The psychoses: Cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 39, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 2025-2042

  Carpenter Jr , W T ^a   Bustillo, J R ^b   Thaker, G K ^a   Van Os, J ^c   Krueger, R F ^d,e   Green, M J ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bipolar; DSM V; Meta structure; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; LITHIUM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROTEIN P300;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVOKED RESPONSE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENETIC RISK; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MANIA; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MISMATCH NEGATIVITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PHENOTYPE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREPULSE INHIBITION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENT; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 70449623396     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291709990286     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Adler CM, Holland SK, Schmithorst V, Wilke M, Weiss KL, Pan H, Strakowski SM (2004). Abnormal frontal white matter tracts in bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders 6, 197-203.
2. Akbarian S, Huang H-S (2006). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders. Brain Research Reviews 52, 293-304.
3. Andrews G, Goldberg DP, Krueger RF, Carpenter Jr. WT, Hyman SE, Sachdev P, Pine DS (2009a). Exploring the feasibility of a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: could it improve utility and validity? Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990250.
4. Andrews G, Pine DS, Hobbs MJ, Anderson TM, Sunderland M (2009b). Neurodevelopmental disorders: Cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/ S0033291709990274.
5. Antila M, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Kieseppa T, Soronen P, Palo OM, Paunio T, Haukka J, Partonen T, Lonnqvist J (2007). Heritability of cognitive functions in families with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B, 802-808.
6. Arango C, Moreno C, Martinez S, Parellada M, Desco M, Moreno D, Fraguas D, Gogtay N, James A, Rapoport J (2008). Longitudinal brain changes in early-onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 341-353.
7. Arts B, Jabben N, Krabbendam L, van Os J (2007). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine 37, 1-15.
8. Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T, Curran J, Mintz J (1998). Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 663-664.
9. Avila MT, Hong LE, Moates A, Turano KA, Thaker GK (2006). Role of anticipation in schizophrenia-related pursuit initiation deficits. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 593-601.
10. Badner JA, Gershon ES (2002). Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 7, 405-411.
11. Benes FM, Matzilevich D, Burke RE, Walsh J (2006). The expression of proapoptosis genes is increased in bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 11, 241-251.
12. Berrettini W (2003). Evidence for shared susceptibility in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics 123C, 59-64.
13. Bilder RM, Lipschutz-Broch L, Reiter G, Geisler S, Mayerhoff D, Lieberman JA (1991). Neuropsychological deficits in the early course of first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 5, 198-199.
14. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey MB, Obreja M, Ehmann M, Iyengar S, Shamseddeen W, Kupfer D, Brent D (2009). Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 287-296.
15. Blanchard J, Cohen A (2006). The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: implications for assessment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 238-245.
16. Bleuler E (1911). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (trans. J. Zinkin, 1950). International Universities Press: New York, NY.
17. Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F, Ilerisoy H, Aldemir E, Alkan M (2008). Executive and verbal working memory dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 161, 318-324.
18. Braff DL, Freedman R, Schork NJ, Gottesman II (2007). Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 21-32.
19. Braff DL, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (2001). Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology 156, 234-258.
20. Brambilla P, Stanley JA, Nicoletti MA, Sassi RB, Mallinger AB, Frank E, Kupfer D, Keshavan MS, Soares JC (2005). 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 86, 61-67. (Pubitemid 40487960)
21. Bramon E, McDonald C, Croft RJ, Landau S, Filbey F, Gruzelier JH, Sham PC, Frangou S, Murray RM (2005). Is the P300 wave an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and a family study. Neuroimage 27, 960-968.
22. Bramon E, Sham PC (2001). The common genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review. Current Psychiatry Reports 3, 332-337.
23. Brown AS, van Os J, Driessens C, Hoek HW, Susser ES (2000). Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 190-195.
24. Burdick KE, Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Faull RN, Malhotra AK (2006). Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 255-260.
25. Burt T, Prudic J, Peyser S, Clark J, Sackeim H (2000). Learning and memory in bipolar and unipolar major depression: effects of aging. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 13, 246-253.
26. Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, McDowell JE, Braff DL (2002). Neurobiological measures of schizotypal personality disorder: defining an inhibitory endophenotype? American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 869-871.
