Phospholipase C as a potential target for cardioprotection during oxidative stress

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 249-263

  Tappia, Paramjit S ^a,b   Asemu, Girma ^a   Rodriguez Leyva, Delfin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b ST BONIFACE GENERAL HOSPITAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiac sarcolemmal membrane; Ischemia reperfusion; Ischemic preconditioning; Oxidative stress; Phospholipase C isozymes; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

1 [[6 (3 METHOXYESTRA 1,3,5(10) TRIEN 17BETA YL)AMINO]HEXYL] 1H PYRROLE 2,5 DIONE; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLVALYLALANYLASPARTYL FLUOROMETHYL KETONE; CALPASTATIN; CARVEDILOL; PEROXYNITRITE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PHOSPHOLIPASE C INHIBITOR; PRAZOSIN; TIOPRONIN; VERAPAMIL;

CARDIOMYOPATHY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REPERFUSION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TARGETING; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SARCOLEMMA; TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES;

EID: 77950870588     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Y10-019     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Altarejos, J.Y., Taniguchi, M., Clanachan, A.S., and Lopaschuk, G.D. 2005. Myocardial ischemia differentially regulates LKB1 and an alternate 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 280(1): 183-190. PMID: 15507450.
2. 3 generation in the mouse heart: a comparison with ischaemic preconditioning. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 114(2): 157-164. doi:10.1042/CS20070110. PMID: 17696883.
3. Ananthakrishnan, R., Hallam, K., Li, Q., and Ramasamy, R. 2005. JAK-STAT pathway in cardiac ischemic stress. Vascul. Pharmacol. 43(5): 353-356. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2005.08.020. PMID: 16260187.
4. Anderson, K.E., and Woodcock, E.A. 1995. Preconditioning of perfused rat heart inhibits reperfusion-induced release of inosi-tol(1,4,5)trisphosphate. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27(11): 2421-2431. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1995.0230. PMID: 8596193.
5. Anderson, K.E., Dart, A.M., and Woodcock, E.A. 1994. Reperfu-sion following myocardial ischaemia enhances inositol phosphate release in the isolated perfused rat heart. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 21(2): 141-144. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681. 1994.tb02483.x. PMID: 8039268.
6. Anderson, K.E., Dart, A.M., and Woodcock, E.A. 1995. Inositol phosphate release and metabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in rat heart. Circ. Res. 76(2): 261-268. PMID: 7834837.
7. Antelava, N., Gabunia, L., Gambashidze, K., Petriashvili, Sh., and Bejitashvili, N. 2009. Effects of carvedilol, losartan and trimeta-zidin on functional parameters of isolated heart of rats at oxida-tive stress. Georgian Med. News, 167(167): 81-84. PMID: 19276478.
8. Armstrong, S., Downey, J.M., and Ganote, C.E. 1994. Preconditioning of isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes: induction by metabolic stress and blockade by the adenosine antagonist SPT and calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Cardiovasc. Res. 28(1): 72-77. doi:10.1093/cvr/28.1.72. PMID: 7509260.
9. Arthur, J.F., Matkovich, S.J., Mitchell, C.J., Biden, T.J., and Woodcock, E.A. 2001. Evidence for selective coupling of alpha a1-adrenergic receptors to phospholipase C-b1 in rat neonatal cardi-omyocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 276(40): 37341-37346. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106572200. PMID: 11489909.
10. Asemu, G., Tappia, P.S., and Dhalla, N.S. 2003. Identification of the changes in phospholipase C isozymes in ischemic-reperfused rat heart. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 411(2): 174-182. doi:10. 1016/S0003-9861(02)00733-736 PMID: 12623065.
11. Asemu, G., Dhalla, N.S., and Tappia, P.S. 2004. Inhibition of PLC improves postischemic recovery in isolated rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 287: H2598-H2605. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00506.2004. PMID: 15297256.
12. 1-adreno-ceptor blockade, reactive oxygen species and phospholipase C in ischemic preconditioning. Exp. Clin. Cardiol. 10: A146.
13. Balogh, J., Wihlborg, A.K., Isackson, H., Joshi, B.V., Jacobson, K.A., Arner, A., and Erlinge, D. 2005. Phospholipase C and cAMP-dependent positive inotropic effects of ATP in mouse cardiomyocytes via P2Y11-like receptors. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 39(2): 223-230. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.03.007. PMID: 15893764.
14. Bandyopadhyay, D., Chattopadhyay, A., Ghosh, G., and Datta, A.G. 2004. Oxidative stress-induced ischemic heart disease: protection by antioxidants. Curr. Med. Chem. 11(3): 369-387. doi:10.2174/0929867043456016. PMID: 14965238.
15. Barrington, P.L., Meier, C.F., Jr., and Weglicki, W.B. 1988. Abnormal electrical activity induced by free radical generating systems in isolated cardiocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 20(12): 1163-1178. doi:10.1016/0022-2828(88) 90596-2. PMID: 3249306.
16. Berges, A., Van Nassauw, L., Bosmans, J., Timmermans, J.P., and Vrints, C. 2003. Role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in ischaemic myocardial injury and preconditioning. Acta Cardiol. 58(2): 119-132. doi:10.2143/AC.58.2. 2005264. PMID: 12715903.
17. Billah, M.M. 1993. Phospholipase D and cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5(1): 114-123. doi:10.1016/0952-7915(93)90090-F. PMID: 8383981.
18. Brookes, P.S., Yoon, Y., Robotham, J.L., Anders, M.W., and Sheu, S.S. 2004. Calcium, ATP, and ROS: a mitochondrial love-hate triangle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 287(4): C817-C833. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2004. PMID: 15355853.
19. Brunner, F. 1997. Interaction of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29(9): 2363-2374. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1997.0470. PMID: 9299360. (Pubitemid 27404429)
20. Buckland, A.G., and Wilton, D.C. 2000. Anionic phospholipids, in-terfacial binding and the regulation of cell functions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1483(2): 199-216. PMID: 10634937.
21. Caroni, P., Zurini, M., and Clark, A. 1982. The calcium-pumping APTase of heart sarcolemma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 402: 402-421. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632. 1982.tb25757.x. PMID: 6220641.
