Arenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 417-429

  Emonet, Sebastien F ^a   de la Torre, Juan C ^a   Domingo, Esteban ^b   Sevilla, Noemí ^c  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^c Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria   (Spain)

Author keywords

Arenavirus diversity and evolution

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARENAVIRUS; CYTOLOGY; DISEASE CARRIER; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; LASSA VIRUS; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TAXONOMY; VIRAL GENETICS; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRUS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENETIC VARIATION; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MICE; PHYLOGENY; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC;

ARENAVIRIDAE; ARENAVIRUS; RNA VIRUSES; RODENTIA;

EID: 68649123335     PISSN: 15671348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.03.005     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Ahmed R., and Oldstone M.B.A. Organ specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J. Exp. Med. 167 (1988) 1719-1724
2. Ahmed R., Salmi A., Butler L.D., Chiller J.M., and Oldstone M.B.A. Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice: role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J. Exp. Med. 160 (1984) 521-540
3. Albarino C.G., Posik D.M., Ghiringhelli P.D., Lozano M.E., and Romanowski V. Arenavirus phylogeny: a new insight. Virus Genes 16 1 (1998) 39-46
4. Anderson J.P., Daifuku R., and Loeb L.A. Viral error catastrophe by mutagenic nucleosides. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58 (2004) 183-205
5. Archer A.M., and Rico-Hesse R. High genetic divergence and recombination in Arenaviruses from the Americas. Virology 304 2 (2002) 274-281
6. Arias A., Arnold J.J., Sierra M., Smidansky E.D., Domingo E., and Cameron C.E. Determinants of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (in)fidelity revealed by kinetic analysis of the polymerase encoded by a foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with reduced sensitivity to ribavirin. J. Virol. 82 24 (2008) 12346-12355
7. Arnold J.J., Vignuzzi M., Stone J.K., Andino R., and Cameron C.E. Remote site control of an active site fidelity checkpoint in a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 27 (2005) 25706-25716
8. Barton L.L., Mets M.B., and Beauchamp C.L. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: emerging fetal teratogen. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 6 (2002) 1715-1716
9. Beyer W.R., Popplau D., Garten W., von Laer D., and Lenz O. Endoproteolytic processing of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein by the subtilase SKI-1/S1P. J. Virol. 77 5 (2003) 2866-2872
10. Borio L., Inglesby T., Peters C.J., Schmaljohn A.L., Hughes J.M., Jahrling P.B., Ksiazek T., Johnson K.M., Meyerhoff A., O'Toole T., Ascher M.S., Bartlett J., Breman J.G., Eitzen Jr. E.M., Hamburg M., Hauer J., Henderson D.A., Johnson R.T., Kwik G., Layton M., Lillibridge S., Nabel G.J., Osterholm M.T., Perl T.M., Russell P., and Tonat K. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. JAMA 287 18 (2002) 2391-2405
11. Borrow P., and Oldstone M.B.A. Characterization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-binding protein(s): a candidate cellular receptor for the virus. J. Virol. 66 (1992) 7270-7281
12. Borrow P., and Oldstone M.B. Mechanism of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus entry into cells. Virology 198 1 (1994) 1-9
13. Borrow P., Evans C.F., and Oldstone M.B.A. Virus-induced immunosuppression: immune system-mediated destruction of virus-infected dendritic cells results in generalized immunosuppression. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 1059-1070
14. Bowen M.D., Peters C.J., Mills J.N., and Nichol S.T. Oliveros virus: a novel arenavirus from Argentina. Virology 217 1 (1996) 362-366
15. Bowen M.D., Peters C.J., and Nichol S.T. Phylogenetic analysis of the Arenaviridae: patterns of virus evolution and evidence for cospeciation between arenaviruses and their rodent hosts. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 8 3 (1997) 301-316
16. Bowen M.D., Rollin P.E., Ksiazek T.G., Hustad H.L., Bausch D.G., Demby A.H., Bajani M.D., Peters C.J., and Nichol S.T. Genetic diversity among Lassa virus strains. J. Virol. 74 15 (2000) 6992-7004
17. Briones C., and Domingo E. Minority report: hidden memory genomes in HIV-1 quasispecies and possible clinical implications. AIDS Rev. 10 2 (2008) 93-109
18. Briones C., Domingo E., and Molina-Paris C. Memory in retroviral quasispecies: experimental evidence and theoretical model for human immunodeficiency virus. J. Mol. Biol. 331 1 (2003) 213-229