27. Cannon TD, Huttunen MO, Lonnqvist J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Pirkola T, Glahn D, Finkelstein J, Hietanen M, Kapiro J, Koskenvuo M (2000). The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 67, 369-382.
28. Cardno AG, Rijsdijk FV, Sham PC, Murray RM, McGuffin P (2002). A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 539-545.
29. Carpenter Jr. WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM (1988). Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 578-583.
30. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW (1989). Domains of psychopathology relevant to the study of etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress (ed. S. C. Schulz and C. T. Tamminga), pp. 13-22. Oxford University Press: New York, NY.
31. Carpenter WT, Kirkpatrick B (1988). The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14, 645-652.
32. Chang L, Friedman J, Ernst T, Zhong K, Tsopelas ND, Davis K (2007). Brain metabolite abnormalities in the white matter of elderly schizophrenic subjects: implication for glial dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1396-1404.
33. Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML (1976). Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85, 374-382.
34. Claridge G (1997). Schizotypy: Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Clarke MC, Harley M, Cannon M (2006). The role of obstetric events in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 3-8.
35. Craddock N, Owen MJ (2005). The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 364-366.
36. Dager SR, Friedman SD, Parow A, Demopulos C, Stoll AL, Lyoo IK, Dunner DL, Renshaw PF (2004). Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 450-458.
37. Dawson ME, Nuechterlein KH, Schell AM, Gitlin M, Ventura J (1994). Autonomic abnormalities in schizophrenia: state or trait indicators? Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 813-824.
38. Deckersbach T, Savage CR, Reilly-Harrington N, Clark L, Sachs G, Rauch SL (2004). Episodic memory impairment in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of memory strategies. Bipolar Disorders 6, 233-244. (Pubitemid 38702299)
39. DeLisi LE (2008). The concept of progressive brain change in schizophrenia: implications for understanding schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 312-321.
40. DeLisi LE, Sakuma M, Tew W, Kushner M, Hoff AL, Grimson R (1997). Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 74, 129-140.
41. Dickinson D, Iannone VN, Wilk CM, Gold JM (2004). General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55, 826-833.
42. Dickstein DP, Rich BA, Roberson-Nay R, Berghorst L, Vinton D, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2007). Neural activation during encoding of emotional faces in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 9, 679-692. (Pubitemid 350042402)
43. Dorph-Petersen K-A, Pierri JN, Perel JM, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2005). The influence of chronic exposure to antipsychotic medications on brain size before and after tissue fixation: a comparison of haloperidol and olanzapine in macaque monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 1649-1661.
44. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Gscheidle T, Weirich M, Rawlings R, Hyde TM, Bigelow L, Weinberger DR (2001). Relative risk for cognitive impairments in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50, 98-107. (Pubitemid 32728209)
45. Etain B, Roy I, Henry C, Rousseva A, Schürhoff F, Leboyer M, Bellivier F (2007). No evidence for physical anhedonia as a candidate symptom or an endophenotype in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disorders 9, 706-712.
46. Fischer BA, Carpenter Jr. WT (2009). Will the Kraepelinian dichotomy survive DSM-V? Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online: 18 March 2009. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.32.
47. Ford JM (1999). Schizophrenia: the broken P300 and beyond. Psychophysiology 36, 667-682.
48. Frangou S, Donaldson S, Hadjulis M, Landau S, Goldstein LH (2005). The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder I and its clinical correlates. Biological Psychiatry 58, 859-864.
49. Getz GE, DelBello MP, Fleck DE, Zimmerman ME, Schwiers ML, Strakowski SM (2002). Neuroanatomic characterization of schizoaffective disorder using MRI: a pilot study. Schizophrenia Research 55, 5-9.
50. Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Soldani F, Goodwin FK (2003). Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disorders 5, 421-433.
51. Giakoumaki SG, Roussos P, Rogdaki M, Karli C, Bitsios P, Frangou S (2007). Evidence of disrupted prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of bipolar disorder patients. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1418-1422.
52. Glahn DC, Almasy L, Blangero J, Burk GM, Estrada J, Peralta JM, Meyenberg N, Castro MP, Barrett J, Nicolini H, Raventos H, Escamilla MA (2007). Adjudicating neurocognitive endophenotypes for schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B, 242-249.