22. Cheung, P.Y., Wang, W., and Schulz, R. 2000. Glutathione protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by detoxifying peroxynitrite. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 32(9): 1669-1678. doi:10. 1006/jmcc.2000.1203. PMID: 10966829.
23. Churchill, E.N., and Szweda, L.I. 2005. Translocation of deltaPKC to mitochondria during cardiac reperfusion enhances superoxide anion production and induces loss in mitochondrial function. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 439(2): 194-199. doi:10.1016/j.abb. 2005.05.007. PMID: 15963450.
24. Cocco, L., Martelli, A.M., Gilmour, R.S., Rhee, S.G., and Manzoli, F.A. 2001. Nuclear phospholipase C and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1530(1): 1-14. PMID: 11341954.
25. Cohen, M.V., and Downey, J.M. 1996. Myocardial preconditioning promises to be a novel approach to the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Annu. Rev. Med. 47: 21-29. doi:10.1146/annurev. med.47.1.21. PMID: 8712775.
26. Cohen, M.V., and Downey, J.M. 2008. Adenosine: trigger and mediator of cardioprotection. Basic Res. Cardiol. 103(3): 203-215. doi:10.1007/s00395-007- 0687-7. PMID: 17999026.
27. Corr, P.B., Creer, M.H., Yamada, K.A., Saffitz, J.E., and Sobel, B.E. 1989. Prophylaxis of early ventricular fibrillation by inhibition of acylcarnitine accumulation. J. Clin. Invest. 83(3): 927-936. doi:10.1172/JCI113978. PMID: 2921326.
28. Csont, T., Viappiani, S., Sawicka, J., Slee, S., Altarejos, J.Y., Bati-nić-Haberle, I., and Schulz, R. 2005. The involvement of super-oxide and iNOS-derived NO in cardiac dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 39(5): 833-840. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.07. 010. PMID: 16171809.
29. Das, D.K. 2001. Redox regulation of cardiomyocyte survival and death. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 3(1): 23-37. doi:10.1089/152308601750100461. PMID: 11291596.
30. Das, D.K., and Maulik, N. 2003. Preconditioning potentiates redox signaling and converts death signal into survival signal. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 420(2): 305-311. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2003.09. 023. PMID: 14654070.
31. Das, D.K., and Maulik, N. 2004. Conversion of death signal into survival signal by redox signaling. Biochemistry (Mosc.), 69(1): 10-17. doi:10.1023/B:BIRY.0000016345.19027.54. PMID: 14972012.
32. Das, D.K., Maulik, N., and Engelman, R.M. 2004. Redox regulation of angiotensin II signaling in the heart. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 8(1): 144-152. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00270.x. PMID: 15090271.
33. De Biase, L., Pignatelli, P., Lenti, L., Tocci, G., Piccioni, F., Rion-dino, S., et al. 2003. Enhanced TNF alpha and oxidative stress in patients with heart failure: effect of TNFa on platelet O2-production. Thromb. Haemost. 90(2): 317-325. PMID: 12888880.
34. De Jonge, H.W., Van Heugten, H.A., and Lamers, J.M.J. 1995. Signal transduction by the phosphatidylinositol cycle in myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27(1): 93-106. doi:10.1016/S0022-2828(08)80010-7. PMID: 7760391.
35. Dhalla, N.S., and Temsah, R.M. 2001. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and cardiac oxidative stress: an emerging target for heart disease. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 5(2): 205-217. doi:10.1517/14728222.5.2.205. PMID: 15992177.
36. Dhalla, N.S., Ziegelhoffer, A., and Harrow, J.A. 1977. Regulatory role of membrane systems in heart function. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55(6): 1211-1234. PMID: 23210.
37. Dhalla, N.S., Das, P.K., and Sharma, G.P. 1978. Subcellular basis of cardiac contractile failure. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 10(4): 363-385. doi:10.1016/0022-2828(78)90384-X. PMID: 205659.
38. Dhalla, N.S., Pierce, G.N., Panagia, V., Singal, P.K., and Beamish, R.E. 1982. Calcium movements in relation to heart function. Basic Res. Cardiol. 77(2): 117-139. doi:10.1007/BF01908167. PMID: 6284117.
39. Dhalla, N.S., Afzal, N., Beamish, R.E., Naimark, B., Takeda, N., and Nagano, M. 1993. Pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Can. J. Cardiol. 9(10): 873-887. PMID: 8281476. (Pubitemid 24024574)
40. 2+ transport due to excess catecholamines. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 10(S1 Suppl 1): 231-238. doi:10.1007/BF00120492. PMID: 8827945.
41. Dhalla, N.S., Liu, X., Panagia, V., and Takeda, N. 1998. Subcellu-lar remodeling and heart dysfunction in chronic diabetes. Cardi-ovasc. Res. 40(2): 239-247. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00186-2. PMID: 9893715.
42. Dhalla, N.S., Golfman, L., Takeda, S., Takeda, N., and Nagano, M. 1999. Evidence for the role of oxidative stress in acute ischemic heart disease: a brief review. Can. J. Cardiol. 15(5): 587-593. PMID: 10350670.
43. Dhalla, N.S., Elmoselhi, A.B., Hata, T., and Makino, N. 2000a. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 47(3): 446-456. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(00) 00078-X. PMID: 10963718.
44. Dhalla, N.S., Temsah, R.M., and Netticadan, T. 2000b. Role of oxi-dative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J. Hypertens. 18(6): 655-673. doi:10.1097/00004872-200018060-00002. PMID: 10872549.
45. Dhalla, N.S., Temsah, R.M., and Netticadan, T. 2000c. Role of oxi-dative stress in cardiovascular diseases. In Heart Physiology and Pathophysiology. Sperelakis N, Kurachi Y, et al (Editors). Academic Press, San Diego.
46. Dhalla, N.S., Saini-Chohan, H.K., Rodriguez-Leyva, D., Elimban, V., Dent, M.R., and Tappia, P.S. 2009. Subcellular remodelling may induce cardiac dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Car-diovasc. Res. 81(3): 429-438. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn281. PMID: 18852252.
