The healthy skeptic: Cutting through the hype about your health

The Healthy Skeptic: Cutting through the Hype about Your Health

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-243

  Davis, Robert J ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 68349146878     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (532)

1. "My plea is that you live health, talk health": Bundesen delivered this speech at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, October 15, 1928.
2. For the full text, see Herman Bundesen, "Selling Health-A Vital Duty," American Journal of Public Health 18 (1928): 1451 -1454.
3. "a few wellness entrepreneurs": Paul Zane Pilzer, The Wellness Revolution: How to Make a Fortune in the Next Trillion Dollar Industry (New York: Wiley, 2002), 198.
4. "staggering catastrophe": Robert Wilson, Feminine Forever (New York: M.Evans, 1966).
5. "There doesn't seem to be a sexy thing": Quoted in Amanda Spake, "The Menopausal Marketplace," U.S. News and World Report, November 18, 2002, 42.
6. funded by Premarin's manufacturer, Wyeth-Ayerst: Information concerning the funding of Wilson's book and foundation comes from his son, Ronald Wilson. See Gina Kolata, with Melody Petersen, "Hormone Replacement Study a Shock to the Medical System," New York Times, July 10, 2002.
7. "The press, whether through intentional": Barbara Seaman, The Greatest Experiment Ever Performed on Women: Exploding the Estrogen Myth (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 169.
8. "years of research have painted": Sharon Begley, with Karen Springen, "A Clear Signal on Estrogen," Newsweek, June 30, 1997, 60.
9. "if there was a similar medication": Dr. Judith Reichman, Today Show, NBC News, transcript, September 24, 1997.
10. "It is safe today": Lila Nachtigall and Joan Rattner Heilman, Estrogen: A Complete Guide to Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy, 3rd ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 2-3.
11. the recipients of speaking fees, research grants, or other funding: Sharyl Attkisson, "The Hormone Hype: Docs Promoting HRT Often Financially Tied to Drugmakers," CBS Evening News, November 20, 2002,
12. "my No.1 secret": Lauren Hutton quoted in Joan Tarshis, "Celebrities Reveal Their Secrets," Parade, March 19, 2000, 10-12.
13. For more on Hutton and other celebrities involved in marketing HRT, see Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassels, Selling Sickness: How the World's Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are Turning Us All into Patients (New York: Nation Books, 2005), 41-60.
14. Women's Health Initiative: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "NHLBI Stops Trial of Estrogen plus Progestin due to Increased Breast Cancer Risk, Lack of Overall Benefit," news release, July 9, 2002, www.nhlbi.nih.gov/new/press/02-07-09.htm.
15. The research findings are reported in Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial, "Risks and Benefits of Estrogen plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association288(2002): 321-333.
16. The findings on dementia are reported in Stephen Rapp et al., "Effect of Estrogen plus Progestin on Global Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women," Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (2003): 2663-2672. For a good summary of the research and what it means for women, see "Facts about Menopausal Hormone Therapy," available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/women/pht _facts.pdf.
17. "we made observations and hypotheses": Susan Love, "Preventive Medicine, Properly Practiced," New York Times, July 16, 2002.
18. "a triumph of marketing over science": Cynthia Pearson quoted in "Response to the Announcement that Health Risks Outweigh Benefits for Combined Estrogen plus Progestin," statement from the National Women's Health Network, July 2002.
19. "Cynicism is much easier than skepticism": Marcia Angell, Science on Trial: The Clash of Medical Evidence and the Law in the Breast Implant Case (New York: Norton, 1996), 158.
20. one-third of all U.S. deaths: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Power of Prevention: Reducing the Health and Economic Burden of Chronic Disease, 2003, www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/PowerOfPrevention.
21. In addition to the specific citations below, sources for this chapter include the following works: L. Margaret Barnett, "The Impact of 'Fletcherism' on the Food Policies of Herbert Hoover during World War I," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 66 (1992): 234-259;
22. L. Hill Curth, "Lessons from the Past: Preventive Medicine in Early Modern England," Medical Humanities 29 (2003): 16-20;
23. Ronald Deutsch, The Nuts among the Berries: An Expose of America's Food Fads (New York: Ballantine, 1967);
24. Ruth Clifford Engs, Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000);
25. Michael Goldstein, The Health Movement: Promoting Fitness in America (New York: Twayne, 1992);
26. Anita Guerrini, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life and Times of George Cheyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000);
27. Charles Hennekens and Julie Buring, Epidemiology in Medicine (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987);
28. Thomas Horrocks, "'The Poor Man's Riches, The Poor Man's Bliss': Regimen, Reform, and the Journal of Health, 1829-1933," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 139 (1995): 115-134;
29. Richard Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, MD (Nashville: Southern Publishing Association, 1970).
30. The Road to Wellville: The 1994 movie, directed by Alan Parker, was based on T. Coraghessan Boyle's novel of the same name, published by Viking in 1993.
31. "my own stools": The comment about odor was actually made by health promoter Horace Fletcher, who, in contrast, bragged about the smallness of his stools. See James Whorton, Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 160161.
32. "there are more than 900 studies": Kevin Trudeau, Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About (Elk Grove Village, Ill.: Alliance Publishing, 2004), 319.
33. "If men would but observe the golden mean": George Cheyne, An Essay of Health and Long Life (London: George Strahan, 1745), 230-231. Quoting Cheyne here and elsewhere, I have modernized spelling and capitalization in order to make the passages more readable.
34. "I have consulted nothing": Ibid.,xvi.
35. "the great secret of health and long life": Ibid., 230.
36. "shaking the whole machine": Ibid., 94-95.
37. "infinite experiment": George Cheyne quoted in Steven Shapin, "Trusting George Cheyne: Scientific Expertise, Common Sense, and Moral Authority in Early Eighteenth-Century Dietetic Medicine," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77 (2003): 263 -297.
38. "air,food, exercise": Quoted in Stephen Nissenbaum, Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), 76.
39. "only competent judge": Quoted in Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport, and American Society (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 13.
40. "all medicine, as such, is itself an evil": Sylvester Graham quoted in Ronald Numbers, Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 54.
41. "morally binding duty": Quoted in James Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 60.
42. "Am I at fault": William Alcott, The Physiology of Marriage (Boston: Jewett, 1855), 118-119.
43. "It is much easier": William Alcott, Forty Years in the Wilderness of Pills and Powders (Boston: Jewett, 1859), 97-98.
44. "independent of books": Ellen White quoted in Numbers, Prophetess of Health, 84.
45. she frequently lifted passages almost verbatim: Ibid., 162-167.
46. "the most formidable reformer": Whorton, Inner Hygiene, 182.
47. "the most dangerous of all sexual abuses": John Harvey Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young (New York: Arno, 1974), 231.
48. "neither the plague, nor war": Ibid., 233.
49. Kellogg's masturbation remedies for males and females: Ibid., 295-296.
50. "pretentious quacks": Ibid., 326.
51. "had done more to help suffering humanity": John Harvey Kellogg quoted in Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness, 205.
52. "with greater ease": Ibid., 185.
53. "the science of guessing": "Medicine, The Science of Guessing" was a chapter title in Macfadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture. See William Hunt, Body Love: The Amazing Career of Bernarr Macfadden (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1989), 68.
54. "to the ignorance of the distant past": Robert Ernst, Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1991),
55. "that French quack": Hunt, Body Love, 58.
56. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
57. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
58. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
59. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
60. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
61. "Happy People Rarely Get Cancer": This article appeared in Prevention magazine in November 1966. Rodale's book of the same name was published by Rodale Press in 1970.
62. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
63. enthusiastic blessing to "natural"food supplements: Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 131.
64. "Happy People Rarely Get Cancer": This article appeared in Prevention magazine in November 1966. Rodale's book of the same name was published by Rodale Press in 1970.
65. "fanciful interpretation of selected medical literature": Harriet Hall and Stephen Barrett, "A Skeptical View of the Perricone Prescription," www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/perricone.html.
66. Seven Countries Study: For more on the research and the celebrated scientist Ancel Keys, who spearheaded it, see www.epi.umn.edu/research/7countries/overview.shtm.
67. bladder cancer and hair dye: See, for example, Manuela Gago-Dominguez et al., "Use of Permanent Hair Dyes and Bladder-Cancer Risk," International Journal of Cancer 91 (2001): 575-579.
68. the ongoing Framingham Heart Study: For an overview of this study, see www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/framingham.
69. male smokers are 23 times more likely: American Cancer Society, "Smoking and Cancer Mortality Table," www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Smoking_and_Cancer_Mortality_Table.asp.
70. association between breast cancer and alcohol consumption: Pamela Horn-Ross et al., "Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk in the California Teachers Cohort Study," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 13 (2004): 405-411.
71. Studies are sometimes presented at scientific conferences: See Lisa Schwartz, Steven Woloshin, and Linda Baczek, "Media Coverage of Scientific Meetings: Too Much, Too Soon?" Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 2859-2863.
72. certain broad categories of foods...may be beneficial: See, for example, Feng He, Caryl Nowson, and Graham MacGregor, "Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Stroke: Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies," Lancet 367(2006): 320-326.
73. Teresa Fung et al., "Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women," Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (2001): 1857-1862.
74. Raphaelle Varraso et al., "Prospective Study of Dietary Patterns and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among U.S. Men," Thorax 62 (2007): 786-791.
75. lycopene research: Edward Giovannucci, "Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiological Literature," Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005): 2030S-2031S.
76. For examples of studies finding no association, see Victoria Kirsch et al., "A Prospective Study of Lycopene and Tomato Product Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 15 (2006): 92 -98.
77. Ulrike Peters et al., "Serum Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Nested Case-Control Study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 16 (2007): 962 -968.
78. "an easy and tasty way": H.J. Heinz Company, "Making Small Dietary Changes Can Have a Big Impact on Health," news release, October 24, 2005.
79. The headlines are attention-grabbing: "Beans and Soy May Help Prevent Lung Cancer," UPI, October 3, 2005.
80. "Onions Could Be Good for the Bones," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 7, 2005.
81. "Raisins May Help Fight Cavities," WebMD, June 8, 2005, www.webmd.com/food-recipes/news/20050608/raisins-may-help-fight-cavities.
82. "Sauerkraut Packed with Cancer-Fighting Compounds," Reuters Health, October 21, 2002.
83. "Alfalfa Could Fight Vision Loss," Saint Paul Pioneer Press, December 22, 2005.
84. "You'd have to be a fool": Michael Zemel, University of Tennessee, quoted in "Dairy Weight-Loss Claims Prompt Lawsuits," Washington Post, June 29, 2005.
