메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 427-439

Guidelines for modeling natural regeneration in boreal forests

Author keywords

Climate change; Disturbance; Ecological models; Forest regeneration; Seedlings

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELS; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; FORESTRY;

EID: 67651121498     PISSN: 00157546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5558/tfc85427-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (153)
  • 1
    • 0001623664 scopus 로고
    • Model structure and data base development
    • R.K. Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark, W.G. Warren, eds, Timber Press, Portland, OR
    • Acock, B. and J.F. Reynolds. 1990. Model structure and data base development. In R.K. Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark, W.G. Warren. (eds.). Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress. pp.169-179. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
    • (1990) Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress , pp. 169-179
    • Acock, B.1    Reynolds, J.F.2
  • 2
    • 0025995111 scopus 로고
    • State-of-the-art models of production - decomposition linkages in conifer and grassland ecosystems
    • Ågren, G.I., R.E. McMurtrie, W.J. Parton, J. Pastor and H.H. Shugart. 1991. State-of-the-art models of production - decomposition linkages in conifer and grassland ecosystems. Ecol. Applic. 1: 118-138.
    • (1991) Ecol. Applic , vol.1 , pp. 118-138
    • Ågren, G.I.1    McMurtrie, R.E.2    Parton, W.J.3    Pastor, J.4    Shugart, H.H.5
  • 3
    • 33845245412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contributions of land-use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink
    • Albani, M., D. Medvigy, G.C. Hurtt and P.R. Moorcroft. 2006. The contributions of land-use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink. Glob. Change Biol. 12: 2370-2390.
    • (2006) Glob. Change Biol , vol.12 , pp. 2370-2390
    • Albani, M.1    Medvigy, D.2    Hurtt, G.C.3    Moorcroft, P.R.4
  • 5
    • 0002110319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling up to understand British Columbia's boreal mixedwoods
    • Andison, D.W. and J.P. Kimmins. 1999. Scaling up to understand British Columbia's boreal mixedwoods. Environ. Rev. 7: 19-30.
    • (1999) Environ. Rev , vol.7 , pp. 19-30
    • Andison, D.W.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 6
    • 0028572834 scopus 로고
    • The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management
    • Attiwill, P.M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. For. Ecol. Manage. 67: 247-300.
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.67 , pp. 247-300
    • Attiwill, P.M.1
  • 7
    • 0031795657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap regeneration of shade-intolerant Larix gmelini in old-growth boreal forests of northeastern China
    • Ban, Y., H. Xu, Y. Bergeron and D.D. Kneeshaw. 1998. Gap regeneration of shade-intolerant Larix gmelini in old-growth boreal forests of northeastern China. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 529-536.
    • (1998) J. Veg. Sci , vol.9 , pp. 529-536
    • Ban, Y.1    Xu, H.2    Bergeron, Y.3    Kneeshaw, D.D.4
  • 8
    • 54249159314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in fire frequency and forest composition in Canada's southeastern boreal forest: A challenge for sustainable forest management
    • 11 p. Available at
    • Bergeron Y, P.J.H. Richard, C. Carcaillet, S. Gauthier, M. Flannigan and Y.T. Prairie. 1998. Variability in fire frequency and forest composition in Canada's southeastern boreal forest: a challenge for sustainable forest management. Conservation Ecology [online] 2(2), 11 p. Available at http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art6
    • (1998) Conservation Ecology [online] , vol.2 , Issue.2
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Richard, P.J.H.2    Carcaillet, C.3    Gauthier, S.4    Flannigan, M.5    Prairie, Y.T.6
  • 9
    • 36549013107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yield decline in Chinese Fir plantations: A simulation investigation with implications for model complexity
    • Bi, J., J.A. Blanco, J.P. Kimmins, Y. Ding, B. Seely, C. Welham. 2007. Yield decline in Chinese Fir plantations: A simulation investigation with implications for model complexity. Can. J. For. Res. 37: 1615-1630.
    • (2007) Can. J. For. Res , vol.37 , pp. 1615-1630
    • Bi, J.1    Blanco, J.A.2    Kimmins, J.P.3    Ding, Y.4    Seely, B.5    Welham, C.6
  • 10
    • 0025995034 scopus 로고
    • Fifty-year biogeochemical effects of green ash, white pine, and Norway spruce in a replicated experiment
    • Binkley D. and D. Valentine. 1991. Fifty-year biogeochemical effects of green ash, white pine, and Norway spruce in a replicated experiment. For. Ecol. Manage. 40: 13-25.
    • (1991) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.40 , pp. 13-25
    • Binkley, D.1    Valentine, D.2
  • 12
    • 0002520881 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress
    • R.K. Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark and W.G. Warren eds, Timber Press, Portland, OR
    • Blake, J.I., G.L. Somers and G.A. Ruark. 1990. Perspectives on process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress. In R.K. Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark and W.G. Warren (eds.). Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress. pp. 9-17. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
    • (1990) Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress , pp. 9-17
    • Blake, J.I.1    Somers, G.L.2    Ruark, G.A.3
  • 13
    • 35748949585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representation of allelopathy in ecosystemlevel forest models
    • Blanco, J.A. 2007. The representation of allelopathy in ecosystemlevel forest models. Ecol. Model. 209: 65-77.
    • (2007) Ecol. Model , vol.209 , pp. 65-77
    • Blanco, J.A.1
  • 14
    • 38149022483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the performance of a forest ecosystem model (FORECAST) against 29 years of field data in a Pseudotsuga menziesii plantation
    • Blanco, J.A., B. Seely, C. Welham, J.P. Kimmins and T.M. Seebacher. 2007. Testing the performance of a forest ecosystem model (FORECAST) against 29 years of field data in a Pseudotsuga menziesii plantation. Can. J. For. Res. 37(10): 1808-1820.
    • (2007) Can. J. For. Res , vol.37 , Issue.10 , pp. 1808-1820
    • Blanco, J.A.1    Seely, B.2    Welham, C.3    Kimmins, J.P.4    Seebacher, T.M.5
  • 15
    • 20544440390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustainability of forest management practices: Evaluation through a simulation model of nutrient cycling
    • Blanco J.A., M.A. Zavala, J.B. Imbert and F.J. Castillo. 2005. Sustainability of forest management practices: Evaluation through a simulation model of nutrient cycling. For. Ecol. Manage. 213: 209-228.