47. Ely, S.W., and Berne, R.M. 1992. Protective effects of adenosine in myocardial ischemia. Circulation, 85(3): 893-904. PMID: 1537125.
48. Ferrari, R., Merli, E., Cicchitelli, G., Mele, D., Fucili, A., and Ce-coni, C. 2004. Therapeutic effects of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine on cardiovascular diseases: a review. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1033(1): 79-91. doi:10.1196/annals.1320.007. PMID: 15591005.
49. Fiordaliso, F., Bianchi, R., Staszewsky, L., Cuccovillo, I., Doni, M., Laragione, T., et al. 2004. Antioxidant treatment attenuates hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death in rats. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37(5): 959-968. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.07.008. PMID: 15522273.
50. Folmes, C.D., Clanachan, A.S., and Lopaschuk, G.D. 2006. Fatty acids attenuate insulin regulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and insulin cardioprotection after ischemia. Circ. Res. 99(1): 61-68. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000229656.05244.11. PMID: 16741157.
51. Frohman, M.A., and Morris, A.J. 1999. Phospholipase D structure and regulation. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 98(1-2): 127-140. doi:10. 1016/S0009-3084(99) 00025-30 PMID: 10358935.
52. Froldi, G., Guerra, L., Pandolfo, L., Chinellato, A., Ragazzi, E., Caparrotta, L., et al. 1994. Phentolamine and hypoxia: modulation of contractility and a1-adrenoceptors in isolated rat atria. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 350(5): 563-568. doi:10.1007/BF00173027. PMID: 7870196.
53. Fu, Y.C., Chi, C.S., Yin, S.C., Hwang, B., Chiu, Y.T., and Hsu, S.L. 2004. Norepinephrine induces apoptosis in neonatal rat car-diomyocytes through a reactive oxygen species-TNF alpha-caspase signaling pathway. Cardiovasc. Res. 62(3): 558-567. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.01.039. PMID: 15158148.
54. Fukami, K. 2002. Structure, regulation, and function of phospholi-pase C isozymes. J. Biochem. 131(3): 293-299. PMID: 11872156.
55. 2+-dependent pro-teolysis? Circ. Res. 78(3): 455-465. PMID: 8593704.
56. 2 in quiescent isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Basic Res. Car-diol. 96(6): 623-629. doi:10.1007/s003950170014. PMID: 11770081.
57. Ghosh, S., Pulinilkunnil, T., Yuen, G., Kewalramani, G., An, D., Qi, D., et al. 2005. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by short-term diabetes requires mitochondrial GSH depletion. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289: H768-H776. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00038.2005. PMID: 15805231. (Pubitemid 41129394)
58. Goldhaber, J.I., and Qayyum, M.S. 2000. Oxygen free radicals and excitation-contraction coupling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2(1): 55-64. doi:10.1089/ars.2000.2.1-55. PMID: 11232601.
59. Goldstein, B.J., Mahadev, K., Kalyankar, M., and Wu, X. 2005. Redox paradox: insulin action is facilitated by insulin-stimulated reactive oxygen species with multiple potential signaling targets. Diabetes, 54(2): 311-321. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.2.311. PMID: 15677487.
60. Gysembergh, A., Lemaire, S., Piot, C., Sportouch, C., Richard, S., Kloner, R.A., and Przyklenk, K. 1999. Pharmacological manipulation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 signaling mimics preconditioning in rabbit heart. Am. J. Physiol. 277(6 Pt 2): H2458-H2469. PMID: 10600869.
61. Hahn, H.S., Yussman, M.G., Toyokawa, T., Marreez, Y., Barrett, T.J., Hilty, K.C., et al. 2002. Ischemic protection and myofibril-lar cardiomyopathy: dose-dependent effects of in vivo deltaPKC inhibition. Circ. Res. 91(8): 741-748. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000037091.64492.69. PMID: 12386152.
62. Hara, A., and Abiko, Y. 1996. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the ischemic and reperfused heart. EXS. 76(1): 285-297. PMID: 8805801.
63. Harrison, D.G., Cai, H., Landmesser, U., and Griendling, K.K. 2003. Interactions of angiotensin II with NAD(P)H oxidase, oxi-dant stress and cardiovascular disease. J. Renin Angiotensin Al-dosterone Syst. 4(2): 51-61. doi:10.3317/jraas.2003.014. PMID: 12806586.
64. Hassouna, A., Matata, B.M., and Galinanes, M. 2004. PKC-e is upstream and PKC-a is downstream of mitoKATP channels in the signal transduction pathway of ischemic preconditioning of human myocardium. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 287(5): C1418-C1425. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2004. (Pubitemid 39382903)
65. 2+ concentration in guinea pig heart. Jpn. Circ. J. 57(4): 344-352. PMID: 8497115.
66. Hayashi, Y., Tajima, K., Kirimoto, T., Miyake, H., and Matsuura, N. 2000. Cardioprotective effects of MET-88, a gamma-butyro-betaine hydroxylase inhibitor, on cardiac dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. Pharmacology, 61(4): 238-243. doi:10.1159/000028407. PMID: 11093075.
67. Henry, R.A., Boyce, S.Y., Kurz, T., and Wolf, R.A. 1995. Stimulation and binding of myocardial phospholipase C by phosphatidic acid. Am. J. Physiol. 269(2 Pt 1): C349-C358. PMID: 7653517.
68. 2+ sparks in adult rat ventricular myo-cytes through Y1 receptor and PLC activation. J. Mol. Cell. Car-diol. 38(1): 205-212. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.11.001. PMID: 15623437.
69. Herrlich, P., and Böhmer, F.D. 2000. Redox regulation of signal transduction in mammalian cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59(1): 35-41. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00298-1. PMID: 10605932.
70. Higuchi, Y., Otsu, K., Nishida, K., Hirotani, S., Nakayama, H., Ya-maguchi, O., et al. 2002. Involvement of reactive oxygen species-mediated NF-kappa B activation in TNF-alpha-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34(2): 233-240. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1505. PMID: 11851362.
71. Hilgemann, D.W. 1997. Cytoplasmic ATP-dependent regulation of ion transporters and channels: mechanisms and messengers. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59(1): 193-220. doi:10.1146/annurev. physiol.59.1.193. PMID: 9074761.
