What about the 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins?

World Mycotoxin Journal

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 181-192

  Jestoi, M ^a   Kokkonen, M ^a   Uhlig, S ^b  

^a NATL VET AND FOOD RES INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Norway)

Author keywords

Beauvericin; Culmorin; Enniatins; Fusaproliferin; Fusaric acid

Indexed keywords

BEAUVERICIN; CULMORIN; ENNIATIN; FUMONISIN; FUSAPROLIFERIN; FUSARIC ACID; MONILIFORMIN; MYCOTOXIN; TRICHOTHECENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZEARALENONE;

ANIMAL FOOD; BARLEY; CONFERENCE PAPER; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD SAFETY; FUSARIUM; GRAIN; HUMAN; MAIZE; NONHUMAN; OAT; RICE BRAN; RYE; TOXIN SYNTHESIS; WHEAT;

ANIMALIA; FUSARIUM; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 70350338191     PISSN: 18750710     EISSN: 18750796     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2008.1124     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (130)

1. Aamot, H. U., Hofgaard, I. S., Brodal, G., Elen, O. and Klemsdahl, S. S., 2008. Fusarium graminearum in Norwegian cereals. Journal of Plant Pathology 30 (Suppl.): 79.
2. Abbas, H. K., Mirocha, C. J. and Gunther, R., 1989. Mycotoxins produced by toxic Fusarium isolates obtained from agricultural and non-agricultural areas (arctic) of Norway. Mycopathologia 105: 143-151.
3. Adejumo, T. O., Hettwer, U. and Karlovsky, P., 2007. Occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes in Nigerian maize. International Journal of Food Microbiology 116: 350-357.
4. Bacon, C. W., Porter, J. K., Norred, W. P. and Leslie, J. F., 1996. Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 4039-4043.
5. Bennett, J. W., 1987. Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and mycopathologia. Mycopathologia 100: 3-5.
6. Bermudez, A. J., Ledoux, D. R., Rottinghaus, G. E. and Bennett, G. A., 1997. The individual and combined effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins moniliformin and fumonisin B1 in turkeys. Avian Diseases 41: 304-311.
7. Blackwell, B. A., Miller, J. D. and Greenhalgh, R., 1985. 13C NMR study of the biosynthesis of toxins by Fusarium graminearum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 4243-4247.
8. Bosch, U., Mirocha, C. J., Abbas, H. K. and Di Menna, M., 1989. Toxicity and toxin production by Fusarium isolates from New Zealand. Mycopathologia 108: 73-79.
9. Bottalico, A. and Perrone, G., 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108: 611-624. (Pubitemid 35293882)
10. Bourdages, J. V., Marchland, S., Rioux, S. and Belzile, F. J., 2006. Diversity and prevalence of Fusarium species from Quebec barley fields. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28: 419-425.
11. Burka, L. T., Doran, J. and Wilson, B. J., 1982. Enzyme inhibition and the toxic action of moniliformin and other vinylogous α-ketoacids. Biochemical Pharmacology 31: 79-84.
12. Castoria, R., Lima, G., Ferracane, R. and Ritieni, A., 2005. Occurrence of mycotoxin in farro samples from southern Italy. Journal of Food Protection 68: 416-420.
13. Chakraborty, S., Liu, C. J., Mitter, V., Scott, J. B., Akinsanmi, O. A., Ali, S., Dill-Macky, R., Nicol, J., Backhouse, D. and Simpfendorfer, S., 2006. Pathogen population structure and epidemiology are keys to wheat crown rot and Fusarium head blight management. Australasian Plant Pathology 35: 643-655.
14. Chen, L.-Y., Tian, X.-L. and Yang, B., 1990. A study on the inhibition of rat myocardium glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase by moniliformin. Mycopathologia 110: 119-124.
15. Cheng, S. J., Jiang, Y. Z., Li, M. H. and Lo, H. Z., 1985. A mutagenic metabolite produced by Fusarium moniliforme isolated from Linxian country, China. Carcinogenesis 6: 903-905.
16. Clear, R. M. and Patrick, S. K., 2000. Fusarium head blight pathogens isolated from Fusarium-damaged kernels of wheat in western Canada, 1993 to 1998. Canadian Journal of Plant Patholology 22: 51-60.