85. financial ties to olestra's manufacturer: Jane Levine et al., "Authors' Financial Relationships with the Food and Beverage Industry and Their Published Positions on the Fat Substitute Olestra," American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003): 664-669.
86. an analysis of studies on soft drinks, juices, and milk: Lenard Lesser et al., "Relationship between Funding Source and Conclusion among Nutrition- Related Scientific Articles," PLoS Medicine 4 (2007): e5, http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005.
87. "it seems counter-intuitive": Marion Nestle, "Food Company Sponsorship of Nutrition Research and Professional Activities: A Conflict of Interest?" Public Health Nutrition 4 (2001): 1015-1022.
88. "when the negotiations come down to the wire": Martijn Katan, "Does Industry Sponsorship Undermine the Integrity of Nutrition Research?" PLoS Medicine 4 (2007): e6, http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040006.
89. they continue to be widely used by stations: Diane Farsetta and Daniel Price, "Fake TV News: Widespread and Undisclosed," Center for Media and Democracy, April 6, 2006, www.prwatch.org/fakenews/execsummary.
90. eating nuts and a lower risk of heart disease: See, for example, Christine Albert et al., "Nut Consumption and Decreased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in the Physicians' Health Study," Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (2002): 1382 -1387.
91. Frank Hu et al., "Frequent Nut Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Prospective Cohort Study," British Medical Journal 317 (1998): 1341 -1345.
92. Frank Hu and Meir Stampfer, "Nut Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence," Current Atherosclerosis Reports 1 (1999): 204-209.
93. "21st Century 'Super Food'": This description and the "packed with nutrients" reference come from California Walnut Commission, "California Walnuts Health Research Update," October 2006, 3, www.walnuts.org/pdfs/health/WalnutsHealthResearchUpdateOctober2006.pdf.
94. The "essential food for health" slogan is prominently displayed on the commission's Web site, www.walnuts.org.
95. effects of a diet relatively high in ALA: Guixiang Zhao et al., "Dietary AlphaLinolenic Acid Reduces Inflammatory and Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women," Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004): 2991-2997.
96. "New Proof ": California Walnut Commission, "New Proof: Walnuts Show Multiple New Heart Health Benefits," press release, November 8, 2004, www.walnutinfo.com/media/releases/proof.html. The press release includes a link to a Penn State release that does mention flaxseed oil and discloses the funding source.
97. benefits of omega-3 fats in fish: See, for example, Charles Harper and Terry Jacobson, "Usefulness of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease," American Journal of Cardiology 96 (2005): 15211529.
98. ALA and advanced prostate cancer: Michael Leitzmann et al., "Dietary Intake of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Prostate Cancer," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2004): 204-216.
99. "By now, you've likely heard": "Walnuts Are Heart Smart," WebMD, November 11, 2004, www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20041110/walnuts-are-heart-smart.
100. "Experts say a one-ounce serving of walnuts": Health magazine, May 2005, 180.
101. "High fish consumption": "Walnuts Taste Good, and Still Good for You," Modesto Bee, January 1, 2005.
102. walnuts were analyzed for their levels of melatonin: Russel Reiter, L.C. Manchester, and Dun-Xian Tan, "Melatonin in Walnuts: Influence on Levels of Melatonin and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Blood," Nutrition 21 (2005): 920-924.
103. no long-term human trials proving that melatonin prevents disease: For a thorough review of the evidence regarding melatonin's many proposed uses, see the National Standard database of supplements, available on the Mayo Clinic's Web site at www.mayoclinic.com/health/melatonin/NS_patient-melatonin.
104. overblown assertion in a press release headline: California Walnut Commission, "New Study Shows Melatonin in Walnuts Protective against Cancer and Heart Disease," press release, September 13, 2005, www.walnutinfo.com/health/melatonin.html. An accompanying press release from the University of Texas did disclose the funding source but did not mention that the study had been conducted on rats.
105. A video news release from the walnut industry: VNR produced and distributed by News Broadcast Network for Torme Lauricella Public Relations, whose client is the California Walnut Commission; released September 14, 2005. The quoted statements are sound bites provided in addition to the prepackaged news report.
106. "You don't want to bite the hand": telephone interview, February 27, 2007.
107. Some epidemiological studies: Examples of research on flavanol (an alternate spelling is flavonol) include R.R. Huxley and H.A.Neil, "The Relation between Dietary Flavonol Intake and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (2003): 904-908.
108. Jennifer Lin et al., "Dietary Intakes of Flavonols and Flavones and Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Women," American Journal of Epidemiology 165 (2007): 1305-1313.
109. Eric Rimm et al., "Relation between Intake of Flavonoids and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease in Male Health Professionals," Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996): 384-389.
110. chocolate-specific research: For a review of the evidence, see Eric Ding et al., "Chocolate and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review," Nutrition and Metabolism 3 (2006): 2, www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/3/1/2.
111. it's not known whether the effects of chocolate are long-lasting: One cohort study did find that subjects who consumed the most cocoa had a lower death rate from cardiovascular disease and from all causes than those who ate the least cocoa. But the researchers noted that "confirmation by other observational and experimental studies is needed." See Brian Buijsse et al., "Cocoa Intake, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Mortality," Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (2006): 411-417.
112. a study in the journal Hypertension: Davide Grassi et al., "Cocoa Reduces Blood Pressure and Insulin Resistance and Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Hypertensives," Hypertension 46 (2005): 398-405.
113. Mars jumped on the findings: Mars Inc., "New Study Offers More Support for Potential Heart Health Benefits of Cocoa Flavanols," press release, July 18, 2005.
114. The American Heart Association issued its own: American Heart Association, "Dark Chocolate May Reduce Blood Pressure, Improve Insulin Resistance," press release, July 19, 2005, www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3032114.
115. "not saying that chocolate is now a health food": Jeffrey Blumberg of Tufts University quoted in "Dark Chocolate: It's Not a Health Food, But...," New York Times, July 19, 2005.
116. "For those with hypertension, a daily dose of dark chocolate": "Sweet Treatment for High Blood Pressure," Knight Ridder News Service, August 9, 2005.
117. "It's another excuse to indulge your sweet tooth": KSDK, St. Louis, 10 p.m. news program, July 18, 2005.
118. "If you needed another reason": WJW Cleveland, 8 a.m. news program, July 20, 2005.
119. "There is more conclusive evidence chocolate is good for you": KRCG, Jefferson City, Missouri, 5 p.m. news program, July 20, 2005.
120. "A great excuse to eat some chocolate": KVUE, Austin, 7 a.m. news program, July 23, 2005.
121. "definitive new research review": National Dairy Council, "Definitive New Research Review Sets the Record Straight about Dairy," press release, April 1, 2000. The study to which it refers is Robert Heaney, "Calcium, Dairy Products, and Osteoporosis," Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (2000): 83S-99S.
122. a recipient of dairy industry funding: For a partial list of funding received by Heaney and other researchers, see the Integrity in Science Database (www.cspinet.org/integrity) maintained by the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
123. the evidence is mixed regarding milk's effect on bones: See, for example, Heidi Kalkwarf, Jane Khoury, and Bruce Lanphear, "Milk Intake during Childhood and Adolescence, Adult Bone Density, and Osteoporotic Fractures in U.S. Women," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2003): 257-265;
124. Diane Feskanich, Walter Willett, and Graham Colditz, "Calcium, Vitamin D, Milk Consumption, and Hip Fractures: A Prospective Study among Postmenopausal Women," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2003): 504-511.
125. "most studies of dairy food intake": Roland Weinsier and Carlos Krumdieck, "Dairy Foods and Bone Health: Examination of the Evidence," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (2000): 681-689.
126. in countries such as China and Japan: See D. Mark Hegsted, "Fractures, Calcium, and the Modern Diet," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (2001): 571-573.
127. "selling the science": "Healthy Weight with Dairy," marketing plan overview by the Milk Processor Education Program, www.idfa.org/meetings/ presentations/zaborsky202803.pdf.
128. dairy industry forced to discontinue effort: Kim Severson, "Dairy Council to End Ad Campaign That Linked Drinking Milk with Weight Loss," New York Times, May 11, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/us/11milk.html.
129. small, short-term human experiments conducted by Michael Zemel: Michael Zemel et al., "Calcium and Dairy Acceleration of Weight and Fat Loss during Energy Restriction in Obese Adults," Obesity Research 12 (2004): 582-590;
130. Michael Zemel et al., "Dairy Augmentation of Total and Central Fat Loss in Obese Subjects," International Journal of Obesity 29(2005): 391-397;
131. Michael Zemel et al., "Effects of Calcium and Dairy on Body Composition and Weight Loss in African-American Adults," Obesity Research 13 (2005): 1218-1225.
132. "proven premise" of Zemel's book: Michael Zemel and Bill Gottlieb, The Calcium Key: The Revolutionary Diet Discovery That Will Help You Lose Weight Faster (New York: Wiley, 2003).
133. Similar studies by other investigators have found no evidence: Jean Harvey- Berino et al., "The Impact of Calcium and Dairy Product Consumption on Weight Loss," Obesity Research 13 (2005): 1720-1726;
134. Jane Bowen, Manny Noakes, and Peter Clifton, "Effect of Calcium and Dairy Foods in High- Protein, Energy-Restricted Diets on Weight Loss and Metabolic Parameters in Overweight Adults," International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): 957-965;
135. Catherine Berkey et al., "Milk, Dairy Fat, Dietary Calcium, and Weight Gain: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents," Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159 (2005): 543-550.
136. his findings apply only to overweight people: David Schardt, "Milking the Data," Nutrition Action Healthletter, September 2005, www.cspinet.org/nah/09_05/milking.pdf.
137. the dairy industry's ads: April Hermstad, "A Content Analysis of the 'Milk Your Diet, Lose Weight!' Campaign and an Evaluation of the Supporting Science," unpublished, May 2006.
138. "Got milk? If you want to lose weight": Kristi Gustafson, "Dairy Calcium May Aid Weight Loss and Burn Fat," (Florida) Sun-Sentinel, September 30, 2004.
139. "It's not just for strong bones and healthy muscles": Joseph Gidjunis, "Behold the Power of Dairy," (Mississippi) Sun Herald, May 17, 2004.
140. "Milk is a natural weight-loss food": Nate Millado, "15 Things You Need to Know about Milk," Men's Fitness magazine, March 2004.
141. A video news release from the dairy industry: Accessed through www.nationaldairycouncil.org, April 15, 2007. The VNR is no longer available on the site. one news director in Cincinnati: Blog entry at www.allensalkin.com, April 23, 2004; no longer available.