72. 2. Science, 273: 956-959. doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.956. PMID: 8688080.
73. Hodgkin, M.N., Pettitt, T.R., Martin, A., Michell, R.H., Pemberton, A.J., and Wakelam, M.J. 1998. Diacylglycerols and phosphati-dates: which molecular species are intracellular messengers? Trends Biochem. Sci. 23(6): 200-204. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01200-6. PMID: 9644971.
74. Hoffman, A., Goldstein, S., Samuni, A., Borman, J.B., and Schwalb, H. 2003. Effect of nitric oxide and nitroxide SOD-mimic on the recovery of isolated rat heart following ischemia and reperfusion. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66(7): 1279-1286. doi:10. 1016/S0006-2952(03)00441-446 PMID: 14505807.
75. Hoffman, J.W., Jr., Gilbert, T.B., Poston, R.S., and Silldorff, E.P. 2004. Myocardial reperfusion injury: etiology, mechanisms, and therapies. J. Extra Corpor. Technol. 36(4): 391-411. PMID: 15679285.
76. 2 and its stabilization by Gbg. Nature, 391(6669): 803-806. doi:10.1038/35882. PMID: 9486652. (Pubitemid 28099680)
77. 2+ overload in ischemic heart and hypoxic neonatal cardiomyo-cytes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 91(3): 131-138. doi:10. 1016/j.jsbmb.2004.02.009. PMID: 15276620.
78. Hwang, J.I., Oh, Y.S., Shin, K.J., Kim, H., Ryu, S.H., and Suh, P.G. 2005. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel phospholipase C, PLC-eta. Biochem. J. 389(1): 181-186. doi:10.1042/BJ20041677. PMID: 15702972.
79. Ikonomidis, J.S., Shirai, T., Weisel, R.D., Derylo, B., Rao, V., Whiteside, C.I., et al. 1997. Preconditioning cultured human pe-diatric myocytes requires adenosine and protein kinase C. Am. J. Physiol. 272(3 Pt 2): H1220-H1230. PMID: 9087596.
80. Im, M.J., Russell, M.A., and Feng, J.-F. 1997. Transglutaminase II: a new class of GTP-binding protein with new biological functions. Cell. Signal. 9(7): 477-482. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(97) 00049-1. PMID: 9419811.
81. Inagaki, K., Hahn, H.S., Dorn, G.W., 2nd, and Mochly-Rosen, D. 2003. Additive protection of the ischemic heart ex vivo by combined treatment with delta-protein kinase C inhibitor and epsi-lon-protein kinase C activator. Circulation, 108(7): 869-875. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000081943.93653.73. PMID: 12860903.
82. Jalili, T., Takeishi, Y., Song, G., Ball, N.A., Howles, G., and Walsh, R.A. 1999a. PKC translocation without changes in Gal-phaq and PLC-beta protein abundance in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Am. J. Physiol. 277(6 Pt 2): H2298-H2304. PMID: 10600849.
83. Jalili, T., Takeishi, Y., and Walsh, R.A. 1999b. Signal transduction during cardiac hypertrophy: the role of G alpha q, PLC beta I, and PKC. Cardiovasc. Res. 44(1): 5-9. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00211-4. PMID: 10615383.
84. Ju, H., Zhao, S., Tappia, P.S., Panagia, V., and Dixon, I.M. 1998. Expression of Gq alpha and PLC-beta in scar and border tissue in heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Circulation, 97(9): 892-899. PMID: 9521338.
85. Jungermann, K., and Kietzmann, T. 2000. Oxygen: modulator of metabolic zonation and disease of the liver. Hepatology, 31(2): 255-260. doi:10.1002/hep.510310201. PMID: 10655244.
86. Kamp, T.J., and Hell, J.W. 2000. Regulation of cardiac L-type calcium channels by protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Circ. Res. 87(12): 1095-1102. PMID: 11110765.
87. Kang, D., and Hamasaki, N. 2003. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41(10): 1281-1288. doi:10.1515/CCLM. 2003.195. PMID: 14580153.
88. Kaplitt, M.G., Kleopoulos, S.P., Pfaff, D.W., and Mobbs, C.V. 1993. Estrogen increases HIP-70/PLC-alpha messenger ribonu-cleic acid in the rat uterus and hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 133(1): 99-104. doi:10.1210/en.133.1.99. PMID: 8319593.
89. Katan, M. 1998. Families of phosphoinositide-specific phospholi-pase C: structure and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1436(1-2): 5-17. PMID: 9838022.
90. +-AT-Pase by hypochlorous acid. Am. J. Physiol. 275(3 Pt 1): C826-C831. PMID: 9730967.
91. Kawamura, S., Yoshida, K., Miura, T., Mizukami, Y., and Matsu-zaki, M. 1998. Ischemic preconditioning translocates PKC-delta and-epsilon, which mediate functional protection in isolated rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 275(6 Pt 2): H2266-H2271. PMID: 9843828.
92. Kennedy, J.A., Kiosoglous, A.J., Murphy, G.A., Pelle, M.A., and Horowitz, J.D. 2000. Effect of perhexiline and oxfenicine on myocardial function and metabolism during low-flow ischemia/reperfusion in the isolated rat heart. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 36(6): 794-801. doi:10.1097/00005344-200012000-00016. PMID: 11117381.
93. Kim, S.J., Depre, C., and Vatner, S.F. 2003. Novel mechanisms mediating stunned myocardium. Heart Fail. Rev. 8(2): 143-153. doi:10.1023/A:1023040718319. PMID: 12766493.
94. Kloner, R.A., and Jennings, R.B. 2001. Consequences of brief ischemia: stunning, preconditioning, and their clinical implications: part 2. Circulation, 104(25): 3158-3167. doi:10.1161/hc5001.100039. PMID: 11748117.
95. +-current desensitization. Nat. Cell Biol. 2(8): 507-514. doi:10.1038/35019544. PMID: 10934471.
96. Korge, P., Honda, H.M., and Weiss, J.N. 2003. Effects of fatty acids in isolated mitochondria: implications for ischemic injury and cardioprotection. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285: H259-H269. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01028. 2002. PMID: 12793979.
