The representation of allelopathy in ecosystem-level forest models

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 209, Issue 2-4, 2007, Pages 65-77

  Blanco, Juan A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Allelochemicals; Allelopathy; Conceptual model; Decision support tools; Ecosystem level models; FORECAST; Phytotoxicity; Silviculture practices; Virtual experiment

Indexed keywords

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; ECOSYSTEMS; NITRIFICATION; TOXICITY;

ALLELOCHEMICALS; ALLELOPATHY; CONCEPTUAL MODEL; DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS; ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL MODELS; PHYTOTOXICITY; SILVICULTURE PRACTICES;

FORESTRY;

ALLELOCHEMICAL; ALLELOPATHY; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; SUCCESSION;

ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTRY; NITRIFICATION; TOXICITY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HEXAPODA;

EID: 35748949585     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.014     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Acock B., and Reynolds J.F. Model structure and data base development. In: Rixon R.K., Meldahl G.A., and Ruark W.G. (Eds). Process Modelling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress (1990), Timber Press, Portland, Oregon 169-179
2. Albrektson A., Aronsson A., and Tamm C.O. The effect of fertilization as primary production and nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem. Silva Fenn. 11 (1977) 233-239
3. An M., Johnson I.R., and Lovett J.V. Mathematical modelling of allelopathy. Biological response to allelochemicals and its interpretation. J. Chem. Ecol. 19 (1993) 2379-2388
4. An M., Johnson I.R., and Lovett J.V. Mathematical modelling of residue allelopathy: the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Plant Soil 242 (2002) 11-22
5. Anaya A.L., Ortega R.C., and Nava Rodríguez V. Impact of allelopathy in the traditional management of agroecosystems in Mexico. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy. Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 272-301
6. Bais H.P., Vepachedu R., Gilroy S., Callaway R.M., and Vivanco J.M. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science 301 (2003) 1377-1380
7. Baldwin I.T. Mechanism of damage-induced alkaloid production in wild tobacco. J. Chem. Ecol. 15 (1989) 1661-1680
8. Begon M., Harper J.L., and Townsend C.R. Ecology, Individuals, Populations and Communities (Spanish translation) (1995), Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge p. 1050
9. In: Bell E.A., and Charwood B.V. (Eds). Secondary Plant Products. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. New Series 8 (1980), Springer, New York 674
10. Bennet J.N., Lapthorne B.M., Blevins L.L., and Prescott C.E. Response of Gualtheria shallon and Epilobium angustufolium to large additions of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Can. J. For. Res. 34 (2004) 502-506
11. Bi, J., Blanco, J.A., Kimmins, J.P., Ding, Y., Seely, B., Welham, C. Yield decline in Chinese Fir plantations: a simulation investigation with implications for model complexity. Can. J. For. Res., in press.
12. Birkett M.A., Chamberlain K., Hooper A.M., and Pickett J.A. Does allelopathy offer real promise for practical weed management and for explaining rhizosphere interactions involving higher plants?. Plant Soil 232 (2001) 31-39
13. Blanco, J.A., Seely, B., Welham, C., Kimmins, J.P., Seebacher, T.M. Testing the performance of FORECAST, a forest ecosystem model, against 29 years of field data in a Pseudotsuga menziesii plantation. Can. J. For. Res. in press.