142. possible increased risk of prostate and ovarian cancer: See, for example, Pana- giota Mitrou et al., "A Prospective Study of Dietary Calcium, Dairy Products, and Prostate Cancer Risk," International Journal of Cancer 120 (2007): 2466-2473;
143. Xiang Gao, Michael LaValley, and Katherine Tucker, "Prospective Studies of Dairy and Calcium Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97 (2005): 1768-1777;
144. Susanna Larsson, Nicola Orsini, and Alicja Wolk, "Milk, Milk Products, and Lactose Intake and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Studies," International Journal of Cancer118 (2006): 431-441;
145. Jeanine Genkinger et al., "Dairy Products and Ovarian Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 12 Cohort Studies," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 15 (2006): 364-372.
146. more permissive FDA rules: For a description of the rules regarding various types of claims, see "Claims That Can Be Made for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements," www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html. For a list of approved qualified claims, see "Qualified Health Claims Subject to Enforcement Discretion," www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhc-sum.html.
147. equivocal claim for tomatoes: For the FDA's assessment of the science and its rationale for allowing this claim, see Claudine Kavanaugh, Paula Trumbo, and Kathleen Ellwood, "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Evidence-Based Review for Qualified Health Claims: Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Cancer," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 (2007): 1074-1085.
148. An FDA study on how consumers perceive food claims: Brenda Derby and Alan Levy, "Effects of Strength of Science Disclaimers on the Communication Impacts of Health Claims," Working Paper no. 1, Office of Regulations and Policy, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, September 2005, www.fda.gov/OHRMS/dockets/ dockets/03N0496/03N-0496-rpt0001.pdf.
149. "extraordinarily healthy cardiovascular system": "Statement on the Status of Dr. Robert C. Atkins' Health from Dr. Atkins and from the Chief Executive Officer/President of the Atkins Companies," April 25, 2002.
150. "in no way related to diet": extraordinarily healthy cardiovascular system.
151. "private and of no concern or relevance": Statement by Veronica Atkins, February 9, 2004, http://usatoday.com/news/health/2004-02-10-atkins-statements_x.htm.
152. the evidence was "overwhelming": Robert Atkins, Crossfire, CNN, transcript, May 30, 2000.
153. "just absolutely amazed by the results": Arthur Agatston, Dateline NBC, NBC News, transcript, August 15, 2003.
154. "I've had people lose 100, 150, 200, 250 pounds": Suzanne Somers, Today Show, NBC News, transcript, April 17, 2001.
155. "you can't gain weight": Suzanne Somers, Today Show, NBC News, transcript, January 6, 2003.
156. "By eliminating sugar and not eating fat and carbohydrate together": Suzanne Somers, CNN Saturday Morning,CNN, transcript, August 31, 2002.
157. randomized trial studying four diets: Michael Dansinger et al., "Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005): 43-53.
158. Another diet-comparison trial published in JAMA: Christopher Gardner et al., "Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women," Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (2007): 969-977.
159. in the short term...low-carb diets like Atkins result in greater weight loss: Gary Foster et al., "A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity," New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 2082-2090;
160. Frederick Samaha et al., "A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity," New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 2074-2081;
161. Linda Stern et al., "The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial," Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (2004): 778-785.
162. Cochrane Collaboration review of research: Sandi Pirozzo et al., "Advice on Low-Fat Diets for Obesity," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2002), www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003640/ frame.html.
163. the Women's Health Initiative study: Barbara Howard et al., "Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change over 7 Years: The Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006): 39-49.
164. Seinfeld episode: "The Non-Fat Yogurt," Seinfeld, NBC, episode 7, season 5, originally aired in November 1993.
165. our total calorie intake went up: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients, United States, 19712000," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report53 (2004): 80-82.
166. 95 percent eventually regaining lost weight: Matthew Kramer et al., "LongTerm Follow-Up of Behavioral Treatment for Obesity: Patterns of Weight Regain among Men and Women," International Journal of Obesity 13 (1989): 123-136.
167. "You will substantially increase your odds of living long and well": Arthur Agat- ston, The South Beach Diet (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), 5.
168. "You will achieve good health": Robert Atkins, The Atkins New Diet Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 10.
169. "Most people find they feel so much better": Dean Ornish, Crossfire, CNN, transcript, May 30, 2000.
170. low-carb diets can have a beneficial effect: Alain Nordmann et al., "Effects of Low-Carbohydrate vs. Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," Archives of Internal Medicine 166(2006): 285-293; Samaha et al., "A Low-Carbohy- drate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet."
171. can cause constipation, headaches, and fatigue: Arne Astrup, Thomas Larsen, and Angela Harper, "Atkins and Other Low-Carbohydrate Diets: Hoax or an Effective Tool for Weight Loss?" Lancet 364 (2004): 897-899;
172. Allen Last and Stephen Wilson, "Low Carbohydrate Diets," American Family Physician 73 (2006): 1942-1948.
173. fat-restricted diet may reduce cholesterol: Nordmann et al., "Effects of Low- Carbohydrate vs. Low-Fat Diets."
174. research suggests that limiting saturated and trans fats: Frank Hu, JoAnn Manson, and Walter Willett, "Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review," Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20 (2001): 5-19.
175. reducing total fat doesn't appear to lower the risk: Barbara Howard et al., "Low- Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006): 655-666;
176. Shirley Beresford et al., "Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 295(2006): 643-654;
177. Ross Prentice et al., "Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006): 629-642.
178. an extremely low-fat diet can have a negative impact: Alice Lichtenstein and Linda Van Horn, "Very Low Fat Diets," Circulation 98 (1998): 935-939.
179. Ornish study: Dean Ornish et al., "Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease," Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1998): 2001-2007.
180. positive effects of weight loss in people who are obese: Samuel Klein et al., "Clinical Implications of Obesity with Specific Focus on Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism," Circulation 110 (2004): 2952-2967;
181. Lars Sjostrom et al., "Lifestyle, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors 10 Years after Bariatric Surgery," New England Journal of Med-icine 351 (2004): 2683-2693;
182. Krista Haines et al., "Objective Evidence That Bariatric Surgery Improves Obesity-Related Obstructive Sleep Apnea," Surgery 141 (2007): 354-358.
183. losing weight would allow you to live longer: See, for example, Lars Sjostrom et al., "Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects," New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 741-752;
184. Edward Gregg et al., "Intentional Weight Loss and Death in Overweight and Obese U.S. Adults 35 Years of Age and Older," Annals of Internal Medicine 138 (2003): 383-389.
185. a cohort study of Harvard alumni: I-Min Lee and Ralph Paffenbarger, "Change in Body Weight and Longevity," Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992): 2045-2049.
186. an Israeli cohort study: Shlomit Yaari and Uri Goldbourt, "Voluntary and Involuntary Weight Loss: Associations with Long Term Mortality in 9,228 Middle-Aged and Elderly Men," American Journal of Epidemiology 148 (1998): 546-555.
187. a CDC cohort study: Elsie Pamuk et al., "Weight Loss and Mortality in a National Cohort of Adults, 1971 -1987," American Journal of Epidemiology 136 (1992): 686-697.
188. Finnish Twin Cohort study: Thorkild Sørensen et al., "Intention to Lose Weight, Weight Changes, and 18-y Mortality in Overweight Individuals without Co-morbidities," PLoS Medicine 2 (2005): e17, http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020171.
189. other cohort studies of intentional weight loss: See, for example, David Williamson et al., "Prospective Study of Intentional Weight Loss and Mortality in Never-Smoking Overweight U.S. White Women Aged 40-64 Years," American Journal of Epidemiology 141 (1995): 1128-1141;
190. David Williamson et al., "Prospective Study of Intentional Weight Loss and Mortality in Overweight White Men Aged 40-64 Years," American Journal of Epidemiology 149 (1999): 491-503;
191. David Williamson et al., "Intentional Weight Loss and Mortality among Overweight Individuals with Diabetes," Diabetes Care 23 (2000): 1499-1504;
192. Simone French et al., "Prospective Study of Intentionality of Weight Loss and Mortality in Older Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study," American Journal of Epidemiology 149 (1999): 504-514.
193. yo-yo dieting: Aaron Folsom et al., "Weight Variability and Mortality: The Iowa Women's Health Study," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20 (1996): 704-709;
194. Simone French et al., "Weight Variability and Incident Disease in Older Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study," International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21 (1997): 217-223;
195. Suoma Saarni et al., "Weight Cycling of Athletes and Subsequent Weight Gain in Middleage," International Journal of Obesity 30 (2006): 1639-1644.
196. "We simply do not know whether a person who loses 20 lb": Jerome Kassirer and Marcia Angell, "Losing Weight: An Ill-Fated New Year's Resolution," New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 52-54.
197. average American women and men are overweight on the BMI scale: Cynthia Ogden et al., "Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States, 1960-2002," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Advance Data 347 (2004), www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf.
198. two-thirds of American adults fall into the overweight or obese range: Cynthia Ogden et al., "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004," Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006): 15491555.
199. (an apple shape) may be at greater risk: See, for example, Shankuan Zhu et al., "Race-Ethnicity-Specific Waist Circumference Cutoffs for Identifying Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (2005): 409-415;
200. Youfa Wang et al., "Comparison of Abdominal Adiposity and Overall Obesity in Predicting Type 2 Diabetes among Men," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (2005): 555-563;
201. Tobias Pischon et al., "Body Size and Risk of Colon and Rectal Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98 (2006): 920-931.
202. an implausibly high figure contradicted by CDC research: Katherine Flegal et al., "Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005): 1861-1867.
203. blame weight issues for everything from suicides to global warming: Gina Kolata, "For a World of Woes, We Blame Cookie Monsters," New York Times, October 29, 2006.
204. "economically will make AIDS look like the common cold": Suzanne Somers, Today Show, NBC News, transcript, January 6, 2003.
205. "we are facing a public health disaster": Dr. Mark Hyman, audio message, www.ultrametabolism.com.
206. higher weight associated with greater risk of earlier death: Kenneth Adams et al., "Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality in a Large Prospective Cohort of Persons 50 to 71 Years Old," New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 763-778;
207. Eugenia Calle et al., "Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," New England Journal of Medicine 341 (1999): 1097-1105;
208. JoAnn Manson et al., "Body Weight and Mortality among Women," New England Journal of Medicine 333 (1995): 677-685.
209. people who are overweight are not at increased risk: Katherine Flegal et al., "Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity," Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (2007): 2028-2037;
210. Abel Romero-Corral et al., "Association of Bodyweight with Total Mortality and with Cardiovascular Events in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies," Lancet 368 (2006): 666-678;
211. Richard Troiano et al., "The Relationship between Body Weight and Mortality: A Quantitative Analysis of Combined Information from Existing Studies," International Journal of Obesity 20 (1996): 63-75.