97. Korichneva, I. 2005. Redox regulation of cardiac protein kinase C. Exp. Clin. Cardiol., 10(4): 256-261. PMID: 19641676.
98. Kukreja, R.C., and Hess, M.L. 1992. The oxygen free radical system: from equations through membrane-protein interactions to cardiovascular injury and protection. Cardiovasc. Res. 26(7): 641-655. doi:10.1093/cvr/26.7.641. PMID: 1423428.
99. Kukreja, R.C., Weaver, A.B., and Hess, M.L. 1989. Stimulated human neutrophils damage cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum function by generation of oxidants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 990(2): 198-205. PMID: 2537110.
100. Kumar, D., and Jugdutt, B.I. 2003. Apoptosis and oxidants in the heart. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 142(5): 288-297. doi:10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00148-3. PMID: 14647032.
101. 1-adrenergic receptor-mediated increase in the mass of phosphati-dic acid and 1,2-diacylglycerol in ischemic rat heart. Cardio-vasc. Res. 42(1): 48-56. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00298-3. PMID: 10434995.
102. Kurzelewski, M., Czarnowska, E., and Beresewicz, A. 2005. Super-oxide-and nitric oxide-derived species mediate endothelial dysfunction, endothelial glycocalyx disruption, and enhanced neutrophil adhesion in the post-ischemic guinea-pig heart. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56(2): 163-178. PMID: 15985700.
103. Lanzafame, A.A., Turnbull, L., Amiramahdi, F., Arthur, J.F., Huynh, H., and Woodcock, E.A. 2006. Inositol phospholipids localized to caveolae in rat heart are regulated by a1-adrenergic receptors and by ischemia-reperfusion. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 290(5): H2059-H2065. doi:10.1152/ajpheart. 01210.2005. PMID: 16373581.
104. Lee, C.W., Lee, K.H., Lee, S.B., Park, D., and Rhee, S.G. 1994. Regulation of phospholipase C-beta 4 by ribonucleotides and the alpha subunit of Gq. J. Biol. Chem. 269(41): 25335-25338. PMID: 7929227.
105. 2 hydrolysis and regulation of phospholipase C isozymes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7(2): 183-189. doi:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80026-3. PMID: 7612269.
106. Lee, W.H., Gounarides, J.S., Roos, E.S., and Wolin, M.S. 2003. Influence of peroxynitrite on energy metabolism and cardiac function in a rat ischemia-reperfusion model. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285: H1385-H1395. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00808. 2002. PMID: 12816754.
107. Liu, Y., Ytrehus, K., and Downey, J.M. 1994. Evidence that trans-location of protein kinase C is a key event during ischemic preconditioning of rabbit myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 26(5): 661-668. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1994.1078. PMID: 8072020.
108. Liu, S.Y., Yu, C.H., Hays, J.A., Panagia, V., and Dhalla, N.S. 1997. Modification of heart sarcolemmal phosphoinositide pathway by lysophosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1349(3): 264-274. PMID: 9434141.
109. 12 and stimulates the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276(4): 2758-2765. doi:10.1074/jbc. M008119200. PMID: 11022047.
110. Loubani, M., and Galiñanes, M. 2001. a1-Adrenoceptors during simulated ischemia and reoxygenation of the human myocardium: effect of the dose and time of administration. J. Thorac. Cardio-vasc. Surg. 122(1): 103-112. doi:10.1067/mtc.2001.114778. PMID: 11436042.
111. MacFarlane, N.G., and Miller, D.J. 1994. Effects of the reactive oxygen species hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide on force production and calcium sensitivity of rat cardiac myofila-ments. Pflugers Arch. 428(5-6): 561-568. doi:10.1007/BF00374578. PMID: 7838678. (Pubitemid 24321875)
112. Malhotra, A., Kang, B.P., Opawumi, D., Belizaire, W., and Meggs, L.G. 2001. Molecular biology of protein kinase C signaling in cardiac myocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 225(1/2): 97-107. doi:10.1023/A:1012261903611. PMID: 11716370.
113. 2. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H854-H860. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01205.2005. PMID: 16501016.
114. Marczin, N., El-Habashi, N., Hoare, G.S., Bundy, R.E., and Ya-coub, M. 2003. Antioxidants in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: therapeutic potential and basic mechanisms. Arch. Bio-chem. Biophys. 420(2): 222-236. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2003.08. 037. PMID: 14654061.
115. Marsh, D. 1992. Role of lipids in membrane structures. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2(4): 497-502. doi:10.1016/0959-440X(92)90077-K.
116. Matsuzaki, I., Chaterjee, S., Debolt, K., Manevich, Y., Zhang, Q., and Fisher, A.B. 2005. Membrane depolarization and NADPH oxidase activation in aortic endothelium during ischemia reflect altered mechanotransduction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Phy-siol. 288: H336-H343. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00025.2004. PMID: 15331375.
117. Maytin, M., Siwik, D.A., Ito, M., Xiao, L., Sawyer, D.B., Liao, R., and Colucci, W.S. 2004. Pressure overload-induced myocardial hypertrophy in mice does not require gp91phox. Circulation, 109(9): 1168-1171. doi:10.1161/01.CIR. 0000117229.60628.2F. PMID: 14981002.
118. Mazière, C., Morlière, P., Santus, R., Marcheux, V., Louandre, C., Conte, M.A., and Mazière, J.C. 2004. Inhibition of insulin signaling by oxidized low density lipoprotein. Protective effect of the antioxidant Vitamin E. Atherosclerosis, 175(1): 23-30. doi:10.1016/j. atherosclerosis.2004.02.006. PMID: 15186943.
119. Meerson, F.Z., Kopylov, Y.N., and Golubeva LYu. 1994. The role of ITP-DAG regulatory cascade in the mechanism of cardiopro-tective effect of adaptation to stress. Can. J. Cardiol. 10(1): 137-147. PMID: 8111667.
120. Meij, J.T., Suzuki, S., Panagia, V., and Dhalla, N.S. 1994. Oxida-tive stress modifies the activity of cardiac sarcolemmal phospho-lipase C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1199(1): 6-12. PMID: 8280755.