19. Briones C., de Vicente A., Molina-Paris C., and Domingo E. Minority memory genomes can influence the evolution of HIV-1 quasispecies in vivo. Gene 384 (2006) 129-138
20. Buchmeier M.J., de la Torre J.C., and Peters C.J. Arenaviridae. In: PM K.D. (Ed). Fields Virology. 5th ed. (2007), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 1791-1828
21. Buesa-Gomez J., Teng M.N., Oldstone C.E., Oldstone M.B., and de la Torre J.C. Variants able to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome are present within the disease-nil WE strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 70 12 (1996) 8988-8992
22. Byrne J.A., and Oldstone M.B. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: clearance of virus in vivo. J. Virol. 51 3 (1984) 682-686
23. Cajimat M.N., and Fulhorst C.F. Phylogeny of the Venezuelan arenaviruses. Virus Res. 102 2 (2004) 199-206
24. Cajimat M.N., Milazzo M.L., Bradley R.D., and Fulhorst C.F. Catarina virus, an arenaviral species principally associated with Neotoma micropus (southern plains woodrat) in Texas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77 4 (2007) 732-736
25. Cajimat M.N., Milazzo M.L., Borchert J.N., Abbott K.D., Bradley R.D., and Fulhorst C.F. Diversity among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses (family Arenaviridae) naturally associated with the Mexican woodrat (Neotoma mexicana). Virus Res. 133 2 (2008) 211-217
26. Cao W., Henry M.D., Borrow P., Yamada H., Elder J.H., Ravkov E.V., Nichol S.T., Compans R.W., Campbell K.P., and Oldstone M.B. Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus [see comments]. Science 282 5396 (1998) 2079-2081
27. Capul A.A., Perez M., Burke E., Kunz S., Buchmeier M.J., and de la Torre J.C. Arenavirus Z-glycoprotein association requires Z myristoylation but not functional RING or late domains. J. Virol. 81 17 (2007) 9451-9460
28. Castilla V., Mersich S.E., Candurra N.A., and Damonte E.B. The entry of Junin virus into Vero cells. Arch. Virol. 136 3-4 (1994) 363-374
29. Castro C., Arnold J.J., and Cameron C.E. Incorporation fidelity of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: a kinetic, thermodynamic and structural perspective. Virus Res. 107 2 (2005) 141-149
30. Charrel R.N., de Lamballerie X., and Fulhorst C.F. The Whitewater Arroyo virus: natural evidence for genetic recombination among Tacaribe serocomplex viruses (family Arenaviridae). Virology 283 2 (2001) 161-166
31. Charrel R.N., Feldmann H., Fulhorst C.F., Khelifa R., de Chesse R., and de Lamballerie X. Phylogeny of New World arenaviruses based on the complete coding sequences of the small genomic segment identified an evolutionary lineage produced by intrasegmental recombination. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296 5 (2002) 1118-1124
32. Charrel R.N., Lemasson J.J., Garbutt M., Khelifa R., De Micco P., Feldmann H., and de Lamballerie X. New insights into the evolutionary relationships between arenaviruses provided by comparative analysis of small and large segment sequences. Virology 317 2 (2003) 191-196
33. Charrel R.N., de Lamballerie X., and Emonet S. Phylogeny of the genus Arenavirus. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11 4 (2008) 362-368
34. Childs J.E., and Peters C.J. Ecology and epidemiology of arenaviruses and their hosts. In: MS S. (Ed). The Arenaviridae (1993), Plenum Press, New York 331-384
35. Crowder S., and Kirkegaard K. Trans-dominant inhibition of RNA viral replication can slow growth of drug-resistant viruses. Nat. Genet. 37 7 (2005) 701-709
36. Damonte E.B., Mersich S.E., and Coto C.E. Response of cells persistently infected with arenaviruses to superinfection with homotypic and heterotypic viruses. Virology 129 2 (1983) 474-478
37. de la Torre J.C., and Holland J.J. RNA virus quasispecies populations can suppress vastly superior mutant progeny. J. Virol. 64 12 (1990) 6278-6281
38. Delgado S., Erickson B.R., Agudo R., Blair P.J., Vallejo E., Albarino C.G., Vargas J., Comer J.A., Rollin P.E., Ksiazek T.G., Olson J.G., and Nichol S.T. Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia. PLoS Pathog. 4 4 (2008) e1000047
39. Di Simone C., and Buchmeier M.J. Kinetics and pH dependence of acid-induced structural changes in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein complex. Virology 209 1 (1995) 3-9
40. Di Simone C., Zandonatti M.A., and Buchmeier M.J. Acidic pH triggers LCMV membrane fusion activity and conformational change in the glycoprotein spike. Virology 198 2 (1994) 455-465
41. Domingo E. Virus evolution. In: PM K.D. (Ed). Fields Virology. 5th ed. (2007), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 389-421
42. Domingo, E., in press. Microbial evolution and emerging diseases. In: Power, C., Johnson, R.T. (Eds.). Emerging Neurological Infections. Mercel Dekker, Inc., New York.