    • (2005) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.213 , pp. 209-228
    • Blanco, J.A.1    Zavala, M.A.2    Imbert, J.B.3    Castillo, F.J.4
  • 16
    • 33846326235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty year responses of white spruce to mechanical site preparation and early chemical release in the boral region of northeastern British Columbia
    • Boateng, J.O., J.L. Heineman, J. McClarnon and L. Bedford. 2006. Twenty year responses of white spruce to mechanical site preparation and early chemical release in the boral region of northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 2386-2399.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res , vol.36 , pp. 2386-2399
    • Boateng, J.O.1    Heineman, J.L.2    McClarnon, J.3    Bedford, L.4
  • 17
    • 0024813607 scopus 로고
    • A computer model of the solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests
    • Bonan, G.B. 1989. A computer model of the solar radiation, soil moisture, and soil thermal regimes in boreal forests. Ecol. Model. 45: 275-306.
    • (1989) Ecol. Model , vol.45 , pp. 275-306
    • Bonan, G.B.1
  • 18
    • 0002800081 scopus 로고
    • Soil temperature as an ecological factor in boreal forests
    • H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Bonan, G.B. 1992. Soil temperature as an ecological factor in boreal forests. In H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan (eds.). A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. pp. 126-143. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1992) A systems analysis of the global boreal forest , pp. 126-143
    • Bonan, G.B.1
  • 19
    • 0024922464 scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests
    • Bonan, G.B., and H.H. Shugart. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 1-28.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , vol.20 , pp. 1-28
    • Bonan, G.B.1    Shugart, H.H.2
  • 20
    • 0024945059 scopus 로고
    • Generic simulation model of forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics
    • Bossel, H., and H. Schäfer. 1989. Generic simulation model of forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Ecol. Modelling 48: 221-265.
    • (1989) Ecol. Modelling , vol.48 , pp. 221-265
    • Bossel, H.1    Schäfer, H.2
  • 22
    • 0000609554 scopus 로고
    • Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth
    • Botkin, D.B., J.F. Janak and J.R. Wallis. 1972. Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth. J. Ecol. 60: 849-872.
    • (1972) J. Ecol , vol.60 , pp. 849-872
    • Botkin, D.B.1    Janak, J.F.2    Wallis, J.R.3
  • 23
    • 0003109823 scopus 로고
    • Projecting the effects of climate change on biological diversity in forests
    • R.L. Peters and T.E. Lovejoy eds, Yale University Press, New Haven, CN
    • Botkin, D.B., and R.A. Nisbet. 1992. Projecting the effects of climate change on biological diversity in forests. In R.L. Peters and T.E. Lovejoy (eds.). Global warming and biological diversity. pp. 277-293. Yale University Press, New Haven, CN.
    • (1992) Global warming and biological diversity , pp. 277-293
    • Botkin, D.B.1    Nisbet, R.A.2
  • 24
    • 1542588739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest growth and future yields: The importance of today's regeneration practices
    • Wagner, R.G. and S.J. Colombo eds, Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, ON
    • Burgess, D., G.R. Larocque and D.G. Brand. 2001. Forest growth and future yields: the importance of today's regeneration practices. InWagner, R.G. and S.J. Colombo (eds.). Regenerating the Canadian Forest: Principles and Practice for Ontario. pp. 603-624. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, ON.
    • (2001) Regenerating the Canadian Forest: Principles and Practice for Ontario , pp. 603-624
    • Burgess, D.1    Larocque, G.R.2    Brand, D.G.3
  • 25
    • 0027795609 scopus 로고
    • Some limitations inherent to static indices of plant competition
    • Burton, P.J. 1993. Some limitations inherent to static indices of plant competition. Can J. For. Res. 23: 2141-2152.
    • (1993) Can J. For. Res , vol.23 , pp. 2141-2152
    • Burton, P.J.1
  • 26
    • 0028991375 scopus 로고
    • Potential effects of climatic change on some western Canadian forests, based on phenological enhancements to a patch model of forest succession
    • Burton, P.J. and S.G. Cumming. 1995. Potential effects of climatic change on some western Canadian forests, based on phenological enhancements to a patch model of forest succession. Water Air Soil Pollut. 82: 401-414.
    • (1995) Water Air Soil Pollut , vol.82 , pp. 401-414
    • Burton, P.J.1    Cumming, S.G.2
  • 27
    • 0026049924 scopus 로고
    • A spatial model of forest dynamics
    • Busing, R.T. 1991. A spatial model of forest dynamics. Vegetatio 92:167-179.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.92 , pp. 167-179
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 28
    • 10344228792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in spatial, individualbased modelling of forest dynamics
    • Busing, R.T. and D. Mailly. 2004. Advances in spatial, individualbased modelling of forest dynamics. J. Veg. Sci. 15: 831-842.
    • (2004) J. Veg. Sci , vol.15 , pp. 831-842
    • Busing, R.T.1    Mailly, D.2
  • 30
    • 0024252102 scopus 로고
    • An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
    • Canham, C.D. 1988. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps. Ecology 69: 1634-1638.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1634-1638
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 32
    • 0033491980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement and modeling of spatially-explicit variation in light transmission through interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia
    • Canham, C.D., K.D. Coates, P. Bartemucci, and S. Quaglia. 1999. Measurement and modeling of spatially-explicit variation in light transmission through interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1775-1783.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , pp. 1775-1783
    • Canham, C.D.1    Coates, K.D.2    Bartemucci, P.3    Quaglia, S.4
  • 33
    • 0028180423 scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees
    • Canham, C.D., A.C. Finzi, S.W. Pacala and D.H. Burbank. 1994. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 337-349.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res , vol.24 , pp. 337-349
    • Canham, C.D.1    Finzi, A.C.2    Pacala, S.W.3    Burbank, D.H.4
  • 35
    • 0004087813 scopus 로고
    • Chapin, F. S, R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver and J. Svoboda eds, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 469 p
    • Chapin, F. S., R. Jefferies, J. Reynolds, G. Shaver and J. Svoboda (eds.). 1992. Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: an Ecophysiological Perspective, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 469 p.
    • (1992) Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective
  • 36
    • 85036816163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [CFS] Canadian Forest Service. 1995. Silvicultural terms in Canada. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa. 109 p.
    • [CFS] Canadian Forest Service. 1995. Silvicultural terms in Canada. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa. 109 p.
  • 37
    • 0000803484 scopus 로고
    • Site Conditions for Jack Pine Seeding
    • Chrosciewicz Z. 1990. Site Conditions for Jack Pine Seeding. The Forestry Chronicle 66: 579-584.