53. Glahn DC, Ragland JD, Abramoff A, Barrett J, Laird AR, Bearden CE, Velligan DI (2005). Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 25, 60-69.
54. Glantz LA, Lewis DA (2000). Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 65-73.
55. Glatt SJ, Stone W, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT (2006). Psychopathology, personality traits and social development of young first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 337-345.
56. Goldberg DP, Andrews G, Hobbs MJ (2009a). Where should bipolar disorder appear in the meta-structure ? Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/ S0033291709990304.
57. Goldberg DP, Krueger RF, Andrews G, Hobbs MJ (2009b). Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990298.
58. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636-645.
59. Green MF (2006). Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 36-42.
60. Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J (2000). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the 'right stuff'? Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 119-136.
61. Green MJ, Boyle GJ, Raine A (2008). Schizotypy personality models. In The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment (ed. G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews and D. H. Saklofske), pp. 399-419. Sage Publications: Los Angeles, CA.
62. Green MJ, Cahill CM, Malhi GS (2007). The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 103, 29-42.
63. Gur RE, Calkins ME, Gur RC, Horan WP, Nuechterlein KH, Seidman LJ, Stone WS (2007). The consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia: neurocognitive endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 49-68.
64. Hall M-H, Schulze K, Sham P, Kalidindi S, McDonald C, Bramon E, Levy DL, Murray RM, Rijsdijk F (2008). Further evidence for shared genetic effects between psychotic bipolar disorder and P50 suppression: a combined twin and family study. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B, 619-627.
65. Hammersley P, Dias A, Todd G, Bowen-Jones K, Reilly B, Bentall RP (2003). Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 543-547.
66. Hamshere ML, Bennett P, Williams N, Segurado R, Cardno A, Norton N, Lambert D, Williams H, Kirov G, Corvin A, Holmans P, Jones L, Jones I, Gill M, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Craddock N (2005). Genomewide linkage scan in schizoaffective disorder: significant evidence for linkage at 1q42 close to DISC1, and suggestive evidence at 22q11 and 19p13. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 1081-1088.
67. Harding CM (1988). Course types in schizophrenia: an analysis of European and American studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14, 633-643.
68. Harrison PJ (1999). The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122, 593-624.
69. Hauser P, Matochik J, Altshuler LL, Denicoff KD, Conrad A, Li X, Post RM (2000). MRI-based measurements of temporal lobe and ventricular structures in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 60, 25-32.
70. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, Ten Have M, van Os J (2006). Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders 95, 103-110.
71. Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, van Os J (2005). The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 608-612.
72. Hermann CS, Demiralp T (2005). Human EEG gamma oscillations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology 116, 2719-2733.
73. Hill SK, Beers SR, Kmiec JA, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2004). Impairment of verbal memory and learning in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 68, 127-136.
74. Hill SK, Harris MSH, Herbener ES, Pavuluri M, Sweeney JA (2008). Neurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 743-759.
75. Ho B-C (2007). MRI brain volume abnormalities in young, nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia probands are associated with subsequent prodromal symptoms. Schizophrenia Research 96, 1-13.
76. Ho B-C, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, Magnotta V, Flaum M (2003). Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 585-594.
77. Hoge EA, Friedman L, Schulz SC (1999). Meta-analysis of brain size in bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 37, 177-181.
78. Holt DJ, Kunkel L, Weiss AP, Goff DC, Wright CI, Shin LM, Rauch SL, Hootnick J, Heckers S (2006). Increased medial temporal lobe activation during the passive viewing of emotional and neutral facial expressions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 82, 153-162.
79. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW (1974). Eye-tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry 31, 143-151.
80. Hong LE, Avila M, Adami H, Elliott A, Thaker GK (2003). Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 63, 39-48. (Pubitemid 36929844)
81. Hong LE, Mitchell BD, Avila MT, Adami H, McMahon RP, Thaker GK (2006). Familial aggregation of eye-tracking endophenotypes in families of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 259-264.
82. Hong LE, Summerfelt A, McMahon R, Adami H, Francis G, Eliott A, Buchanan RW, Thaker GK (2004). Evoked gamma band synchronization and the liability for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 293-302.
