A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0)

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 95, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 249-287

  Friend, A D ^a   Stevens, A K ^a   Knox, R G ^b   Cannell, M G R ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Competition; Ecosystem; Forest; Model; Productivity; Trade offs; Types

Indexed keywords

BIOSPHERE MODEL; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; HYBRID V3.0; MODELLING; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM;

NORTH AMERICA;

POACEAE;

EID: 0030619093     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00034-8     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Art, H.W. and Marks, P.L., 1978. A summary table of biomass and net annual primary production in forest ecosystems of the world. In: ed. H.F.H. Leith, Patterns of Primary Production in the Biosphere. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 177-192.
2. 2 levels. Aust. J. Bot., 40: 615-630.
3. Boerner, R.E.J., 1984. Foliar nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency of four deciduous tree species in relation to site fertility. J. Appl. Ecol., 21: 1029-1040.
4. Campbell, G.S., 1985. Soil Physics with Basic. Elsevier, New York.
5. Cannell, M.G.R., 1984. Woody biomass of forest stands. For. Ecol. Manage., 8: 299-312.
6. Cannell, M.G.R., 1988. Chilling, thermal time and the date of flowering of trees. In: ed. C.J. Wright, Manipulation of Fruiting. Butterworths, London, pp. 99-113.
7. Cannell, M.G.R., 1989. Physiological basis of wood production: A review. Scand. J. For. Res., 4: 459-490.
8. Cannell, M.G.R. and Dewar, R.C., 1994. Carbon allocation in trees: A review of concepts for modelling. Adv. Ecol. Res., 25: 59-104.
9. Cannell, M.G.R. and Smith, R.I., 1983. Thermal time, chill days and prediction of budburst in Picea sitchensis. J. Appl. Ecol., 20: 951-963.
10. Chapin, III, F.S. and Van Cleve, K., 1989. Approaches to studying nutrient uptake, use and loss in plants. In: ed. R.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney and P.W. Rundel, Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 185-207.
11. Collatz, G.J., Ball, J.T., Grivet, C. and Berry, J.A., 1991. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. For. Meteorol., 54: 107-136.
12. 2 enrichment. Ecol. Applic., 3: 666-681.
13. Cramer, W.P. and Leemans, R., 1993. Assessing impacts of climate change on vegetation using climate classification systems. In: ed. A.M. Solomon and H.H. Shugart, Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 190-217.
14. De Wit, C.T., 1970. Dynamic concepts in biology. In: ed. I. Setlik, Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 19-25.
15. Dewar, R.C., 1995. Interpretation of an empirical model for stomatal conductance in terms of guard cell function. Plant Cell Environ., 18: 365-372.
16. Dickinson, R.E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Rosenzweig, C. and Sellers, P.J., 1991. Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models, a review. Agric. For. Meteorol., 54: 373-388.
17. Elias, T.S., 1980. The Complete Trees of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
18. Emanuel, W.R., Shugart, H.H. and Stevenson, M.P., 1985. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change, 7: 29-43.
19. Evans, J.R., 1988. Acclimation by the thylakoid membranes to growth irradiance and the partitioning of nitrogen between soluble and thylakoid proteins. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 15: 93-106.
20. 3 plants. Oecologia, 78: 9-19.
21. Farquhar, G.D. and von Caemmerer, S., 1982. Modelling of photosynthetic response to envronmental conditions. In: ed. O. Lange, P. Nobel, C. Osmond and H. Zieger, Physiological Plant Ecology II: Water Relations and Carbon Assimilation, Vol. 12B. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 549-587.
22. 3 species. Planta, 149: 78-90.
23. Farquhar, G.D. and Wong, S.C., 1984. An empirical model of stomatal conductance. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 11: 191-210.
24. Field, C. and Mooney, H.A., 1986. The photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship in wild plants. In: ed. T.J. Givnish, On the Economy of Plant Form and Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 25-55.
25. Fischlin, A., Bugmann, H. and Gyalistras, D., 1995. Sensitivity of a forest ecosystem model to climate parameterization schemes. Environ. Pollut., 87: 267-282.
26. France, J. and Thornley, J.H.M., 1984. Mathematical models in agriculture. Butterworths, London.
