Peptidic tumor targeting agents: The road from phage display peptide selections to clinical applications

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 16, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1040-1054

  Brown, Kathlynn C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Drug delivery; Peptide; Phage display; Tumor targeting

Indexed keywords

AMG 386; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BORTEZOMIB; CILENGITIDE; CONTINUOUS ERYTHROPOIESIS RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR; DOXORUBICIN; ENFUVIRTIDE; LEUPRORELIN; LIGAND; MESSENGER RNA; NAVELBINE; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PEPTIDE LIBRARY; ROMIPLOSTIM; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; THYMIDINE KINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANEMIA; BINDING AFFINITY; BIOPANNING; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER MORTALITY; CELL SURFACE; CONJUGATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; IN VIVO STUDY; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; MICROMETASTASIS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHUMAN; PHAGE DISPLAY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN ISOLATION; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; TUMOR CELL;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; CELL LINE, TUMOR; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; PEPTIDE LIBRARY; PEPTIDES;

EID: 77950205585     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161210790963788     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer Statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-249
2. Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA, Holt JA, Wong SG, Keith DE, et al. Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 1989; 244: 707-712
3. Lewis Phillips G, Li G, Dugger D, Crocker L, Parsons K, Mai E, et al. Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer with trastuzumab-DM1, an antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 9280-9290
4. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimito RA, Brannigan BA, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2129-2139
5. Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004; 304: 1497-1500
6. Sun S, Schiller J, Spinola M, Minna JD. New molecularly targeted therapies for lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 2740-2750
7. Meyerson M, Carbone DP. Genomic and proteomic profiling of lung cancers: Lung cancer classification in the age of targeted therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3219-3226
8. Celis JE, Gromov P. Proteomics in translational cancer research: towards an integrated approach. Cancer Cell 2003; 3: 9-15.
9. Nielsen UB, Marks JD. Internalizing antibodies and targeted cancer therapy: direct selection from phage libraries. Pharm Sci Technol Today 2000; 3: 282-291
10. Adams GP, Weiner LM. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23: 1147-1157
11. Dvorak HF, Nagy JA, Dvorak AM. Structure of solid tumors and their vasculature: implications for therapy with monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Cell 1991; 3: 77-85.
12. Hoekman K, van der Vijgh WJ, Vermorken JB. Clinical and preclinical modulation of chemotherapy-induced toxicity in patients with cancer. Drugs 1999; 57: 133-155
13. Neumeister P, Eibl M, Zinke-Cerwenka W, Scarpatetti M, Sill H, Linkesch W. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in two patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia treated with anti-CD33 calicheamicin (CMA-676) immunoconjugates. Ann Hematol 2001; 80: 119-120
14. Bray BL. Large-scale manufacture of peptide therapeutics by chemical synthesis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2: 587-593
15. Schally AV, Nagy JA. New approaches to treatment of various cancers based on cytotoxic analogs of LHRH, somatosin, and bombesin. Life Sci 2003; 72: 2305-2320