17. Clear, R. M., Patrick, S. K., Platford, R. G. and M. Desjardins., 1996. Occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species in barley and oat seed from Manitoba in 1993 and 1994. Canadian Journal of Plant Patholology 18: 409-414.
18. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), 2003. Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal and human systems. Task Force Report No. 139, Ames, IA, USA, 199 pp.
19. Cromey, M. G., Parkes, R. A. and Fraser, P. M., 2001. Fusarium levels in grain harvested from New Zealand wheat and barley crops in 2000. New Zealand Plant Protection 54: 193-197.
20. De Nijs, M., Van Egmond, H. P., Rombouts, F. M. and Notermans, S. H. W., 1997. Identification of hazardous Fusarium secondary metabolites occurring in food raw materials. Journal of Food Safety 17: 161-191.
21. De Ruiter, J., Jacyno, J. M., Cutler, H. G. and Davis, R. A., 1993. Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from fungi. II. Moniliformin and small ring analogues. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition 7: 249-256.
22. Desjardins, A. E., 2006. Fusarium mycotoxins - chemistry, genetics and biology. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA, 260 pp.
23. Desjardins, A. E., Manandhar, G., Plattner, R. D., Maragos, C. M., Shrestha, K. and McCormick, S. P., 2000. Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 1377-1383.
24. Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A., 2003. Fumonisin and beauvericin induce apoptosis in turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mycopathologia 156: 357-364.
25. Dornetshuber, R., Heffeter, P., Kamyar, M. R., Peterbauer, T., Berger, W. and Lemmens-Gruber, R., 2007. Enniatin exerts p53-dependent cytostatic and p53-independent cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology 20: 465-473.
26. Engelhardt, J. A., Carlton, W. W. and Tuite, J. F., 1989. Toxicity of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans for chicks, ducklings and turkey poults. Avian Diseases 33: 357-360.
27. Fandohan, P., Gnonlonfin, B., Hell, K., Marasas, W. F. O. and Wingfield, M. J., 2008. Natural occurrence of Fusarium and subsequent fumonisin contamination in preharvest and stored maize in Benin, West Africa. International Journal of Food Microbiology 99: 173-183.
28. Fornelli, F., Minervini, F. and Logrieco, A., 2004. Cytotoxicity of fungal metabolites to lepidopteran (Spodoptera frugiperda) cell line (SF-9). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 85: 74-79.
29. Fukuda, T., Arai, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Masuma, R., Tomoda, H. and Omura, S., 2004. New beauvericins, potentiators of antifungal miconazole activity, produced by Beauveria sp. FKI-1366 - I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties. Journal of Antibiotics 57: 110-116. (Pubitemid 38404744)
30. Gagkaeva, T. Y. and Gavrilova, O. P., 2008. Current distribution of Fusarium fungi on small grain cereals in Russia. Journal of Plant Pathology 30 (Suppl.): 47.
31. Gathercole, P. S., Thiel, P. G. and Hofmeyr, J. H., 1986. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by moniliformin. Biochemical Journal 233: 719-723.
32. Gäumann, E., Naef-Roth, S., Ettlinger, L., Plattner, P. A. and Nager, U., 1947. Enniatin, ein neues gegen Mykobakterien wirksames Antibiotikum. Experentia 3: 202-203.
33. Gelderblom, W. C. A., Thiel, P. G. and Van der Merwe, K. J., 1988. The chemical and enzymatic interaction of glutathione with the fungal metabolite, fusarin C. Mutation Research 199: 1247-1251.
34. Gelderblom, W. C. A., Thiel, P. G., Marasas, W. F. O. and Van der Merwe, K. J., 1984. Natural occurrence of fusarin C, a mutagen produced by Fusarium moniliforme, in corn. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32: 1064-1067.
35. Ghebremeskel, M. and Langseth, W., 2001. The occurrence of culmorin and hydroxyl-culmorins in cereals. Mycopathologia 152: 103-108.
36. Ghebremeskel, M., 1998. Identification of culmorin, hydroxy-culmorins and dihydroxyepiapotrichothecene as their fluoroacyl derivatives and the occurrence of these compounds in Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum cultures and in naturally contaminated cereals. Thesis for the degree of Candidata scientiarum, University of Oslo, Norway.
37. González, H. H., Moltó, G. A., Pacin, A., Resnik, S. L., Zelaya, M. J., Masana, M. and Martínez, E. J., 2008. Trichothecenes and mycoflora in wheat harvested in nine locations in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Mycopathologia 165: 105-114.