14. Botkin D.B. Forest Dynamics: An Ecological Model (1993), Oxford University Press, Oxford p. 309
15. Callaway R.M. Effects of soil water distribution on the lateral root development of three species of California oaks. Am. J. Bot. 77 (1990) 1469-1475
16. Callaway R.M. The detection of neighbors by plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17 (2002) 104-105
17. Callaway R.M., and Aschehoug E.T. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290 (2000) 521-523
18. Cheng H.H. A conceptual framework for assessing allelochemicals in the soil environment. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy. Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman, Hall, London 21-29
19. Cheng H.H. Characterization of the mechanisms of allelopathy, modeling and experimental approaches. In: Inderjit, Dakshini K.M.M., and Einhekkig F.A. (Eds). Allelopathy, Organisms, Processes and Applications (1995), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 132-141
20. Chou C.-H. The role of allelopathy in subtropical agroecosystems in Taiwan. In: Putnam A.R., and Tang C.-S. (Eds). The Science of Allelopathy (1986), Johan Wiley & Sons, New York 57-73
21. Chou, C.H., 1989. The role of allelopathy in phytochemical ecology. In: Chou, C.H., Waller, G.R. (Eds.), Phytochemical Ecology: Allelochemicals, Mycotoxins and Insect Pheromones and Allomones. Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica Monograph Series No. 9, Taipei, ROC, pp. 19-38.
22. Coder, K.D., 1999. Potential Allelopathy in Different Tree Species. University of Georgia, Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources. pp. 1-5 (Extension publication FOR99-003).
23. Coley P.D., Bryant J.P., and Chapin III F.S. Resource availability and plant herbivore defense. Science 230 (1985) 895-899
24. Damman A.W.H. Effect of vegetation changes on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest site. Ecol. Monogr. 41 (1971) 253-270
25. D'Antonio C.M., and Corbin J.D. Effects of plant invaders on nutrient cycling: using models to explore the link between invasion and development of species effects. In: Canham C.D., Cole J.J., and Lauenroth W.K. (Eds). Models in Ecosystem Science (2003), Princeton University Press, Princeton 363-384
26. Del Moral R., and Muller C.H. The allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Am. Midl. Nat. 83 (1970) 254-282
27. Dubey B., and Hussain J. A model for the allelopathic effect on two competing species. Ecol. Modell. 129 (2000) 195-207
28. Einhellig F.A. Mechanisms and modes of action of allelochemicals. In: Putnam A.R., and Tang C.-S. (Eds). The Science of Allelopathy (1986), Johan Wiley & Sons, New York 171-188
29. Einhellig F.A. Allelopathy: current status and future goals. In: Inderjit, Dakshini K.M.M., and Einhekkig F.A. (Eds). Allelopathy, Organisms, Processes and Applications (1995), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1-24
30. Einhellig F.A. Mode of allelochemical action of phenolic compounds. In: Macías F.A., Galindo J.C.G., Molinillo J.M.G., and Gutter H.G. (Eds). Allelopathy, Chemistry and Mode of Action of Allelochemicals (2004), CRC Press, Boca Ratón 372
31. Einhellig F.A., Muth M.S., and Schon M.K. Effects of allelochemicals on plant-water relationships. In: Thompson A.C. (Ed). The Chemistry of Allelopathy, Biochemical Interactions among Plants (1985), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 179-195
32. Ellis R.C., Mount A.B., and Mattay J.P. Recovery of Eucalyptus delegatensis from high altitude dieback after felling and burning the understorey. Aust. Forestry J. 43 (1980) 29-35
33. Farkas G.L., and Kiraly Z. Role of phenolic compounds in the physiology of plant diseases and disease resistance. Phytopathol. Z. 44 (1962) 105-150
34. Fisher R.F. Possible allelopathic effects of reindeer-moss (Cladonia) on jack pine and white spruce. Forest Sci. 25 (1979) 256-260
35. Fisher N.H., Williamson G.B., Weidenhamer J.D., and Richardson D.R. In search of allelopathy in the Florida scrub: the role of terpenoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 20 (1994) 1355-1380