    • (1990) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.66 , pp. 579-584
    • Chrosciewicz, Z.1
  • 38
    • 0028801672 scopus 로고
    • Fecundity and dispersal in plant populations: Implications for structure and diversity
    • Clark, J.S. and Y. Ji. 1995. Fecundity and dispersal in plant populations: implications for structure and diversity. Am. Nat. 146: 72-111.
    • (1995) Am. Nat , vol.146 , pp. 72-111
    • Clark, J.S.1    Ji, Y.2
  • 39
    • 0024199097 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive mode and mechanisms for selfreplacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) - a review
    • Crow, T.R. 1988. Reproductive mode and mechanisms for selfreplacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) - a review. For. Sci. 34: 19-40.
    • (1988) For. Sci , vol.34 , pp. 19-40
    • Crow, T.R.1
  • 40
  • 41
    • 0003117662 scopus 로고
    • Assessing impacts of climate change on forests: The state of biological modeling
    • Dale, V.H. and H.M. Rauscher. 1994. Assessing impacts of climate change on forests: the state of biological modeling. Clim. Change 28: 65-90.
    • (1994) Clim. Change , vol.28 , pp. 65-90
    • Dale, V.H.1    Rauscher, H.M.2
  • 42
    • 85195894364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In praise of mechanistically rich models
    • C.D. Canham, J.J. Cole and W.K. Lauenroth eds, Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ
    • DeAngelis, D.L. and W.M. Mooij. 2003. In praise of mechanistically rich models. In C.D. Canham, J.J. Cole and W.K. Lauenroth (eds.). Models in ecosystem science. pp 63-82. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
    • (2003) Models in ecosystem science , pp. 63-82
    • DeAngelis, D.L.1    Mooij, W.M.2
  • 43
    • 85036813741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • de Coligny, F., P. Ancelin, G. Cornu, B. Courbaud, P. Dreyfus, F. Goreaud, S. Gourlet-Fleury, C. Meredieu, C. Orazio and L. Saint-André. 2004. CAPSIS: Computer-Aided Projection for Strategies In Silviculture: Open architecture for a shared forest-modelling platform. In Proceedings of the IUFRO Working Party S5.01-04 conference (September 2002), Harrison, BC. pp. 371-380.
    • de Coligny, F., P. Ancelin, G. Cornu, B. Courbaud, P. Dreyfus, F. Goreaud, S. Gourlet-Fleury, C. Meredieu, C. Orazio and L. Saint-André. 2004. CAPSIS: Computer-Aided Projection for Strategies In Silviculture: Open architecture for a shared forest-modelling platform. In Proceedings of the IUFRO Working Party S5.01-04 conference (September 2002), Harrison, BC. pp. 371-380.
  • 44
    • 0031826360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treefall gap size effects on above- and below-ground processes in a tropical wet forest
    • Denslow, J.S., A.M. Ellison and R.E. Sanford. 1998. Treefall gap size effects on above- and below-ground processes in a tropical wet forest. J. Ecol. 86: 597-609.
    • (1998) J. Ecol , vol.86 , pp. 597-609
    • Denslow, J.S.1    Ellison, A.M.2    Sanford, R.E.3
  • 45
    • 85036846821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Di Lucca, C.M. 1999. TASS/SYLVER/TIPSY: systems for predicting the impact of silvicultural practices on yield, lumber value, economic return and other benefits. In C.R. Bamsey (ed.). Stand Density Management Conference: Using the Planning Tools. November 23-24, 1998, Clear Lake Ltd., Edmonton, AB. pp. 7-16.
    • Di Lucca, C.M. 1999. TASS/SYLVER/TIPSY: systems for predicting the impact of silvicultural practices on yield, lumber value, economic return and other benefits. In C.R. Bamsey (ed.). Stand Density Management Conference: Using the Planning Tools. November 23-24, 1998, Clear Lake Ltd., Edmonton, AB. pp. 7-16.
  • 47
    • 0003801337 scopus 로고
    • Dixon, R.K, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark and W.G. Warren ed, Timber Press, Portland, OR. 450 p
    • Dixon, R.K., R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark and W.G. Warren (ed.). 1990. Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 450 p.
    • (1990) Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress
  • 48
    • 0033237682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early seedling demography in balsam fir seedling banks
    • Duchesneau, R. and H. Morin. 1999. Early seedling demography in balsam fir seedling banks. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1502-1509.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , pp. 1502-1509
    • Duchesneau, R.1    Morin, H.2
  • 49
    • 0035863039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light and intraspecific competition on growth and crown morphology of two size classes of understory balsam fir saplings
    • Duchesneau, R., I. Lesage, C. Messier and H. Morin. 2001. Effects of light and intraspecific competition on growth and crown morphology of two size classes of understory balsam fir saplings. For. Ecol. Manage. 140: 215-225.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.140 , pp. 215-225
    • Duchesneau, R.1    Lesage, I.2    Messier, C.3    Morin, H.4
  • 50
    • 0000185075 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary analyses of short rotation aspen management
    • Ek, A.R. and J.D. Brodie. 1974. A preliminary analyses of short rotation aspen management. Can. J. For. Res. 5: 245-258.
    • (1974) Can. J. For. Res , vol.5 , pp. 245-258
    • Ek, A.R.1    Brodie, J.D.2
  • 53
    • 0030619093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A processbased, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0)
    • Friend, A., A. Stevens, R. Knox and M. Cannell. 1997. A processbased, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0). Ecol. Model. 95: 249-287.
    • (1997) Ecol. Model , vol.95 , pp. 249-287
    • Friend, A.1    Stevens, A.2    Knox, R.3    Cannell, M.4
  • 55
    • 84943796899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gower, S.T., J.G. Isebrands and D.W. Sheriff. 1995. Carbon allocation and accumulation in conifers. InW.K. Smith and T.M. Hinkley (eds.). Resource physiology of conifers. Acquisition, allocation, and utilization. pp. 217-254. Academic Press, New York, NY.