212. African Americans and older people may have higher ideal BMIs: Ramon Durazo-Arvizu et al., "Mortality and Optimal Body Mass Index in a Sample of the U.S. Population," American Journal of Epidemiology 147 (1998): 739-749;
213. Marfa Corrada et al., "Association of Body Mass Index and Weight Change with All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly," American Journal of Epidemiology 163 (2006): 938-949.
214. adverse effects of obesity: See, for example, Elisabeth Luder et al., "Body Mass Index and the Risk of Asthma in Adults," Respiratory Medicine 98 (2004): 2937;
215. Reiko Suzuki et al.,"Body Weight and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk Defined by Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status among Swedish Women: A Prospective Cohort Study," International Journal of Can-cer 119 (2006): 1683-1689;
216. Anna Peeters et al., "Adult Obesity and the Burden of Disability throughout Life," Obesity Research 12 (2004): 1145-1151.
217. nearly half of U.S. adult women and one-third of men trying to lose weight: Edward Weiss et al., "Weight-Control Practices among U.S. Adults, 2001-2002," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 (2006): 18-24.
218. annual spending on weight loss products and services: Ibid.
219. research suggests preventing weight gain is a good idea: See, for example, Graham Colditz et al., "Weight Gain as a Risk Factor for Clinical Diabetes Mellitus in Women," Annals of Internal Medicine 122 (1995): 481-486;
220. Rebecca Sedjo et al., "Change in Body Size and the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 16 (2007): 526-531.
221. "no exercise-needed approach to weight loss": Advertisement for Arthur Agat- ston's book The South Beach Diet, New York Times, June 13, 2003. In the book, the author does recommend exercise but devotes only a few pages to the subject.
222. it's possible to be both fit and fat: Chong Do Lee, Steven Blair, and Andrew Jackson, "Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition, and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (1999): 373-380.
223. fitness level is a more important contributor: Timothy Wessel et al., "Relationship of Physical Fitness vs. Body Mass Index with Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Events in Women," Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (2004): 1179-1187.
224. some researchers don't agree that fitness trumps fatness: Frank Hu et al., "Adiposity as Compared with Physical Activity in Predicting Mortality among Women," New England Journal of Medicine 2004 (351): 2694-2703.
225. "super-bodied athletes": Laura Fraser, Losing It: America's Obsession with Weight and the Industry That Feeds on It (New York: Dutton, 1997), 270.
226. by opting for less energy-dense foods: Jenny Ledikwe et al., "Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Energy Intake and Weight Status in U.S. Adults," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006): 1362-1368;
227. Julia Ello-Martin et al., "The Influence of Food Portion Size and Energy Density on Energy Intake: Implications for Weight Management," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (2005): 236S-241S.
228. oblivious to how much we're consuming: Brian Wansink, Koert van Ittersum, and James Painter, "Ice Cream Illusions: Bowls, Spoons, and Self-Served Portion Sizes," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31 (2006): 240-243;
229. Brian Wansink, James Painter, and Jill North, "Bottomless Bowls: Why Visual Cues of Portion Sizes May Influence Intake," Obesity Research 13 (2005): 93-100.
230. a strategy called "Health at Every Size": Linda Bacon et al., "Size Acceptance and Intuitive Eating Improve Health for Obese, Female Chronic Dieters," Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105 (2005): 929-936.
231. a Consumer Reportssurvey: "The Truth about Dieting," Consumer Reports, June 2002, 26-31.
232. more than $23 billion a year: National Institutes of Health, "State-of-the- Science Conference Statement: Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Chronic Disease Prevention," Annals of Internal Medicine 145 (2006): 364-71.
233. "are not allowed to make claims for their safety or effectiveness": Harris Interactive, "Widespread Ignorance of Regulation and Labeling of Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Supplements," Health Care News, December 23, 2002, www.harrisinteractive.com/news/newsletters/healthnews/HI_HealthCareNews2002Vol2_Iss23.pdf.
234. ephedra deaths and adverse events: Paul Shekelle et al., "Efficacy and Safety of Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance: A Meta-analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (2003): 1537-1545.
235. "two quite questionable assumptions": Marion Nestle, What to Eat(New York: North Point Press, 2006), 471.
236. "EPHEDRA IS BACK ! ": Www.ephedraburn.com, accessed September 1, 2007. No longer available.
237. the agency has managed to crack down on only a handful: For a description of these and other actions the FTC has taken, see www.ftc.gov.
238. "We obviously must make some difficult choices": Sheila F. Anthony, remarks before the Food and Drug Law Institute, 45th Annual Educational Conference, Washington, D.C., April 16, 2002.
239. lawsuits filed against ephedra supplement makers: Ford Fessenden, "Studies of Dietary Supplements Come under Growing Scrutiny," New York Times, June 23, 2003.
240. this research involved not the supplements being advertised: Edmund Chein, Daniel Vogt, and Cass Terry, "Clinical Experiences Using a Low-Dose, High-Frequency Human Growth Hormone Treatment Regimen," Journal of Advancement in Medicine 12 (1999): 183 -191. Many of the ads erroneously list Cass Terry as "L. Casserry."
241. A far more rigorous GH study: Daniel Rudman et al., "Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 Years Old," New England Journal of Medicine 323 (1990): 1-6.
242. "makes you look and feel 20 YEARS YOUNGER!": See www.livelean02.com.
243. "they are being misled": Jeffrey Drazen, "Inappropriate Advertising of Dietary Supplements," New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 777-778.
244. "The Science behind Hoodia Gordonii": See www.hoodithin.com/about.php.
245. beta-carotene and lower rates of cancer and heart disease: See, for example, Geert van Poppel and R. Alexandra Goldbohm, "Epidemiologic Evidence for Beta-Carotene and Cancer Prevention," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 (1995): 1393S-1402S;
246. Lenore Kohlmeier and Susan Hastings, "Epidemiologic Evidence of a Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 (1995): 1370S-1376S.
247. smokers who took beta-carotene supplements: The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, "The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers," New England Journal of Medicine 330 (1994): 1029-1035;
248. Gilbert Omenn et al., "Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease," New England Journal of Medicine 334 (1996): 1150 -1155.
249. 15 million listeners: Alan Farnham, "After Paul Harvey, What?" Forbes.com, June 5, 2006, http://members.forbes.com/forbes/2006/0605/050.html.
250. "He has a way of taking the essence of any product": Ibid. The quote is from Neill Walsdorf Jr. of Mission Pharmacal, which sold the Citracal brand to Bayer Health Care in 2007.
251. Citracal radio ads: Accessed through www.citracal.com, June 1, 2007; ads are no longer on the site.
252. calcium's effect on cholesterol levels: Ian Reid et al., "Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Serum Lipid Concentrations in Normal Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial," American Journal of Medicine 112 (2002): 343 -347.
253. But this study found no effect: Roberd Bostick et al., "Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Serum Cholesterol and Blood Pressure," Archives of Family Medicine 9 (2000): 31-39.
254. Citracal and greater increases in bone density: Ian Reid et al., "Randomized Controlled Trial of Calcium in Healthy Older Women," American Journal of Medicine 119 (2006): 777-785.
255. Various efforts to pool data from multiple studies: Beverley Shea et al., "MetaAnalysis of Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis," Endocrine Reviews 23 (2002): 552-559;
256. Alison Avenell et al., "Vitamin D and Vitamin D Analogues for Preventing Fractures Associated with Involutional and Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (1996), updated April 2005, www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000227.html;
257. Benjamin Tang et al., "Use of Calcium or Calcium in Combination with Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Fractures and Bone Loss in People Aged 50Years and Older: A Meta-Analysis," Lancet 370 (2007): 657-666.
258. Women's Health Initiative calcium trial: Rebecca Jackson et al., "Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures," New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 669-683.
259. "any benefit of calcium plus vitamin D": Joel Finkelstein, "Calcium plus Vitamin D for Postmenopausal Women-Bone Appetit?" New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 750-752.
260. Research involving Finnish smokers: Olli Heinonen et al., "Prostate Cancer and Supplementation with Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene: Incidence and Mortality in a Controlled Trial," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90 (1998): 440-446.
261. A panel of experts convened by the National Institutes of Health: National Institutes of Health, "State-of-the-Science Conference Statement.
262. folic acid and neural-tube birth defects: Andrew Czeizel and Istvan Dudas, "Prevention of the First Occurrence of Neural-Tube Defects by Peri- conceptional Vitamin Supplementation," New England Journal of Medicine 327 (1992): 1832-1835.
263. "a personalized protocol of specially formulated nutraceuticals": See www.suracell.com/faqs/index.aspx#7.
264. GAO investigation of genetic tests: U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Nutrigenetic Testing: Tests Purchased from Four Web Sites Mislead Consumers," statement of Gregory Kutz, testimony before the Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate, July 27, 2006, www.gao.gov/new.items/d06977t.pdf.
265. an investigation by the Center for Science in the Public Interest: David Schardt, "Supplementing Their Income: How Celebrities Turn Trust into Cash," Nutrition Action Healthletter, January/February 2006, www.cspinet.org/nah/01_06/sup_can.pdf.
266. "caveat emptor-buyer beware!": Andrew Weil, Healthy Aging: A Lifelong Guide to Your Physical and Spiritual Well-Being (New York: Knopf, 2005), 176.
267. half of those who suffer heart attacks: Paul Ridker et al., "C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women," New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 836-843.
268. "well-earned reputation as the hearts primary nemesis": Alice Park, "Beyond Cholesterol," Time, November 25, 2002, 74.
269. NCEP mission: National Cholesterol Education Program, "Program Description," www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncep.
270. 25 percent of American adults had high cholesterol: Christopher Semposet et al., "Prevalence of High Cholesterol among US Adults: An Update Based on Guidelines from the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel," Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (1993): 3009-3014.
271. "Its a mammoth intervention": Dr. James Cleeman quoted in Thomas Moore, Heart Failure: A Critical Inquiry into American Medicine and the Revolution in Heart Care (New York: Random House, 1989), 65.
272. typical print message: The two print ads can be found in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "A Communications Strategy for Public Education: The National Cholesterol Program," NIH Publication no. 943292, November 1994.
273. 93 percent... had heard of high cholesterol: Beth Schucker et al., "Change in Cholesterol Awareness and Action: Results from National Physician and Public Surveys," Archives of Internal Medicine 151 (1991): 666-673.
274. 2001 survey: Ira Nash et al., "Contemporary Awareness and Understanding of Cholesterol as a Risk Factor: Results of an American Heart Association National Survey," Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003): 1597-1600.