38. González, H. H. L., Resnik, S. L. and Pacin, A. M., 2001. Mycoflora of freshly harvested flint corn from Northwestern Provinces in Argentina. Mycopathologia 155: 207-211.
39. Gutleb, A. C., Morrison, E. and Murk, A. J., 2002. Cytotoxicity assays for mycotoxins produced by Fusarium strains: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 11: 309-320.
40. Hamill, R. L., Higgens, C. E., Boaz, H. E. and Gorman, M., 1969. The structure of beauvericin, a new depsipeptide antibiotic toxic to Artemia salina. Tetrahedron Letters 49: 4255-4258.
41. Harvey, R. B., Edrington, T. S., Kubena, L. F., Rottinghaus, G. E., Turk, J. R., Genovese, K. J., Ziprin, R. L. and Nisbet, D. J., 2002. Toxicity of fumonisin from Fusarium verticillioides culture material and moniliformin from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material when fed singly and in combination to growing barrows. Journal of Food Protection 65: 373-377.
42. Herrmann, M., Zocher, R. and Haese, A., 1996. Enniatin production by Fusarium strains and its effect on potato tuber tissue. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 393-398.
43. Hidaka, H., Nagatsu, T. and Takeya, K., 1969. Fusaric acid, a hypotensive agent produced by fungi. The Journal of Antibiotics 22: 228-230.
44. Hiraga, K., Yamamoto, S., Fukuda, H., Hamanaka, N. and Oda, K., 2005. Enniatin has a new function as an inhibitor of Pdr5p, one of the ABC transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 328: 1119-1125. (Pubitemid 40238750)
45. 3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 47: 868-876.
46. Javed, T., Bennett, G. A., Richard, J. L., Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A., Coté, L. M. and Buck, W. B., 1993. Mortality in broiler chicks on feed amended with Fusarium proliferatum culture material or with purified fumonisin B1 and moniliformin. Mycopathologia 123: 171-184.
47. Jestoi, M., 2008. Emerging Fusarium-mycotoxins fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin - a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48: 21-49.
48. Jestoi, M., Paavanen-Huhtala, S., Parikka, P. and Yli-Mattila, T., 2008. In vitro and in vivo mycotoxin production of Fusarium species isolated from Finnish grains. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Pathology 41: 545-558.
49. Jestoi, M., Rokka, M. and Peltonen, K., 2007. An integrated sample preparation to determine coccidiostats and emerging Fusarium-mycotoxins in various poultry tissues with LC-MS/MS. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 51: 625-637.
50. Jestoi, M., Rokka, M., Yli-Mattila, T., Parikka, P., Rizzo, A. and Peltonen, K., 2004. Presence and concentration of the Fusarium-related mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin in Finnish grain samples. Food Additives and Contaminants 21: 794-802.
51. 1) in eggs of laying hens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass specrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Chemistry 115: 1120-1127.
52. Jow, G. M., Chou, C. J., Chen, B. F. and Tsai, J. H., 2004. Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the causative role of calcium. Cancer Letters 216: 165-173.
53. Julian, A. M., Wareing, P. W., Phillips, S. I., Medlock, V. F., MacDonald, M. V. and Del Río, L. E., 1995. Fungal contamination and selected mycotoxins in pre- and post-harvest maize in Honduras. Mycopathologia 129: 5-16.
54. Kedera, C. J., Plattner, R. D. and Desjardins, A., 1999. Incidence of Fusarium spp. and levels of fumonisin B1 in maize in western Kenya. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 41-44.
55. Klaric, M. S., Rumora, L., Ljubanovic, D. and Pepeljnjak, S., 2008. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by fumonisin B(1), beauvericin and ochratoxin A in porcine kidney PK15 cells: effects of individual and combined treatment. Archives of Toxicology 82: 247-255.
56. Kouri, K., Lemmens, M. and Lemmens-Gruber, R., 2003. Beauvericin-induced channels in ventricular myocytes and liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes 1609: 203-210.
57. Kpodo, K., Thrane, U. and Hald B., 2000. Fusaria and fumonisins in maize from Ghana and their co-occurrence with aflatoxins. International Journal of Food Microbiology 61: 147-157.