43. Domingo E., Sabo D., Taniguchi T., and Weissmann C. Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population. Cell 13 4 (1978) 735-744
44. Domingo E., Escarmis C., Menendez-Arias A., Perales C., Herrera M., Novella I., and Holland J.J. Virla quasispecies: dynamics, interactions and pathogenesis. In: Domingo E., Parrish C., and Holland J.J. (Eds). Origin and Evolution of Viruses (2008), Elsevier, Oxford
45. Downs W., Anderson C.R., Spence L., Aitken T., and Greenhal A.H. Tacaribe virus, a new agent isolated from Artibeus bats and mosquitos in Trinidad. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 12 (1963) 640-646
46. Duarte E.A., Novella I.S., Ledesma S., Clarke D.K., Moya A., Elena S.F., Domingo E., and Holland J.J. Subclonal components of consensus fitness in an RNA virus clone. J. Virol. 68 7 (1994) 4295-4301
47. Eckerle L.D., Lu X., Sperry S.M., Choi L., and Denison M.R. High fidelity of murine hepatitis virus replication is decreased in nsp14 exoribonuclease mutants. J. Virol. 81 22 (2007) 12135-12144
48. Eichler R., Lenz O., Strecker T., Eickmann M., Klenk H.D., and Garten W. Identification of Lassa virus glycoprotein signal peptide as a trans-acting maturation factor. EMBO Rep. 4 11 (2003) 1084-1088
49. Eichler R., Lenz O., Strecker T., Eickmann M., Klenk H.D., and Garten W. Lassa virus glycoprotein signal peptide displays a novel topology with an extended endoplasmic reticulum luminal region. J. Biol. Chem. 279 13 (2004) 12293-12299
50. Eigen M., and Biebricher C.K. Sequence space and quasispecies distribution. In: Domingo E., Ahlquist P., and Holland J.J. (Eds). RNA Genetics (1988), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 211-245
51. Eigen M., and Schuster P. The hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organization (1979), Springer, Berlin
52. Ellenberg P., Edreira M., and Scolaro L. Resistance to superinfection of Vero cells persistently infected with Junin virus. Arch. Virol. 149 3 (2004) 507-522
53. Ellenberg P., Linero F.N., and Scolaro L.A. Superinfection exclusion in BHK-21 cells persistently infected with Junin virus. J. Gen. Virol. 88 Pt 10 (2007) 2730-2739
54. Emonet S., Lemasson J.J., Gonzalez J.P., de Lamballerie X., and Charrel R.N. Phylogeny and evolution of old world arenaviruses. Virology 350 2 (2006) 251-257
55. Eschli B., Quirin K., Wepf A., Weber J., Zinkernagel R., and Hengartner H. Identification of an N-terminal trimeric coiled-coil core within arenavirus glycoprotein 2 permits assignment to class I viral fusion proteins. J. Virol. 80 12 (2006) 5897-5907
56. Evans C.F., Borrow P., de la Torre J.C., and Oldstone M.B. Virus-induced immunosuppression: kinetic analysis of the selection of a mutation associated with viral persistence. J. Virol. 68 11 (1994) 7367-7373
57. Ferrer-Orta C., Arias A., Perez-Luque R., Escarmis C., Domingo E., and Verdaguer N. Sequential structures provide insights into the fidelity of RNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 22 (2007) 9463-9468
58. Fischer S.A., Graham M.B., Kuehnert M.J., Kotton C.N., Srinivasan A., Marty F.M., Comer J.A., Guarner J., Paddock C.D., DeMeo D.L., Shieh W.J., Erickson B.R., Bandy U., DeMaria Jr. A., Davis J.P., Delmonico F.L., Pavlin B., Likos A., Vincent M.J., Sealy T.K., Goldsmith C.S., Jernigan D.B., Rollin P.E., Packard M.M., Patel M., Rowland C., Helfand R.F., Nichol S.T., Fishman J.A., Ksiazek T., and Zaki S.R. Transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by organ transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 21 (2006) 2235-2249
59. Flatz L., Bergthaler A., de la Torre J.C., and Pinschewer D.D. Recovery of an arenavirus entirely from RNA polymerase I/II-driven cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 12 (2006) 4663-4668
60. Frame J.D., Baldwin Jr. J.M., Gocke D.J., and Troup J.M. Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. I. Clinical description and pathological findings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19 4 (1970) 670-676
61. Freed E.O. Virology. Rafting with Ebola. Science 296 5566 (2002) 279
62. Freedman D.O., and Woodall J. Emerging infectious diseases and risk to the traveler. Med. Clin. North Am. 83 4 (1999) 865-883 v.