36. Fisher N.H., Weidenhamer J.D., Riopel J.L., Quijano L., and Menelaou M.A. Stimulation of witchweed germination by sesquiterpene lactones: a structure-activity study. Phytochemistry 29 (1990) 2479-2483
37. Fraser L., Chanway C.P., and Turkington R. The competitive role of Gaultheria shallon on planted western hemlock and western red cedar saplings on northern Vancouver Island. For. Ecol. Manage. 75 (1995) 27-39
38. Glass A.D.M. The allelopathic potential of phenolic acids associated with the rhizosphere of Pteridium aquilinum. Can. J. Bot. 54 (1976) 2440-2444
39. Goslee S.C., Peters D.P.C., and Beck K.G. Modeling invasive weeds in grasslands: the role of allelopathy in Acroptilon repens invasion. Ecol. Model. 139 (2001) 32-45
40. Grime J.P. Evidence of the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance in ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 111 (1977) 1169-1194
41. Harper J.R., and Balke N.E. Characterization of the inhibition of K+ absorption in oat roots by salicylic acid. Plant Physiol. 68 (1981) 1349-1353
42. Heldt H.-W. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1997), Oxford University Press, Oxford p. 522
43. Hierro J.H., and Callaway R.M. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion. Plant Soil 256 (2003) 29-39
44. Huang Z., Liao L., Wang S., and Cao G. Allelopathy of phenolics from decomposing Stump-roots in replant Chinese fir woodland. J. Chem. Ecol. 26 (2000) 2211-2219
45. Inderjit. Multifaceted approach to study allelochemicals in an ecosystem. In: Reigosa M.J., and Pedrol N. (Eds). Allelopathy: From Molecules to Ecosystems (2002), Science Publishers Inc., Plymouth 271-276
46. Inderjit, and Dakshini K.M.M. Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth. Am. J. Bot. 81 (1994) 799-804
47. Inderjit, and Mallik A.U. Can Kalmia angustifolia interference to black spruce (Picea mariana) be explained by allelopathy?. For. Ecol. Manage. 160 (2002) 75-84
48. Jobidon R., and Thibault J.-R. Allelopathic growth inhibition of nodulated and unnodulated Alnus crispa seedlings by Pupolus balsamifera. Am. J. Bot. 69 (1982) 1213-1223
49. Jobidon R., Thibault J.R., and Fortin J.A. Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat and wheat mulches in eastern Québec forest plantations. 1. Effects on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). For. Ecol. Manage. 29 (1989) 277-294
50. Kimmins J.P. Forest Ecology: A Foundation for Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Ethics in Forestry (2004), Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ p. 611
51. Kimmins J.P., Mailly D., and Seely B. Modelling forest ecosystem net primary production: the hybrid simulation approach used in FORECAST. Ecol. Model. 122 (1999) 195-224
52. Kimmins, J.P., Scoullar, K.A., Apps. M.J., 1990. FORCYTE-11 User's manual for the benchmark version. For. Can., Northwest Reg., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, Alberta. 294 pp.
53. Kimmins J.P., Welham C., Seely B., Meitner M., Rempel R., and Sullivan T. Science in Forestry: Why does it sometimes disappoint or even fail us?. Forestry Chron. 81 (2005) 723-734
54. Koeppe D.E., Rohrbaugh L.M., Rice E.L., and Wender S.H. The effect of X-radiation on the concentration of scopolin and caffeoylquinic acids in tobacco. Radia. Bot. 10 (1970) 261-265
55. Koeppe D.E., Rohrbaugh L.M., Rice E.L., and Wender S.H. The effect of age and chilling temperatures on the concentration of scopolin and caffeoylquinic acids in tobacco. Physiol. Plant 23 (1970) 258-266
56. Koeppe D.E., Southwick L.M., and Bittell J.E. The relationship of tissue chlorogenic acid concentration and leaching of phenolics from sunflowers grown under varying phosphate nutrient conditions. Can. J. Bot. 54 (1976) 593-599
57. Kohl, K., 1993. Allelopathy and water stress of purple nutsedge (Luperus rotundus L.). Master Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
58. Lanchier, N., 2004. The multitype contact process with frozen states or allelopathy model. Arxiv 670 preprint math. (PR/0401353).