58. Kubena, L. F., Harvey, R. B., Buckley, S. A., Bailey, R. H. and Rottinghaus, G. E., 1999. Effects of long-term feeding of diets containing moniliformin, supplied by Fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and fumonisin, supplied by Fusarium moniliforme culture material, to laying hens. Poultry Science 78: 1499-1505.
59. Kulik, T. and Jestoi, M., 2009. Quantification of Fusarium poae DNA and associated mycotoxins in asymptomatically contaminated wheat. International Journal of Food Microbiology 130: 233-237.
60. Lauren, D. R. and Di Menna, M. E., 1999. Fusaria and Fusarium mycotoxins in leaves and ears of maize plants 2. A time course study made in Waikato region, New Zealand, in 1997. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 27: 215-223.
61. Lee, M. D., Galazzo, J. L., Staley, A. L., Lee, J. C., Warren, M. S., Fuernkranz, H., Chamberland, S., Lomovskaya, O. and Miller, G. H., 2001. Microbial fermentation-derived inhibitors of efflux-pump-mediated drug resistance. Il Farmaco 56: 81-85.
62. Leitgeb, R., Lew, H., Khidr, R., Bohm, J., Zollitsch, W. and Wagner, E., 2000. Influence of Fusarium toxins on growth and carcass characteristics of turkeys. Die Bodenkultur 51: 171-178.
63. Leitgeb, R., Lew, H., Wetscherek, W., Bohm, J. and Quinz, A., 1999. Influence of fusariotoxins on growing and slaughtering perfomance of broilers. Die Bodenkultur 50: 57-66.
64. Li, Y. C., Ledoux, D. R., Bermudez, A. J., Fritsche, K. L. and Rottinghaus, G. E., 2000. Effects of moniliformin on performance and immune function of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 79: 26-32.
65. Logrieco, A., Moretti, A., Altomare, C., Bottalico, A and Carbonell Torres, E., 1993a. Occurrence and toxicity of Fusarium subglutinans from Peruvian maize. Mycopathologia 122: 185-190.
66. Logrieco, A., Moretti, A., Castella, G., Kostecki, M., Golinski, P., Ritieni, A. and Chelkowski, J., 1998. Beauvericin production by Fusarium species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 3084-3088.
67. Logrieco, A., Moretti, A., Fornelli, F., Fogliano, V., Ritieni, A., Caiaffa, M. F., Randazzo, G., Bottalico, A. and Macchia, L., 1996: Fusaproliferin production by Fusarium subglutinans and its toxicity to Artemia salina SF-9 insect cells and IARC/LCL 171 human B lymphocytes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 3378-3384.
68. Logrieco, A., Moretti, A., Ritieni, A., Chelkowski, J., Altomare, C., Bottalico, A. and Randazzo, G., 1993b. Natural occurrence of beauvericin in preharvest Fusarium subglutinans infected corn ears in Poland. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41: 2149-2152.
69. Logrieco, A., Mulè, G., Moretti, A. and Bottalico A., 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with maize ear rot in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108: 597-609.
70. McKee, T. C., Bokesch, H. R., McCormick, J. L., Rashid, M. A., Spielvogel, D., Gustafson, K. R., Alavanja, M. M., Cardelline, J. H. and Boyd, M. R., 1997. Isolation and characterization of new anti-HIV and cytotoxic leads from plants, marine, and microbial organisms. Journal of Natural Products 60: 431-438.
71. Miller, J. D. and MacKenzie, S., 2000. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium venenatum strains with deletions in the Tri5 gene encoding trichodiene synthase. Mycologia 92: 764-771.
72. Moretti, A., Mulè, G., Ritieni, A. and Logrieco, A., 2007. Further data on the production of beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin and toxicity to Artemia salina by Fusarium species of Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. International Journal of Food Microbiology 118: 158-163.
73. Morgan, M. K., Bursian, S. J., Rottinghaus, G. E., Bennett, G. A., Render, J. A. and Aulerich, R. J., 1998. Subacute and reproductive effects in mink from exposure to Fusarium fujikuroi culture material (M-1214) containing known concentrations of moniliformin. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: 513-517.
74. Morgavi, D. P. and Riley, R. T., 2007. An historical overview of field disease outbreaks known or suspected to be caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 137: 201-212.