275. proportion of people getting tested: Susan Schober et al., "High Serum Total Cholesterol--An Indicator for Monitoring Cholesterol Lowering Efforts: U.S. Adults, 2005-2006,"
276. NCHS Data Brief No. 2, National Center for Health Statistics, December 2007, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db02.pdf. For 1986 statistics, see Schucker et al., "Change in Cholesterol Awareness and Action."
277. average cholesterol levels have declined: Schober, "High Serum Total Cholesterol" Margaret Carroll et al., "Trends in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins of Adults, 1960-2002," Journal of the American Medical Association 294 (2005): 1773-1781.
278. messages based "firmly on sound scientific evidence": National Cholesterol Education Program, "Program Description."
279. Framingham findings: William Kannel et al., "Serum Cholesterol, Lipoproteins, and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Study," Annals of Internal Medicine 74 (1971): 1 -12.
280. As subjects got older, the risk... appeared to decline: Richard Kronmal et al., "Total Serum Cholesterol Levels and Mortality Risk as a Function of Age: A Report Based on the Framingham Data," Archives of Internal Medicine 153 (1993): 1065-1073.
281. also cast doubt on the dangers of high cholesterol in the elderly: Bruce Psaty et al., "The Association between Lipid Levels and the Risks of Incident Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Total Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52 (2004): 1639-1647;
282. Harlan Krumholz et al., "Lack of Association between Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality and Morbidity and All-Cause Mortality in Persons Older than 70 Years," Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (1994): 1335-1340;
283. Nicole Schupf et al., "Relationship between Plasma Lipids and All-Cause Mortality in Nondemented Elderly," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53 (2005): 219-226.
284. Irwin Schatz et al., "Cholesterol and All-Cause Mortality in Elderly People from the Honolulu Heart Program: A Cohort Study," Lancet 358 (2001): 351-355;
285. "cholesterol lowering is important for young, middle-aged, and older adults": National Cholesterol Education Program, "Live Healthier, Live Longer," www.nhlbisupport.com/chd1/did.htm.
286. people over 65 can "benefit greatly": Ibid., www.nhlbisupport.com/chd1/faq1.htm.
287. a survey of healthy people age 65 and older: Esprin Reddy, Nan Kreher, and John Hickner, "How Concerned Are Elderly Patients without Coronary Heart Disease about Hypercholesterolemia and Heart Disease? An UPRNet Study," Journal of Family Practice 46 (1998): 227-232.
288. "What you eat greatly affects your blood cholesterol levels": National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol with TLC," NIH Publication no. 06-5235, December 2005, 19.
289. risk factors for heart disease: National Cholesterol Education Program, "Live Healthier, Live Longer," www.nhlbisupport.com/chd1/chdexp1.htm.
290. cholesterol level "has a lot to do with your chances of getting heart disease": National Cholesterol Education Program, "High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need to Know," NIH Publication no. 05-3290, June 2005.
291. Framingham Risk Assessment Tool: Examples are from the risk calculator available at http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atpiii/calculator.asp.
292. Though this tool can provide a rough estimate of risk, it has been criticized for taking too few factors into account. A more complete tool can be found on the American Heart Association's Web site at www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3003499#what.
293. "your LDL level is a good indicator of your risk": National Cholesterol Education Program, "Live Healthier, Live Longer," www.nhlbisupport.com/chd1/treatment.htm.
294. high cholesterol is a "serious condition": National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol with TLC," 1.
295. three consequences of labeling risk factors as diseases: Lynn Payer, DiseaseMongers: How Doctors, Drug Companies, and Insurers Are Making You Feel Sick (New York: Wiley, 1992), 172-173.
296. For more on disease-mongering, see Ray Moynihan and David Henry, "The Fight against Disease Mongering: Generating Knowledge for Action," PLoS Medicine 3 (2006): e191, http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030191&ct=1.
297. a 2004 NCEP panel called for even more aggressive use: Scott Grundy et al., "Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines," Circulation 110 (2004): 227 -239.
298. More than thirty physicians and research scientists: John Abramson et al., "Petition to the National Institutes of Health Seeking an Independent Review Panel to Re-evaluate the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines," September 23, 2004, www.cspinet.org/integrity/press/200409231.html.
299. Eight of the nine experts: For a list of panelists and their financial disclosures, see National Cholesterol Education Program, "ATP III Update 2004: Financial Disclosures," www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3upd04_disclose.htm.
300. panelists are chosen for their "scientific and medical expertise": Letter from Barbara Alving, acting director of NHLBI, to Merrill Goozner, October 22, 2004, www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/response.pdf.
301. "when companies with identical interests": Jerome Kassirer, "Why Should We Swallow What These Studies Say?" Washington Post, April 1, 2004.
302. secondary prevention studies: See, for example, Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, "Randomised Trial of Cholesterol Lowering in 4,444 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)," Lancet 344 (1994): 1383-1389.
303. Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group, "Prevention of Cardiovascular Events and Death with Pravastatin in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and a Broad Range of Initial Cholesterol Levels," New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 1349-1357.
304. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, "MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of Cholesterol Lowering with Simvastatin in 20,538High-Risk Individuals: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial," Lancet 360 (2002): 7-22.
305. value... isn't as clear-cut when it comes to primary prevention: Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan et al., "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases with Statin Therapy," Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (2006): 2307-2313.
306. as many as 75 percent of people on statins: Isabelle Savoie and Arminee Kazanjian, "Utilization of Lipid-Lowering Drugs in Men and Women: A Reflection of the Research Evidence?" Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 55 (2002): 95-101.
307. Abramson and Wright analysis: John Abramson and James Wright, "Are Lipid-Lowering Guidelines Evidence-Based?" Lancet369 (2007): 168-169.
308. "You're expecting me to take a pill": James Wright quoted in Shelley Wood, "Lancet Comment Questions Benefit of Statins in Primary Prevention," Heartwire, January 25, 2007, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/551324.
309. Women without heart disease didn't seem to be helped: See Judith Walsh and Michael Pignone, "Drug Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Women," Journal of the American Medical Association 291(2004): 2243-2252.
310. "Such a sweeping recommendation": John Abramson, Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 140.
311. the number of older people on statins has grown substantially: Carroll et al., "Trends in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins."
312. "perhaps exceeding $100 billion: Thavendiranathan et al., "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases with Statin Therapy."
313. People who are over 80 (especially women): For an overview of statin risks in the elderly, see Beatrice Golomb, "Statin Adverse Effects: Implications for the Elderly," Geriatric Times 5 (2004): 18-20.
314. impaired memory and thinking: Ibid.
315. A trial involving people age 70 and older: James Shepherd et al., "Pravastatin in Elderly Individuals at Risk of Vascular Disease (PROSPER): A Randomised Controlled Trial," Lancet 360 (2002): 1623-1630.
316. Several other efforts to pool results from multiple studies: Krista Dale et al., "Statins and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006): 74-80.
317. Colin Baigent et al., "Efficacy and Safety of Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment: Prospective Meta-Analysis of Data from 90,056Participants in 14Randomised Trials of Statins," Lancet 366(2005): 1267-1278.
318. "disturbing"finding about statins and cancer: Alawi Alsheikh-Ali et al., "Effect of the Magnitude of Lipid Lowering on Risk of Elevated Liver Enzymes, Rhabdomyolysis, and Cancer: Insights from Large Randomized Statin Trials," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50 (2007): 409-418.
319. epidemiological studies that have linked low cholesterol to cancer: See, for example, David Jacobs et al., "Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations," Circulation 86 (1992): 1046-1060.
320. Carlos Iribarren et al., "Low Serum Cholesterol and Mortality: Which Is the Cause and Which Is the Effect?" Circulation 92 (1995): 2396-2403.
321. "Most heart disease results from the way we live": John Abramson and Merrill Goozner, "Pills to Avoid Heart Attacks? Hard to Swallow," Los Angeles Times,October 21, 2005.
322. "has transformed what would otherwise": James Cleeman and Claude Lenfant, "The National Cholesterol Education Program: Progress and Prospects," Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1998): 2099-2104.
323. Cholesterol Low Down: See www.cholesterollowdown.org.
324. "the messages of cholesterol education": Cleeman and Lenfant, "The National Cholesterol Education Program."
325. Oprah calls full-body scans "miraculous": The Oprah Winfrey Show, transcript, October 2, 2000.
326. Oprah's on-air test did for full-body scans: Liz Kowalczyk, "Full-Body Disagreement: Harvard Doctors Offer Scans That Many in Medical Establishment Spurn," Boston Globe, June 28, 2002.
327. the dose of radiation they deliver can be high: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Whole-Body CT Screening-Should I or Shouldn't I Get One?" www.fda.gov/cdrh/ct/screening.html.
328. In one survey, nearly 87percent of adults: Lisa Schwartz et al., "Enthusiasm for Cancer Screening in the United States," Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (2004): 71-78.
329. "Katie Couric Effect": Peter Cram et al., "The Impact of a Celebrity Promotional Campaign on the Use of Colon Cancer Screening," Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003): 1601-1605.
330. second leading cause of cancer deaths: American Cancer Society, "Cancer Factsand Figures 2007," www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PW Secured.pdf
331. USPSTF colon cancer screening recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, "Screening for Colorectal Cancer," July 2002, www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscolo.htm#summary. For more on USPSTF, see www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfab.htm.
332. They all recommend one of several options: Sidney Winawer et al., "Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance: Clinical Guidelines and Rationale-Update Based on New Evidence," Gastroenterology 124 (2003): 544-560;
333. American Cancer Society, "Can Colorectal Polyps and Cancer Be Found Early? Colorectal Cancer Screening," www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_Can_colon_and_rectum_cancer_be_found_early.asp.
334. to detect one cancer among people in their 40s: Thomas Imperiale et al., "Results of Screening Colonoscopy among Persons 40to 49Years of Age," New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2002): 1781-1785.
335. "All the doctors I know": Joanna Powell, "Katie Couric's Story: Life after Loss," Good Housekeeping, October 1998.
336. "She used her position": Gary Schwitzer, "One Complication of the Couric Crusade," www.tc.umn.edu/%7Eschwitz/Couriccampaign.htm.
337. average age of Today Show viewers: Cram et al., "Impact of a Celebrity Promotional Campaign."
338. Almost half of people 50 and older don't get screened: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Increased Use of Colorectal Cancer Tests-United States, 2002 and 2004," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55 (2006): 308-311.
339. the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men: American Cancer Society, "Cancer Facts and Figures 2007."
340. only about 25 to 30 percent of those who are biopsied: National Cancer Institute, Fact Sheet, "The Prostate-Specific Antigen Test (PSA): Questions and Answers," www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/PSA.
341. USPSTF prostate cancer screening recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, "Screening for Prostate Cancer," December 2002, www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsprca.htm.