59. Lauenroth W.K., Burke I.C., and Berry J.K. The status of dynamic quantitative modeling in ecology. In: Canham C.D., Cole J.J., and Lauenroth W.K. (Eds). Models in Ecosystem Science (2003), Princeton University Press, Princeton 32-48
60. Lehman M.E., Blum U., and Gerig T.M. Simultaneous effects of ferulic and p-coumaric acids in cucumber leaf expansion in split-root experiments. J. Chem. Ecol. 20 (1994) 1773-1782
61. LePage P., Pollack J.C., and Coates K.D. Chemical and manual control of thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in northwestern British Columbia: a rate and time trial. West. J. Appl. For. 6 (1991) 99-102
62. Liu D.L., An M., Johnson I.R., and Lovett J.V. Mathematical modeling of allelopathy. III. A Model for curve-fitting allelochemical dose responses. Nonlinearity Biol. Tox. Med. 1 (2003) 37-50
63. Lodhi M.A.K., and Killingbeck K.T. Allelopathic inhibition of nitrification and nitrifying bacteria in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) community. Am. J. Bot. 67 (1980) 1423-1429
64. Lovett J.H. Allelopathy: the Australian experience. In: Putnam A.R., and Tang C.-S. (Eds). The Science of Allelopathy (1986), John Wiley & Sons, New York 75-99
65. Ma R.X., Liu X.F., Yuan G.L., and Sun S. Allelochemicals and allelopathy from microorganisms in wheat rhizospheres. J. Environ. Sci. 9 (1997) 108-112
66. Mallik A.U. Cutting, burning, and mulching to control Kalmia: results of a greenhouse experiment. Can. J. For. Res. 21 (1991) 417-420
67. Mallik A.U. Effect of NPK fertilizations on Kalmia angustifolia: implications for forest disturbance and conifer regeneration. For. Ecol. Manage. 81 (1996) 135-141
68. Mallik A.U. On the question of paradigm in the science of allelopathy. In: Reigosa M.J., and Pedrol N. (Eds). Allelopathy: From Molecules to Ecosystems (2002), Science Publlishers Inc., Plymouth 289-297
69. Mallik A.U. Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forest with ericaceous understory: role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone change. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22 (2003) 341-366
70. Mallik A.U., and Zhu H. Overcoming allelopathic growth inhibition by micorrhizal inoculation. In: Inderjit, Dakshini K.M.M., and Einhekkig F.A. (Eds). Allelopathy, Organisms, Processes and Applications (1995), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 39-57
71. Mallik A.U., and Pellissier F. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on spruce regeneration: testing the notion of coevolutionary significance of allelopathy. J. Chem. Ecol. 26 (2000) 2197-2207
72. Mallik A.U., Zhu H., and Park Y.-G. Overcoming Kalmia induced growth in black spruce by micorrhizal inoculation. J. Kor. For. Soc. 87 (1998) 429-444
73. Maynard-Smith J. Models in Ecology (1974), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge p. 145
74. McKey D., Waterman P.G., Mbi C.N., Gartlon J.S., and Strubraker T.T. Phenolic content of vegetation in two African rain forests: ecological implications. Science 202 (1978) 61-63
75. Melkiana N.P. Allelopathy in forest in forest and agroecosystems in the Himalayan region. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 371-388
76. Miller D.A. Allelopathy in forage crop systems. Agron. J. 88 (1996) 854-859
77. Mukhopadhyay A., Chattopadhyay J., and Tapaswi P.K. A delay differential equations model of plankton allelopathy. Math. Biosci. 149 (1998) 167-189
78. Muller W.H. Allelochemical mechanisms in the inhibition of herbs by chaparral shrubs. In: Putnam A.R., and Tang C.-S. (Eds). The Science of Allelopathy (1986), John Wiley & Sons, New York 189-199