75. Morrison, E., 2002. Toxic effects of metabolites of fungi of the genus Fusarium, isolated from Norwegian cereals. Thesis for the degree of Dr. scient., The Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
76. Munkvold, G. P., Stahr, H. M., Ross, P. F., Murphy, P. A. and Cotten, T. K., 1995. Characteristics of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in corn in the Midwestern U. S. In: Book of abstracts. International seminar on Fusarium mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity, 9-13 May, 1995. Martina Franca, Italy, p. 26.
77. Muthomi, J. W., Ndung'u, J. K., Gathumbi J. K., Mutitu E. W. and Wagacha, J. M., 2008. The occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Kenyan wheat. Crop Protection 27: 1215-1219.
78. Nadubinska, M., Parich, A., Krska, R., Kandler, W., Srobarova, A. and Eged, S., 2002. Contents of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, moniliformin and fusaric acid in maize ears from Slovakia naturally contaminated with Fusarium spp. Journal of Applied Genetics 43A: 133-140.
79. Nadubinska, M., Ritieni, A., Moretti, A. and Srobarova, A., 2003. Chlorophyll content in maize plants after treatment with fusariotoxins. Biologia 58: 115-119.
80. Nagaraj, R. Y., Wu, W., Will, J. A. and Vesonder, R. F., 1996. Acute cardiotoxicity of moniliformin in broiler chickens as measured by electrocardiography. Avian Diseases 40: 223-227.
81. Nagaraj, R. Y., Wu, W., Will, J. A., Valdivia, H. H. and Vesonder, R. F., 1997. Is lactic acid responsible for the electrocardiographic changes induced by intravenous injection of moniliformin. Poultry Science 76 (Suppl. 1): 69.
82. Nilanonta, C., Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Palittapongarnpim, P., Kamchonwongpaisan, S., Pittayakhajonwut, D., Tanticharoen, M. and Thebtaranonth, Y., 2000. Antimycobacterial and antiplasmodial cyclodepsipeptides from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 1614. Planta Medica 66: 756-758.
83. Ono, E. Y., Sugiura, Y., Homechin, M., Kamogae, M., Vizzoni, E., Ueno, Y. and Hirooka, E. Y., 1999. Effect of climatic conditions on natural mycoflora and fumonisins in freshly harvested corn of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Mycopathologia 147: 139-148.
84. Pacin, A. M., González, H. H., Etcheverry, M., Resnik, S. L, Vivas, L. and Espin, S. 2003. Fungi associated with food and feed commodities from Ecuador. Mycopathologia 156: 87-92.
85. Parikka, P., Rämö, S. and Hietaniemi, V., 2008. Fusarium infection and mycotoxins in Finnish cereals in 2005-2006. Journal of Plant Pathology 30 (Suppl.): 56.
86. Parry, D. W., Jenkinson, P. and McLeod, L., 1995. Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals - a review. Plant pathology 44: 207-238.
87. Pedersen, P. B. and Miller, J. D., 1999. The fungal metabolite culmorin and related compounds. Natural Toxins 7: 305-309.
88. Pirrung, M. C., Nauhaus, S. K. and Singh, B., 1996. Cofactor-directed, time-dependent inhibition of thiamine enzymes by the fungal toxin moniliformin. Journal of Organic Chemistry 61: 2592-2593.
89. Plattner, P. A. and Nager, U., 1947. Über die Chemie des Enniatins. Experientia 3: 325-326.
90. Pocsfalvi, G., Di Landa, G., Ferranti, P., Ritieni, A., Randazzo, G. and Malorni, A., 1997. Observation of non-covalent interactions between beauvericin and oligonucleotides using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 11: 265-272.
91. Pocsfalvi, G., Ritieni, A., Randazzo, G., Dobo, A. and Malorni, A., 2000. Interaction of Fusarium mycotoxins, fusaproliferin and fumonisin B1, with DNA studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 5795-5801.
92. Porter, J. K., Bacon, C. W., Wray, E. M. and Hagler, W. M., 1995. Fusaric acid in Fusarium moniliforme cultures, corn, and feeds toxic to livestock and the neurochemical effects in the brain and pineal gland of rats. Natural Toxins 3: 91-100.
93. Randazzo, G., Fogliano, V., Ritieni, A., Mannina, L., Rossi, E., Scarallo, A. and Segre, A. L., 1993. Proliferin, a new sesterterpene from Fusarium proliferatum. Tetrahedron 49: 10883-10896.
