Twenty year responses of white spruce to mechanical site preparation and early chemical release in the boreal region of northeastern British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 2386-2399

  Boateng, Jacob O ^a   Heineman, Jean L ^b   McClarnon, John ^a   Bedford, Lorne ^a  

^a RESEARCH BRANCH   (Canada)

^b J Heineman Forestry Consulting   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MINERALS; PLANTS (BOTANY);

CHEMICAL RELEASE; MINERAL CAPPING; MOUNDING TREATMENTS;

FORESTRY;

CONIFEROUS TREE; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; GROWTH RATE; SCARIFICATION; SILVICULTURE; SITE PREPARATION; SURVIVAL; TREND ANALYSIS;

FORESTRY; PLANTS; SCARIFICATION;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

PICEA; PICEA GLAUCA;

EID: 33846326235     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/X06-197     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (68)

1. Armstrong, W., Booth, T.C., Priestley, P., and Read, D.J. 1976. The relationship between soil aeration, stability and growth of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr) on upland peaty gleys. J. Appl. Ecol. 13: 585-591.
2. Bassman, J.H. 1989. Influence of two site preparation treatments on ecophysiology of planted Picea engelmannii x glauca seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1359-1370.
3. Bedford, L., and Sutton, R.F. 2000. Site preparation for establishing lodgepole pine in the sub-boreal spruce zone of interior British Columbia: the Bednesti trial, 10-year results. For. Ecol. Manage. 126: 227-238.
4. Bedford, L., Sutton, R.F., Stordeur, L., and Grismer, M. 2000. Establishing white spruce in the Boreal White and Black Spruce Zone. New For. 20: 213-233.
5. Bergsten, U., Goulet, F., Lundmark, T., and Löfvenius, M.O. 2001. Frost heaving in a boreal soil in relation to soil scarification and snow cover. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 1084-1092.
6. Biring, B.S., Comeau, P.G., and Boateng, J.O. 1996. Effectiveness of forest vegetation control methods in British Columbia. FRDA Handb. No. 011. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
7. Biring, B.S., Comeau, P.G., and Fielder, P. 2003. Long-term effects of vegetation control treatments for release of Engelmann spruce from a mixed-shrub community in southern British Columbia. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 681-690.
8. Boateng, J.O., and Comeau, P.G. 1997a. Operational summary for vegetation management: Fireweed Complex. Forest Practices Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
9. Boateng, J.O., and Comeau, P.G. 1997b. Operational summary for vegetation management: Wet Alder Complex. Forest Practices Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
10. Boateng, J.O., and Comeau, P.G. 1997c. Operational summary for vegetation management: Willow Complex. Forest Practices Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
11. Boateng, J.O., and Comeau, P.G. 2000. Operational summary for vegetation management: Reedgrass Complex. Forest Practices Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
12. Boateng, J.O., Haeussler, S., and Bedford, L. 2000. Boreal plant community diversity 10 years after glyphosate treatment. West. J. Appl. For. 15: 15-26.
13. Bock, M.D., and Van Rees, K.C.J. 2002. Mechanical site preparation impacts on soil properties and vegetation communities in the Northwest Territories. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1381-1392.
14. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 1998. Provincial stocktype selection and ordering guidelines. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
15. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 2000. Just the facts: a review of silviculture and other forestry statistics. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria B.C.
16. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 2002. A summary of backlog NSR, impeded and free-growing forest land. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
17. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 2005. Online summary of areas for NSR and impeded stands. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Available from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/fft/ nsimpededstands.htm [accessed 20 June 2006].
18. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range. 2005. 2003/04 Annual service plan report. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, B.C.
19. Butt, G. 1988. Backlog forest land rehabilitation in the SBS and BWBS zones in the northern interior of British Columbia. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Rep. No. 023.
20. Canadian Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Classification. 1978. The Canadian system of soil classification. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. No. 1646.
21. Cole, E.C., Newton, M., and Youngblood, A. 1999. Regenerating white spruce, paper birch, and willow in south-central Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 993-1001.