79. Muller W.H., Lorber P., Haley B., and Johnson K. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Salvia leucophylla: effect on oxygen uptake by mitochondrial suspensions. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 96 (1969) 89-95
80. Nakamaru M., and Iwasa Y. Competition by allelopathy proceeds in traveling waves: colicin-immune strain aids colicin-sensitive strain. Theor. Popul. Biol. 57 (2000) 131-144
81. Newton P.F., and Weetman G.F. Stand density management diagram for managed black spruce stands. Forest. Chron. 70 (1994) 65-74
82. Oreskes N. The role of quantitative models in science. In: Canham C.D., Cole J.J., and Lauenroth W.K. (Eds). Models in Ecosystem Science (2003), Princeton University Press, Princeton 13-31
83. Pellissier F., and Souto X.C. Allelopathy in northern temperate and boreal semi-natural woodland. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 18 (1999) 637-652
84. Pellissier F., Gallet C., and Souto X.C. Allelopathic interaction in forest ecosystems. In: Reigosa M.J., and Pedrol N. (Eds). Allelopathy: From Molecules to Ecosystems (2002), Science Publishers Inc., Plymouth 257-269
85. Peñuelas J. Biogeoquímica y termodinámica margalefianas de los cambios globales en los ecosistemas terrestres. Proceedings of Unity in Diversity, a conference on ecology after the legacy of Ramón Margalef. ComoCaixa Barcelona, November 16-18 (2005) 29
86. Prescott C.E., Coward L.P., Weetman G.F., and Gessel S.P. Effects of repeated nitrogen fertilization on the ericaceous shrub, salal (Gaultheria shallon), in two coastal Douglas fir. For. Ecol. Manage. 61 (1993) 45-60
87. Prescott C.E., and Weetman G.F. Salal Cedar Hemlock Integrated Research Program: A Synthesis (1994), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
88. Prescott C.E., Weetman G.F., and Barker J.E. Causes and amelioration of nutrient deficiencies in cutovers of cedar-hemlock forests in coastal British Columbia. For. Chron. 72 (1996) 293-302
89. Quader M., Daggard G., Barrow R., Walker S., and Sutherland M.W. Allelopathy, DIMBOA production and genetic variability in accessions of Triticum speltoides. J. Chem. Ecol. 27 (2001) 747-760
90. Rabotnov T.A. On the allelopathy in the phytocenoses. Izo Akad Nauk SSR Ser. Biol. 6 (1974) 811-820
91. Reigosa, M.J., 1988. Estudio del potencial alelopático de Acacia dealbata Link. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Santiago de Compostela. 210 pp. (in Spanish).
92. Reigosa M.J., Sánchez-Moreiras A.M., and González L. Ecophysiological approach in allelopathy. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 18 (1999) 577-608
93. Reigosa M.J., Pedrol N., Sánchez-Moreiras A.M., and González L. Stress and allelopathy. In: Reigosa M.J., and Pedrol N. (Eds). Allelopathy: From Molecules to Ecosystems (2002), Science Publlishers Inc., Plymouth 231-256
94. Rice E.L. Allelopathy. second ed. (1984), Academic Press, Orlando p. 353
95. Rice E.L. Allelopathic effects on nitrogen cycling. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 31-58
96. Rice E.L., and Pancholy S.K. Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins. Am. J. Bot. 60 (1973) 691-702
97. Ridenour W.M., and Callaway R.M. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference: the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass. Oecologia 126 (2001) 444-450
98. Rietveld W.J., Schelinger R.C., and Kessler K.J. Allelopathic effects of black walnut on European black alder coplanted as a nurse species. J. Cehm. Ecol. 9 (1983) 1119-1133
99. Rizvi S.J.H., Haque H., Sing V.K., and Rizvi V. A discipline called allelopathy. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 1-10
100. Robinson, A.P., 1998. Forest ecosystem dynamics: a systematic approach to modelling in a model-rich environment. PhD. Dissertation. University of Minnesota, 235 pp.