16. Smith G. Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface. Science 1985; 228: 1315-1317
17. Kehoe J, Kay B. Filamentous phage display in the new millennium. Chem Rev 2005; 105: 4056-4072
18. Smith GP, Petrenko VA. Phage Display. Chem Rev 1997; 97: 391-410.
19. Landon LA, Zou J, Deutscher SL. Is phage display technology on target for developing peptide-based cancer drugs? Curr Drug Discov Technol 2004; 1: 113-132
20. Urbaelli L, Ronchini C, Fontana L, Menard S, Orlandi R, Monaci P. Targeted gene transduction of mammalian cells expressing the HER2/neu receptor by filamentous phage. J Mol Biol 2001; 313: 965-976
21. Karasseva NG, Glinsky VV, Chen NX, Komatireddy R, Quinn TP. Identification and characterization of peptides that bind human ErbB-2 selected from a bacteriophage library. J Protein Chem 2002; 21: 287-296
22. Pero S, Shukla G, Armstrong A, Peterson D, Fuller S, Godin K, et al. Identification of a small peptide that inhibits the phosphorylation of Erb2 and proliferation of Erb2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 951-960
23. Li Z, Zhao R, Wu X, Sun Y, Yao M, Li J, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel peptide ligand of epidermal growth factor receptors for targeted delivery of therapeutics. FASEB J 2005; 19: 1978-1985
24. Kelly K, Setlur S, Ross R, Anbazhagan R, Waterman P, Rubin W, et al. Detection of early prostate cancer using a hepsin-targeted imaging agent. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 2286-2291
25. Wu X, Li Z, Wang H, Qu C, Chen X, Li J, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel peptide ligand of Tie2 for targeting gene therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2008; 40: 217-225
26. Su J-L, Lai K-P, Chen C-A, Yang C-Y, Chen P-S, Chang C-C, et al. A novel peptide specifically binding to interleukin-6 receptor (gp80) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 4827-4835
27. Blond-Elguindi S, Cwirla S, Dower W, Lipshutz R, Sprang S, Sambrook J, et al. Affinity panning of a library of peptides displayed on bacteriophages reveals the binding specificity of BiP. Cell 1993; 75: 717-728
28. Ding H, Prodinger W, Kopecek J. Identification of CD21-binding peptides with phage display and investigation of binding properties of HPMA copolymer-peptide conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17: 514-523
29. Howell R, Revskaya E, Pazo V, Nosanchuk J, Casadevall A, Dadachova E. Phage display library derived peptides that bind to human tumor melanin as potential vehicles for targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic melanoma. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18: 1739-1748
30. Koolpe M, Dail M, Pasquale E. An ephrin mimetic peptide that selectively targets the EphA2 receptor. J Biol Chem 227; 277: 46974-46979
31. Koivunen E, Arap W, Valtanen H, Rainisalo A, Medina OP, Heikkila P, et al. Tumor targeting with a selective gelantinase inhibitor. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17: 768-774
32. Devemy E, Blaschuk O. Identification of a novel dual E- and N-cadherin antagonist. Peptides 2009; 30: 1539-1547
33. Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Organ targeting in vivo using phage display peptide libraries. Nature 1996; 380: 364-366
34. Barry MA, Dower WJ, Johnston SA. Toward cell-targeting gene therapy vectors: selection of cell-binding peptides from random peptide-presenting phage libraries. Nat Med 1996; 2: 299-305.
35. Krumpe L, Mori T. Potential of phage-displayed peptide library technology to identify functional targeting peptides. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2: 525-537
36. Aina OH, Liu R, Sutcliffe JL, Marik J, Pan C-X, Lam KS. From combinatorial chemistry to cancer targeting peptides. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 4: 631-651
37. 6 as a prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 5889-5895
38. Kubo N, Akita N, Shimizu A, Kitahara H, Parker A, Miyagawa S. Identification of oligopeptide binding to colon cancer cells separated from patients using laser capture microdissection. J Drug Target 2008; 16: 396-404.
39. Pilch J, Brown D, Komatsu M, Jarvinen T, Yang M, Peters D, et al. Peptides selected for binding to clotted plasma accumulate in tumor stroma and wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2800-2804
40. Kolonin MG, Bover L, Sun J, Zurita AJ, Do KA, Lahdenranta J, et al. Ligand-directed surface profiling of human cancer cells with combinatorial peptide libraries. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 34-40.