27. Friend, A.D., 1991. Use of a model of photosynthesis and leaf microenvironment to predict optimal stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen partitioning. Plant Cell Environ., 14: 895-905.
28. Friend, A.D., 1993. The prediction and physiological significance of tree height. In: ed. A.M. Solomon and H.H. Shugart, Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 101-115.
29. Friend, A.D., 1995. PGEN: An integrated model of leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and conductance. Ecol. Modelling, 77: 233-255.
30. Friend, A.D. Parameterisation of a global daily weather generator for terrestrial ecosystem and biogeochemical modelling. Ecol. Modelling, in press.
31. 2 on vegetation-atmosphere interactions. Agric. For. Meteorol., 73: 285-295.
32. Friend, A.D., Shugart, H.H. and Running, S.W., 1993. A physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics. Ecology, 74: 792-797.
33. 2 and nutrients. Global Change Biol., in press.
34. 2 effects on vegetation for the global carbon budget. In: ed. M. Heimann, The Global Carbon Cycle. NATO Advanced Study Institute, II Ciocco, Italy, September 8-20, 1991. pp. 165-205.
35. Green, C.F., 1984. Analysis of Wheat Growth in Relation to Husbandry and Environment. Ph.D., Nottingham.
36. Grime, J.P., 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Wiley, Chichester.
37. Gulmon, S.L. and Mooney, H.A., 1986. Costs of defense and their effects on plant productivity. In: ed. T.J. Givnish, On the Economy of Plant Form and Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 681-698.
38. Hänninen, H., 1991. Does climatic warming increase the risk of frost damage in northern trees? Plant Cell Environ., 14: 449-454.
39. Hari, P., Kaipiainen, L., Korpilahti, E., Mäkela:, A., Nilson, T., Oker-Blom, P., Ross, J. and Salminen, R., 1985. Structure, Radiation and Photosynthetic Production in Coniferous Stands. University of Helsinki, Department of Silviculture. Research Notes 54.
40. Hendrick, R.L. and Pregitzer, K.S., 1993. Patterns of fine root mortality in two sugar maple forests. Nature, 361: 59-61.
41. Huber, B., 1928. Weitere quantitative Untersuchungen über das Wasserleitungssystem der Pflanzen. Jb. Wiss. Bot., 67: 877-959.
42. Jarvis, P.G., 1976. The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, B 273: 593-610.
43. Jarvis, P.G. and Leverenz, J.W., 1983. Productivity of deciduous and evergreen forests. In: ed. O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond and H. Ziegler, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol. 12D. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 233-280.
44. Jenkinson, D.S. and Rayner, J.H., 1977. The turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamstead classical experiments. Soil Sci., 123: 298-305.
45. Jenny, H., Gessel, S.P. and Bingham, F.T., 1949. Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions. Soil Sci., 68: 419-432.
46. Jones, H., 1992. Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47. Karl, T.R., Williams, C.N.J. and Quinlan, F.T., 1990. United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) Serial Temperature and Precipitation Data. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ORNL/CDIAC-30, NDP-019/R1.
48. Kaszkurewicz, A. and Fogg, P.J., 1967. Growing seasons of cottonwood and sycamore as related to geographic and environmental factors. Ecology, 48: 785-793.
49. Kinyamario, J.I. and Imbamba, S.K., 1992. Savanna at Nairobi National Park, Kenya. In: ed. S.P. Long, M.B. Jones and M.J. Roberts, Primary Productivity of Grass Ecosystems of the Tropics and Su-tropics. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 25-69.
50. Körner, C., 1994. Leaf diffusive conductances in the major vegetation types of the globe. In: ed. E.-D. Schulze and M.M. Caldwell, Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, Vol. 100. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 463-489.
51. Knox, R.G. and Friend, A.D. Vegetation dynamics from a functional-physiological basis and a paradoxof reduction in biology. J. Veg. Sci., submitted.
52. Kricher, J.C. and Morrison, G., 1988. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
53. Leemans, R., 1991. Sensitivity analysis of a forest succession model. Ecol. Modelling, 53: 247-262.
54. Leith, H., 1978. Modelling the primary productivity of the world. In: ed. H.F.H. Leith, Patterns of Primary Production in the Biosphere, Vol. 8. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc, Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 277-282.