101. Schmidt S.K., Lipson D.A., and Raab T.K. Effects of willows (Salix brachycarpa) on populations of salicylate-mineralizing microorganisms in alpine soils. J. Chem. Ecol. 26 (2000) 2049-2057
102. Seely B., Kimmins J.P., Welham C., and Scoullar K.A. Ecosystem management models: defining stand-level sustainability, exploring stand-level stewardship. J. For. 97 (1999) 4-10
103. Sinkkonen A. A model describing chemical interference caused by decomposing residues at different density of growing plants. Plant Soil 250 (2003) 315-322
104. Solé J., García-Ladona E., Ruardij P., and Estrada M. Modelling allelopathy among marine algae. Ecol. Model. 183 (2005) 373-384
105. Souto C., Pellissier F., and Chiapusio G. Allelopathic effects of humus phenolics on growth and respiration of mycorrhizal fungi. J. Chem. Ecol. 26 (2000) 2015-2023
106. Stanek, W., Beddows, D., State, D., 1979. Fertilization and thinning effects on a Douglas-fir ecosystem at Shawnigan Lake on Vancouver Island. Some observations on salal and Bracken Fern undergrowth. Can. For. Ser. Pac. For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. BC-R-1.
107. Tang C.-H., Cai W.-F., Kohl K., and Nishimote R.K. Plant stress and allelopathy. In: Inderjit, Dakshini K.M.M., and Einhellig F.A. (Eds). Allelopathy, Organisms, Processes and Applications (1995), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 142-157
108. Tilman D. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities (1988), Princeton University Press, Princeton p. 360
109. Van Rooyen M.W., Theron G.K., van Rooyen N., Jankowitz W.J., and Matthews W.S. Mysterious circles in the Namib Desert: review of hypotheses on their origin. J. Arid. Env. 57 (2004) 467-485
110. Wardle D.A., Nilsson M.-C., Gallet C., and Zackrisson O. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy. Biol. Rev. 73 (1998) 305-319
111. Weidenhamer J.D., Hartnett D.C., and Romeo J.T. Density-dependent phytotoxicity: distinguishing resource competition and allelopathic interference in plants. J. Appl. Ecol. 26 (1989) 613-624
112. Welham C., Seely B., and Kimmins J.P. The utility of the two-pass harvesting system: an analysis using the ecosystem simulation model FORECAST. Can. J. For. Res. 32 (2002) 1071-1079
113. Welham C., Van Rees K., Seely B., and Kimmins H. Projected long-term productivity in Saskatchewan hybrid poplar plantations: weed competition and fertilizer effects. Can. J. For. Res. 37 (2007) 356-370
114. Weston L.A., Harmon R., and Mueller S. Allelopathic potential of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (sudex). J. Chem. Ecol. 15 (1989) 1855-1865
115. Williamson G.B. Allelopathy, Koch's postulates, and the Neck Ridle. In: Grace J.B., and Tilman D. (Eds). Perspectives on Plant Competition (1990), Academic Press, San Diego 143-162
116. Williamson G.B., and Black E.M. High temperature forest fires under pines as a selective advantage over oaks. Nature 293 (1981) 634-644
117. Willianson G.B., Richardson D.R., and Fischer N.H. Allelopathic mechanism in fire-prone communities. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 57-75
118. Wink M., and Twardowski T. Allelochemical properties of alkaloids. Effects on plants, bacteria and protein biosynthesis. In: Rizvi S.J.H., and Rizvi V. (Eds). Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 129-150
119. Wolfson J.L., and Murdock L.L. Growth of Manduca sexta on wounded tomato plants: role of induced proteinase inhibitors. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 54 (1990) 257-264
120. Yamasaki S.H., Fyles J.W., Egger K.H., and Titus B.D. The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on the growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 105 (1998) 197-207
121. Zackrisson O., Norberg G., Dolling A., Nilsson M.C., and Jäderlund A. Site preparation by steam treatment: effects on forest vegetation control and establishment, nutrition, and growth of seeded Scots pine. Can. J. For. Res. 27 (1997) 315-322