94. Reams, R. Y., Thacker, H. L., Harrington, D. D., Novilla, M. N., Rottinghaus, G. E., Bennett, G. A. and Horn, J., 1997. A sudden death syndrome induced in poults and chicks fed diets containing Fusarium fujikuroi with known concentrations of moniliformin. Avian Diseases 41: 20-35.
95. Ritieni, A., Monti, S. M., Randazzo, G., Logrieco, A., Moretti, A., Peluso, G., Ferracane, R. and Fogliano, V., 1997b. Teratogenic effects of fusaproliferin on chicken embryos. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 3039-3043.
96. Ritieni, A., Moretti, A., Logrieco, A., Bottalico, A., Randazzo, G., Monti, S. M., Ferracane, R. and Fogliano, V., 1997a. Occurrence of fusaproliferin, fumonisin B1 and beauvericin in maize from Italy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 4011-4016.
97. Rotter, R. G., Thompson, B. K., Trenholm, H. L., Prelusky, D. B., Hartin, K. E. and Miller, J. D., 1992. A preliminary examination of potential interactions between deoxynivalenol (DON) and other selected Fusarium metabolites in growing pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72: 107-116.
98. Shephard, G. S., Sewram, V., Nieuwoudt, T. W., Marasas, W. F. O. and Ritieni, A., 1999. Production of the mycotoxins fusaproliferin and beauvericin by South African isolates in the Fusarium section Liseola. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 5111-5115.
99. Smith, T. K. and MacDonald, E. J., 1991. Effect of fusaric acid on brain regional neurochemistry and vomiting behaviour in swine. Journal of Animal Science 69: 2044-2049.
100. Smith, T. K. and Sousadias, M. G., 1993. Fusaric acid content of swine feedstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41: 2296-2298.
101. Smith, T. K., McMillan, E. G. and Castillo, J. B., 1997. Effect of feeding blends of Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated grains containing deoxynivalenol and fusaric acid on growth and feed consumption of immature swine. Journal of Animal Science 75: 2184-2191.
102. Sørensen, J. L., Nielsen, K. F., Rasmussen, P. H. and Thrane, U., 2008. Development of a LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of enniatins and beauvericin in whole fresh and ensiled maize. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 10439-10443.
103. Sørensen, J. L., Phipps, R. K., Nielsen, K. F., Schroers, H.-J., Frank, J. and Thrane, U., 2009. Analysis of Fusarium avenaceum metabolites produced during wet apple core rot. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 1632-1639.
104. Srobarova, A., Moretti, A., Ferracane, R., Ritieni, A. and Logrieco, A., 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species of Liseola section in pre-harvest maize ear rot and associated mycotoxins in Slovakia. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108: 299-306.
105. Supothina, S., Isaka, M., Kirtikara, K., Tanticharoen, M. and Thebtaranonth, Y., 2004. Enniatin production by the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 1449. The Journal of Antibiotics 57: 732-738. (Pubitemid 39602062)
106. Thiel, P. G., 1978. A molecular mechanism for the toxic action of moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Biochemical Pharmacology 27: 483-486.
107. Thrane, U., Adler, A., Clasen, P.-E., Galvano, F., Langseth, W., Lew, H., Logrieco, A., Nielsen, K. F. and Ritieni, A., 2004. Diversity in metabolite production by Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides. International Journal of Food Microbiology 95(3): 257-266.
108. Tomoda, H., Huang, X. H., Cao, J., Nishida, H., Nagao, R., Okuda, S., Tanaka, H., Omura, S., Arai, H. and Inoue, K., 1992a. Inhibition of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity by cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics. The Journal of Antibiotics 45: 1626-1632.
109. Tomoda, H., Nishida, H., Huang, X. H., Masuma, R., Kim, Y. K. and Omura, S., 1992b. New cyclodepsipeptides, enniatins D, E and F produced by Fusarium sp. FO-1305. The Journal of Antibiotics 45: 1207-1215.
110. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E., Tanuma, S., Nagata, S., Sugamata, M., Ihara, T., Sekijima, M., Kawai, K. and Ueno, I., 1995. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Natural Toxins 3: 129-137.
111. Uhlig, S., Gutleb, A., Thrane, U. and Flåøyen, A., 2005b. Identification of cytotoxic principles from Fusarium avenaceum using bioassay-guided fractionation. Toxicon 46: 150-159.