83. Hong LE, Summerfelt A, Wonodi I, Adami H, Buchanan RW, Thaker GK (2007). Independent domains of inhibitory gating in schizophrenia and the effect of stimulus interval. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 61-65.
84. Hong LE, Turano KA, O'Neill H, Hao L, Wonodi I, McMahon RP, Elliott A, Thaker GK (2008). Refining the predictive pursuit endophenotype in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63, 458-464.
85. Hulsoff Pol HE, Kahn RS (2008). What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 354-366.
86. Jaspers K (1962). General Psychopathology (trans. J. Hoenig and M. W. Hamilton). University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
87. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Owens DG (1988). The Northwick Park 'functional' psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response. Lancet 2, 119-125.
88. Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M (2005). From dopamine to salience to psychosis-linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 79, 59-68.
89. Kathmann N, Hochrein A, Uwer R, Bondy B (2003). Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 696-702.
90. Katsanis J, Iacono WG, Beiser M, Lacey L (1992). Clinical correlates of anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 184-191.
91. Kaymaz N, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, Nolen W, Ten Have M, van Os J (2006). Evidence that the urban environment specifically impacts on the psychotic but not the affective dimension of bipolar disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 679-685.
92. Kendler KS, Gardner CO (1997). The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies. Psychological Medicine 27, 411-419.
93. Kennedy N, Boydell J, Kalidindi S, Fearon P, Jones PB, van Os J, Murray RM (2005a). Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of mania and bipolar disorder over a 35-year period in Camberwell, England. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 257-262.
94. Kennedy N, Everitt B, Boydell J, van Os J, Jones PB, Murray RM (2005b). Incidence and distribution of first-episode mania by age: results from a 35-year study. Psychological Medicine 35, 855-863.
95. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter Jr. WT (2001). A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 165-171.
96. Knable MB, Barci BM, Webster MJ, Meador-Woodruff J, Torrey EF (2004). Molecular abnormalities of the hippocampus in severe psychiatric illness: postmortem findings from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Molecular Psychiatry 9, 609-620. (Pubitemid 38850441)
97. Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A (2005). Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophrenia Research 80, 137-149.
98. Krabbendam L, van Os J (2005). Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence-conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 795-799.
99. Kraepelin E (1917). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. R. M. Bradley, 1971). Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.: New York, NY.
100. Krueger RF, South SC (2009). Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/ S0033291709990328.
101. Kumari V, Das M, Zachariah E, Ettinger U, Sharma T (2005). Reduced prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Psychophysiology 42, 588-594.
102. Kwon JS, O'Donnell BF, Wallenstein GV, Greene RW, Hirayasu Y, Nestor PG, Hasselmo ME, Potts GF, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (1999). Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 1001-1005.
103. Laursen TM, Labouriau R, Licht RW, Bertelsen A, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB (2005). Family history of psychiatric illness as a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder: a Danish register-based cohort study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 841-848.
104. Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB (2007). A comparison of selected risk factors for unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia from a Danish population-based cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, 1673-1681.
105. Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Hall J, Owens DGC, Johnstone EC (2008). Brain structure and function changes during the development of schizophrenia: the evidence from studies of subjects at increased genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 330-340.
106. Lawrie SM, Whalley HC, Abukmeil SS, Kestelman JN, Donnelly L, Miller P, Best JJ, Owens DG, Johnstone EC (2001). Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 49, 811-823. (Pubitemid 32436386)
107. Leboyer M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Stefanis N, Rutten BP, Arango C, Jones P, Kapur S, Lewis S, Murray R, Owen MJ, Linszen D, Kahn R, van Os J, Wiersma D, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, Germeys I, de Haan L, Krabbendam L; European Network of Schizophrenia Networks for the Study of Gene-Environment Interactions (2008). Schizophrenia aetiology: do gene-environment interactions hold the key? Schizophrenia Research 102, 21-26.
108. Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Pulver AE, Faraone SV, Brzustowicz LM, Kaufmann CA, Garver DL, Gurling HM, Lindholm E, Coon H, Moises HW, Byerley W, Shaw SH, Mesen A, Sherrington R, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Ekelund J, Paunio T, Lönnqvist J, Peltonen L, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Maier W, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Mowry BJ, Silverman JM, Crowe RR, Cloninger CR, Tsuang MT, Malaspina D, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Svrakic DM, Bassett AS, Holcomb J, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Jazin E, Zoëga T, Helgason T (2003). Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part II: Schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 34-48. (Pubitemid 36793778)
109. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373, 234-239.
