Will the Kraepelinian Dichotomy Survive DSM-V?

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 2081-2087

  Fischer, Bernard A ^a   Carpenter Jr , William T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Diagnosis; DSM V; Kraepelin; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; MOOD DISORDER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYNDROME;

EID: 67651098968     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.32     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Akiskal HS, Pinto O (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22: 517-534.
2. Allardyce J, Gaebel W, Zielasek J, van Os J (2007). Deconstructing Psychosis Conference February 2006: the validity of schizophrenia and alternative approaches to the classification of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33: 863-867.
3. Aukes MF, Alizadeh BZ, Sitskoorn MM, Selten JP, Sinke RJ, Kemner C et al (2008). Finding suitable phenotypes for genetic studies of schizophrenia: heritability and segregation analysis. Biol Psychiatry 64: 128-136.
4. Berrettini WH (2000). Are schizophrenic and bipolar disorders related? A review of family and molecular studies. Biol Psychiatry 48: 531-538.
5. Blueler E (1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. International Universities Press: New York. [first published, 1911.].
6. Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F, Ilerisoy H, Aldemir E, Alkan M (2008). Executive and verbal working memory dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 161: 318-324.
7. Braff DL, Freedman R, Schork NJ, Gottesman II (2007). Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophr Bull 33: 21-32.
8. Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Cadenhead KS, Olincy A, Freedman R, Green MF et al (2007). The consortium on the genetics of endophenotypes in schizophrenia: model recruitment, assessment, and endophenotyping methods for a multisite collaboration. Schizophr Bull 33: 33-48.
9. Carpenter Jr WT, Bartko JJ, Strauss JS, Hawk AB (1978). Signs and symptoms as predictors of outcome: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 135: 940-945.
10. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW (1989). Domains of pathology relevant to the study of etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. In: Schulz SC, Tamminga CT (eds). Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press: New York. pp 13-22.
11. Carpenter Jr WT, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Tamminga C, Wood F (1993). Strong inference, theory testing, and the neuro-anatomy of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 825-831.
12. Carpenter Jr WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AMI (1988). Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am J Psychiatry 145: 578-583.
13. Carpenter WT, Strauss JS (1974). Cross-cultural evaluation of Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 131: 682-687.
14. Carpenter WT, Strauss JS, Bartko JJ (1973a). A flexible system for the identification of schizophrenia: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Science 182: 1275-1278.
15. Carpenter WT, Strauss JS, Muleh S (1973b). Are there pathogno-monic symptoms in schizophrenia? An empiric investigation of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 847-852.
16. Craddock N, Owen MJ (2005). The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 186: 364-366.
17. Dutta R, Greene T, Addington J, McKenzie K, Phillips M, Murray RM (2007). Biological, life course, and cross-cultural studies all point toward the value of dimensional and developmental ratings in the classification of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33: 868-876.
18. Fanous AH, Neale MC, Webb BT, Straub RE, O'Neill FA, Walsh D et al (2008). Novel linkage to chromosome 20p using latent classes of psychotic illness in 270 Irish high-density families. Biol Psychiatry 64: 121-127.
19. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH (1994). Antecedents, symptoms progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151: 351-356.
20. Fischer BA, Carpenter WT (2008). Remission. In: Mueser KM, Jeste DV (eds). Clinical Handbook of Schizophrenia. Guilford Press: New York. pp 559-565.
21. Freedman R, Adler LE, Leonard S (1999). Alternative phenotypes for the complex genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45: 551-558.
22. Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A et al (1997). Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 587-592.
23. Glahn DC, Barrett J, Bearden CE, Mintz J, Green MF, Serap Monkul E et al (2006). Dissociable mechanisms for memory impairment in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 36: 1085-1095.
24. Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Barguil M, Barrett J, Reichenberg A, Bowden CL et al (2007). The neurocognitive signature of psychotic bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 62: 910-916.
25. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160: 636-645.
26. Gur RE, Calkins ME, Gur RC, Horan WP, Nuechterlein KH, Seidman LJ et al (2007a). The consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia: neurocognitive endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull 33: 49-68.
27. Gur RE, Keshavan MS, Lawrie SM (2007b). Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging. Schizophr Bull 33: 921-931.
28. Hawk AB, Carpenter WT, Strauss JS (1975). Diagnostic criteria and 5-year outcome in schizophrenia: a report from the International
29. Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32: 343-356.
30. Hill SK, Harris MSH, Herbener ES, Pavuluri M, Sweeney JA (2008).
31. Neurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull 34: 743-759.
32. Ivleva E, Thaker G, Tamminga CA (2008). Comparing genes and phenomenology in the major psychoses: schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder. Schizophr Bull 34: 734-742.
33. Javitt DC, Spencer KM, Thaker GK, Winterer G, Hajos M (2008). Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 68-83.
34. Keefe RSE, Fenton WS (2007). How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment? Schizophr Bull 33: 912-920.
35. Keller J, Schatzberg AF, Maj M (2007). Current issues in the classification of psychotic major depression. Schizophr Bull 33: 877-885.
36. Kempf L, Hussain N, Potash JB (2005). Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features: trouble at the borders. Int Rev Psychiatry 17: 9-19.
37. Kendler KS, Gallagher TJ, Abelson JM, Kessler RC (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 1022-1031.
38. Kirkpatrick B, Amador XF, Flaum M, Yale SA, Gorman JM, Carpenter WT et al (1996). The deficit syndrome in the DSM-IV Field Trial, I: alcohol and other drug abuse. Schizophr Res 20: 69-77.
39. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW (1990). Anhedonia and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 31: 25-30.
40. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Breier A, Carpenter Jr WT (1994). Depressive symptoms and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 182: 452-455.
41. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter Jr WT (2001). A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 165-171.
42. Kirkpatrick B, Castanedo SH, Valquez-Barquero JL (2002a). Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia: Cantabria, Spain. J Nerv Ment Dis 190: 526-532.
43. Kirkpatrick B, Castle D, Murray RM, Carpenter Jr WT (2000). Risk factors for the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 26: 233-242.
44. Kirkpatrick B, Conley RR, Kakoyannis A, Reep RL, Roberts RC (1999). The interstitial cells of the white matter in the inferior parietal cortex in schizophrenia: an unbiased cell-counting study. Synapse 34: 95-102.
45. Kirkpatrick B, Messias NC, Conley RR, Roberts RC (2003). Interstitial cells of the white matter in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 191: 563-567.
46. Kirkpatrick B, Ram R, Amador XF, Buchanan RW, McGlashan T, Tohen M et al (1998). Summer birth and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155: 1221-1226.
47. Kirkpatrick B, Tek C, Allardyce J, Morrison G, McCreadie RG (2002b). Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway, Southwestern Scotland. Am J Psychiatry 150: 1382-1387.
48. Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A (2005). Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res 80: 137-149.
49. Kraepelin E (1971). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Krieger: New York. [first published, 1919.].
50. Lake CR (2008). Disorders of thought are severe mood disorders: the selective attention deficit in mania challenges the Kraepelinian Dichotomy - A review. Schizophr Bull 34: 109-117.
51. Langfeldt G (1969). Schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis. Behav Sci 14: 173-182.
52. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF et al (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373: 234-239.
53. Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Sachdev P (2007). Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord 9: 114-125.
54. Marengo J (1994). Classifying the courses of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20: 519-536.
55. Messias E, Kirkpatrick B (2001). Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in the epidemiological catchment area study. J Nerv Ment Dis 189: 608-612.
56. McDonald C, Bullmore ET, Sham PC, Chitnis X, Wickham H, Bramon E et al (2004). Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 974-984.
57. McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, McKirdy J, Hall J, Sussmann JE, Shankar P et al (2008). Prefrontal function and activation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 165: 378-384.
58. Messias E, Kirkpatrick B, Bromet E, Ross D, Buchanan RW, Carpenter Jr WT et al (2004). Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia: a pooled analysis from 6 countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 985-989.
59. Malhi GS, Mitchell PB, Parker GB (2001). Rediscovering chronic mania. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104: 153-156.
60. Moller HJ (2003). Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: distinct illnesses or a continuum? J Clin Psychiatry 64(Suppl 6): 23-27.
61. Moller HJ, Bottlender R, Gross A, Hoff P, Wittmann J, Wegner U et al (2002). The Kraepelinian dichotomy: preliminary results of a 15-year follow-up study on functional psychoses: focus on negative symptoms. Schizophr Res 56: 87-94.
62. Owen MJ, Craddock N, Jablensky A (2007). The genetic deconstruction of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33: 905-911.
63. Pavuluri MN, Schenkel LS, Aryal S, Harral EM, Hill SK, Herbener ES et al (2006). Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 163: 286-293.
64. Platt JR (1964). Strong inference. Science 146: 347-353.
65. Potash JB, Chiu YF, MacKinnon DF, Miller EB, Simpson SG, McMahon FJ et al (2003). Familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in a replication set of 69 bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116: 90-97.
66. Potash JB, Willour VL, Chiu YF, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, Pearlson GD et al (2001). The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1258-1264.
67. Regier D (2007). Time for a fresh start? Rethinking psychosis in DSM-V. Schizophr Bull 33: 843-845.
68. Rossler W, Riecher-Rossler A, Angst J, Murray R, Gamma A, Eich D et al (2007). Psychotic experiences in the general population: a twenty-year prospective community study. Schizophr Res 92: 1-14.
69. Schneider K (1959). Clinical Psychopathology. Translated by Hamilton MW. Grune & Stratton: New York.
70. Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Koren D, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT (2002). A comparative profile analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses. Schizophr Res 53: 31-44.
71. Shenton ME, Solovay MR, Holzman P (1987). Comparitive studies of thought disorders: II. Schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 21-30.
72. Solovay MR, Shenton ME, Holzman PS (1987). Comparitive studies of thought disorders: I. Mania and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 13-20.
73. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Williams JB (1979). Research diagnostic criteria. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1381-1383.
74. Strauss GP, Harrow M, Grossman LS, Rosen C (2008). Periods of recovery in deficit syndrome schizophrenia: a 20-year multi-follow-up longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull (advance access) doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn 167.
75. Strauss JS, Carpenter WT (1974a). Characteristic symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30: 117-120.
76. Strauss JS, Carpenter WT (1974b). The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. II. Relationships between predictor and outcome variables: a report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 37-42.
77. Strauss JS, Carpenter Jr WT, Bartko JJ (1974). An approach to the diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: part III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophr Bull 11: 61-79.
78. Tandon R, Maj M (2008). Nosological status and definition of schizophrenia: some considerations for DSM-V and ICD-11. Asian J Psychiatry 1: 22-27.
79. Tek C, Kirkpatrick B, Kelly C, McCreadie RG (2001). Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Scotland. J Nerv Ment Dis 189: 613-617.
80. Thaker GK (2007). Schizophrenia endophenotypes as treatment targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11: 1-18.
81. Thaker GK (2008). Neurophysiological endophenotypes across bipolar and schizophrenia psychosis. Schizophr Bull 34: 760-773.
82. Turetsky BI, Calkins ME, Light GA, Olincy A, Radant AD, Swerdlow NR (2007). Neuropsychological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophr Bull 33: 69-94.
83. van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophr Res 45: 11-20.
84. van Os J, Tamminga C (2007). Deconstructing psychosis. Schizophr Bull 33: 861-862.