63. Friedberg E.C., Walker G.C., Siede W., Wood R.D., Schultz R.A., and Ellenberger T. DNA Repair and Mutagenesis (2006), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
64. Fulhorst C.F., Bowen M.D., Salas R.A., Duno G., Utrera A., Ksiazek T.G., De Manzione N.M., De Miller E., Vasquez C., Peters C.J., and Tesh R.B. Natural rodent host associations of Guanarito and pirital viruses (Family Arenaviridae) in central Venezuela. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 2 (1999) 325-330
65. Fulhorst C.F., Charrel R.N., Weaver S.C., Ksiazek T.G., Bradley R.D., Milazzo M.L., Tesh R.B., and Bowen M.D. Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of Whitewater Arroyo virus in the southwestern United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7 3 (2001) 403-407
66. Fulhorst C.F., Cajimat M.N., Milazzo M.L., Paredes H., de Manzione N.M., Salas R.A., Rollin P.E., and Ksiazek T.G. Genetic diversity between and within the arenavirus species indigenous to western Venezuela. Virology 378 2 (2008) 205-213
67. Fung-Leung W.P., Kundig T.M., Zinkernagel R.M., and Mak T.W. Immune response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice without CD8 expression. J. Exp. Med. 174 6 (1991) 1425-1429
68. Gallaher W.R., DiSimone C., and Buchmeier M.J. The viral transmembrane superfamily: possible divergence of Arenavirus and Filovirus glycoproteins from a common RNA virus ancestor. BMC Microbiol. 1 (2001) 1
69. Gonzalez J.P., Emonet S., de Lamballerie X., and Charrel R. Arenaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 315 (2007) 253-288
70. Gonzalez-Lopez C., Arias A., Pariente N., Gomez-Mariano G., and Domingo E. Preextinction viral RNA can interfere with infectivity. J. Virol. 78 7 (2004) 3319-3324
71. Graci J.D., and Cameron C.E. Quasispecies, error catastrophe, and the antiviral activity of ribavirin. Virology 298 2 (2002) 175-180
72. Grande-Perez A., Sierra S., Castro M.G., Domingo E., and Lowenstein P.R. Molecular indetermination in the transition to error catastrophe: systematic elimination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus through mutagenesis does not correlate linearly with large increases in mutant spectrum complexity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 20 (2002) 12938-12943
73. Grande-Perez A., Gomez-Mariano G., Lowenstein P.R., and Domingo E. Mutagenesis-induced, large fitness variations with an invariant arenavirus consensus genomic nucleotide sequence. J. Virol. 79 16 (2005) 10451-10459
74. Grande-Perez A., Lazaro E., Lowenstein P., Domingo E., and Manrubia S.C. Suppression of viral infectivity through lethal defection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 12 (2005) 4448-4452
75. Harrison L.H., Halsey N.A., McKee Jr. K.T., Peters C.J., Barrera Oro J.G., Briggiler A.M., Feuillade M.R., and Maiztegui J.I. Clinical case definitions for Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 5 (1999) 1091-1094
76. Holland J.J. Defective viral genomes. In: Fields B., and Knipe D.M. (Eds). Virology (1990), Raven Press, New York 151-165
77. Holmes G.P., McCormick J.B., Trock S.C., Chase R.A., Lewis S.M., Mason C.A., Hall P.A., Brammer L.S., Perez-Oronoz G.I., McDonnell M.K., et al. Lassa fever in the United States. Investigation of a case and new guidelines for management. N. Engl. J. Med. 323 16 (1990) 1120-1123
78. Hugot J.P., Gonzalez J.P., and Denys C. Evolution of the Old World Arenaviridae and their rodent hosts: generalized host-transfer or association by descent?. Infect. Genet. Evol. 1 1 (2001) 13-20
79. Isaacson M. Viral hemorrhagic fever hazards for travelers in Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 10 (2001) 1707-1712
80. Jackson A.P., and Charleston M.A. A cophylogenetic perspective of RNA-virus evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 1 (2004) 45-57
81. Jahrling P.B., and Peters C.J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. A neglected pathogen of man. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 116 5 (1992) 486-488
82. Johnson K.M., Mackenzie R.B., Webb P.A., and Kuns M.L. Chronic infection of rodents by Machupo virus. Science 150 703 (1965) 1618-1619
83. King C.C., Jamieson B.D., Reddy K., Bali N., Concepcion R.J., and Ahmed R. Viral infection of the thymus. J. Virol. 66 5 (1992) 3155-3160