342. the CDC urges each man to discuss: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Prostate Cancer Screening: A Decision Guide," www.cdc.gov/ cancer/prostate/publications/decisionguide.
343. Prostate Cancer Foundation recommendation: Prostate Cancer Foundation, "Detection and Screening," www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/site/c.itIWK2OSG/b.47285/k.CCF1/Detection__Screening.htm.
344. "Believe me, early detection is the key": See the video message on Palmer's Web site at www.arniesarmybattles.com/watch_video.html.
345. "I know that there are also a lot of men": Arnold Palmer quoted in Barbara Payne, "The Legend Continues... after Prostate Cancer," interview with PROACT, www.yourfamilyshealth.com/cancer/prostate/arnold_palmer/.
346. "If you're over 50 or in a high risk group": Mike Falcon, "Giuliani Defeats Prostate Cancer," Spotlight Health, October 14, 2002, www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlighthealth/2002-10-14-giuliani_x.htm.
347. they get tested at least twice a year: John Morgan, "Baseball Stars 'Double Up' Prostate Cancer," Spotlight Health, July 18, 2003, www.usatoday.com/ news/health/spotlighthealth/2003-07-18-baseball_x.htm;
348. Gary Gately, "Pro Baseball Goes to Bat against Prostate Cancer," HealthDay, July 16, 2003.
349. five-year survival rates for prostate cancer: American Cancer Society, "Overview: Prostate Cancer-Prostate Cancer Survival Rates," June 2007, www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_6x_Prostate_Cancer_Survival_Rates.asp?sitearea=.
350. "another excuse": The letter, dated March 13, 2002, is posted online at www.usrf.org/breakingnews/bn_020319_Time_PSA_testing/bn_020319_NPCC_letter.html. The article that prompted Atkins's letter was Christine Gorman, "What's a Guy to Do?" Time, March 18, 2002, 98.
351. seen or heard celebrities talking about PSA testing: Robin Larson et al., "Celebrity Endorsements of Cancer Screening," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97 (2005): 693 -695.
352. "The reason to get tested for cancer": H. Gilbert Welch, Should I Be Tested for Cancer? Maybe Not and Here's Why (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 188.
353. fall into this gray zone of osteopenia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, "Osteoporosis," www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/osteoporosis.pdf.
354. disease-mongering: Ray Moynihan, Iona Heath, and David Henry, "Selling Sickness: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Disease Mongering," British Medical Journal 324 (2002): 886-891.
355. medication for osteopenia: Sundeep Khosla and Joseph Melton, "Osteopenia," New England Journal of Medicine 356 (2007): 2293-2300.
356. A panel of experts convened by the National Institutes of Health: "Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy," NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement, March 27-29, 2000, http://consensus.nih.gov/2000/2000Osteoporosis111html.htm.
357. USPSTF osteoporosis screening recommendation: U.S. Preventive Services TaskForce, "Screening for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women," September 2002, www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/osteoporosis/osteorr.htm.
358. "bone density tests are the most important thing": "The Importance of Osteoporosis Testing," www.drdonnica.com/display.asp?article=1 173.
359. "absolutely criminal": Tammy Collins Carter, "Rita Moreno Takes AARP Stage to Confront Osteoporosis," Orlando Sentinel, May 18, 2000.
360. Debbie Reynolds's letter to Ann Landers: Washington Post, January 21, 2000.
361. "If you test for it early enough": Joan Tarshis, "Celebrities Reveal Their Secrets," Parade, March 19, 2000, 10-12.
362. "Tell them you really want to know your T-score": John Morgan, "Meredith Vieira Takes Keen View on Osteoporosis," Spotlight Health, June 6, 2003, www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlighthealth/2003-06-06-Vieira_x.htm.
363. "I was surprised when I learned": "Meredith Vieira Shares Her 'View' about 'Being Beautiful to the Bone,'" PR Newswire, May 5, 2003.
364. Merck has made screening a centerpiece of its marketing efforts: For more, see Susan Kelleher, "Disease Expands through Marriage of Marketing and Machines," Seattle Times, June 28, 2005.
365. Vieira's appearance on Good Morning America: Good Morning America, ABC News, transcript, May 27, 2003.
366. In 2002, Salon.com and the New York Times revealed: Lawrence Goodman, "Celebrity Pill Pushers," Salon.com, July 11, 2002, http://dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2002/07/11/celebrity_drugs/index1.html; p.119
367. Melody Petersen, "Heartfelt Advice, Hefty Fees," New York Times, August 11, 2002.p.119
368. "still love celebrity health campaigns": Bob Brody, "Celebrity Health Campaigns: The Next Generation," www.ogilvypr.com/expert-views/celebrity-health-campaigns.cfm. p.119
369. USPSTF cardiac CT screening recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, "Screening for Coronary Heart Disease," February 2004, www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsacad.htm. p.121
370. the test may be useful for certain people: Matthew Budoff et al., "Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography," Circulation 114 (2006): 1761-1791. p.121
371. "Could these deaths have been prevented?": Advanced Body Scan of Newport, www.newportbodyscan.com/Preventable_Deaths.htm. p.121
372. "limitations of stress tests": Colorado Heart and Body Imaging (Denver), "Clinton Heart Disease Reveals Misconceptions about Testing," press release, September 29, 2004. The physician quoted is Harvey Hecht, MD. p.121
373. "saved Mr. Clinton from a trip to the operating room": Colorado Heart and Body Imaging (Denver), ad supplied June 13, 2006, by Dr. James Ehrlich, medical director and founder of the clinic. p.122
374. "Don't be as dumb": Ohio Heart, Columbus, Ohio. Ad supplied July 5, 2006, by Bruce Friedman, president of Heart Check America. For more on this and other ads mentioning Bill Clinton, p.122
375. see Eric Barnes, "Scan Centers Take Heart in 'Clinton Syndrome,'" September 16, 2004, www.auntminnie.com. p.122
376. Though some research suggests otherwise: Patrick O'Malley, Irwin Feuerstein, and Allen Taylor, "Impact of Electron Beam Tomography, with or without Case Management, on Motivation, Behavioral Change," p.122
377. "Cardiovascular Risk Profile," Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (2003): 2215-2223. p.122
378. Oprah was at it again: The Oprah Winfrey Show, transcript, October 19, 2005. p.123
379. "We all need sunscreen": See www.playsafeinthesun.org/events/color_contest_winners.html. p.127
380. respondents were far more likely to list "apply sunscreen": Survey of 1,011 adults age 18 and older, conducted by International Communications Research (ICR) for Transitions Optical, March 9-13, 2006. p.128
381. "Wear sunscreen. If I could offer you only one tip": Mary Schmich, "Advice, Like Youth, Probably Just Wasted on the Young," Chicago Tribune, June 1, 1997. p.128
382. we tend to stay in the sun longer: Philippe Autier, Mathieu Boniol, and Jean-François Doré, "Sunscreen Use and Increased Duration of Intentional Sun Exposure: Still a Burning Issue," International Journal of Cancer121 (2007): 1-5. p.128
383. sunscreen sales have soared: Information Resources Inc., cited in Lindsay Elkins, "Here Comes the Sun," Household and Personal Products Industry (Happi), March 1, 2007, www.happi.com/articles/2007/03/here-comes-the-sun.php. p.129
384. squamous cell carcinoma and use of sunscreen: Richard Gallagher, "Sunscreens in Melanoma and Skin Cancer Prevention," Canadian Medical Association Journal 17 3 (2005): 244-245; p.129
385. Adele Green et al., "Daily Sunscreen Application and Betacarotene Supplementation in Prevention of Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Carcinomas of the Skin: A Randomised Controlled Trial," Lancet 354 (1999): 723-729. p.129
386. basal and squamous cell cancers affect more than 1 million: American Cancer Society, "Skin Cancer Facts," www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/ped_7_1_What_You_Need_To_Know_About_Skin_Cancer.asp?sitearea=&level. p.129
387. roughly 8,000 Americans die of melanoma: American Cancer Society, "Cancer Facts and Figures 2007," www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf. p.129
388. the rate of new cases is about six times higher: H. Gilbert Welch, Steven Wolo-shin, and Lisa Schwartz, "Skin Biopsy Rates and Incidence of Melanoma: Population Based Ecological Study," British Medical Journal 331 (2005): 481. p.129
389. greater vigilance by doctors: Ibid. p.130
390. Two analyses that pooled results: Leslie Dennis, Laura Beane Freeman, and Marta Van Beek, "Sunscreen Use and the Risk for Melanoma: A Quantitative Review," Annals of Internal Medicine 139 (2003): 966-978; p.130
391. Michael Huncharek and Bruce Kupelnick, "Use of Topical Sunscreens and the Risk of Malignant Melanoma: A Meta-Analysis of 9,067 Patients from 11 CaseControl Studies," American Journal of Public Health 92 (2002): 1173-1177. p.130
392. "no evidence of protective value": Gallagher, "Sunscreens." p.130
393. "sunscreens would have failed the tests": Olaf Gefeller of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, quoted by Damaris Christensen in "Data Still Cloudy on Association between Sunscreen Use and Melanoma Risk," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 (2003): 932-933. p.130
394. when sunscreen-covered mice are exposed to UV light: Peter Wolf, Cherrie Donawho, and Margaret Kripke, "Effect of Sunscreens on UV Radiation- Induced Enhancement of Melanoma Growth in Mice," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86 (1994): 99-105. p.130
395. newer formulations of sunscreen: See, for example, Brian Diffey, "Sunscreens and Melanoma: The Future Looks Bright," British Journal of Dermatology 153 (2005): 378-381.