121. Meng, X., Cleveland, J.C., Jr., Rowland, R.T., Mitchell, M.B., Brown, J.M., Banerjee, A., and Harken, A.H. 1996. Norepi-nephrine-induced sustained myocardial adaptation to ischemia is dependent on a1-adrenoceptors and protein synthesis. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28(9): 2017-2025. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1996.0194. PMID: 8899560.
122. Mesaeli, N., Tappia, P.S., Suzuki, S., Dhalla, N.S., and Panagia, V. 2000. Oxidants depress the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in heart sarcolemma. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 382(1): 48-56. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000. 2012. PMID: 11051096.
123. Moe, G.W., Marin-Garcia, J., Konig, A., Goldenthal, M., Lu, X., and Feng, Q. 2004. In vivo TNFa inhibition ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in experimental heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287: H1813-H1820. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00036.2004. PMID: 15205165.
124. 2+ overloading in rat heart by inhibiting phos-phoinositide signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1268(1): 1-8. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00016-L. PMID: 7626655.
125. Most, P., Boerries, M., Eicher, C., Schweda, C., Ehlermann, P., Pleger, S.T., et al. 2003. Extracellular S100A1 protein inhibits apoptosis in ventricular cardiomyocytes via activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). J. Biol. Chem. 278(48): 48404-48412. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308587200. PMID: 12960148.
126. Mouton, R., Huisamen, B., and Lochner, A. 1991. Increased myo-cardial inositol trisphosphate levels during a1-adrenergic stimulation and reperfusion of ischaemic rat heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 23(7): 841-850. doi:10.1016/0022-2828(91)90217-A. PMID: 1791634.
127. Munakata, M., Stamm, C., Friehs, I., Zurakowski, D., Cowan, D.B., Cao-Danh, H., et al. 2002. Protective effects of protein kinase C during myocardial ischemia require activation of phosphatidyl-inositol specific phospholipase C. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 73(4): 1236-1245. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(01) 03594-9. PMID: 11998814.
128. Murphy, S., and Frishman, W.H. 2005. Protein kinase C in cardiac disease and as a potential therapeutic target. Cardiol. Rev. 13(1): 3-12. PMID: 15596021.
129. Murray, C.E., Jennings, R.B., and Reimer, K.A. 1986. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation, 74(5): 1124-1136. PMID: 3769170.
130. Nossuli, T.O., Hayward, R., Jensen, D., Scalia, R., and Lefer, A.M. 1998. Mechanisms of cardioprotection by peroxynitrite in myo-cardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. 275(2 Pt 2): H509-H519. PMID: 9683439.
131. Okumura, H., Nagaya, N., and Kangawa, K. 2003. Adrenomedullin infusion during ischemia/reperfusion attenuates left ventricular remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in rats. Hypertens. Res. 26(Suppl Suppl): S99-S104. doi:10.1291/hypres.26.S99. PMID: 12630818.
132. Otani, H., Prasad, M.R., Engelman, R.M., Otani, H., Cordis, G.A., and Das, D.K. 1988. Enhanced phosphodiesteratic breakdown and turnover of phosphoinositides during reperfusion of is-chemic rat heart. Circ. Res. 63(5): 930-936. PMID: 2846201.
133. Pacher, P., Schulz, R., Liaudet, L., and Szabó, C. 2005a. Nitrosa-tive stress and pharmacological modulation of heart failure. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26(6): 302-310. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005. 04.003. PMID: 15925705.
134. Pacher, P., Obrosova, I.G., Mabley, J.G., and Szabó, C. 2005b. Role of nitrosative stress and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Emerging new therapeutical strategies. Curr. Med. Chem. 12(3): 267-275. PMID: 15723618.
135. Pacher, P., Beckman, J.S., and Liaudet, L. 2007. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 87(1): 315-424. doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006. PMID: 17237348.
136. Pahl, H.L., and Baeuerle, P.A. 1997. The ER-overload response: activation of NF-kB. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22(2): 63-67. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(96)10073-6. PMID: 9048485.
137. Park, H., Park, E.S., Lee, H.S., Yun, H.Y., Kwon, N.S., and Baek, K.J. 2001. Distinct characteristic of Galpha(h) (transglutaminase II) by compartment: GTPase and transglutaminase activities. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284(2): 496-500. doi:10. 1006/bbrc.2001.4997. PMID: 11394908.
138. Pettitt, T.R., Martin, A., Horton, T., Liossis, C., Lord, J.M., and Wakelam, M.J. 1997. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate generated by phospholipases
139. Ping, P., Zhang, J., Qiu, Y., Tang, X.L., Manchikalapudi, S., Cao, X., and Bolli, R. 1997. Ischemic preconditioning induces selective translocation of protein kinase C isoforms epsilone and etah in the heart of conscious rabbits without subcellular redistribution of total protein kinase C activity. Circ. Res. 81(3): 404-414. PMID: 9285643.
140. Piper, H.M., Meuter, K., and Schäfer, C. 2003. Cellular mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75(2): S644-S648. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04686-6. PMID: 12607706.
141. Piper, H.M., Abdallah, Y., and Schäfer, C. 2004. The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. 61(3): 365-371. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2003. 12.012. PMID: 14962469.
142. Pucéat, M., and Vassort, G. 1996. Signalling by protein kinase C isoforms in the heart. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 157(1-2): 65-72. doi:10.1007/ BF00227882. PMID: 8739230.
143. Quest, A.F.G., Raben, D.M., and Bell, R.M. 1996. In Handbook of lipid research. Vol.8. Lipid second messengers. Edited by R.M. Bell, J.H. Exton, and S.E. Prescott. Plenum Press, New York.
144. Rebecchi, M.J., and Pentyala, S.N. 2000. Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol. Rev. 80(4): 1291-1335. PMID: 11015615.
145. Rhee, S.G. 2001. Regulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospho-lipase C. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70(1): 281-312. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.281. PMID: 11395409. (Pubitemid 32662212)
146. Rhee, S.G., and Bae, Y.S. 1997. Regulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isozymes. J. Biol. Chem. 272(24): 15045-15048. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.24.15045. PMID: 9182519.