41. Shukla G, Krag D. Selection of tumor-targeting agents on freshly excise human breast tumors using a phage display library. Oncol Rep 2005; 13: 757-764
42. Du B, Qian M, Zhou Z, Wang P, Wang L, Zhang X, et al. In vitro panning of a targeting peptide to hepatocarcinoma from a phage display peptide library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342: 956-962
43. Jiang Y-Q, Wang H-R, Li H-P, Hao H-J, Zheng Y-L, Gu J. Targeting of hapeatoma cell and suppression of tumor growth by a novel 12mer peptide fused to superantigen TSST-1. Mol Med 2006; 12: 81-87
44. Lo A, Lin C-T, Wu H-C. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell-specific peptide ligand for targeted drug delivery. Mol Cancer Ther 2008: 579-589
45. Kim Y, Lillo AM, Steiniger SCJ, Liu Y, Ballatore C, Anichini A, et al. Targeting heat shock proteins on cancer cells: Selection, characterization, and cell-penetrating properties of a peptidic GRP78 ligand. Biochemistry 2006; 45: 9434-9444
46. Eriksson F, Culp W, Massey R, Egevad L, Garland D, Persson M, et al. Tumor specific phage particles promote tumor regression in a mouse melanoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56: 677-687
47. Huang C, Liu X, Rehemtulla A, Lawrence T. Identification of peptides that bind to irradiated pancreatic tumor cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62: 1497-1503
48. Romanov VI, Durand DB, Petrenko VA. Phage-display selection of peptides that affect prostate carcinoma cells attachment and invasion. Prostate 2001; 47: 239-251
49. Zitzmann S, Mier W, Schad A, Kinscherf R, Askoxylakis V, Kramer S, et al. A new prostate carcinoma binding peptide (DUP-1) for tumor imaging and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 139-146
50. Hu S, Guo X, Xie H, Du Y, Pan Y, Shi Y, et al. Phage display selection of peptides that inhibit metastasis ability of gastric cancer cells with high liver metastatic potential. Biochem Biophys Res Comp 2006; 341: 964-972
51. Bai F, Liang J, Wang J, Shi Y, Zhang K, Liang S, et al. Inhibitory effects of a specific phage-displayed peptide on high peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. J Mol Med 2007; 85(2): 169-180
52. Kelly K, Jones D. Isolation of a colon tumor specific binding peptide using phage display selection. Neoplasia 2003; 5: 437-444
53. Rasmussen UB, Schreiber V, Schultz H, Mischler F, Schughart K. Tumor cell-targeting by phage-displayed peptides. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9: 606-612
54. Rittner K, Schreiber V, Erbs P, Lusky M. Targeting of adenovirus vectors carrying a tumor cell-specific peptide: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14: 509-518
55. Hsiung P-L, Hardy J, Friedland S, Soetikno R, Du C, Wu A, et al. Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy. Nat Med 2008; 14: 454-458
56. Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Hu D, Pan Y, et al. Panning and identification of a colon tumor binding peptide from a phage display peptide library. J Biomol Screen 2007; 12: 429-435
57. Hong FD, Clayman GL. Isolation of a peptide for targeted drug delivery into human head and neck solid tumors. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6551-6556
58. Lee T-Y, Wu H-C, Tseng Y-L, Lin C-T. A novel peptide specifically binding to nasopharyngeal carcinoma for targeted drug delivery. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 8002-8008
59. Shadidi M, Sioud M. Identification of novel carrier peptides for the specific delivery of therapeutics into cancer cells. FASEB J 2003; 17: 256-258
60. Zhang J, Spring H, Schwab M. Neuroblastoma tumor cell-binding peptides identified through random peptide phage display. Cancer Lett 2001; 171: 153-164
61. Askoxylakis V, Zitzmann S, Mier W, Graham K, Kramer S, von Wegner F, et al. Preclinical evaluation of the breast cancer cell-binding peptide, p160. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 6705-6712
62. Samoylova T, Petrenko V, Morrison N, Globa L, Baker H, Cox N. Phage probes for malignant glial cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2: 1129-1137
63. Spear M, Breakefield X, Beltzer J, Schuback D, Weissleder R, Pardo F, et al. Isolation, characterization, and recovery of small peptide phage display epitope selected against viable malignant glioma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8: 506-511
64. Robinson P, Stuber D, Deryckere F, Tedbury P, Lagrange M, Orfanoudakis G. Identification using phage display of peptides promoting targeting and internalization into HPV-transformed cell lines. J Mol Recogn 2005; 18: 175-182
65. Bockman M, Drosten M, Putzer BM. Discovery of targeting peptides for selective therapy of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Gene Med 2005; 7: 179-188
66. Witt H, Hajdin K, Iljin K, Greiner O, Niggli F, Schafer B, et al. Identification of a rhabdomyosarcoma targeting peptide by phage display with dequence similarities to the tumor lymphatic-homing peptide LyP-1. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2026-2032
67. McGuire MJ, Samli KN, Chang Y, Brown KC. Novel ligands for cancer diagnosis: selection of peptide ligands for identification and isolation of B-cell lymphomas. Exp Hematol 2006; 34: 443-452
68. Nishimura S, Takahashi S, Kamikatahira H, Kuroli Y, Jaalouk D, O'Brien S, et al. Combinatorial targeting of the macropinocytotic pathway in leukemia and lymphoma cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 11752-11762
69. Jager S, Jahnke A, Wilmes T, Adebahr S, Vogtle F-N, deLima-Hahn E, et al. Leukemia targeting ligands isolated from phage displayed peptide libraries. Leukemia 2007; 21: 411-420
70. Oyama T, Sykes KF, Samli KN, Minna JD, Johnston SA, Brown KC. Isolation of lung tumor specific peptides from a random peptide library: generation of diagnostic and cell-targeting reagents. Cancer Lett 2003; 202: 219-230
71. Oyama T, Rombel IT, Samli KN, Zhou X, Brown KC. Isolation of multiple cell-binding ligands from different phage displayed-peptide libraries. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21: 1867-1875
72. Zang L, Shi L, Guo J, Pan Q, Wu W, Pan X, et al. Screening and identification of a peptide specifically targeted to NCI-H1299 from a phage display peptide library. Cancer Lett 2009; 281: 64-70.