396. UVA rays... may be an important contributor to melanoma: S. Q. Wang et al., "Ultraviolet A and Melanoma: A Review," Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 44 (2001): 837-846. p.131
397. the role of sun exposure in melanoma: Jason Rivers, "Is There More than One Road to Melanoma?" Lancet363 (2004): 728-730. p.131
398. cover up or go indoors: See Stephan Lautenschlager, Hans Christian Wulf, and Mark R. Pittelkow, "Photoprotection," Lancet 370 (2007): 528-537. p.131
399. "sustaining support": Skin Cancer Foundation, "Corporate Council," www.skincancer.org/content/view/131/62/. p.131
400. SCF lists these recommendations: See www.skincancer.org/prevention/year-round-sun-protection.html. p.132
401. products that claim to provide "broad-spectrum" protection: "Sunscreens: Some Are Short on Protection," Consumer Reports, July 2007, 6; p.133
402. Helena Gonzalez et al., "Photostability of Commercial Sunscreens upon Sun Exposure and Irradiation by Ultraviolet Lamps," BMC Dermatology 7 (2007), www.biomedcentral.com/1471-5945/7/1. p.133
403. See also the Environmental Working Group's analysis of more than 900 sunscreens, available at www.cosmeticsdatabase.com/special/sunscreens/summary.php. p.133
404. new rules were proposed in August 2007: See "FDA Proposes New Rule for Sunscreen Products," www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01687.html. p.133
405. the SCF seal has so far done nothing to fill the void: In its response to the proposed FDA rule changes regarding sunscreen labeling, SCF says its seal of recommendation will incorporate the new FDA requirements. See www.skincancer.org/content/view/269/0/. p.134
406. "cause marketing" relationship: Len Lichtenfeld, "Skin Cancer and the New York Times," Dr. Len's Cancer Blog, July 11, 2007, ww.cancer.org/aspx/blog/Comments.aspx?id=158. p.134
407. "there is no conflict of interest": Ibid. p.134
408. "reduce the incidence of skin cancer by motivating people": Sun Safety Alliance, "Our Mission," www.sunsafetyalliance.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=55. p.134
409. "To stem this epidemic": Sun Safety Alliance, "Americans Get Failing Grade in Practicing Sun Safety beyond Beach or Pool," press release, June 21, 2004, www.sunsafetyalliance.org/user-assets/documents/SSA_pressrelease_6-04.pdf. p.135
410. "long recognized as the first line of defense": Sun Safety Alliance, "RAFT Study and Sunscreen Usage," press release, October 9, 2003. p.135
411. The study to which Schneider referred was Rachel Haywood et al., "Sunscreens Inadequately Protect against Ultraviolet-A-Induced Free Radicals in Skin: Implications for Skin Aging and Melanoma," Investigative Dermatology 121 (2003): 862-868. p.135
412. "the alliance will expand the base of future customers": Molly Prior, "NACDS Sun Safety Alliance Rallies Industry in Fight against Skin Cancer," Drug Store News, June 17, 2002, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_8_24/ai_87511094. p.135
413. "to focus people's attention on the simple actions": Sun Safety Alliance, "Sunscreen Use Down as Skin Cancer Rates Increase," press release, June 6, 2005, www.sunsafetyalliance.org/user-assets/Documents/060605_SSA_Release.pdf. p.135
414. persuaded Congress to pass a resolution: HR 169, 109th Cong., June 7, 2005, www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?tab=summary&bill=hr 109-169; p.135
415. S 167, 109th Cong., June 9, 2005, www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=sr 109-167. p.135
416. "primary protector against skin cancer": Sun Safety Alliance, "Sunscreen Use Down as Skin Cancer Rates Increase." p.136
417. instructed to visit Coppertone's Web site: See www.sunsafetyalliance.org/user-assets/Documents/TeachingGuide.pdf. p.136
418. "Get Sun-Certified Quiz": Ibid. p.136
419. "install a pump full of sunscreen": "Sun Safety Alliance Announces Winners of Grant Competition and Letter-Writing Contest to President Bush," PR Newswire, June 12, 2003. p.136
420. "commitment to building a national grassroots movement": Statement by Barbara Bush, June 2005, www.sunsafetyalliance.org/user-assets/Documents/060605_BB_Statement_LTR.pdf. p.136
421. announcing the group's launch: Today Show,NBC News, transcript, April 22, 2003. p.137
422. a finding repeatedly cited by SSA: Robert Stern, Milton Weinstein, and Stuart Baker, "Risk Reduction for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer with Childhood Sunscreen Use," Archives of Dermatology 122 (1986): 537-545. p.137
423. "self-serving advocacy group": Wolff System Technology, "American Academy of Dermatology Teams Up with Drug Stores and Coppertone to Mislead Sun-Tanners about Health Benefits of Sunshine," news release, April 16, 2004, www.wolffsystem.com/dermatology.html. p.138
424. indoor tanning linked to a higher risk of melanoma: International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on Artificial Ultraviolet Light and Skin Cancer, "The Association of Use of Sunbeds with Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers: A Systematic Review," International Journal of Cancer 120 (2007): 1116-1122. p.138
425. sun exposure and lower incidence of cancers: H.J. van der Rhee, E. de Vries, and J.W. Coebergh, "Does Sunlight Prevent Cancer? A Systematic Review," European Journal of Cancer 42 (2006): 2222-2232. p.138
426. sun exposure and multiple sclerosis: See, for example, Ingrid van der Mei et al., "Past Exposure to Sun, Skin Phenotype, and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: Case Control Study," British Medical Journal 327 (2003): 316. p.138
427. UV Foundation's goals and funders: See www.uvfoundation.org. p.138
428. American Academy of Dermatology: The group's information materials for the public are available at www.aad.org/public.
429. "People shouldn't feel they can stay in the sun": Stephen Stone, MD, AAD president, quoted in "American Academy of Dermatology Reaffirms Position on Sun Protection Benefit of Sunscreen," news release, March 31, 2006. p.138
430. "We don't really know whether sunscreens prevent skin cancer": Kathleen Fackelmann, "Melanoma Madness," Science News, June 6, 1998, 360. p.138
431. "misleading and confusing": American Academy of Dermatology, "Tens of Millions Additional New Cases of Skin Cancer Predicted if Americans Stop Using Sunscreen," press release, March 19, 1998.
432. "numbers cruncher, not a doctor": Fackelmann, "Melanoma Madness.
433. " The group also sent a letter to Berwick: Letter from Roger Ceilley, immediate past president of the American Academy of Dermatology to Marianne Berwick, March 12, 1998.
434. "Research Shines Dangerous Truth on Sun Exposure": See American Academy of Dermatology, www.aad.org/media/background/factsheets/fact_vitamind.htm.
435. 60 Minutes segment on Alar: "A Is for Apple," 60 Minutes, CBS News, February 26, 1989. Quotes from Cynthia Crossen, Tainted Truth: The Manipulation of Fact in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 55; Robert Bidinotto, "The Great Apple Scare," Reader's Digest, October 1990, 53-58.
436. Trying to quell the furor: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Alar Use on Apples," press release, March 16, 1989, www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/ NEW00128.html.
437. "to create so many repetitions of NRDC's message": Extracts from David Fenton's memo were published in "How a PR Firm Executed the Alar Scare," Wall Street Journal, October 3, 1989.
438. "Taking out an ad in a prestigious newspaper": Charlotte Brody quoted in Tina Adler, "Environmental Advantage: Marketing the Messages," Environmental Health Perspectives 10 (2002): A582-A585.
439. FDA analysis of: Jean Hubinger and Don Havery, "Analysis of Consumer Cosmetic Products for Phthalate Esters," Journal of Cosmetic Science 57 (2006): 127-137.
440. Several of the ads: The various ads described here can be seen at www.safecosmetics.org/newsroom/our_ads.cfm.
441. "make it difficult to translate the effects": Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals," July 2005, www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/report.htm.
442. CDC studies of phthalate concentrations among women: Manori Silva et al., "Urinary Levels of Seven Phthalate Metabolites in the U.S. Population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999-2000," Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (2004): 331-338.
443. premature breast development and sperm-related problems: Ivelisse Colon et al., "Identification of Phthalate Esters in the Serum of Young Puerto Rican Girls with Premature Breast Development," Environmental Health Perspec- tives108 (2000): 895-900; Russ Hauser et al., "DNA Damage in Human Sperm Is Related to Urinary Levels of Phthalate Monoester and Oxidative Metabolites," Human Reproduction 22 (2007): 688-695.
444. shorter AGDs: Shanna Swan et al., "Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure," Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2005): 1056-1061.
445. "very low"phthalate exposure because they're typically washed off: Hubinger and Havery, "Analysis of Consumer Products for Phthalate Esters."
446. "does not have compelling evidence": U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, "Phthalates and Cosmetic Products," March 31, 2005, www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-phth.html.
447. even when multiple cosmetic products are used: Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, "Dibutyl Phthalate, Diethyl Phthalate, and Dimethyl Phthalate Re-review Summary," February 7, 2003, accessible at www.cir-safety.org/ alerts.shtml.
448. about 5 parts per billion: Antonia Calafat et al., "Perfluorochemicals in Pooled Serum Samples from United States Residents in 2001 and 2002," Environmental Science and Technology 40 (2006): 2128-2134.
449. "the right thing...for our environment and our health": Susan Hazen, acting assistant administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, "EPA Seeking PFOA Reductions," news release, January 25, 2006.
450. "does not believe there is any reason": U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Basic Information on PFOA," www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/pfoainfo.htm.
451. "polluting drinking water and newborn babies": Environmental Working Group, "EPA Fines Teflon Maker DuPont for Chemical Cover-Up," news release, December 14, 2005, www.ewg.org/node/8766.
452. when heated, Teflon can break down: Environmental Working Group, "Canaries in the Kitchen: Teflon Toxicosis," May 14, 2003, www.ewg.org/ reports/toxicteflon.
453. On the Teflon Web site: See www.teflon.com/Teflon/teflonissafe/index.html.
454. report about Teflon on 20/20: "Safe or Sorry? New Evidence Reveals Dangers of Teflon," 20/20, ABC News, transcript, November 14, 2003.
455. a chemical called Zonyl RP: Good Morning America, ABC News, transcript, November 18, 2005.
456. "hid for decades that it was polluting": Environmental Working Group, "Former DuPont Top Expert: Company Knew, Covered Up Pollution of Americans' Blood for 18 Years," press release, November 16, 2005, www.ewg.org/node/8764.
457. the FDA informed EWG in a letter: Letter from Laura Tarantino, director of the Office of Food Additive Safety, to Richard Wiles, December 20, 2005, www2.dupont.com/PFOA/en_US/pdf/MedAdv_FDADismissesEWGAllegations.pdf.
458. yet another story on Teflon: World News Tonight, ABC News, transcript, January 25, 2006.
459. "the courage to stand up in public": Environmental Working Group, "EPA, DuPont Agree to Virtually Eliminate Perfluorinated Chemicals by 2015: Statement from EWG President Ken Cook," press release, January 25, 2006, www.ewg.org/node/21303.
460. "reported in a way that tries to evaluate their truth": Trevor Butterworth, Statistical Assessment Service, "Media Sticks Poisonous Popcorn Bags to Teflon Chemical," November 28, 2005, www.stats.org/stories/media_sticks_popcorn_teflon_nov28_05.htm.
461. "whether journalists are doing the public any favors": Trevor Butterworth, Statistical Assessment Service, "How Activist Groups Run the News," January 31, 2007, www.stats.org/stories/2007/how_activist_grps_jan3 1_2007.htm.
462. "the scarier and more bizarre the story": John Stossel, Myths, Lies, and Downright Stupidity: Get Out the Shovel-Why Everything You Know Is Wrong (New York: Hyperion, 2006), 2.