    • Gower, S.T., J.G. Isebrands and D.W. Sheriff. 1995. Carbon allocation and accumulation in conifers. InW.K. Smith and T.M. Hinkley (eds.). Resource physiology of conifers. Acquisition, allocation, and utilization. pp. 217-254. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  • 56
    • 0033020240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling recruitment of Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, and Picea mariana following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest
    • Greene, D.F. and E.A. Johnson. 1999. Modelling recruitment of Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, and Picea mariana following fire in the mixedwood boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 462-473.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , pp. 462-473
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 57
    • 0033779932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree recruitment from burn edges
    • Greene, D.F. and E.A. Johnson. 2000. Tree recruitment from burn edges. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1264-1274.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res , vol.30 , pp. 1264-1274
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 58
    • 1842734980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the temporal variation in the seed production of North American trees
    • Greene, D.F. and E.A. Johnson. 2004.Modelling the temporal variation in the seed production of North American trees. Can. J. For. Res.34: 65-75.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res , vol.34 , pp. 65-75
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 60
    • 0036091763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance dynamics in the boreal forests of European Russia: A review
    • Gromtsev, A. 2002. Natural disturbance dynamics in the boreal forests of European Russia: a review. Silva Fennica 36: 41-55.
    • (2002) Silva Fennica , vol.36 , pp. 41-55
    • Gromtsev, A.1
  • 61
    • 3042595759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model to estimate light interception by tree crowns, applied to black spruce
    • Groot, A. 2004. A model to estimate light interception by tree crowns, applied to black spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 788-799.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res , vol.34 , pp. 788-799
    • Groot, A.1
  • 64
    • 0024936196 scopus 로고
    • Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington
    • Harmon, M.E. and J.F. Franklin. 1989. Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology 70: 48-59.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 48-59
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 65
    • 33846285228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-year growth responses of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar seedlings to manipulated levels of overstory and understory competition
    • Harrington, T.B. 2006. Five-year growth responses of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar seedlings to manipulated levels of overstory and understory competition. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 2439-2453.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res , vol.26 , pp. 2439-2453
    • Harrington, T.B.1
  • 66
    • 85036824599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvey, E.M., Mohammed, G.H. and T.L. Noland. 1993. A bibliography on competition, tree seedling characteristics, and related topics. Ont. For. Res. Inst., For. Res. Rep. 108.
    • Harvey, E.M., Mohammed, G.H. and T.L. Noland. 1993. A bibliography on competition, tree seedling characteristics, and related topics. Ont. For. Res. Inst., For. Res. Rep. 108.
  • 67
    • 84950664833 scopus 로고
    • The maturation of Pinus sylvestris seeds in relation to temperature climate in the northern Finland
    • Henttonen, H., M. Kanninen, M. Nygren and R. Ojansuu. 1986. The maturation of Pinus sylvestris seeds in relation to temperature climate in the northern Finland. Scand. J. For. Res. 1: 243-249.
    • (1986) Scand. J. For. Res , vol.1 , pp. 243-249
    • Henttonen, H.1    Kanninen, M.2    Nygren, M.3    Ojansuu, R.4
  • 68
    • 0028165711 scopus 로고
    • Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest
    • Hogg, E.H. 1994. Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1835-1845.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res , vol.24 , pp. 1835-1845
    • Hogg, E.H.1
  • 69
    • 0030695067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration of planted conifers across climatic moisture gradients on the Canadian prairies: Implications for distribution and climate change
    • Hogg, E.H. and A.G. Schwarz. 1997. Regeneration of planted conifers across climatic moisture gradients on the Canadian prairies: implications for distribution and climate change. J. Biogeo. 24: 527-534.
    • (1997) J. Biogeo , vol.24 , pp. 527-534
    • Hogg, E.H.1    Schwarz, A.G.2
  • 70
    • 0004292553 scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 144 p
    • Horn, H.S. 1971. The adaptive geometry of trees. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 144 p.
    • (1971) The adaptive geometry of trees
    • Horn, H.S.1
  • 71
    • 85024774607 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and growth of coniferous seedlings at varied relative nitrogen addition rates
    • Ingestad, T., and M. Kähr. 1985. Nutrition and growth of coniferous seedlings at varied relative nitrogen addition rates. Physiol. Plant. 65: 109-116.
    • (1985) Physiol. Plant , vol.65 , pp. 109-116
    • Ingestad, T.1    Kähr, M.2
  • 72
    • 0031796333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildfires in the western Canadian boreal forest: Landscape patterns and ecosystem management
    • Johnson, E.A., K. Miyanishi and J.M.H. Weir. 1998. Wildfires in the western Canadian boreal forest: Landscape patterns and ecosystem management. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 603-610.
    • (1998) J. Veg. Sci , vol.9 , pp. 603-610
    • Johnson, E.A.1    Miyanishi, K.2    Weir, J.M.H.3
  • 73
    • 0033549598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest Development in Relation to Ungulate Grazing: A Modeling Approach
    • Jorritsma, I.T.M., A.F.M. Van Hees and G.M.J. Mohren. 1999. Forest Development in Relation to Ungulate Grazing: A Modeling Approach. For. Ecol. Manage. 120: 23-34.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.120 , pp. 23-34
    • Jorritsma, I.T.M.1    Van Hees, A.F.M.2    Mohren, G.M.J.3
  • 74
    • 0029661458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating effects of fire on northern Rocky Mountain landscapes with the ecological process model FIRE-BGC
    • Keane, R.E., K.C. Ryan and S.W. Running. 1996. Simulating effects of fire on northern Rocky Mountain landscapes with the ecological process model FIRE-BGC. Tree Physiol. 16: 319-331.
    • (1996) Tree Physiol , vol.16 , pp. 319-331
    • Keane, R.E.1    Ryan, K.C.2    Running, S.W.3
  • 75
    • 0030618223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the dynamics of the forest ecosystem for climate change studies in the boreal conditions
    • Kellomäki, S. and H. Väisänen. 1997. Modelling the dynamics of the forest ecosystem for climate change studies in the boreal conditions. Ecol. Model. 97: 121-140.
    • (1997) Ecol. Model , vol.97 , pp. 121-140
    • Kellomäki, S.1    Väisänen, H.2
  • 77
    • 0034425745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the effects of climate change on the carbon balance of North American high-latitude forests
    • Keyser, A.R., J.S. Kimball, R.R. Nemani and S.W. Running. 2000. Simulating the effects of climate change on the carbon balance of North American high-latitude forests. Glob. Chan. Biol. 6: 185-195.