110. Lieberman J, Chakos M, Wu H, Alvir J, Hoffman E, Robinson D, Bilder R (2001). Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 49, 487-499.
111. Lieberman JA, Tollefson GD, Charles C, Zipursky R, Sharma T, Kahn RS, Keefe RS, Green AI, Gur RE, McEvoy J, Perkins D, Hamer RM, Gu H, Tohen M; HGDH Study Group (2005). Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 361-370.
112. Light GA, Braff DL (2001). Measuring P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition in a single recording session. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 2066-2068.
113. Magno E, Yeap S, Thakore JH, Garavan H, De Sanctis P, Foxe JJ (2008). Are auditory-evoked frequency and duration mismatch negativity deficits endophenotypic for schizophrenia? High-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives and first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 64, 385-391.
114. Maharajh K, Abrams D, Rojas DC, Teale P, Reite ML (2007). Auditory steady state and transient gamma band activity in bipolar disorder. International Congress Series 1300, 707-710.
115. Malhi GS, Green MJ, Fagiolini A, Peselow ED, Kumari V (2008). Schizoaffective disorder: diagnostic issues and future recommendations. Bipolar Disorders 10, 215-230.
116. Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Szekeres V, Olley A (2004). Bipolar disorder: it's all in your mind? The neuropsychological profile of a biological disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, 813-819.
117. Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Goikolea JM, Brugue E, Daban C, Salamero M (2004). Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Bipolar Disorders 6, 224-232.
118. Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A (2001). Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia in men: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 148-157.
119. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JJ, Fischer IA, Shenton ME (1999). MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 1099-1119.
120. McDonald C, Bullmore E, Sham P, Chitnis X, Suckling J, MacCabe J, Walshe M, Murray RM (2006). Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: computational morphometry study. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 369-377.
121. McDonald C, Zanelli J, Rabe-Hesketh S, Ellison-Wright I, Sham P, Kalidindi S, Murray RM, Kennedy N (2004). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 56, 411-417.
122. McIntosh AM, Job DE, Moorhead TW, Harrison LK, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC (2005). White matter density in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry. 58, 254-257.
123. McIntosh AM, Job DE, Moorhead TW, Harrison LK, Whalley HC, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM (2006). Genetic liability to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and its relationship to brain structure. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141B, 76-83.
124. McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, McKirdy J, Hall J, Sussmann JE, Shankar P, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM (2008). Prefrontal function and activation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 378-384.
125. Michie PT, Innes-Brown H, Todd J, Jablensky AV (2002). Duration mismatch negativity in biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry 52, 749-758.
126. Mortensen PB, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sørensen T, Hougaard D, Yolken RH (2007). Early infections of Toxoplasma gondii and the later development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 741-744.
127. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H (2003). Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1209-1215.
128. Mur M, Portella MJ, Martinez-Aran A, Pifarre J, Vieta E (2008). Long-term stability of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a 2-year follow-up study of lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 712-719.
129. Murray RM, Sham P, van Os J, Zanelli J, Cannon M, McDonald C (2004). A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 71, 405-416.
130. O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Vohs JL, Krishnan GP, Carroll CA, Shekhar A (2004). Neural synchronization deficits to auditory stimulation in bipolar disorder. NeuroReport 15, 1369-1372.
131. O'Driscoll GA, Florencio PS, Gagnon D, Wolff AV, Benkelfat C, Mikula L, Lal S, Evans AC (2001). Amygdala-hippocampal volume and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research 107, 75-85.
132. Olincy A, Martin L (2005). Diminished suppression of the P50 auditory evoked potential in bipolar disorder subjects with a history of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 43-49.
133. Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price J (1998). Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 13290-13295.
134. Owen MJ, Craddock N, Jablensky A (2007). The genetic deconstruction of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 905-911.
135. Pavuluri MN, O'Connor MM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA (2008). An fMRI study of the interface between affective and cognitive neural circuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 162, 244-255.
136. Pavuluri MN, Schenkel KS, Aryal S, Harral EM, Hill SK, Herbener ES, Sweeney JA (2006). Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 286-293.