73. Zhou X, Chang Y, Oyama T, McGuire MJ, Brown KC. Cell-specific delivery of a chemotherapeutic to lung cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 129: 15656-15657
74. 6-positive cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19: 1813-1821.
75. Chang D-K, Lin C-T, Wu C-H, Wu H-C. A novel peptide enhances therapeutic efficacy of liposomal anti-cancer drugs in mice models of human lung cancer. PLOS Med 2009; 4: 1-11.
76. Lee S-M, Lee E-J, Hong H-Y, Kwon M-K, Kwon T-H, Choi J-Y, et al. Targeting bladder tumor cells in vivo and in the urine with a peptide identified by phage display. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5: 11-19
77. Kelly K, Bardeesy N, Anbazhagan R, Gurumurthy S, Berger J, Alencar H, et al. Targeted nanoparticles for imaging incipient pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLOS Med 2008; 5: 657-668
78. Rajotte D, Arap W, Hagerdorn M, Koivunen E, Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Molecular heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium revealed by in vivo phage display. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 430-437
79. Essler M, Ruoslahti E. Molecular specialization of breast vasculature: a breast homing phage-displayed peptide binds to aminopeptidase P in breast vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 2252-2257
80. Kolinin MG, Saha PK, Chan L, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. Nat Med 2004; 10: 625-632
81. Arap W, Pasqualini R, Ruoslahti E. Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science 1998; 279: 377-380
82. Hoffman J, Giraudo E, Sing M, Zhang L, Inoue M, Porkka K, et al. Progressive vascular changes in a transgenic mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2003; 4: 383-391
83. Han Z, Fu A, Wang H-R, Diaz R, Geng L, Onishko H, et al. Noninvasive assessment of cancer response to therapy. Nat Med 2008; 14: 343-349
84. Laakkonen P, Akerman M, Biliran H, Yang M, Ferrer F, Karpanen T, et al. Antitumor activity of a homing peptide that targets tumor lymphatics and tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 9381-9386
85. Laakkonen P, Porkka K, Hoffman JA, Ruoslahti E. A tumorhoming peptide with a targeting specificity related to lymphatic vessels. Nat Med 2002; 8: 751-755
86. Zhang L, Giraudo E, Hoffman J, Hanahan D, Ruoslahti E. Lymphatic zip codes in premalignant lesions and tumors. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 5696-5706
87. Laakkonen P, Zhang L, Ruoslahti E. Peptide targeting of tumor lymph vessels. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008; 1131: 37-43.
88. Lee T-Y, Lin C-T, Kuo S-Y, Chang D-K, Wu H-C. Peptide-mediated targeting to tumor blood vessels of lung cancer for drug delivery. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 10958-10965
89. Arap W, Kolonin MG, Trepel M, Lahdenranta J, Cardo-Vila M, Giordano RJ, et al. Steps towards mapping the human vasculature. Nat Med 2002; 8: 121-127
90. Krag D, Shukla G, Shen G-P, Pero S, Ashikaga T, Fuller S, et al. Selection of tumor-binding ligands in cancer patients with phage display libraries. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 7724-7733
91. Akita N, Maruta F, Seymour L, Kerr D, Parker A, Asai T, et al. Identification of oligopeptides binding to peritoneal tumors of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1075-1081
92. Zhi M, Wu K-C, Dong L, Hao Z-M, Deng T-Z, Hong L, et al. Characterization of a specific phage-displayed peptide binding to vasculature of human gastric cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2004; 3: 1232-1235
93. Hui X, Han Y, Liang S, Liu Z, Liu J, Hong L, et al. Specific targeting of the vasculature of gastric cancer by a new tumor-homing peptide CGNSNPKSC. J Control Release 2008; 131: 86-93.