    • (2000) Glob. Chan. Biol , vol.6 , pp. 185-195
    • Keyser, A.R.1    Kimball, J.S.2    Nemani, R.R.3    Running, S.W.4
  • 78
    • 0033549621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling Successional Patterns of High-Elevation Forests under Changing Herbivore Pressure - Responses at the Landscape Level
    • Kienast, F., J. Fritschi, M. Bissegger and W. Abderhalden. 1999. Modeling Successional Patterns of High-Elevation Forests under Changing Herbivore Pressure - Responses at the Landscape Level. Forest Ecol. Manage. 120: 35-46.
    • (1999) Forest Ecol. Manage , vol.120 , pp. 35-46
    • Kienast, F.1    Fritschi, J.2    Bissegger, M.3    Abderhalden, W.4
  • 79
    • 0025197256 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring the condition of the Canadian forest environment: The relevance of the concept of "ecological indicators
    • Kimmins, J.P. 1990.Monitoring the condition of the Canadian forest environment: the relevance of the concept of "ecological indicators". Environ. Monitor. Assess. 15: 231-240.
    • (1990) Environ. Monitor. Assess , vol.15 , pp. 231-240
    • Kimmins, J.P.1
  • 80
    • 0030299415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of soil and role of ecosystem disturbance for sustained productivity of cool temperate and boreal forests
    • Kimmins, J. P. 1996. Importance of soil and role of ecosystem disturbance for sustained productivity of cool temperate and boreal forests. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 60: 1643-1654.
    • (1996) Soil Sci. Soc. Amer , vol.60 , pp. 1643-1654
    • Kimmins, J.P.1
  • 82
    • 54049116996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kimmins, J.P., J.A. Blanco, B. Seely and C. Welham. 2008. Complexity in Modeling Forest Ecosystems: How Much is Enough? For. Ecol. Manage. 25610: 1646-1658.
    • Kimmins, J.P., J.A. Blanco, B. Seely and C. Welham. 2008. Complexity in Modeling Forest Ecosystems: How Much is Enough? For. Ecol. Manage. 25610: 1646-1658.
  • 83
    • 0033589350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling forest ecosystem net primary production: The hybrid simulation approach used in FORECAST
    • Kimmins, J.P., D. Mailly and B. Seely. 1999. Modelling forest ecosystem net primary production: the hybrid simulation approach used in FORECAST. Ecol. Model. 122: 195-224.
    • (1999) Ecol. Model , vol.122 , pp. 195-224
    • Kimmins, J.P.1    Mailly, D.2    Seely, B.3
  • 87
    • 0033135893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector
    • Kurz, W.A. and M.J. Apps. 1999. A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. Ecological Application 7.
    • (1999) Ecological Application , vol.7
    • Kurz, W.A.1    Apps, M.J.2
  • 88
    • 0028584660 scopus 로고
    • Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: A review
    • Kuuluvainen, T. 1994. Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: a review. Ann. Zool. Fennici 31: 35-51
    • (1994) Ann. Zool. Fennici , vol.31 , pp. 35-51
    • Kuuluvainen, T.1
  • 89
    • 4244141550 scopus 로고
    • Moose (Alces alces) damage in pine plantations established during 1973-1982 in the Uusimaa - Häme Forestry Board District (English summary)
    • 13 p
    • Lääperi, A. and K. Löyttyniemi. 1988.Moose (Alces alces) damage in pine plantations established during 1973-1982 in the Uusimaa - Häme Forestry Board District (English summary). Folia Forestalia 719. 13 p.
    • (1988) Folia Forestalia , vol.719
    • Lääperi, A.1    Löyttyniemi, K.2
  • 90
    • 0037518364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling forest ecosystems: State of the art, challenges, and future directions
    • Landsberg, J. 2003. Modelling forest ecosystems: state of the art, challenges, and future directions. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 385-397.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res , vol.33 , pp. 385-397
    • Landsberg, J.1
  • 92
    • 0003908826 scopus 로고
    • Lavender, D.P, R. Parish, C.M. Johnson, G. Montgomery, A. Vyse, R.A. Willis and D. Winston eds, Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 372 p
    • Lavender, D.P., R. Parish, C.M. Johnson, G. Montgomery, A. Vyse, R.A. Willis and D. Winston (eds.). 1990. Regenerating British Columbia's Forests. Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 372 p.
    • (1990) Regenerating British Columbia's Forests
  • 93
    • 85036829368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leadem, C.L. 1997. Dormancy-Unlocking Seed Secrets. In T.D. Landis, J.R. Thompson (eds.). National Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. pp. 43-52. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWG TR-419. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, OR.
    • Leadem, C.L. 1997. Dormancy-Unlocking Seed Secrets. In T.D. Landis, J.R. Thompson (eds.). National Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. pp. 43-52. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWG TR-419. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, OR.
  • 94
    • 0034127458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed abundance versus substrate limitation of seedling recruitment in northern temperate forests of British Columbia
    • Lepage, P.T., Canham, C.D., Coates, K.D., and Bartemucci, P. 2000. Seed abundance versus substrate limitation of seedling recruitment in northern temperate forests of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 415-427.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res , vol.30 , pp. 415-427
    • Lepage, P.T.1    Canham, C.D.2    Coates, K.D.3    Bartemucci, P.4
  • 95
    • 0035871586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified 3D-patch model for spatially explicit simulation of vegetation composition in heterogeneous landscapes
    • Lexer, M.J. and K. Honninger. 2001. A modified 3D-patch model for spatially explicit simulation of vegetation composition in heterogeneous landscapes. For. Ecol. Manage. 144: 43-65.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.144 , pp. 43-65
    • Lexer, M.J.1    Honninger, K.2
  • 97
    • 84943752626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luxmore, R.J., R. Oren, D.W. Sheriff and R.B. Thomas. 1995. Source-sink-storage relationship of conifers. InW.K. Smith and T.M. Hinkley (eds.). Resource physiology of conifers. Acquisition, allocation, and utilization. pp. 179-216. Academic Press, New York, NY.
    • Luxmore, R.J., R. Oren, D.W. Sheriff and R.B. Thomas. 1995. Source-sink-storage relationship of conifers. InW.K. Smith and T.M. Hinkley (eds.). Resource physiology of conifers. Acquisition, allocation, and utilization. pp. 179-216. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  • 98
    • 0034732118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and succession in a coniferous forest of northwest North America: Simulationswith DRYADES, a spatial gap model
    • Mailly, D., J.P. Kimmins and R.T. Busing. 2000. Disturbance and succession in a coniferous forest of northwest North America: simulationswith DRYADES, a spatial gap model. Ecol. Model. 127: 183-205.