55. 3 plants. Plant Cell Environ., 18: 339-355.
56. Leuning, R., 1990. Modelling stomatal behaviour and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus grandis. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 17: 159-175.
57. Levine, E.R., Ranson, K.J., Smith, J.A., Williams, D.L., Knox, R.G., Shugart, H.H., Urban, D.L. and Lawrence, W.T., 1993. Forest ecosystem dynamics: Linking forest succession, soil process and radiation models. Ecol. Modelling, 65: 199-219.
58. Little, E.L.J., 1971. Atlas of United States Trees, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
59. 2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere. Oecologia, 99: 201-215.
60. Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Wong, S.C., Miranda, H.S., Wright, I.R., Gash, J.H.C. and McIntyre, J. 1997. A Simple Calibrated model of Amazon rainforest productivity based on leaf biochemical properties. Plant Cell Environ., 18:1129-1145.
61. McGuire, A.D., Melillo, J.M., Joyce, L.A., Kicklighter, D.W., Grace, A.L., Moore, III, B. and Vorosmarty, C.J., 1992. Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North America. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6: 101-124.
62. McLaughlin, S.B., McConathy, R.K., Barnes, R.L. and Edwards, N.T., 1980. Seasonal changes in energy allocation by white oak (Quercus alba). Can. J. For. Res., 10: 379-388.
63. Melillo, J., McGuire, A., Kicklighter, D., Moore, III, B., Vorosmarty, C. and Schloss, A., 1993. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary productivity. Nature, 363: 234-240.
64. Mencuccini, M. and Grace, J., 1995. Climate influences the leaf area/sapwood area ratio in Scots pine. Tree Physiol., 15: 1-10.
65. Monserud, R.A. and Leemans, R., 1992. Comparing global vegetation maps with the Kappa statistic. Ecol. Modelling, 62: ?pages.
66. Monteith, J.L., 1981. Climatic variation and the growth of crops. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107: 749-774.
67. Monteith, J.L., 1995. A reinterpretation of stomatal responses to humidity. Plant Cell Environ., 18: 357-364.
68. Monteith, J.L. and Unsworth, M.H., 1990. Principles of Environmental Physics. 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold, London.
69. Moore, C.J., 1976. A comparative study of radiation balance above forest and grassland. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 102: 889-899.
70. Murray, M.B., Cannell, M.G.R. and Smith, R.I., 1989. Date of budburst of fifteen tree species in Britain following climatic warming. J. Appl. Ecol., 26: 693-700.
71. Nambiar, E.K.S. and Fife, D.N., 1991. Nutrient retranslocation in temperate conifers. Tree Physiol., 9: 185-207.
72. Panshin, A.J., de Zeeuw, C. and Brown, H.P., 1964. Textbook of Wood Technology. Vol. 1 - Structure, Identification, Uses, and Properties of the Commercial Woods of the United States, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
73. Panshin, A.J., de Zeeuw, C. and Brown, H.P., 1964. Textbook of Wood Technology. Vol. 1 - Structure, Identification, Uses, and Properties of the Commercial Woods of the United States, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
74. Parton, W.J., Schimel, D.S., Cole, C.V. and Ojima, D.S., 1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51: 1173-1179.
75. Parton, W.J., Scurlock, J.M.O., Ojima, D.S., Gilmanov, T.G., Scholes, R.J., Schimel, D.S., Kirchner, T., Menaut, J.-C, Seastedt, T., Garcia Moya, E., Apinan Kamnalrut and Kinyamario, J.I., 1993. Observations and modelling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7: 785-809.
76. Pearson, J.A., Fahey, T.J. and Knight, D.H., 1984. Biomass and leaf area in contrasting lodgepole pine forests. Can. J. For. Res., 14: 259-265.
77. Penning De Vries, F.W.T., 1975. The cost of maintenance processes in plant cells. Ann. Bot., 39: 77-92.
78. Prentice, I.C., Sykes, M.T. and Cramer, W., 1993. A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscapes. Ecol. Modelling, 65: 51-70.
79. Prentice, I.C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S.P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R.A. and Solomon, A.M., 1992. A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeography, 19: 117-134.
80. Prentice, I.C. and Leemans, R., 1990. Pattern and process and the dynamics of forest structure: A simulation approach. J. Ecol., 78: 340-355.
81. Raich, J.W., Rastetter, E.B., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D.W., Steudler, P.A., Peterson, B.J., Grace, A.L., Moore, III, B. and Vorosmarty, C.J., 1991. Potential net primary productivity in South America: Application of a global model. Ecol. Appl., 1: 399-429.