94. Chang D-K, Chiu C-Y, Kuo S-Y, Lin C-W, Lo A, Wang Y-P, et al. Anti-angiogenic targeting liposomes increase therapeutic efficacy of solid tumors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(19): 12905-12916
95. Sun L, Chu T, Wang Y, Wang X. Radiolabeling and biodistribution of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma-targeting peptide identified by in vivo phage display. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2007; 39: 624-632
96. Newton J, Kelly K, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Deutscher S. In vivo selection of phage for the optical imaging of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma in mice. Neoplasia 2006; 8: 772-780
97. Line B, Mitra A, Nan A, Ghandehari H. Targeting tumor angiogenesis: comparison of peptide and polymer-peptide conjugates. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1552-1560
98. Wang H, Chen K, Cai W, Li Z, He L, Kashefi A, et al. Integrin-targeting imaging and therapy with RGD4C-TNF fusion. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7: 1044-1053
99. Hajitou A, Trepel M, Lilley C, Soghomonyan S, Alauddin M, Marini F, et al. A hybrid vector for ligand-directed tumor targeting and molecular imaging. Cell 2006; 125: 385-398
100. van Hensbergen Y, Broxterman H, Elderkamp Y, Lankelma J, Beers J, Heijn M, et al. A doxorubicin-CNGRC-peptide conjugate with prodrug properties. Biochem Pharm 2002; 63: 897-908.
101. de Groot F, Broxterman H, Adams H, van Vliet A, Tesser G, Elderkamp Y, et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a dual tumor-specific motive containing integrin-targeted plasmin-cleavable doxorubicin prodrug. Mol Cancer Ther 2002; 1: 901-911
102. Kim J, Lee H. Tumor targeting by doxorubicin-RGD-4C peptide conjugate in an orthotopic mouse hepatoma model. Int J Mol Med 2004; 14: 529-535
103. Bockmann M, Hilken G, Schmidt A, Cranston A, Tannapfel A, Drosten M, et al. Novel SRESPHP peptide mediates specific binding to primary medullary thyroid carcinoma after systemic injection. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16: 1267-1275
104. Joyce J, Laakkonen P, Bernasconi M, Bergers G, Ruoslahti E, Hanahan D. Stage-specific vascular markers revealed by phage display in a mouse model of pancreatic islet tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2003; 4: 393-403.
105. Porkka K, Laakkonen P, Hoffman J, Bernasconi M, Ruoslahti E. A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 7444-7449
106. Fogal V, Zhang L, Krajewski S, Ruoslahti E. Mitochondrial/cell surface protein p32/gC1qR as a molecular target in tumor cells and tumor stroma. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 7210-7218
107. Prokop A, Davidson J. Nanovehicular intracellular delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97: 3518-3590
108. Vicent MJ, Duncan R. Polymer conjugates: nanosized medicines for treating cancer. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24: 39-47.
109. Torchilin VP. Micellar nanocarriers: pharmaceutical perspectives. Pharm Res 2007; 24: 1-16.
110. Kukowska-Latallo JF, Candido KA, Cao Z, Nigavekar SS, Majoros IJ, Thomas TP, et al. Nanoparticle targeting of anticancer drug improves therapeutic response in animal model of human epithelial cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 5317-5324
111. Lee CC, Mackay JA, Frechet JMJ, Szoka FC. Designing dendrimers for biological applications. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23: 1517-1526
112. Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4: 145-160
113. Meyer-Losic F, Quinonero J, Dubois V, Alluis B, Dechambre M, Michel M, et al. Improved therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin through conjugation with a novel peptide drug delivery technology (Vectocell). J Med Chem 2006; 49: 6908-6916
