Simulating effects of fire on northern Rocky Mountain landscapes with the ecological process model FIRE-BGC

Tree Physiology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 319-331

  Keane, Robert E ^a   Ryan, Kevin C ^a   Running, Steven W ^b  

^a Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Evapotranspiraton; Landscape dynamics; Net primary productivity; Standing crop biomass

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CONIFEROUS FOREST; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; FIRE; FIRE-BGC; LEAF AREA INDEX; MODELLING; NITROGEN CYCLING; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY;

USA, (NORTHWEST), ROCKY MOUNTAINS; USA, MONTANA, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK;

EID: 0029661458     PISSN: 0829318X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/treephys/16.3.319     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Albini, F.A. 1976a. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-30, 92 p.
2. Albini, F.A. 1976b. Computer-based models of wildland fire behavior: a user's manual. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, 68 p.
3. Alt, D.D. and D.W. Hyndman. 1973. Rocks, ice and water: the geology of Waterton-Glacier Park. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, MT, 104 p.
4. Andersen, M. 1991. Mechanistic models for the seed shadows of wind-dispersed plants. Am. Nat. 137:476-497.
5. Anderson, H.E. 1969. Heat transfer and fire spread. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Res. Pap. INT-69, 20 p.
6. Anderson, H.E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122, 22 p.
7. Baker, W.L. 1989. Effect of scale and spatial heterogeneity on fire-interval distributions. Can. J. For. Res. 19:700-706.
8. Barrett, S.W. 1986. Fire history of Glacier National Park: middle fork Flathead River drainage. Intermount. Fire Sci. Lab., Missoula, MT, 32p.
9. Barrett, S.W., S.F. Arno and C.H. Key. 1991. Fire regimes of western larch-lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1711-1720.
10. Bevins, C.D., P.L. Andrews and R.E. Keane. 1994. Forest succession modeling using the Loki software architecture. Lesn. For. 41:158-163.
11. Bevins, C.D. and P.L. Andrews. 1994. The Loki software architecture for fire and ecosystem modeling: a tinker toy approach. 12th Conf. on Fire and For. Meteorol., Soc. Am. For., Washington, D.C., pp 252-260.
12. Bonan, G.B. and H.H. Shugart. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:1 - 28.
13. Bossel, H. and H. Schäfer. 1990. Ecophysiological dynamic simulation model of tree growth, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics. In Forest Simulation Systems. Eds. L.C. Wensel and G.S. Biging. Univ. of Calif., Div. of Agric. Nat. Resources, Berkeley, CA, Bull. 1927, 420 p.
14. Bowden, R.D., K.J. Nadelhoffer, R.D. Boone, J.M. Mclillo and J.B. Garrison. 1993. Contributions of aboveground litter, below-ground litter and root respiration to total soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1402-1407.
15. Brown, J.K. 1970. Ratios of surface area to volume for common fire fuels. For. Sci. 16:101-105.
16. Brown, J.K. 1981. Bulk densities of nonuniform surface fuels and their application to fire modeling. For. Sci. 27:667-683.
17. Brown, J.K. and C.D. Bevins. 1986. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Res. Note INT-358, 9 p.
18. Brown, J.K. and TE. See. 1981. Downed dead woody fuel and biomass in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-117, 48 p.
19. Busing, R.T. 1991. A spatial model of forest dynamics. Veg. Sci. 92:167-179.
20. Clark, J.S. 1990. Fire and climate change during the last 750 years in northwestern Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 60:135-159.
21. Crutzen, P.J. and J.G. Goldammer. 1993. Fire in the environment: the ecological, atmospheric and climatic importance of vegetation fires. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 456 p.
22. Davis, K.M. 1981. Fire history of a western larch/Douglas-fir forest type in northwestern Montana. Proc. Fire History Workshop, Tucson, AZ, pp 69-74.
23. DeBano, L.F. 1991. The effect of fire on soil properties. Proc. Manage. and Prod. of Western-Montane For. Soils, Boise, ID, pp 151-157.
24. Dixon, R.K., R.S. Meldahl, G.A, Ruark and W.G. Warren. 1990. Process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 320 p.
25. Dyrness, C.T., K. Van Cleve and J.D. Levison. 1989. The effect of wildfire on soil chemistry in four forest types in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 19:1389-1396.
26. Dyson, J.L. 1967. The geologic story of Glacier National Park. Special Bulletin No. 3, Revised Edn. Glacier Natural History Assoc., West Glacier, MT, 24 p.