    • (2000) Ecol. Model , vol.127 , pp. 183-205
    • Mailly, D.1    Kimmins, J.P.2    Busing, R.T.3
  • 99
    • 0038354931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forest with ericaceous understory: Role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone change
    • Mallik, A.U. 2003. Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forest with ericaceous understory: role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone change. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22: 341-366.
    • (2003) Crit. Rev. Plant Sci , vol.22 , pp. 341-366
    • Mallik, A.U.1
  • 100
    • 0034744175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests
    • McCarthy, J. 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9: 1-59.
    • (2001) Environ. Rev , vol.9 , pp. 1-59
    • McCarthy, J.1
  • 101
    • 33644517901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed and bud legacies interact with varying fires regimes to drive long-term dynamics of boreal forest communities
    • McIntire, E.J.B., R. Duchesneau and J.P. Kimmins. 2005. Seed and bud legacies interact with varying fires regimes to drive long-term dynamics of boreal forest communities. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 2765-2773.
    • (2005) Can. J. For. Res , vol.35 , pp. 2765-2773
    • McIntire, E.J.B.1    Duchesneau, R.2    Kimmins, J.P.3
  • 102
    • 0020891881 scopus 로고
    • Above- and below-ground growth of forest stands: A carbon budget model
    • McMurtrie, R.E. and L. Wolf. 1983. Above- and below-ground growth of forest stands: a carbon budget model. Ann. Bot. 52: 437-448.
    • (1983) Ann. Bot , vol.52 , pp. 437-448
    • McMurtrie, R.E.1    Wolf, L.2
  • 103
    • 0025570372 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional stress in Picea sitchensis plantations in coastal British Columbia: The effects of Gaultheria shallon and declining soil fertility
    • Messier, C. and J.P. Kimmins. 1990. Nutritional stress in Picea sitchensis plantations in coastal British Columbia: the effects of Gaultheria shallon and declining soil fertility. Water Air Soil Pollut. 54: 257-267.
    • (1990) Water Air Soil Pollut , vol.54 , pp. 257-267
    • Messier, C.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 104
    • 0032790547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional aspects of managing advanced regeneration growth and survival up to pole size in boreal forests
    • Messier, C., R. Doucet, J.-C. Ruel, Y. Claveau, C. Kelly and M.J. Lechowicz. 1998. Functional aspects of managing advanced regeneration growth and survival up to pole size in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 812-823.
    • (1998) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , pp. 812-823
    • Messier, C.1    Doucet, R.2    Ruel, J.-C.3    Claveau, Y.4    Kelly, C.5    Lechowicz, M.J.6
  • 105
    • 0002428133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design, behavior and application of LANDIS, an object-oriented model of forest landscape disturbance and succession
    • D.J. Mladenoff and W.L. Baker eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Mladenoff, D.J. and H.S. He. 1999. Design, behavior and application of LANDIS, an object-oriented model of forest landscape disturbance and succession. In D.J. Mladenoff and W.L. Baker (eds.). Spatial modeling of forest landscape change. pp. 125-162. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1999) Spatial modeling of forest landscape change , pp. 125-162
    • Mladenoff, D.J.1    He, H.S.2
  • 106
    • 85036837124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore, J.D., D. Pothier and F. Potvin. 2004. Large-scale felling to regenerate balsam fir on Anticosti Island in the presence of high populations of whitetail deer. Res. Rep. No 145, Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, de la Faune, p. xi + 25.
    • Moore, J.D., D. Pothier and F. Potvin. 2004. Large-scale felling to regenerate balsam fir on Anticosti Island in the presence of high populations of whitetail deer. Res. Rep. No 145, Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, de la Faune, p. xi + 25.
  • 107
    • 0035063612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small mammal populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods
    • Moses, R.A., and S. Boutin. 2001. The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small mammal populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 483-495.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res , vol.31 , pp. 483-495
    • Moses, R.A.1    Boutin, S.2
  • 108
    • 0027880481 scopus 로고
    • Ecological field theory model: A mechanistic approach to simulate plant-plant interactions in south-eastern forest ecosystem
    • Mou, P., R.J. Mitchell and R.H. Jones. 1993. Ecological field theory model: a mechanistic approach to simulate plant-plant interactions in south-eastern forest ecosystem. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2180-2193.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res , vol.23 , pp. 2180-2193
    • Mou, P.1    Mitchell, R.J.2    Jones, R.H.3
  • 109
    • 0035877318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A generic processbased SImulator for meditERRanean landscApes (SIERRA): Design and validation exercises
    • Mouillot, F., S. Rambal and S. Lavorel. 2001. A generic processbased SImulator for meditERRanean landscApes (SIERRA): design and validation exercises. For. Ecol. Manage. 147: 75-97.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.147 , pp. 75-97
    • Mouillot, F.1    Rambal, S.2    Lavorel, S.3
  • 110
    • 0002503470 scopus 로고
    • The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances
    • Noble, I.R. and R.O. Slatyer. 1980. The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 43: 5-21.
    • (1980) Vegetatio , vol.43 , pp. 5-21
    • Noble, I.R.1    Slatyer, R.O.2
  • 112
    • 38249035878 scopus 로고
    • Development of Douglas-fir apices under natural and cone-inducing conditions
    • Owens, J.N.1987. Development of Douglas-fir apices under natural and cone-inducing conditions. For. Ecol. Manage. 19: 85-97.
    • (1987) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.19 , pp. 85-97
    • Owens, J.N.1
  • 113
    • 0027868356 scopus 로고
    • Forest models defined by field measurements: I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator
    • Pacala, S.W., C.D. Canham and J.A. Silander. 1993. Forest models defined by field measurements: I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1980-1988.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res , vol.23 , pp. 1980-1988
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Canham, C.D.2    Silander, J.A.3
  • 115
    • 0002506979 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial vegetation and climate change: Integrating models and experiments
    • P.M. Kareiva, J.G. Kingsolver and R.B. Huey eds, Sinauer Assoc, Sunderland, MA
    • Pacala, S.W. and G.C. Hurtt. 1993. Terrestrial vegetation and climate change: integrating models and experiments. In P.M. Kareiva, J.G. Kingsolver and R.B. Huey (eds.). Biotic interactions and global change. pp. 57-74. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA.