137. Pearlson GD, Folley BS (2008). Schizophrenia, psychiatric genetics, and Darwinian psychiatry: an evolutionary framework. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 722-733.
138. Perrin MC, Brown AS, Malaspina D (2007). Aberrant epigenetic regulation could explain the relationship of paternal age to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 1270-1273.
139. Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D, Braff DL (2001). Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Biological Psychiatry 50, 418-424.
140. Phillips ML, Vieta E (2007). Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 893-904.
141. Pierson A, Jouvent R, Quintin P, Perez-Diaz F, Leboyer M (2000). Information processing deficits in relatives of manic depressive patients. Psychological Medicine 30, 545-555.
142. Potash JB, Willour VL, Chiu YF, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, Pearlson GD, Depaulo Jr. JR, McInnis MG (2001). The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1258-1264.
143. Quraishi S, Frangou S (2002). Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review. Journal of Affective Disorders 72, 209-226.
144. Raine A (2006). Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2, 291-326.
145. Rais M, Cahn W, Van-Haren N, Schnack H, Caspers E, Hulshoff Pol H, Kahn A (2008). Excessive brain volume loss over time in cannabis-using first episode schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 490-496.
146. Rajkowska G, Halaris A, Selemon LD (2001). Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 49, 741-752.
147. Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Hamburger S, Jeffries N, Fernandez T, Nicolson R, Bedwell J, Lenane M, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans A (1999). Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 649-654.
148. Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112, 330-350.
149. Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, Goswami U, Young AH, Ferrier IN, Moore PB (2006). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 93, 105-115.
150. Rosenberg DR, Sweeney JA, Squires-Wheeler E, Keshavan MS, Cornblatt BA,
151. Rund BR (1998). A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, 425-435.
152. Sachdev P, Andrews G, Hobbs MJ, Sunderland M, Anderson TM (2009). Neurocognitive disorders: Cluster 1 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990262.
153. Sánchez-Morla EM, García-Jiménez MA, Barabash A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Mena J, Cabranes-Díaz JA, Baca-Baldomero E, Santos JL (2008). P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117, 313-318.
154. Sassi RB, Nicoleeti M, Brambilla P, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC (2002). Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Neuroscience Letters 329, 243-245.
155. Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Mozley PD, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, Kester DB, Stafiniak P (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 618-624.
156. Scherk H, Kemmer C, Usher J, Reith W, Falkai P, Gurber O (2008). No change to grey and white matter volumes in bipolar I disorder patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 258, 345-349.
157. Schulze KK, Hall M-H, McDonald C, Marshall N, Walshe M, Murray RM, Bramon E (2007). P50 auditory evoked potential suppression in bipolar disorder patients with psychotic features and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry 62, 121-128.
158. Scott J, McNeill Y, Cavanagh J, Cannon M, Murray R (2006). Exposure to obstetric complications and subsequent development of bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 3-11.
159. Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger Jr. JI, Craddock N, DePaulo JR, Baron M, Gershon ES, Ekholm J, Cichon S, Turecki G, Claes S, Kelsoe JR, Schofield PR, Badenhop RF, Morissette J, Coon H, Blackwood D, McInnes LA, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ, Reich T, Rice JP, Goate A, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Bennett P, Willour VL, Zandi PP, Liu J, Gilliam C, Juo SH, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Peltonen L, Lönnqvist J, Nöthen MM, Schumacher J, Windemuth C, Rietschel M, Propping P, Maier W, Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau GA, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J, Adolfsson R, Spence MA, Luebbert H, Adams LJ, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Barden N, Shink E, Byerley W, Muir W, Visscher PM, Macgregor S, Gurling H, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Escamilla MA, Reus VI, Leon P, Freimer NB, Ewald H, Kruse TA, Mors O, Radhakrishna U, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Akarsu N (2003). Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part III: Bipolar disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 49-62. (Pubitemid 36793779)
160. Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Goodman JM, Kremen WS, Tommey R, Tourville J, Kennedy D, Makris N, Caviness VS, Tsuang MT (1999). Thalamic and amygdala-hippocampal volume reductions in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Biological Psychiatry 46, 941-954.
161. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS, Watson SJ, Meador-Woodruff JH (1995). Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 805-820.