147. Rosette, C., and Karin, M. 1996. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science, 274(5290): 1194-1197. doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1194. PMID: 8895468.
148. Sabri, A., Hughie, H.H., and Lucchesi, P.A. 2003. Regulation of hypertrophic and apoptotic signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species in cardiac myocytes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5(6): 731-740. doi:10.1089/ 152308603770380034. PMID: 14588146.
149. Sakamoto, K., Zarrinpashneh, E., Budas, G.R., Pouleur, A.C., Dutta, A., Prescott, A.R., et al. 2006. Deficiency of LKB1 in heart prevents ischemia-mediated activation of AMPKa2 but not AMPKa1. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290(5): E780-E788. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00443.2005. PMID: 16332922.
150. 2+ oscillations in eggs and embryo development. Development, 129: 3533-3544. PMID: 12117804.
151. Saurin, A.T., Pennington, D.J., Raat, N.J., Latchman, D.S., Owen, M.J., and Marber, M.S. 2002. Targeted disruption of the protein kinase C epsilon gene abolishes the infarct size reduction that follows ischaemic preconditioning of isolated buffer-perfused mouse hearts. Cardiovasc. Res. 55(3): 672-680. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00325-335 PMID: 12160964.
152. Schömig, A., Dart, A.M., Dietz, R., Mayer, E., and Kübler, W. 1984. Release of endogenous catecholamines in the ischemic myocardium of the rat. Part A: Locally mediated release. Circ. Res. 55(5): 689-701. PMID: 6488489.
153. Schulz, R., Panas, D.L., Catena, R., Moncada, S., Olley, P.M., and Lopaschuk, G.D. 1995. The role of nitric oxide in cardiac depression induced by interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114(1): 27-34. PMID: 7536096.
154. 2 activity in ischemic and reperfused rat heart. Basic Res. Cardiol. 87(2): 113-127. doi:10.1007/BF00801959. PMID: 1590734.
155. Sekiya, F., Bae, Y.S., and Rhee, S.G. 1999. Regulation of phospho-lipase C isozymes: activation of phospholipase C-gamma in the absence of tyrosine-phosphorylation. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 98(1-2): 3-11. doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(99)00013-4. PMID: 10358923.
156. 2+ accumulation in rat cardiomyocytes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37(4): 531-538. doi:10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2004.05.002. PMID: 15256224.
157. Sharma, A., and Singh, M. 2000. Possible mechanism of cardiopro-tective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in isolated rat heart. Pharmacol. Res. 41(6): 635-640. doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0631. PMID: 10816332.
158. Sidhu, R.S., Clough, R.R., and Bhullar, R.P. 2005. Regulation of phospholipase C-delta1 through direct interactions with the small GTPase Ral and calmodulin. J. Biol. Chem. 280(23): 21933-21941. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412966200. PMID: 15817490.
159. Singal, P.K., Khaper, N., Palace, V., and Kumar, D. 1998. The role of oxidative stress in the genesis of heart disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 40(3): 426-432. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00244-2. PMID: 10070480.
160. Singal, T., Dhalla, N.S., and Tappia, P.S. 2004. Phospholipase C may be involved in norepinephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320(3): 1015-1019. doi:10. 1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.052. PMID: 15240149.
161. Song, C., Hu, C.D., Masago, M., Kariyai, K., Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y., Shibatohge, M., et al. 2001. Regulation of a novel human phospholipase C, PLCepsilon, through membrane targeting by Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 276(4): 2752-2757. doi:10.1074/jbc. M008324200. PMID: 11022048.
162. Sorescu, G.P., Song, H., Tressel, S.L., Hwang, J., Dikalov, S., Smith, D.A., et al. 2004. Bone morphogenic protein 4 produced in endothelial cells by oscillatory shear stress induces monocyte adhesion by stimulating reactive oxygen species production from a nox1-based NADPH oxidase. Circ. Res. 95(8): 773-779. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000145728.22878.45. PMID: 15388638.
163. Speechly-Dick, M.E., Mocanu, M.M., and Yellon, D.M. 1994. Protein kinase C. Its role in ischemic preconditioning in the rat. Circ. Res. 75(3): 586-590. PMID: 8062429.
164. Stam, H., and Hülsmann, W.C. 1978. The role of endogenous cate-cholamine in the depressive effects of free fatty acids on isolated, perfused rat hearts. Basic Res. Cardiol. 73(2): 208-219. doi:10.1007/BF01906755. PMID: 656025.
165. Stambaugh, K., Jacobson, K.A., Jiang, J.-L., and Liang, B.T. 1997. A novel cardioprotective function of adenosine A1 and A3 receptors during prolonged simulated ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 273(1 Pt 2): H501-H505. PMID: 9249524.
166. Stamm, C., and del Nido, P.J. 2004. Protein kinase C and myocar-dial calcium handling during ischemia and reperfusion: lessons learned using Rhod-2 spectrofluorometry. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 52(3): 127-134. doi:10.1055/s-2004-817978. PMID: 15192771.
167. Takano, H., Zou, Y., Hasegawa, H., Akazawa, H., Nagai, T., and Komuro, I. 2003. Oxidative stress-induced signal transduction pathways in cardiac myocytes: involvement of ROS in heart diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5(6): 789-794. doi:10.1089/152308603770380098. PMID: 14588152.
168. Takeishi, Y., Jalili, T., Ball, N.A., and Walsh, R.A. 1999. Responses of cardiac protein kinase C isoforms to distinct pathological stimuli are differentially regulated. Circ. Res. 85(3): 264-271. PMID: 10436169.
169. Tall, E., Dormán, G., Garcia, P., Runnels, L., Shah, S., Chen, J., et al. 1997. Phosphoinositide binding specificity among phospholi-pase C isozymes as determined by photo-cross-linking to novel substrate and product analogs. Biochemistry, 36(23): 7239-7248. doi:10.1021/bi9702288. PMID: 9188725.
