, B.P., Kier, A.B., Ball, J.A., and Schroeder, F., 2004, Sterol carrier protein-2 directly interacts with caveolin-1 in vitro and in vivo. Biochemistry 43: 7288–7306.