    • (1993) Biotic interactions and global change , pp. 57-74
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Hurtt, G.C.2
  • 116
    • 0000060082 scopus 로고
    • Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest
    • H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Payette, S. 1992. Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. In H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan (eds.). A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. pp. 144-169. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1992) A systems analysis of the global boreal forest , pp. 144-169
    • Payette, S.1
  • 117
    • 85036847692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peng, C.H. and M.J. Apps. 1997. A coupled CENTURY model-GIS approach for evaluation of the sustainability of Canadian boreal forests under a changing environment. In Proc. 11th Annual Symp. On Geographic Information Systems. GIS-97, Vancouver, BC. pp. 316-323.
    • Peng, C.H. and M.J. Apps. 1997. A coupled CENTURY model-GIS approach for evaluation of the sustainability of Canadian boreal forests under a changing environment. In Proc. 11th Annual Symp. On Geographic Information Systems. GIS-97, Vancouver, BC. pp. 316-323.
  • 118
    • 67651104591 scopus 로고
    • Salal Cedar Hemlock Integrated Research Program: A synthesis
    • Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 85 p
    • Prescott C.E. and G.F. Weetman 1994. Salal Cedar Hemlock Integrated Research Program: A synthesis. Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 85 p.
    • (1994) Faculty of Forestry
    • Prescott, C.E.1    Weetman, G.F.2
  • 119
    • 0025592839 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process and the dynamics of forest structure: A simulation approach
    • Prentice, I.C. and R. Leemans. 1990. Pattern and process and the dynamics of forest structure: a simulation approach. J. Ecol. 78: 340-355.
    • (1990) J. Ecol , vol.78 , pp. 340-355
    • Prentice, I.C.1    Leemans, R.2
  • 120
    • 0033383960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating effects of climate change on boreal ecosystem carbon pools in central Canada
    • Price, D.T., C.H. Peng, M.J. Apps and D.H. Helliwell. 1998. Simulating effects of climate change on boreal ecosystem carbon pools in central Canada. J. Biogeogra. 26: 1237-1248.
    • (1998) J. Biogeogra , vol.26 , pp. 1237-1248
    • Price, D.T.1    Peng, C.H.2    Apps, M.J.3    Helliwell, D.H.4
  • 121
    • 85036834296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Price, D.T., N.E. Zimmermann, P.J. Van Der Meer, M.J. Lexer, P.
    • Price, D.T., N.E. Zimmermann, P.J. Van Der Meer, M.J. Lexer, P.
  • 123
    • 0023468470 scopus 로고
    • Simulation model for natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens
    • Pukkala, T. 1988. Simulation model for natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens. Silva Fennica 21: 37-53.
    • (1988) Silva Fennica , vol.21 , pp. 37-53
    • Pukkala, T.1
  • 124
    • 85036835203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree improvement in Québec: A tool for industrial and environmental productivity. Research note. Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec
    • Québec, Canada
    • Rainville, A., Desponts, M., Beaudoin, R., Périnet, P., Mottet, M.- J., and Perron, M. 2003. Tree improvement in Québec: a tool for industrial and environmental productivity. Research note. Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec. XII World Forestry Congress, Québec, Canada.
    • (2003) XII World Forestry Congress
    • Rainville, A.1    Desponts, M.2    Beaudoin, R.3    Périnet, P.4    Mottet, M.J.5    Perron, M.6
  • 125
    • 0030294747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of ungulates on forest vegetation and its dependence on the silvicultural system
    • Reimoser, F. and H. Gossow. 1996. Impact of ungulates on forest vegetation and its dependence on the silvicultural system. For. Ecol. Manage. 88: 107-119.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.88 , pp. 107-119
    • Reimoser, F.1    Gossow, H.2
  • 126
    • 85036821863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reynolds, J.F., D.W. Hilbert and P.R. Kemp. 1993. Scaling ecophysiology from the plant to the ecosystem: a conceptual framework. In J.R. Ehleringer and C.B. Field (eds.). Scaling physiological processes. Leaf to globe. pp. 127-140. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
    • Reynolds, J.F., D.W. Hilbert and P.R. Kemp. 1993. Scaling ecophysiology from the plant to the ecosystem: a conceptual framework. In J.R. Ehleringer and C.B. Field (eds.). Scaling physiological processes. Leaf to globe. pp. 127-140. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
  • 127
    • 0028161466 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment in forests: Calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersal
    • Ribbens, E., J.A. Silander Jr. and S.W. Pacala. 1994. Recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersal. Ecology 75: 1794-1806.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1794-1806
    • Ribbens, E.1    Silander Jr., J.A.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 129
    • 0032474887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to modelling natural regeneration in oak-dominated forests
    • Rogers, R. and P.S. Johnson. 1998. Approaches to modelling natural regeneration in oak-dominated forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 106: 45-54.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.106 , pp. 45-54
    • Rogers, R.1    Johnson, P.S.2
  • 130
    • 0002007838 scopus 로고
    • Investigations on the flowering and seed crop of Picea abies
    • Sarvas, R. 1968. Investigations on the flowering and seed crop of Picea abies. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 67: 1-84.
    • (1968) Commun. Inst. For. Fenn , vol.67 , pp. 1-84
    • Sarvas, R.1
  • 131
    • 85036818094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seely, B., J.A. Blanco, C. Welham, J.P. Kimmins, K. Scoullar, D. Cavens. 2008. LLEMS: un modelo espacialmente explícito para el manejo forestal sostenible (in Spanish). In F.T. Maestre, A. Escudero and A. Bonet. Introducción al análisis espacial de datos en ecología y ciencias ambientales: métodos y aplicaciones (in Spanish). pp. 675-694. Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo, A.E.E.T. and Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid.
    • Seely, B., J.A. Blanco, C. Welham, J.P. Kimmins, K. Scoullar, D. Cavens. 2008. LLEMS: un modelo espacialmente explícito para el manejo forestal sostenible (in Spanish). In F.T. Maestre, A. Escudero and A. Bonet. Introducción al análisis espacial de datos en ecología y ciencias ambientales: métodos y aplicaciones (in Spanish). pp. 675-694. Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo, A.E.E.T. and Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid.
  • 132
    • 0032838630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem management models: Defining stand-level sustainability, exploring stand-level stewardship
    • Seely, B., J.P. Kimmins, C. Welham and K. Scoullar. 1999. Ecosystem management models: defining stand-level sustainability, exploring stand-level stewardship. J. Forestry 97: 4-10.