84. Kunz S., Sevilla N., McGavern D.B., Campbell K.P., and Oldstone M.B. Molecular analysis of the interaction of LCMV with its cellular receptor [alpha]-dystroglycan. J. Cell. Biol. 155 2 (2001) 301-310
85. Kunz S., Edelmann K.H., de la Torre J.C., Gorney R., and Oldstone M.B. Mechanisms for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein cleavage, transport, and incorporation into virions. Virology 314 1 (2003) 168-178
86. Lecompte E., ter Meulen J., Emonet S., Daffis S., and Charrel R.N. Genetic identification of Kodoko virus, a novel arenavirus of the African pigmy mouse (Mus Nannomys minutoides) in West Africa. Virology 364 1 (2007) 178-183
87. Lee C.H., Gilbertson D.L., Novella I.S., Huerta R., Domingo E., and Holland J.J. Negative effects of chemical mutagenesis on the adaptive behavior of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 71 5 (1997) 3636-3640
88. Lee K.J., Perez M., Pinschewer D.D., and de la Torre J.C. Identification of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) proteins required to rescue LCMV RNA analogs into LCMV-like particles. J. Virol. 76 12 (2002) 6393-6397
89. Lopez N., and Franze-Fernandez M.T. A single stem-loop structure in Tacaribe arenavirus intergenic region is essential for transcription termination but is not required for a correct initiation of transcription and replication. Virus Res. 124 1-2 (2007) 237-244
90. Lozano M.E., Posik D.M., Albarino C.G., Schujman G., Ghiringhelli P.D., Calderon G., Sabattini M., and Romanowski V. Characterization of arenaviruses using a family-specific primer set for RT-PCR amplification and RFLP analysis. Its potential use for detection of uncharacterized arenaviruses. Virus Res. 49 1 (1997) 79-89
91. Lukashevich I.S. Generation of reassortants between African arenaviruses. Virology 188 2 (1992) 600-605
92. Lukashevich I.S., Vasiuchkov A.D., Stel'makh T.A., Scheslenok E.P., and Shabanov A.G. The isolation and characteristics of reassortants between the Lassa and Mopeia arenaviruses. Vop. Virusol. 36 2 (1991) 146-150
93. Lukashevich I.S., Patterson J., Carrion R., Moshkoff D., Ticer A., Zapata J., Brasky K., Geiger R., Hubbard G.B., Bryant J., and Salvato M.S. A live attenuated vaccine for Lassa fever made by reassortment of Lassa and Mopeia viruses. J. Virol. 79 22 (2005) 13934-13942
94. Macher A.M., and Wolfe M.S. Historical Lassa fever reports and 30-year clinical update. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 5 (2006) 835-837
95. Martin V., and Domingo E. Influence of the mutant spectrum in viral evolution: focused selection of antigenic variants in a reconstructed viral quasispecies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 8 (2008) 1544-1554
96. Martinez M.G., Cordo S.M., and Candurra N.A. Characterization of Junin arenavirus cell entry. J. Gen. Virol. 88 Pt. 6 (2007) 1776-1784
97. Matloubian M., Somasundaram T., Kolhekar S.R., Selvakumar R., and Ahmed R. Genetic basis of viral persistence: single amino acid change in the viral glycoprotein affects ability of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to persist in adult mice. J. Exp. Med. 172 4 (1990) 1043-1048
98. Matloubian M., Kolhekar S.R., Somasundarum T., and Ahmed R. Molecular determinants of macrophage tropism and viral persistence: importance of single amino acid changes in the polymerase and glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 7340-7349
99. McCormick J.B., and Fisher-Hoch S.P. Lassa fever. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 262 (2002) 75-109
100. Mets M.B., Barton L.L., Khan A.S., and Ksiazek T.G. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underdiagnosed cause of congenital chorioretinitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130 2 (2000) 209-215
101. Meyer B.J., and Southern P.J. Sequence heterogeneity in the termini of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genomic and antigenomic RNAs. J. Virol. 68 11 (1994) 7659-7664
102. Meyer B.J., de la Torre J.C., and Southern P.J. Arenaviruses: genomic RNAs, transcription, and replication. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 262 (2002) 139-157
103. Mills J.N., Barrera Oro J.G., Bressler D.S., Childs J.E., Tesh R.B., Smith J.F., Enria D.A., Geisbert T.W., McKee Jr. K.T., Bowen M.D., Peters C.J., and Jahrling P.B. Characterization of Oliveros virus, a new member of the Tacaribe complex (Arenaviridae: Arenavirus). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54 4 (1996) 399-404