114. Li C. Poly(L-glutamic acid)- anticancer drug conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 695-713.
115. Jain RK. Delivery of molecular and cellular medicine to solid tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 46: 149-168
116. Pastorino F, Brignole C, Di Paolo D, Nico B, Pezzolo A, Marimpietri D, et al. Targeting liposomal chemotherapy via both tumor cell-specific and tumor vasculature-specific ligands potentiates therapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 10073-10082
117. Pastorino F, Brignole C, Marimpietri D, Cilli M, Gambini C, Ribatti D, et al. Vascular damage and anti-angiogenic effects of tumor vessel-targeted liposomal chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 7400-7409
118. Park J-H, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia S, Sailor M. Micellar hybrid nanoparticles for simultaneous magnetofluorescent imaging and drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47: 7284-7288
119. Thurber G, Schmidt M, Wittrup K. Antibody tumor penetration: Transport opposed by systemic and antigen-mediated clearance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1421-1432
120. Thurber G, Schmidt M, Wittrup K. Factors determining antibody distribution in tumors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29: 57-61.
121. Kirpotin D, Drummond D, Shao Y, Shalaby R, Hong K, Nielsen U, et al. Antibody targeting of long-circulating lipidic nanoparticles does not increase tumor localization but does increase inetrnalization in animal models. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 6732-6740
122. Mamot C, Drummond D, Noble C, Kallab V, Guo Z, Hong K, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted immunoliposomes significantly enhance the efficacy of multiple anticancer drugs in vivo. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11631-11638
123. Akerman ME, Chan WC, Laakkonen P, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 12617-12621
124. Becker A, Hessenius C, Licha K, Ebert B, Sukowski U, Semmler W, et al. Receptor-targeted optical imaging of tumors with near-infrared fluorescent ligands. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19(4): 327-331
125. Pierce M, Javier D, Richards-Kortum R. Optical contrast agents and imaging systems for detection and diagnosis of cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1979-1990
126. van Dongen G, Visser G, Lub-De Hooge M, De Vreis E, Perk L. Immuno-PET: a navigator in monoclonal antibody development and applications. Oncologist 2007; 12: 1379-1389
127. Okarvi SM. Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals and cytotoxic conjugates: potential tools against cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 34: 13-26.
128. Okarvi SM. Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: future tools for diagnostic imaging of cancers and other diseases. Med Res Rev 2004; 24: 357-397
129. Reubi J, Maecke H. Peptide-based probes for cancer imaging. J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 1735-1738
130. Wangler C, Buchmann I, Eisenhut M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Radiolabeled peptides and proteins in cancer therapy. Protein Pept Lett 2007; 14: 273-279
131. Liu S. Radiolabeled multimeric cyclic RGD peptides as integrin laphavbeta3 targeted radiotracers for tumor imaging. Mol Pharm 2006; 3: 472-482
132. Dijkgraaf I, Beer AJ, Wester HJ. Application of RGD-containing peptides as imaging probes for alphavbeta3 expression. Front BioSci 2009; 14: 887-899
133. Kenny L, Coombes R, Oulie I, Contractor K, Miller M, Spinks T, et al. Phase I trial of the positron-emitting Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide radioligand 18F-AH111585 in breast cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 879-886
134. Gotthardt M, Eerd-Vismale J, Oyen W, de Jong M, Zhang H, Rolleman E, et al. Indication for different mechanisms of kidney uptake of radiolabeled peptides. J Nuc Med 2007; 48(4): 596-601.
135. Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Elst L, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterization, and biological applications. Chem Rev 2008; 108: 2064-2110
136. Von Maltzahn G, Ren Y, Park J-H, Min D-H, Kotamraju V, Jayakumar J, et al. In vivo tumor cell-targeting with "click" nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19: 1570-1578
137. Huang G, Zhang C, Li S, Khemtong C, Yang S-G, Tian R, et al. A novel strategy for surface modification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for lung cancer. J Mater Chem 2009; 19: 6367-6372
138. Wood K, Azarin S, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Langer R, Hammond P. Tumor-targeted gene delivery using molecularly engineered hybrid polymers functionalized with a tumor-homing peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19: 403-405
139. Harvie P, Dutzar B, Galbraith T, Cudmore S, O'Mahony D, Anklesaria P, et al. Targeting of lipid-protamine-DNA (LPD) lipopolyplexes using RGD motifs. J Liposome Res 2003; 13: 231-247
140. Derfus A, Chen A, Min D-H, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN. Targeted quantum dot conjugates for siRNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18: 1391-1396
141. Larocca D, Burg MA, Jensen-Pergakes K, Ravey EP, Gonzalez AM, Baird A. Evolving phage vectors for cell targeted gene delivery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2002; 3: 45-57.