112. Uhlig, S., Ivanova, L., Bernhoft, A. and Eriksen, G. S., 2008. 2-Amino-14, 16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol: accounts on in vitro bioactivity and bio-production by the fungus Fusarium avenaceum (syn. F. arthrosporioides). World Mycotoxin Journal 1: 49-58.
113. Uhlig, S., Jestoi, M. and Parikka, P., 2007. Fusarium avenaceum - the north European situation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 17-24.
114. Uhlig, S., Jestoi, M., Knutsen, A. K. and Heier, B. T., 2006b. Multiple regression analysis as a tool for the identification of relations between semi-quantitative LC-MS data and cytotoxicity of extracts of the fungus Fusarium avenaceum (syn. F. arthrosporioides). Toxicon 48: 567-579.
115. Uhlig, S., Petersen, D., Flåøyen, A. and Wilkins, A., 2005a. 2-amino-14, 16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol, a new sphingosine analogue toxin in the fungal genus Fusarium. Toxicon 46: 513-522.
116. 1 in Norwegian grain: a survey. Food Chemistry 94: 193-201.
117. Van der Westhuizen, L., Shephard, G. S., Scussel, V. M., Costa, L. L., Vismer, H. F., Rheeder, J. P. and Marasas, W. F. O, 2003. Fumonisin contamination and Fusarium incidence in corn from Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 51: 5574-5578.
118. Vesonder, R. F., Gasdorf, H. and Peterson, R. E., 1993. Comparison of the cytotoxicities of Fusarium metabolites and Alternaria metabolite AAL-toxin to cultured mammalian cell lines. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24: 473-477.
119. Vesonder, R. F., Wu, W. and McAlpin, C. E., 1999. Beauvericin not an acute toxin to duckling bioassay. Phytopathology 89: S80.
120. Vesonder, R. F., Wu, W., Weisleder, D., Gordon, S. H., Krick, T., Xie, W., Abbas, H. K. and Mcalpin, C. E., 2000. Toxigenic strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from dairy cattle feed produce fumonisins, moniliformin and a new C21H38N2O6 metabolite phytotoxic to Lemna minor L. Natural Toxins 9: 103-112.
121. Visconti, A., Minervini, F., Lucivero, G. and Gambatesa, V., 1991. Cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins using a rapid colorimetric bioassay. Mycopathologia 113: 181-186.
122. Vongvilai, P., Isaka, M., Kittakoop, P., Srikitikulchai, P., Kongsaeree, P., Prabpai, S. and Thebtaranonth, Y., 2004. Isolation and structure elucidation of enniatins L, M1, M2 and N: novel hydroxyl analogs. Helvetica Chimica Acta 87: 2066-2073.
123. Waalwijk, C., Kastelein, P., De Vries, I., Kerényi, Z., Van der Lee, T., Hesselink, T., Köhl, J. and Kema, G., 2003. Major changes in Fusarium spp. in wheat in the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109: 743-754.
124. Wang, H. and Ng, T. B., 1999. Pharmacological activities of fusaric acid (5-butylpicolinic acid). Life Sciences 65: 849-856.
125. Wu, W. and Vesonder, R. F., 1997a. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in cultured chicken embryo hepatocytes by Fusarium metabolites. Natural Toxins 5: 80-85.
126. Wu, W. and Vesonder, R. F., 1997b. Moniliformin but not fumonisin B1 induced cardiomegaly and elevated serum lactate in broilers. Poultry Science 76 (Suppl. 1): 126.
127. Yang, L., Van der Lee, T., Lee, X., Yang, D., Yu, D. and Waalwijk, C., 2008. Fusarium populations on Chinese barley show a dramatic gradient in mycotoxin profiles. Phytopathology 98: 719-727.
128. Zhao, D., Feng, Q., Yan, X., Li, C., Pan, Y. and Cui, Q., 1993. Ultrastructural study of moniliformin induced lesions of myocardium in rats and mice. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 6: 37-44.
129. Zhu, L. Z., Xia, Y. M. and Yang, G. Q., 1982. Blood glutathione peroxidase activities of populations in Keshan disease affected and non-affected areas. Acta Nutritional Sinica 4: 229-233.
130. Zollitsch, W., Raffaseder, C., Bohm, J., Wagner, E. and Leitgeb, R., 2003. Impact of the mycotoxins moniliformin and beauvericin on growth and carcass traits of broilers. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 90: 238-243.