104. Minskaia E., Hertzig T., Gorbalenya A.E., Campanacci V., Cambillau C., Canard B., and Ziebuhr J. Discovery of an RNA virus 3′ → 5′ exoribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 13 (2006) 5108-5113
105. Muller T., and Vingron M. Modeling amino acid replacement. J. Comput. Biol. 7 6 (2000) 761-776
106. Murphy F.A., Webb P.A., Johnson K.M., and Whitfield S.G. Morphological comparison of Machupo with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: basis for a new taxonomic group. J. Virol. 4 4 (1969) 535-541
107. Musser G.G., and Carleton M.D. Superfamily Muroidea. In: Wilson D., and Reeder D.M. (Eds). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed. (2005), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 894-1522
108. Neuman B.W., Adair B.D., Burns J.W., Milligan R.A., Buchmeier M.J., and Yeager M. Complementarity in the supramolecular design of arenaviruses and retroviruses revealed by electron cryomicroscopy and image analysis. J. Virol. 79 6 (2005) 3822-3830
109. Nowak M.A. Evolutionary Dynamics (2006), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London
110. Oldstone M.B. Biology and pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 263 (2002) 83-117
111. Oldstone M.B., Sinha Y.N., Blount P., Tishon A., Rodriguez M., von Wedel R., and Lampert P.W. Virus-induced alterations in homeostasis: alteration in differentiated functions of infected cells in vivo. Science 218 4577 (1982) 1125-1127
112. Oldstone M.B., Rodriguez M., Daughaday W.H., and Lampert P.W. Viral perturbation of endocrine function: disordered cell function leads to disturbed homeostasis and disease. Nature 307 5948 (1984) 278-281
113. Palacios G., Druce J., Du L., Tran T., Birch C., Briese T., Conlan S., Quan P.L., Hui J., Marshall J., Simons J.F., Egholm M., Paddock C.D., Shieh W.J., Goldsmith C.S., Zaki S.R., Catton M., and Lipkin W.I. A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 358 10 (2008) 991-998
114. Parekh B.S., and Buchmeier M.J. Proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: antigenic topography of the viral glycoproteins. Virology 153 2 (1986) 168-178
115. Parodi A., Greenway D., Rugiero H., Frigerio M., Metler N., Garzón F., Boxaca M., Guerrero L., and Nota L. Sobre la etiología del brote epidémico de Junín. Día Médico 30 (1958) 2300
116. Perales C., Martin V., Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., and Domingo E. Monitoring sequence space as a test for the target of selection in viruses. J. Mol. Biol. 345 3 (2005) 451-459
117. Perales C., Mateo R., Mateu M.G., and Domingo E. Insights into RNA virus mutant spectrum and lethal mutagenesis events: replicative interference and complementation by multiple point mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 369 4 (2007) 985-1000
118. Perez M., and de la Torre J.C. Characterization of the genomic promoter of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol. 77 2 (2003) 1184-1194
119. Peters C.J. Human infection with arenaviruses in the Americas. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 262 (2002) 65-74
120. Peters C.J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-an old enemy up to new tricks. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 21 (2006) 2208-2211
121. Pfeiffer J.K., and Kirkegaard K. A single mutation in poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confers resistance to mutagenic nucleotide analogs via increased fidelity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 12 (2003) 7289-7294
122. Pfeiffer J.K., and Kirkegaard K. Increased fidelity reduces poliovirus fitness and virulence under selective pressure in mice. PLoS Pathog. 1 2 (2005) e11
123. Pinheiro F., Shope R.E., de Andrade A.H.P., Bensabath G., Cacío G.V., and Casals J. Amapari, a new virus of teh Tacaribe group from rodents and mites of Amapa territory, Brazil. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 122 (1966) 531-535
124. Pinschewer D.D., Perez M., and de la Torre J.C. Role of the virus nucleoprotein in the regulation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus transcription and RNA replication. J. Virol. 77 6 (2003) 3882-3887