463. A Michigan-based activist group: See www.healthycar.org/about.why.php.
464. volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Environmental Protection Agency, "Basic Information: Organic Gases (volatile organic compounds--VOCs)," www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html.
465. relatively high VOC levels in new, parked cars: Marion Fedoruk and Brent Kerger, "Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds inside Automobiles," Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 13 (2003): 31-41;
466. Toshiaki Yoshida and Ichiro Matsunaga, "A Case Study on Identification of Airborne Organic Compounds and Time Courses of Their Concentrations in the Cabin of a New Car for Private Use," Environment International 32 (2006): 58-79.
467. "no apparent health hazard": Jeroen Buters et al., "Toxicity of Parked Motor Vehicle Indoor Air," Environmental Science and Technology 41 (2007): 26222629.
468. "Consumer Guide to Toxic Chemicals in Cars": Jeff Gearhart et al., "The Consumer Guide to Toxic Chemicals in Cars: Model Year 2006/2007 Guide to New Vehicles," March 2007, www.healthycar.org/documents/ healthycarguide07.pdf.
469. exhaust fumes emitted by other vehicles: See, for example, International Center for Technology Assessment, "In-Car Air Pollution: The Hidden Threat to Automobile Drivers," July 2000, www.icta.org/doc/In-car%20pollution %20report.pdf.
470. auto accident and other mortality statistics: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Traffic Safety Facts: 2006 Traffic Safety Annual Assess- ment-A Preview," July 2007, www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810791.pdf.
471. Figures for deaths from falls, HIV/AIDS, and gun assaults come from Arialdi Minino et al., "Deaths: Final Data for 2004," National Vital Statistics Reports55, no. 19, August 21, 2007, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_19.pdf.
472. "have not been evaluated or approved by A4M": "Show Guide," Chicago AntiAging Exposition, Summer 2006, 1.
473. A panel of gerontology experts: Robert Butler et al., "Biomarkers of Aging: From Primitive Organisms to Humans," Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 59A (2004): 560-567.
474. "the equivalent of a blood pressure cuff for testing aging": Robert Butler quoted in International Longevity Center-USA, "Growing Claims of 'Anti-Aging' Medicine Unprovable, Warns New Report from International Longevity Center-USA," news release, July 12, 2001.
475. suggested benefits of antioxidant supplements: Alan Dangour, Victoria Sibson, and Astrid Fletcher, "Micronutrient Supplementation in Later Life: Limited Evidence for Benefit," Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 59A (2004): 659-673.
476. "is not supported by the currently available scientific literature": Ibid.
477. a slightly increased risk of dying earlier: Goran Bjelakovic et al., "Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (2007): 842-857.
478. "no known dietary supplements that have been proven": S. Jay Olshansky quoted in "'Silver Fleece' Awards Warn Consumers of Anti-Aging Misinformation," University of Illinois at Chicago, news release, February 26, 2004.
479. one popular clinic lists the following effects: See www.ehealthspan.com.
480. GH was administered to twelve healthy older men: Daniel Rudman et al., "Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 Years Old," New England Journal of Medicine 323 (1990): 1-6.
481. "because there are so many unanswered questions": Mary Lee Vance, "Growth Hormone for the Elderly?" New England Journal of Medicine 323 (1990): 52-54.
482. "the beginning of the end of aging": Ronald Klatz, with Carol Kahn, Grow Young with HGH (New York: HarperCollins, 1997).
483. Subsequent research has reinforced the need for caution: Hau Liu et al., "Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly," Annals of Internal Medicine 146 (2007): 104-115;
484. Maxine Papadakis et al., "Growth Hormone Replacement in Healthy Older Men Improves Body Composition but Not Functional Ability," Annals of Internal Medicine 124(1996): 708-716;
485. Marc Blackman et al., "Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 2282-2292.
486. elevated levels of IGF-1 and increased risk of cancer: Mitchell Harman and Marc Blackman, "Use of Growth Hormone for Prevention or Treatment of Effects of Aging," Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 59A (2004): 652-658.
487. Mice with deficiencies of growth hormone: Ibid.
488. "libido and improved mood return within days": See www.ehealthspan.com.
489. benefits and risks of testosterone replacement: For a review of the research, see David Gruenewald and Alvin Matsumoto, "Testosterone Supplementation Therapy for Older Men: Potential Benefits and Risks," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51 (2003): 101-115.
490. An analysis that pooled data from 30 trials: Rudy Haddad et al., "Testosterone and Cardiovascular Risk in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials," Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82 (2007): 29-39.
491. there are too many unknowns: Institute of Medicine, "Testosterone and Aging: Clinical Research Directions," November 12, 2003.
492. "Until the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy": Dr. Dan Balzer quoted in "Testosterone Therapy Studies Should Determine Benefits First, Then Risks; Study Participants Should Be Limited, Carefully Screened," National Academies press release, November 12, 2003, www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10852.
493. DHEA and cardiovascular death: See, for example, Elizabeth Barrett- Connor, Kay-Tee Khaw, and Samuel Yen, "A Prospective Study of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease," New England Journal of Medicine 315 (1986): 1519-1524;
494. Elizabeth Barrett-Connor and Deborah Goodman-Gruen, "Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Does Not Predict Cardiovascular Death in Postmenopausal Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study," Circulation 91 (1995): 1757-1760;
495. Daksha Trivedi and Kay-Tee Khaw, "Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Mortality in Elderly Men and Women," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (2001): 4171-4177.
496. Small, short-term studies in healthy older people: For a review, see Ketan Dhatariya and K. Sreekumaran Nair, "Dehydroepiandrosterone: Is There a Role for Replacement?" Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 (2003): 1257-1273.
497. two-year randomized study: Sreekumaran Nair et al., "DHEA in Elderly Women and DHEA or Testosterone in Elderly Men," New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 1647-1659.
498. "DHEA is so safe": See www.physioage.com.
499. "This issue needs to be fully addressed": Dhatariya and Nair, "Dehydroepiandrosterone."
500. "much better form of HRT": See www.physioage.com.
501. "the body accepts and metabolizes natural hormones": Www.milesmd.com. Accessed September 1, 2007; no longer available.
502. little long-term research on bioidentical hormones: Endocrine Society, "Bioidentical Hormones," Position Statement, October 2006, www.endo-society.org/publicpolicy/policy/upload/BH_Position_Statement_final_10_25_06 _w_Header.pdf.
503. An FDA analysis of 29 product samples: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, "Report: Limited FDA Survey of Compounded Drug Products," January 2003, www.fda.gov/CDER/pharmcomp/survey.htm.
504. "safe and has no adverse effects": See www.infinitevitality.net.
505. medical training of Ronald Klatz and Robert Goldman: For their official bios, see www.worldhealth.net/p/142,336.html (Klatz) and www.worldhealth.net/p/141,335.html (Goldman).
506. "break free from the medical insurance maze": See www.cenegenicsfoundation.org.
507. "your gateway to opportunity": This description was on a poster at the A4M conference I attended in Chicago, as well as in the program guide for attendees.
508. quotes from patients such as these: Cenegenics Medical Institute, The Complete Guide to Healthy Aging, 2006, www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/wsi/patientguide/index.php.
509. science-based statement about human aging: For an overview, see "No Truth to the Fountain of Youth," Scientific American, June 2002, 92-95. The full statement is available at www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ antiagingpp.html.
510. A4M's response to the scientific statement: American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, "Official Position Statement on the Truth about Human Aging Intervention," June 2002, www.worldhealth.net/p/96,333.html.
511. "Looking at historical trends": Peter Schwartz, chairman of the Global Business Network, quoted in ibid. His full statement appears in Wiredmag- azine, May 2002.
512. In 1900, the average life expectancy: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2007, www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm.
513. "Adding 80years": S. Jay Olshansky and Bruce Carnes, The Quest for Immortality: Science at the Frontiers of Aging (New York: Norton, 2001), 87.
514. "the single most important thing an older person can do": John Rowe and Robert Kahn, Successful Aging (New York: Pantheon, 1998), 98.
515. A study of Japanese American men: Bradley Willcox et al., "Midlife Risk Factors and Healthy Survival in Men," Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (2006): 2343-2350.
516. A large study of centenarians and their families: Thomas Perls and Margery Hutter Silver, Living to 100: Lessons in Living to Your Maximum Potential at Any Age (New York: Basic, 1999).
517. "We'd have to wait": Ronald Klatz quoted in Gina Kolata, "Chasing Youth, Many Gamble on Hormones," New York Times,December 22, 2002.
518. "walking testimonial": Wade Greene, "Guru of the Organic Food Cult," New York Times magazine, June 6, 1971, SM30.
519. "I am so healthy that I expect to live on and on": Carlton Jackson, J. I. Rodale: Apostle of Nonconformity (New York: Pyramid, 1974), 224.
520. one writer suggested that Rodale's death: Milton Feher, "No Time for Relaxation," New York Times, Letters, June 27, 1971.
521. "Rodale has ruined the entire health-food industry": Jackson, Rodale, 233.
522. people groped for explanations: See, for example, Claudia Wallis, "Why Joggers Are Running Scared," Time, August 6, 1984, www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921748,00.html;
523. "Deadly Refusal," New York Times, August 1, 1984.
524. "often preventable": Lynn Smaha quoted in "Cardiovascular Disease and Life Expectancy," American Heart Association, press release, December 30, 1999.
525. "Dr. Lynn Allan Smaha RIP": This blog entry, written by Dr. Michael Eades on April 20, 2006, is available at www.proteinpower.com/drmike/2006/04/20/dr-lynn-allan-smaha-rip/.
526. men who run at least an hour a week: Mihaela Tanasescu et al., "Exercise Type and Intensity in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease in Men," Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 1994-2000.
527. diet and likelihood of developing heart disease: Frank Hu et al., "Prospective Study of Major Dietary Patterns and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (2000): 912-921.
528. "How could a person in perfect health": William Alcott, Vegetable Diet (Boston: Marsh, Capen, and Lyon, 1838), 242-243.
529. those who subscribe to fatalistic beliefs: Jeff Niederdeppe and Andrea Gurman- kin Levy, "Fatalistic Beliefs about Cancer Prevention and Three Prevention Behaviors," Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 16 (2007): 9981003.
530. "The more assiduously we try to guard our good health": Arthur Barsky, Worried Sick: Our Troubled Quest for Wellness (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), 158.
531. "a nation of healthy hypochondriacs": Lewis Thomas, The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher (New Y'ork: Bantam, 1980), 39.
532. "Health, like any wealth": George Will, "Grandmother Was Right," Newsweek, January 16, 1989, 68.