22. Cole, E.C., Youngblood, A., and Newton, M. 2003. Effects of competing vegetation on juvenile white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) growth in Alaska. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 573-583.
23. Delong, C., MacKinnon, A., and Jang, L. 1990. A field guide for identification and interpretation of ecosystems of the northeast portion of the Prince George Forest Region. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Handb. No. 22.
24. Dobbs, R.C. 1976. Effect of initial mass of white spruce and lodgepole pine planting stock on field performance in British Columbia interior. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Cent. Inf. Rep. BC-X-149.
25. Draper, D., Binder, W., Fahlman, R., and Spittlehouse, D. 1985. Post-planting ecophysiology of interior spruce. In Interior spruce seedling performance. State of the Art. Proceedings of the Northern Silviculture Committee Meeting, 5-6 February 1985, Prince George, B.C. Edited by the Northern Silviculture Committee, Prince George, B.C. pp. F1-F20.
26. Fleming, R.L., Black, T.A., and Adams, R.S. 1996. Site preparation effects on Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine water relations following planting in a pinegrass-dominated clearcut. For. Ecol. Manage. 83: 47-60.
27. Grossnickle, S.C., and Heikurinen, J. 1989. Site preparation: water relations and growth of newly planted jack pine and white spruce. New For. 3: 99-123.
28. Haeussler, S. 1989. Mounding for site preparation. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Memo No. 100.
29. Haeussler, S., Bedford, L., Boateng, J.O., and MacKinnon, A. 1999. Plant community responses to mechanical site preparation in northern interior British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1084-1100.
30. Haeussler, S., Bedford, L., Leduc, A., Bergeron, Y., and Kranabetter, J.M. 2002. Silvicultural disturbance severity and plant communities of the southern Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36(1): 307-327.
31. Haeussler, S., Bartemucci, P., and Bedford, L. 2004. Succession and resilience in boreal mixedwood plant communities 15-16 years after silvicultural site preparation. For. Ecol. Manage. 199: 349-370.
32. Hallsby, G. 1995. Field performance of outplanted Norway spruce: effects of organic matter amendments and site preparation. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 1356-1367.
33. Hawkins, C.B.D., Steele, T.W., and Letchford, T. 2006. The economics of site preparation and the impacts of current forest policy: evidence from central British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 482-494.
34. Heineman, J.L., Bedford, L., and Sword, D. 1999. Root system development of 12-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on a mounded subhygric-mesic site in northern interior British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 123: 167-177.
35. Herring, L. 1989. Silvicultural responses in the Boreal White and Black Spruce zone. In Learning from the past - looking to the future. Edited by B.A. Scrivener and J.A. MacKinnon. Proceedings of the Northern Silviculture Committee Winter Workshop, Feb. 2-3, 1988, Prince George, B.C. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Rep. No. 030.
36. Hunt, J.A. 2001. Effects of stocktype on seedling performance in the northern interior of British Columbia: twenty-year results. Forestry Practices Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Silviculture Note No. 29.
37. Jobidon, R., Roy, V., and Cyr, G. 2003. Net effect of competing vegetation on selected environmental conditions and performance of four spruce seedling stock sizes after eight years in Québec (Canada). Ann. For. Sci. 60: 691-699.
38. Lamhamedi, M.S., Bernier, P.Y., Hébert, C., and Jobidon, R. 1998. Physiological and growth responses of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control. For. Ecol. Manage. 110: 13-23.
39. Landhäusser, S.M., and Lieffers, V.J. 1999. Rhizome growth of Calamagrostis canadensis into mounds created for tree seedling establishment. New For. 18: 245-262.
40. Lautenschlager, R.A. 1995. Competition between forest brush and planted white spruce in north-central Maine. North. J. Appl. For. 12: 163-167
41. Letchford, T., Spittlehouse, D., and Draper, D. 1996. Mounding on an SBSwk1 site near Prince George, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Res. Memo No. 228.
42. Macadam, A., and Kabzems, R. 2006. Vegetation management improves early growth of white spruce more than mechanical site preparation treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 23(1): 35-46.
43. McMinn, R.G. 1985. Effects of various depths of mineral soil cappings on the performance of white spruce seedlings planted in inverted humus mounds: implications for design engineers and machine operation. Presented at the Symposium on the Equipment/Silviculture Interface in Stand Establishment Research and Operations. IUFRO Working Party S3.02.01, 28 September-3 October 1985, Jasper, Alta.