125. Pinschewer D.D., Perez M., Sanchez A.B., and de la Torre J.C. Recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 13 (2003) 7895-7900
126. Pircher H., Burki K., Lang R., Hengartner H., and Zinkernagel R.M. Tolerance induction in double specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice varies with antigen. Nature 342 6249 (1989) 559-561
127. Radoshitzky S.R., Abraham J., Spiropoulou C.F., Kuhn J.H., Nguyen D., Li W., Nagel J., Schmidt P.J., Nunberg J.H., Andrews N.C., Farzan M., and Choe H. Transferrin receptor 1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Nature 446 7131 (2007) 92-96
128. Ramsden C., Melo F.L., Figueiredo L.M., Holmes E.C., and Zanotto P.M. High rates of molecular evolution in hantaviruses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 7 (2008) 1488-1492
129. Ramsden C., Holmes E.C., and Charleston M.A. Hantavirus evolution in relation to its rodent and insectivore hosts: no evidence for codivergence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 1 (2009) 143-153
130. Riviere Y., and Oldstone M.B. Genetic reassortants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: unexpected disease and mechanism of pathogenesis. J. Virol. 59 2 (1986) 363-368
131. Riviere Y., Ahmed R., Southern P., and Oldstone M.B. Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. II. Viral reassortants map growth hormone defect to the S RNA of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genome. Virology 142 1 (1985) 175-182
132. Rojek J.M., Sanchez A.B., Nguyen N.T., de la Torre J.C., and Kunz S. Different mechanisms of cell entry by human-pathogenic Old World and New World arenaviruses. J. Virol. 82 15 (2008) 7677-7687
133. Rowe W.P., Murphy F.A., Bergold G.H., Casals J., Hotchin J., Johnson K.M., Lehmann-Grube F., Mims C.A., Traub E., and Webb P.A. Arenoviruses: proposed name for a newly defined virus group. J. Virol. 5 5 (1970) 651-652
134. Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Arias A., Baranowski E., Escarmis C., and Domingo E. Memory in viral quasispecies. J. Virol. 74 8 (2000) 3543-3547
135. Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Arias A., Molina-Paris C., Briones C., Baranowski E., Escarmis C., and Domingo E. Duration and fitness dependence of quasispecies memory. J. Mol. Biol. 315 3 (2002) 285-296
136. Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Ly C., Domingo E., and de la Torre J.C. Lethal mutagenesis of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Virology 308 1 (2003) 37-47
137. Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Miller E., Gomez-Mariano G., and Domingo E. Synchronous loss of quasispecies memory in parallel viral lineages: a deterministic feature of viral quasispecies. J. Mol. Biol. 333 3 (2003) 553-563
138. Salazar-Bravo J., Ruedas L.A., and Yates T.L. Mammalian reservoirs of arenaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 262 (2002) 25-63
139. Sanchez A.B., and de la Torre J.C. Rescue of the prototypic Arenavirus LCMV entirely from plasmid. Virology 350 2 (2006) 370-380
140. Sanjuan R., Cuevas J.M., Furio V., Holmes E.C., and Moya A. Selection for robustness in mutagenized RNA viruses. PLoS Genet. 3 6 (2007) e93
141. Schmidt H.A., Strimmer K., Vingron M., and von Haeseler A. TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing. Bioinformatics 18 3 (2002) 502-504
142. Sevilla N., and de la Torre J.C. Arenavirus diversity and evolution: quasispecies in vivo. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 299 (2006) 315-335
143. Sevilla N., Kunz S., Holz A., Lewicki H., Homann D., Yamada H., Campbell K.P., de La Torre J.C., and Oldstone M.B. Immunosuppression and resultant viral persistence by specific viral targeting of dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 192 9 (2000) 1249-1260
144. Sevilla N., Domingo E., and de la Torre J.C. Contribution of LCMV towards deciphering biology of quasispecies in vivo. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 263 (2002) 197-220
145. Sevilla N., McGavern D.B., Teng C., Kunz S., and Oldstone M.B. Viral targeting of hematopoietic progenitors and inhibition of DC maturation as a dual strategy for immune subversion. J. Clin. Invest. 113 5 (2004) 737-745