162. Simonsen C, Sundet K, Vaskinn A, Birkenaes AB, Engh JA, Hansen CF, Jonsdottir H, Ringen PA, Opjordsmoen S, Friis S, Andreassen OA (2008). Neurocognitive profiles in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: differences in pattern and magnitude of dysfunction. Bipolar Disorders 10, 245-255.
163. Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Mason SE, Shuwall MA (1994). Maintenance imipramine therapy for secondary depression in schizophrenia. A controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 109-115.
164. Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MA, Perlis RH, Chambert K, Nimgaonkar VL, McQueen MB, Faraone SV, Kirby A, de Bakker PI, Ogdie MN, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Todd-Brown K, Gabriel SB, Sougnez C, Gates C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Ardlie KG, Franklin J, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, Macintyre DJ, McLean A, Vanbeck M, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Robinson M, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, Daly MJ, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Purcell SM (2008). Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 558-569.
165. Slaghuis WL, Bowling AC, French RV (2005). Smooth-pursuit eye movement and directional motion-contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia. Experimental Brain Research 166, 89-101.
166. Snitz BE, MacDonald AW, Carter CS (2006). Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 179-194.
167. Souza VBN, Muir WJ, Walker MT, Glabus MF, Roxborough HM, Sharp CW, Dunan JR, Blackwood DHR (1995). Auditory P300 event-related potentials and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 37, 300-310.
168. Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA (2006). Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 510-518.
169. Stip E, Sepehry AA, Prouteau A, Briand C, Nicole L, Lalonde P, Lesage A (2005). Cognitive discernible factors between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Brain and Cognition 59, 292-295.
170. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Adler C (2005). The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 105-116.
171. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Sax KW, Zimmerman ME, Shear PK, Hawkins JM, Larson ER (1999). Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 254-260.
172. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME, Getz GE, Mills NP, Ret J, Shear P, Adler CM (2002). Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first-versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1841-1847.
173. Strauss JS, Carpenter Jr. WT, Bartko JJ (1974). The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia. Part III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 61-69.
174. Sullivan PF (2007). Spurious genetic associations. Biological Psychiatry 61, 1121-1126.
175. Susser E, Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Brown AS, Lin S, Labovitz D, Gorman JM (1996). Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Further evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 25-31.
176. Swerdlow NR, Light GA, Cadenhead KS, Sprock J, Hsieh MH, Braff DL (2006). Startle gating deficits in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia: relationship to medications, symptoms, neurocognition, and level of function. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 1325-1335.
177. Tackett J, Silberschmidt A, Krueger RF, Sponheim S (2008). A dimensional model of personality disorder: incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 454-459.
178. Thaker GK (2008). Neurophysiological endophenotypes across bipolar and schizophrenia psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 760-773.
179. Thaker GK, Avila MT, Hong E, Medoff DR, Ross DE, Adami HM (2003). A model of smooth pursuit eye movement deficit associated with the schizophrenia phenotype. Psychophysiology 40, 277-284.
180. Thaker GK, Ross DE, Cassady SL, Adami HM, LaPorte D, Medoff DR, Lahti A (1998). Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 830-836.
181. Theberge J, Bartha R, Drost DJ, Menon RS, Malla A, Takhar J, Neufeld RW, Rogers J, Pavlosky W, Schaefer B, Densmore M, Al-Semaan Y, Williamson PC (2002). Glutamate and glutamine measured with 4.0 T proton MRS in never-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1944-1946.
182. Theberge J, Williamson KE, Aoyama N, Drost DJ, Manchandra R, Malla AK, Northcott S, Menon RS, Neufeld RW, Rajakumar N, Pavlosky W, Densmore M, Schaefer B, Williamson PC (2007). Longitudinal grey-matter and glutamatergic losses in first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 325-334.
183. Tibbo P, Hanstock C, Valiakalayil A, Allen P (2004). 3-T proton MRS investigation of glutamate and glutamine in adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1116-1118.
184. Tomppo L, Hennah W, Miettunen J, Järvelin MR, Veijola J, Ripatti S, Lahermo P, Lichtermann D, Peltonen L, Ekelund J (2009). Association of variants in DISC1 with psychosis-related traits in a large population cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 134-141.