142. Larocca D, Jensen-Pergakes K, Burg MA, Baird A. Receptor-targeted gene delivery using multivalent phagemid particles. Mol Ther 2001; 3: 476-484
143. Larocca D, Jensen-Pergakes K, Burg MA, Baird A. Gene transfer using targeted filamentous bacteriophage. Methods Mol Biol 2002; 185: 393-401.
144. Larocca D, Kassner PD, Witte A, Ladner RC, Pierce GF, Baird A. Gene transfer to mammalian cells using genetically targeted filamentous bacteriophage. FASEB J 1999; 13: 727-734
145. Larocca D, Witte A, Johnson W, Pierce GF, Baird A. Targeting bacteriophage to mammalian cell surface receptors for gene delivery. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9: 2393-2399
146. Poul M-A, Marks JD. Targeted gene delivery to mammalian cells by filamentous bacteriophage. J Mol Biol 1999; 288: 203-211
147. Ivanenkov VV, Felici F, Menon AG. Targeted delivery of multivalent phage display vectors into mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1448: 463-472
148. Trepel M, Grifman M, Weitzman M, Pasqualini R. Molecular adaptors for vascular-targeted adenoviral gene delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 1971-1981
149. Makela A, Matilainen H, White D, Ruoslahti E, Oker-Blom C. Enhanced baculovirus-mediated transduction of human cancer cells by tumor-homing peptides. J Virol 2006; 80: 6603-6611
150. Mizuguchi H, Hayakawa Y. Targeted adenovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15: 1034-1044
151. Hajitou A, Rangel R, Trepel M, Soghomonyan S, Gelovani J, Alauddin M, et al. Desig and construction of targted AAVP vectors for mammalian cell transduction. Nat Protoc 2007; 2: 523-531
152. Hajitou A, Lev D, Hannay J, Korchin B, Staquicini F, Soghomonyan S, et al. A preclinical model for predicting drug response in soft-tissue sarcoma with targeted AAVP molecular imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 4471-4476
153. 18F]FEAU. Nat Protoc 2007; 2: 416-423
154. Landon LA, Deutscher SL. Combinatorial discovery of tumor targeting peptides using phage display. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90: 509-517
155. McGuire MJ, Sykes KF, Samli KN, Barry MA, Stemke-Hale KA, Tagliaferri F, et al. A library selected Langerhans cell-targeting peptide enhances an immune response. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23: 742-752
156. De J, Chang Y, Samli KN, Schisler JC, Newgard CB, Johnston SA, et al. Isolation of a Mycoplasma-specific binding peptide from an unbiased phage-displayed peptide library. Mol BioSyst 2005; 1: 149-157
157. Sergeeva A, Kolonin M, Molldrem J, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Display technologies: applications for the discovery of drug and gene delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 1622-1654
158. Lau DH, Guo L, Liu R, Song A, Shao C, Lam KS. Identifying peptide ligands for cell surface receptors using cell-growth-on-bead assay and one-bead one-compound combinatorial library. Biotechnol Lett 2002; 24: 497-500.
159. 1 overexpressed in cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 1329-1334
160. Aina OH, Sroka TC, Chen M-L, Lam KS. Therapeutic cancer targeting peptides. Biopolymers 2002; 66: 184-199
161. Park SI, Renil M, Vikstrom B, Amro N, Song L, Xu B, et al. The use of one-bead one-compound combinatorial library method to identify peptide ligands for α4β1 integrin receptor in no-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lett Pept Sci 2002; 8: 171-178
162. Yao N, Xiao W, Wang X, Marik J, Park S-H, Takada Y, et al. Discovery of targeting ligands for breast cancer cells using the one-bead one-compound combinatorial method. J Med Chem 2009; 52: 126-133
163. Xiao W, Yao N, Peng L, Liu R, Lam KS. Near-infrared optical imaging in glioblastoma xenograft with ligand-targeting α3 integrin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 94-103.