170. Tappia, P.S., Liu, S.Y., Shatadal, S., Takeda, N., Dhalla, N.S., and Panagia, V. 1999. Changes in sarcolemmal PLC isoenzymes in postinfarct congestive heart failure: partial correction by imida-pril. Am. J. Physiol. 276: H40-H49. PMID: 10409180.
171. 2+ transport. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 387(1): 85-92. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2234. PMID: 11368187.
172. Tappia, P.S., Liu, S.Y., Tong, Y., Ssenyange, S., and Panagia, V. 2001b. Reduction of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate mass in heart sarcolemma during diabetic cardiomyopathy. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 498: 183-190. PMID: 11900367.
173. Tappia, P.S., Maddaford, T.G., Hurtado, C., Panagia, V., and Pierce, G.N. 2003. Depressed phosphatidic acid-induced contractile activity of failing cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300(2): 457-463. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02) 02835-8. PMID: 12504106.
174. Tappia, P.S., Maddaford, T.G., Hurtado, C., Dibrov, E., Austria, J.A., Sahi, N., et al. 2004. Defective phosphatidic acid-phospho-lipase C signaling in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Biochem. Bio-phys. Res. Commun. 316(1): 280-289. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004. 02.045. PMID: 15003542.
175. Tappia, P.S., Dent, M.R., and Dhalla, N.S. 2006. Oxidative stress and redox regulation of phospholipase D in myocardial disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41(3): 349-361. doi:10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2006.03.025. PMID: 16843818.
176. Toker, A. 1998. The synthesis and cellular roles of phosphatidyli-nositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10(2): 254-261. doi:10.1016/S0955- 0674(98)80148-8. PMID: 9561850.
177. Tomai, F., Crea, F., Gaspardone, A., Versaci, F., De Paulis, R., Po-lisca, P., et al. 1996. Effects of A1 adenosine receptor blockade by bamiphylline on ischaemic preconditioning during coronary angioplasty. Eur. Heart J. 17(6): 846-853. PMID: 8781823.
178. Touyz, R.M., Yao, G., Viel, E., Amiri, F., and Schiffrin, E.L. 2004. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 regulate MAP kinases through different redox-dependent mechanisms in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Hypertens. 22(6): 1141-1149. doi:10. 1097/00004872-200406000-00015. PMID: 15167449.
179. Turan, B., Saini, H.K., Zhang, M., Prajapati, D., Elimban, V., and Dhalla, N.S. 2005. Selenium improves cardiac function by attenuating the activation of NF-kB due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 7(9-10): 1388-1397. doi:10. 1089/ars.2005.7.1388. PMID: 16115044.
180. Ungvári, Z., Gupte, S.A., Recchia, F.A., Bátkai, S., and Pacher, P. 2005. Role of oxidative-nitrosative stress and downstream pathways in various forms of cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 3(3): 221-229. doi:10.2174/1570161054368607. PMID: 16026319.
181. Watanabe, M., and Okada, T. 2003. Lysophosphatidylcholine-in-duced myocardial damage is inhibited by pretreatment with po-loxamer 188 in isolated rat heart. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 248(1/2): 209-215. doi:10.1023/A:1024165125139. PMID: 12870676.
182. Wing, M.R., Bourdon, D.M., and Harden, T.K. 2003. PLC-e: a shared effector protein in Ras-, Rho-, and Gabg-mediated signaling. Mol. Interv. 3(5): 273-280. doi:10.1124/mi.3.5.273. PMID: 14993441.
183. Wolf, R.A. 1992. Association of phospholipase C-delta with a highly enriched preparation of canine sarcolemma. Am. J. Phy-siol. 263(5 Pt 1): C1021-C1028. PMID: 1443097.
184. 2+ and cardiac contractile force. Am. J. Physiol. 271(2 Pt 2): H651-H659. PMID: 8770108.
185. Yagisawa, H., Sakuma, K., Paterson, H.F., Cheung, R., Allen, V., Hirata, H., et al. 1998. Replacements of single basic amino acids in the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase C-delta1 alter the ligand binding, phospholipase activity, and interaction with the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 273(1): 417-424. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.1.417. PMID: 9417098. (Pubitemid 28042227)
186. Yaglom, J.A., Ekhterae, D., Gabai, V.L., and Sherman, M.Y. 2003. Regulation of necrosis of H9c2 myogenic cells upon transient energy deprivation. Rapid deenergization of mitochondria precedes necrosis and is controlled by reactive oxygen species, stress kinase JNK, HSP72 and ARC. J. Biol. Chem. 278(50): 50483-50496. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306903200. PMID: 14523009. (Pubitemid 37548894)
187. Yin, G., Yan, C., and Berk, B.C. 2003. Angiotensin II signaling pathways mediated by tyrosine kinases. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35(6): 780-783. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00300-X. PMID: 12676164. (Pubitemid 36379319)
188. Ytrehus, K., Liu, Y., and Downey, J.M. 1994. Preconditioning protects ischemic rabbit heart by protein kinase C activation. Am. J. Physiol. 266(3 Pt 2): H1145-H1152. PMID: 8160817. (Pubitemid 24121336)
189. 2+ exchange. Circ. Res. 90(9): 988-995. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000018625.25212.1E. PMID: 12016265. (Pubitemid 34633865)
190. Ca-L by a1-adrenergic stimulation in rat ventricular myocytes. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 83(11): 1015-1024. doi:10.1139/y05-058. PMID: 16391710. (Pubitemid 43385546)
191. Zhao, Z.Q. 2004. Oxidative stress-elicited myocardial apoptosis during reperfusion. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4(2): 159-165. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2003.10. 010. PMID: 15063360.
192. Ziegelhoffer, A., Tappia, P.S., Mesaeli, N., Sahi, N., Dhalla, N.S., and Panagia, V. 2001. Low level of sarcolemmal phosphatidyli-nositol 4,5-bisphosphate in cardiomyopathic hamster (UM-X7.1) heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 49(1): 118-126. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00209-1. PMID: 11121803.
193. Zucchi, R., Ronca, F., and Ronca-Testoni, S. 2001. Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum function: a new strategy in cardioprotec-tion? Pharmacol. Ther. 89(1): 47-65. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(00)00103-0. PMID: 11316513. (Pubitemid 32367883)