185. Torrent C, Martinez-Aran A, Amann B, Daban C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Salamero M, McKenna P, Vieta E (2007). Cognitive impairment in schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with non-psychotic bipolar and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 453-460.
186. Torrey EF, Barci BM, Webster MJ, Bartko JJ, Meador-Woodruff JH, Knable MB (2005). Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains. Biological Psychiatry 57, 252-260.
187. Torrey EF, Bartko JJ, Lun Z-R, Yolken RH (2007). Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 729-736.
188. Torrey EF, Yolken RH (2007). Schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 727-728.
189. Trivedi JK, Goel D, Dhyani M, Sharma S, Singh AP, Sinha PK, Tandon R (2008). Neurocognition in first-degree healthy relatives (siblings) of bipolar affective disorder patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62, 190-196.
190. Turetsky BI, Calkins ME, Light GA, Olincy A, Radant AD, Swerdlow NR (2007). Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 69-94.
191. Turetsky BI, Cannon TD, Gur RE (2000). P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: III. Deficits in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic probands. Biological Psychiatry 47, 380-390.
192. Umbricht D, Koller R, Schmid L, Skrabo A, Grübel C, Huber T, Stassen H (2003). How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry 53, 1120-1131.
193. Umbricht D, Krljes S (2005). Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 76, 1-23.
194. Urban A, Kremlácek J, Masopust J, Libiger J (2008). Visual mismatch negativity among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 102, 320-328.
195. van Beijsterveldt CEM, van Baal GCM, Molenaar PCM, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC (2001). Stability of genetic and environmental influences on P300 amplitude: a longitudinal study in adolescent twins. Behavior Genetics 31, 533-543.
196. van Haren NEM, Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Caspers E, Lemstra A, Sitskoom MM, Wiersma D, van den Bosch RJ, Dingemans PM, Schene AH, Kahn RS (2003). Brain volumes as predictor of outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia: a multi-center MRI study. Schizophrenia Research 64, 41-52.
197. van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl R-V, Ravelli A (2000). Straus (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research 45, 11-20.
198. van Os J, Jones P, Sham P, Bebbington P, Murray RM (1998). Risk factors for onset and persistence of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 596-605.
199. van Os J, Kapur S (in press). Schizophrenia-linking biology, epidemiology and pharmacology. Lancet.
200. van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 39, 179-195.
201. van Os J, Rutten BP, Poulton R (2008). Gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 1066-1082.
202. Watson D, Clark LA, Chmielewski M (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality 76, 1545-1585.
203. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447, 661-678.
204. Widiger TA, Simonsen E, Krueger RF, Livesley JW, Verheul R (2005). Personality disorder research agenda for the DSM-V. Journal of Personality Disorders 19, 315-338.
205. Winterer G, Egan MF, Raedler T, Sanchez C, Jones DW, Coppola R, Weinberger DR (2003). P300 and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1158-1167.
206. Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Yucel M, Fornito A, McGorry PD (2008). Progressive changes in the development toward schizophrenia: studies in subjects at increased symptomatic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 322-329.
207. Woodberry KA, Guiliano AJ, Seidman LJ (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 579-587.
208. Woodruff PWR, McManus IC, David AS (1995). Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 58, 457-461.
209. Woods BT (1998). Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenic mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 1661-1670.
210. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PWR, David AS, Murray RM, Bullmore ET (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 16-25.
211. Yildiz-Yesiloglu A, Ankerst DP (2006). Neurochemical alterations of the brain in bipolar disorder and their implications for pathophysiology: a systematic review of the in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30, 969-995.
212. Yolken RH, Torrey EF (2008). Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 470-479.
213. Yurgelun-Todd DA, Silveri MM, Gruber SA, Rohan ML, Pimentel PJ (2007). White matter abnormalities observed in bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders 9, 504-512.
214. Zakzanis KK, Hansen KT (1998). Dopamine D2 densities and the schizophrenic brain. Schizophrenia Research 32, 201-206.
215. Zalla T, Joyce C, Szoke A, Schurhoff F, Pillon B, Komano O, Perez-Diaz F, Bellivier F, Alter C, Dubois B, Rouillon F, Houde O, Leboyer M (2004). Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 121, 207-217.