146. Sierra M., Airaksinen A., Gonzalez-Lopez C., Agudo R., Arias A., and Domingo E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with decreased sensitivity to ribavirin: implications for error catastrophe. J. Virol. 81 4 (2007) 2012-2024
147. Smelt S.C., Borrow P., Kunz S., Cao W., Tishon A., Lewicki H., Campbell K.P., and Oldstone M.B. Differences in affinity of binding of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains to the cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan correlate with viral tropism and disease kinetics. J. Virol. 75 1 (2001) 448-457
148. Southern P.J. Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe F.B.N.D.M., and Howley P.M. (Eds). Fields Virology. 3rd ed. (1996), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 1505-1519
149. Southern P.J., and Bishop D.H. Sequence comparison among arenaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 133 (1987) 19-39
150. Spiropoulou C.F., Kunz S., Rollin P.E., Campbell K.P., and Oldstone M.B. New World arenavirus clade C, but not clade A and B viruses, utilizes alpha-dystroglycan as its major receptor. J. Virol. 76 10 (2002) 5140-5146
151. Stich M., Briones C., and Manrubia S.C. Collective properties of evolving molecular quasispecies. BMC Evol. Biol. 7 (2007) 110
152. Strecker T., Eichler R., Meulen J., Weissenhorn W., Dieter Klenk H., Garten W., and Lenz O. Lassa virus Z protein is a matrix protein and sufficient for the release of virus-like particles [corrected]. J. Virol. 77 19 (2003) 10700-10705
153. Strimmer K., and von Haeseler A. Quartet puzzling: a quartet maximum likelihood method for reconstructing tree topologies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 (1996) 964-969
154. Takeuchi N., and Hogeweg P. Error-threshold exists in fitness landscapes with lethal mutants. BMC Evol. Biol. 7 (2007) 15 (Author reply 15)
155. Teng M.N., Borrow P., Oldstone M.B., and de la Torre J.C. A single amino acid change in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is associated with the ability to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome. J. Virol. 70 12 (1996) 8438-8443
156. Tishon A., Borrow P., Evans C., and Oldstone M.B. Virus-induced immunosuppression. 1. Age at infection relates to a selective or generalized defect. Virology 195 2 (1993) 397-405
157. Tortorici M.A., Albarino C.G., Posik D.M., Ghiringhelli P.D., Lozano M.E., Rivera Pomar R., and Romanowski V. Arenavirus nucleocapsid protein displays a transcriptional antitermination activity in vivo. Virus Res. 73 1 (2001) 41-55
158. Urata S., Noda T., Kawaoka Y., Yokosawa H., and Yasuda J. Cellular factors required for Lassa virus budding. J. Virol. 80 8 (2006) 4191-4195
159. Van Regenmortel M.H. Applying the species concept to plant viruses. Arch. Virol. 104 1-2 (1989) 1-17
160. Vieth S., Torda A.E., Asper M., Schmitz H., and Gunther S. Sequence analysis of L RNA of Lassa virus. Virology 318 1 (2004) 153-168
161. Vignuzzi M., Stone J.K., Arnold J.J., Cameron C.E., and Andino R. Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population. Nature 439 7074 (2006) 344-348
162. Weaver S.C., Salas R.A., de Manzione N., Fulhorst C.F., Duno G., Utrera A., Mills J.N., Ksiazek T.G., Tovar D., and Tesh R.B. Guanarito virus (Arenaviridae) isolates from endemic and outlying localities in Venezuela: sequence comparisons among and within strains isolated from Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever patients and rodents. Virology 266 1 (2000) 189-195
163. Weissenbacher M.C., Laguens R.P., and Coto C.E. Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 134 (1987) 79-116
164. York J., and Nunberg J.H. Role of the stable signal peptide of Junin arenavirus envelope glycoprotein in pH-dependent membrane fusion. J. Virol. 80 15 (2006) 7775-7780
165. York J., Romanowski V., Lu M., and Nunberg J.H. The signal peptide of the Junin arenavirus envelope glycoprotein is myristoylated and forms an essential subunit of the mature G1-G2 complex. J. Virol. 78 19 (2004) 10783-10792
166. Young K.C., Lindsay K.L., Lee K.J., Liu W.C., He J.W., Milstein S.L., and Lai M.M. Identification of a ribavirin-resistant NS5B mutation of hepatitis C virus during ribavirin monotherapy. Hepatology 38 4 (2003) 869-878
167. Zinkernagel R.M. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and immunology. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 263 (2002) 1-5