27. Earhart, R.L., O.B. Raup, J.W. Whipple, A.L. Isom and G.A. Davis. 1989. Geologic maps, cross section, and photographs of the central part of Glacier National Park, Montana. USGS Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-1508-B.
28. Edwards, N.T. 1982. The use of soda-lime for measuring respiration rates in terrestrial systems. Pedobiologia 23:321-330.
29. Finklin, A.I. 1986. A climatic handbook for Glacier National Park with data for Waterton Lakes National Park. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-204, 124 p.
30. Finney, M.A. 1994. Modeling the spread and behavior of prescribed natural fires. 12th Conf. on Fire and For. Meteorol., Soc. of Am. For., Bethesda, MD, pp 138-144.
31. Fischer, W.C. and A.F. Bradley. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223, 95 p.
32. Fosberg, M. A. 1970. Drying rates of heartwood below fiber saturation. For. Sci. 16:57-63.
33. Gosz, J.R. 1981. Nitrogen cycling in coniferous ecosystems. Ecol. Bull. 33:405-426.
34. Greene, D.F. and E.A. Johnson. 1989. A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology 70:339-347.
35. Habeck, JR. 1968. Forest succession in the Glacier Park cedar-hemlock forests. Ecology 49:872-880.
36. Habeck, J.R. 1970a. The vegetation of Glacier National Park, Montana. USDI National Park Service, West Glacier, MT, 132 p.
37. Habeck, J.R. 1970b. Fire ecology investigations in Glacier National Park. Historical considerations and current observations. USDI National Park Service, West Glacier, MT, 80 p.
38. Habeck, J.R. and C.M. Choate. 1963. An analysis of krummholtz communities at Logan Pass, Glacier National Park. Northwest Sci. 37:165-166.
39. Habeck, J.R. and C.M. Choate. 1967. Alpine communities at Logan Pass, Glacier National Park. Proc. Montana Acad. Sci. 27:36-54.
40. Habeck, J.R. and R.W. Mutch. 1973. Fire-dependent forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quat. Res. 3:408-424.
41. Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties. Eds. H.A. Mooney, TM. Bonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan and W.A. Reiners. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, pp 7-58.
42. Hungerford, R.D., R.R. Nemani, S.W. Running and J.C. Coughlan. 1989. MTCLIM: A mountain microclimate simulation model. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Res. Pap. INT-414, 52 p.
43. Jensen, M.E., W. Hann, R.E. Keane, J. Caratti, and P.S. Bourgeron. 1993. ECODATA-A multiresource database and analysis system for ecosystem description and evaluation. In Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment, Vol. II. Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications. Eds. M.E. Jensen and P.S. Bourgeron. USDA Forest Service, Nat. For. Syst. Inform. Rep., pp 249-265.
44. Johnson, E.A. 1979. Fire reoccurrence in the subartic and its implications for vegetation composition. Can. J. Bot. 57:1374-1379.
45. Keane, R.E., S.F. Arno and J.K. Brown. 1989. FIRESUM-An ecological process model for fire succession in Western conifer forests. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-266, 76 p.
46. Keane, R.E., S.F. Arno and J.K. Brown. 1990a. Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests. Ecology 71:189-203.
47. Keane, R.E., S.F. Arno, J.K. Brown and D.F. Tomback. 1990b. Modeling stand dynamics in whitebark pine (Pinns albicaulis) forests. Ecol. Model. 51:73-95.
48. Keane, R.E., M.E. Jensen and W.J. Hann. 1990c. ECODATA and ECOPAC - analytical tools for integrated resource management. The Compiler 8:24-37.
49. Keane, R.E., P. Morgan and S.W. Running. 1995. FIRE-BGC - A mechanistic ecological process model for simulating fire succession on Northern Rocky Mountain coniferous forest landscapes. USDA Forest Service, Res. Pap. INT-RP-434. In press.
50. Kercher, J.R. and M.C. Axelrod. 1984. A process model of fire ecology and succession in a mixed-conifer forest. Ecology 65:1725-1742.
51. Kessell, S.R. 1979. Gradient modeling: resource and fire management. Springer Verlag, New York, 432 p.
52. Kimmins, J.P. 1993. Scientific foundations for the simulation of ecosystem function and management in FORCYTE-11. Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Inf. Rep. NOR-X-328, 88 p.
53. Link, S.O., G.W. Gee, M.E. Thiede and P.A. Beedlow. 1990. Response of a shrub-steppe ecosystem to fire: soil water and vegetational change. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil. 4:163-172.
54. Maggs, J. 1988. Organic matter and nutrients in the forest floor of a Pinus elliottii plantation and some effects of prescribed burning and superphosphate addition. For. Ecol. Manage. 23:105-119.