164. Aina OH, Marik J, Liu R, Lau DH, Lam KS. Identification of novel targeting peptides for human ovarian cancer cells using "one-bead-one- compound" combinatorial libraries. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4: 806-813
165. Udugamasooriya D, Dineen S, Brekken R, Kodadek T. A peptoid "antibody surrogate" that antagonizes VEGF receptor 2 activity. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130: 5744-5752
166. Otvos L. Peptide-based drug design: Here and now. In: Otvos L, Ed. Peptide-Based Drug Design. New York: Humana Press 2008; pp. 1-8.
167. Nestor J. Peptide and Protein Drugs: Issues and Solutions. In: Taylor J, Triggle D, Ed. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd 2007; pp. 573-601.
168. Ladner R, Sato A, Gorzelany J, de Souza M. Phage display-derived peptides as therapeutic alternatives to antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9: 525-529
169. Glaser V. Competetion mounting in peptide market. Gen Eng Biotechnol News 2009; 29.
170. McGregor D. Discovering and improving novel peptide therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8: 616-619
171. Lu Y, Yang J, Sega E. Issues related to targeted delivery of proteins and peptides. AAPS J 2006; 8: E466-E78.
172. Malik D, Baboota S, Ahuja A, Hasan S, Ali J. Recent advances in protein and peptide drug delivery systems. Curr Drug Deliv 2007; 4: 141-151
173. Reardon D, Nabors L, Stupp R, Mikkelsen T. Cilengitide: an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide with promising activity for glioblastoma multiforme. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17: 1225-1235
174. Perotti A, Sessa C, Mancuso A, Noberasco C, Cresta S, Locatelli A, et al. Clinical and pharmacological phase I evaluation of Exherin™ (ADH-1), a selective anti-N-cadherin peptide in patients with N-cadherin-expressing solid tumours. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 741-745
175. Cines D, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P. Romiplostim. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7: 887-888
176. Frampton J, Lyseng-Williamson K. Romiplostim. Drugs 2009; 69: 307-317
177. Bussel J, Kuter D, George J, McMillan R, Aledort L, Conklin G, et al. AMG 531, a thrombpoiesis-stimulation protein, for chronic ITP. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1672-1681
178. Cwirla SE, Balasubramanian P, Duffin DJ, Wagstrom CR, Gates CM, Singer SC, et al. Peptide agonist of the thrombopoietin receptor as potent as the natural cytokine. Science 1997; 276: 1696-1699
179. Oliner J, Min H, Leal J, Yu D, Rao S, You E, et al. Suppression of angiogenesis and tumor growth by selective inhibition of angiopoietin-2. Cancer Cell 2004; 6: 507-516
180. Hebst R, Hong D, Chap L, Kurzrock R, Jackson E, Silverman J, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of AMG 386, a selective angiopoietin inhibitor, in adult patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3557-3565
181. Wrighton NC, Farrell F, CChang R, Kashyap A, Barbone F, Mulcahy L, et al. Small peptides as potent mimetics of the protein hormone erythropoietin. Science 1996; 273: 458-464
182. Wrighton NC, Balasubramanian P, Barbone F, Kashyap A, Farrell F, Jolliffe L, et al. Increases potency of an erythropoietin peptide mimetic through covalent dimerization. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15: 1261-1265
183. Perugini M, Varelias A, Sadlon T, D' Andrea R. Hematopoietic growth factor mimetic: From concept to clinc. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20: 87-94.
184. Macdougall I. Hematide, a novel peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for the treatment of anemia. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2008; 9: 1034-1047
185. Gregorc V, Santoro A, Bennicelli E, Punt C, Citterio G, Timmer-Bonte J, et al. Phase Ib study of NGR-hTNF, a selective vascular targeting agent, administered at low doses in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 219-224
186. Bieker R, Kessler T, Schwoppe C, Padro T, Persigehi T, Bremer C, et al. Infraction of tumor vessels by NGR-peptide-directed targeting of tissue factor: experimental results and first-in-man experience. Blood 2009; 113: 5019-5027
187. Crombez L, Morris MC, Deshayes S, Heitz F, Divita G. Peptide-based nanoparticle for ex vivo and in vivo drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(34): 3656-3665
188. Shrivastava A, Nunn AD, Tweedle MF. Designer peptides: learning from nature. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(6): 675-681
189. Zwanziger D, Beck-Sickinger AG. Radiometal targeted tumor diagnosis and therapy with peptide hormones. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(24): 2385-2400