    • (1999) J. Forestry , vol.97 , pp. 4-10
    • Seely, B.1    Kimmins, J.P.2    Welham, C.3    Scoullar, K.4
  • 134
    • 0008409307 scopus 로고
    • Individual-based models of forest dynamics and their application in global change research
    • H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan eds, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Shugart, H.H. and I.C. Prentice. 1992. Individual-based models of forest dynamics and their application in global change research. In H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan (eds.). A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. pp. 313-333. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1992) A systems analysis of the global boreal forest , pp. 313-333
    • Shugart, H.H.1    Prentice, I.C.2
  • 135
    • 0003716089 scopus 로고
    • Shugart, H.H, R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan eds, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 577 p
    • Shugart, H.H., R. Leemans and G.B. Bonan (eds.) 1992. A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 577 p.
    • (1992) A systems analysis of the global boreal forest
  • 136
    • 0029660882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of forest patch models and their application to global change research
    • Shugart, H.H. and T.M. Smith. 1996.A review of forest patch models and their application to global change research. Clim. Change 34: 131-153.
    • (1996) Clim. Change , vol.34 , pp. 131-153
    • Shugart, H.H.1    Smith, T.M.2
  • 138
    • 0002044874 scopus 로고
    • The development of spruce forest on a raw humus sites in northern Finland and its ecology
    • Sirèn, G. 1955. The development of spruce forest on a raw humus sites in northern Finland and its ecology. Acta Forestalia Fennica 62: 1-363.
    • (1955) Acta Forestalia Fennica , vol.62 , pp. 1-363
    • Sirèn, G.1
  • 140
    • 77956868862 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the potential response of vegetation to global climate change
    • Smith, T., H.H. Shugart, G.B. Bonan and J.B. Smith. 1992. Modeling the potential response of vegetation to global climate change. Adv. Ecol. Res. 22: 93-116.
    • (1992) Adv. Ecol. Res , vol.22 , pp. 93-116
    • Smith, T.1    Shugart, H.H.2    Bonan, G.B.3    Smith, J.B.4
  • 141
    • 0034709375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MIXLIGHT: A flexible light transmission model for mixed-species forest stands
    • Stadt, K.J. and V.J. Lieffers. 2000. MIXLIGHT: a flexible light transmission model for mixed-species forest stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 102: 235-252.
    • (2000) Agric. For. Meteorol , vol.102 , pp. 235-252
    • Stadt, K.J.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 143
    • 1542789985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of Canadian forest vegetation management research and practice
    • Thompson, D.G. and D.G. Pitt. 2003. A review of Canadian forest vegetation management research and practice. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 559-572.
    • (2003) Ann. For. Sci , vol.60 , pp. 559-572
    • Thompson, D.G.1    Pitt, D.G.2
  • 144
    • 85036805362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart. 1992. Individual-based models of forest succession. In D.C. Glenn-Lewin, R.K. Peet and T.T. Veblen. Plant succession: theory and prediction. pp. 249-292. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
    • Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart. 1992. Individual-based models of forest succession. In D.C. Glenn-Lewin, R.K. Peet and T.T. Veblen. Plant succession: theory and prediction. pp. 249-292. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
  • 145
    • 0029137439 scopus 로고
    • Growth models for tropical forests: A synthesis of models and methods
    • Vanclay, J.K. 1995. Growth models for tropical forests: a synthesis of models and methods. For. Sci. 41: 7-42.
    • (1995) For. Sci , vol.41 , pp. 7-42
    • Vanclay, J.K.1
  • 146
    • 0030988826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating forest growth models
    • Vanclay, J. and J. Skovsgaard. 1997. Evaluating forest growth models. Ecol. Model. 98: 1-12.
    • (1997) Ecol. Model , vol.98 , pp. 1-12
    • Vanclay, J.1    Skovsgaard, J.2
  • 147
    • 85036810341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viereck, L.A. 1983. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada. In R.W.Wein and D.A. MacLean. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. pp. 201-220. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
    • Viereck, L.A. 1983. The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada. In R.W.Wein and D.A. MacLean. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. pp. 201-220. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
  • 148
    • 0032422373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration from seed of six tree species in the interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia as affected by substrate and canopy gap position
    • Wright, E.F., K.D. Coates and P. Bartemucci. 1998. Regeneration from seed of six tree species in the interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia as affected by substrate and canopy gap position. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 1352-1364.
    • (1998) Can. J. For. Res , vol.28 , pp. 1352-1364
    • Wright, E.F.1    Coates, K.D.2    Bartemucci, P.3
  • 149
    • 0022225023 scopus 로고
    • Ecological field theory: A spatial analysis of resource interference among plants
    • Wu, H., P.J.H. Sharpe, J. Walker and L.K. Penridge. 1985. Ecological field theory: a spatial analysis of resource interference among plants. Ecol. Model. 29: 215-243.
    • (1985) Ecol. Model , vol.29 , pp. 215-243
    • Wu, H.1    Sharpe, P.J.H.2    Walker, J.3    Penridge, L.K.4
  • 151
    • 2942724489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of diagnostic tests and their roles in validating forest biometric models
    • Yang, Y., R.A. Monserud and S. Huang. 2004. An evaluation of diagnostic tests and their roles in validating forest biometric models. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 619-629.
    • (2004) Can. J. For. Res , vol.34 , pp. 619-629
    • Yang, Y.1    Monserud, R.A.2    Huang, S.3
  • 152
    • 0002825716 scopus 로고
    • The reproductive process in boreal forest trees
    • H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, G.B. Bonan eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Zasada, J.C., T.L. Sharik and M. Nygren. 1992. The reproductive process in boreal forest trees. In H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, G.B. Bonan (eds.). A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. pp. 126-143. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1992) A systems analysis of the global boreal forest , pp. 126-143
    • Zasada, J.C.1    Sharik, T.L.2    Nygren, M.3
  • 153
    • 85036817900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathology of conifer seed and seedlings on natural and disturbed forest floors in the Engelmann spruce - Subalpine fir zone
    • C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse eds, Creek Silvicultural Systems Research Project Workshop, 24-25 April, Kamloops, BC. pp, BC Min. For, Victoria, BC
    • Zhong, J.W. and B. Van der Kamp. 1997. Pathology of conifer seed and seedlings on natural and disturbed forest floors in the Engelmann spruce - Subalpine fir zone. In C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (eds.). Proceedings of the Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems Research Project Workshop, 24-25 April, 1996, Kamloops, BC. pp. 170-173. BC Min. For, Victoria, BC.
    • (1996) Proceedings of the Sicamous , pp. 170-173
    • Zhong, J.W.1    Van der Kamp, B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.