55. McCaughey, W.W., W.C. Schmidt and R.C. Shearer. 1985. Seed dispersal characteristics of conifers of the Inland Mountain West. In Conifer Seed in Inland Mountain. West. Ed. R.C. Shearer. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep INT-203, Missoula, MT. pp 50-61.
56. Minore, D. 1979. Comparative autecological characteristics of northwestern tree species: a literature review. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, OR, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-87, 28 p.
57. Mushinsky, H.R. and D.J. Gibson. 1991. The influence of fire periodicity on habitat structure. In Habitat Structure. Ed. S.S. Bell. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 237-259.
58. Peet, R.K. 1988. Forests of the Rocky Mountains. In North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Eds. M.G. Barbourand W.D. Billings. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 63-96.
59. Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34, 174 p.
60. Pierce, L.L. and S.W. Running. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer. Ecology 69:1762-1767.
61. Raison, R.J. 1979. Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: a review. Plant Soil 51:73-108.
62. Reed, K.L. 1980. An ecological approach to modeling growth of forest trees. For. Sci. 26:33-50.
63. Reich, P.B., M.D. Abrams. D.S. Ellsworth. E.L. Kruger and T.J. Tabone. 1990. Fire affects ecophysiology and community dynamics of central Wisconsin oak forest regeneration. Ecology 71:2179-2190.
64. Rothermal, R.C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermount. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, UT, Res. Pap. INT-115, 40 p.
65. Rowe, J.S. 1983. Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. Eds. R.W. Wein and D.A. MacLean. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 135-151.
66. Rundel, P.W. 1982. Fire as an ecological factor. In Physiological Plant Response to the Physical Environment. Eds. O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond and H. Ziegler. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 501-538.
67. Running, S.W. and J.C. Coughlan. 1988. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecol. Model. 42:125-154.
68. Running, S.W. and S.T. Gower. 1991. FOREST-BGC, a general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. II. Dynamic carbon allocation and nitrogen budgets. Tree Physiol. 9:147-160.
69. Running, S.W. and E.R. Hunt. 1993. Generalization of a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an application for global scale models. In Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. Eds. J.R. Ehleringer and C. Field. Academic Press Inc., London, pp 141-157.
70. Ryan, K.C. and B.C. Reinhardt. 1988. Predicting postfire mortality of seven western conifers. Can. J. For. Res. 18:1291-1297.
71. Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Average annual precipitation, Montana, based on 1941-1970 base period. USDA Soil Conserv. Service, Portland, OR, 16 p.
72. Shugart H.H. and S.W. Seagle. 1985. Modeling forest landscapes and the role of disturbance in ecosystems and communities. In The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 353-368.
73. Tomhack, D.F., L.A. Hoffmann and S.K. Sund. 1990. Coevolution of whitebark pine and nutcrackers: implications of forest regeneration. In Whitebark Pine Ecosystems: Ecology and Management of a High Mountain Resource. USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270, pp 118-130.
74. Turner, M.G. and W.H. Romme. 1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landscape Ecol. 9:59-77.
75. Urban, D.L., G.B. Bonan, T.M. Smith and H.H. Shugart. 1991. Spatial applications of GAP models. For. Ecol. Manage. 42:95-110.
76. Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart. 1992. Individual-based models of forest succession. In Plant Succession Theory and Prediction. Eds. D.C. Glenn-Lewin, R.K. Peet and T.T. Veblen. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 249-292.
77. USA CERL. 1990. GRASS 4.0 reference manual. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Res. Lab., Champaign, IL, 208 p.
78. Van Wagner, C.E. 1978. Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle. Can. J. For. Res. 8:220-227.
79. Welles, J.M. and J.M. Norman. 1991. Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. Agron. J. 83:818-825.
80. White, J.D. and S.W. Running. 1994. Testing scale dependent assumptions in regional ecosystem simulations. J. Veg. Sci. 5:686-702.
81. Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and Canada. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 499 p.