44. McMinn, R.G., and Hedin, I.B. 1990. Site preparation: mechanical and manual. In Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Edited by D.P. Lavender, R. Parish, C.M. Johnson, G. Montgomery, A. Vyse, R.A. Willis, and D. Winston. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 150-163.
45. Newton, M., Cole, E.C., and White, D.E. 1993. Tall planting stock for enhanced growth and domination of brush in the Douglas-fir region. New For. 7: 107-121.
46. Nilsson, U., and Örlander, G. 1995. Effects of regeneration methods on drought damage to newly planted Norway spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 790-802.
47. Örlander, G. 1986. Effects of planting and scarification on water relations in planted seedlings of Scots pine. Stud. For. Suec. 173
48. Örlander, G., Gemmel, P., and Hunt, J. 1990. Site preparation: a Swedish overview. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Rep. No. 105.
49. Page-Dumroese, D.S., Jurgensen, M.F., Graham, R.T., and Harvey, A.E. 1989. Soil chemical properties of raised planting beds in a northern Idaho forest. USDA For. Serv. Intermountain For. Range Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. INT-419.
50. Pojar, J., Klinka, K., and Meidinger, D.V. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 22: 119-154.
51. Potts, D.F. 1985. Water potential of forest duff and its possible relationship to regeneration success in the northern Rocky Mountains. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 464-468.
52. Rose, R., and Ketchum, J.S. 2003. Interaction of initial seedling diameter, fertilization and weed control on Douglas-fir growth over the first four years after planting. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 625-635.
53. Rosner, L.S., and Rose, R. 2006. Synergistic stem volume response to combinations of vegetation control and seedling size in conifer plantations in Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 930-944.
54. Sahlén, K., and Goulet, F. 2002. Relationship of frost heaving of Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings by planting in mounds or in humus. New For. 24: 175-182.
55. SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through release 6.11. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
56. SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS user's guide: statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
57. Simard, S.W., Jones, M.D., Durall, D.M., Hope, G.D., Slathers, R.J., Sorensen, N.S., and Zimonick, B.J. 2003. Chemical and mechanical site preparation: effects on Pinus contorta growth, physiology, and microsite quality on grassy, steep forest sites in British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 1495-1515.
58. Söderström, V., Jonsson, K., and Byfalk, R. 1979. Optimal fläck-storlek vid markberedning for plantering - ett principförsö k. [Optimal site preparation patch size for planting.] Skogshögskolan, Institutionen för Skogsskötsel, Interna Rapporter 2.
59. Spittlehouse, D.L., and Slathers, R.J. 1990. Seedling microclimate. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. Land Manage. Rep. No. 65.
60. Sutton, R.F. 1993. Mounding site preparation: a review of European and North American experience. New For. 7: 151-192.
61. Sutton, R.F., Bedford, L., Stordeur, L., and Grismer, M. 2001. Site preparation for establishing interior spruce in British Columbia: trials at Upper Coalmine and Mackenzie. West. J. Appl. For. 16: 9-17.
62. Thiffault, N., Jobidon, R., and Munson, A.D. 2003. Performance and physiology of large containerized and bare-root spruce seedlings in relation to scarification and competition in Québec (Canada). Ann. For. Sci. 60: 645-655.
63. Thompson, A.J., and McMinn, R.G. 1989. Effects of stock type and site preparation on growth to crown closure of white spruce and lodgepole pine. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 262-269.
64. von der Gönna, M.A. 1992. Fundamentals of mechanical site preparation. Forestry Canada and B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. FRDA Rep. No. 178.
65. von der Gönna, M.A. 1994. Site preparation: microsite selection and planting stock performance. Regen. Note No. 5. Silviculture Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.
66. Wagner, R.G., Noland, T.L., and Mohammed, G.H. 1996. Timing and duration of herbaceous vegetation control around four northern coniferous species. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 26: 39-52.
67. Wagner, R.G., Mohammed, G.H., and Noland, T.L. 1999. Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 890-897.
68. Wood, J.E., and von Althen, F.W. 1993. Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in boreal Ontario: effects of chemical site preparation and post-planting weed control. For. Chron. 69(5): 554-560.