82. Rennolls, K., 1994. Pipe-model theory of stem-profile development. For. Ecol. Manage., 69: 41-55.
83. Richardson, C., 1981. Stochastic simulation of daily precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. Water Resour. Res., 17: 182-190.
84. Running, S.W., 1994. Documentation and preliminary validation of H2OTRANS and DAYTRANS, two models for predicting transpiration and water stress in western coniferous forests. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper RM-252. Fort Collins, CO, USA.
85. Running, S.W. and Coughlan, J.C., 1988. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecol. Modelling, 42: 125-154.
86. Running, S.W., Nemani, R.R. and Hungerford, R.D., 1987. Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in mountainous terrain and its use for simulating forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. Can. J. For. Res., 17: 472-483.
87. Russell, G., Jarvis, P.G. and Monteith, J.L., 1989. Absorption of radiation by canopies and stand growth. In: ed. G. Russell, B. Marshall and P.G. Jarvis, Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function, Vol. 31. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 21-39.
88. Ryan, M.G., 1990. Growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Pinus contorta and Picea engelmannii. Can. J. For. Res., 20: 48-57.
89. Ryan, M.G., 1991a. Effects of climate change on plant respiration. Ecol. Appl., 1: 157-167.
90. Ryan, M.G., 1991b. A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems. Tree Physiol., 9: 255-266.
91. Sellers, P.J., Los, S.O., Tucker, C.J., Justice, C.O., Dazlich, D.A., Collatz, G.J. and Randall, A., 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SIB-2) for atmospheric general circulation models. Part 2, The generation of global climate fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. J. Climate, 4: 706-737.
92. Sellers, P.J., Berry, J.A., Collatz, G.J., Field, C.B. and Hall, F.G., 1992. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. III. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme. Remote Sens. Environ., 42: 187-216.
93. Shinozaki, K., Yoda, K., Hozumi, K. and Kira, T., 1964. A quantitative analysis of plant form - the pipe model theory. I. Basic analysis. Jpn. J. Ecol., 14: 97-105.
94. Shugart, H.H. and West, D.C., 1979. Size and pattern of simulated forest stands. For. Sci., 25: 120-122.
95. Smith, J.W., 1915. Phenological dates and meteorological data recorded by Thomas Mikesell between 1873 and 1912 at Wauseon, Ohio. Monthly Weather Rev. Suppl., 2: 23-93.
96. Spitters, C.J.T., 1986. Separating the diffuse and direct component of global radiation and its implications for modeling canopy photosynthesis. Part II. Calculation of canopy photosynthesis. Agric. For. Meteorol., 38: 231-242.
97. Spitters, C.J.T., Toussaint, H.A.J.M. and Goudriaan, J., 1986. Separating the diffuse and direct component of global radiation and its implications for modeling canopy photosynthesis. Part I. Components of incoming radiation. Agric. For. Meteorol., 38: 217-229.
98. 2 change: A physiological approach. Climatic Change, in press.
99. Stewart, J.B., 1988. Modelling surface conductance of pine forest. Agric. For. Meteorol., 43: 19-35.
100. Thornley, J.H.M., 1991. A transport-resistance model of forest growth and partitioning. Ann. Bot., 68: 211-226.
101. Thornley, J.H.M. and Verberne, E.L.J., 1989. A model of nitrogen flows in grassland. Plant Cell Environ., 12: 863-886.
102. Turner, J., 1980. Nitrogen and phosphorus distributions in naturally regenerated Eucalyptus spp. and planted Douglas-fir. Aust. For. Res., 10: 289-294.
103. Turner, J. and Lambert, M.J., 1981. Nitrogen cycling within a 27-year-old Eucalyptus grandis stand. In: ed. F.J. Hingston, Managing Nitrogen Economics of Natural and Man-made Ecosystems. CSIRO Division of Land Resources Management, Mandura, Western Australia.
104. Turner, N.C., Schulze, E.D. and Gollan, T., 1985. The responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content. II. In the mesophytic herbaceous species Helianthus annuus. Oecologia, 65: 348-355.
105. Urban, D.L., 1990. A versatile model to simulate forest pattern: A user's guide to ZELIG version 1.0. University of Virginia, USA.
106. Waring, R.H. and Pitman, G.B., 1985. Modifying lodgepole pine stands to change susceptibility to mountain pine beetle attack. Ecology, 66: 889-897.
107. Webb, R.S., Rosenzweig, C.E. and Levine, E.R., 1991. A global data set of soil particle size properties. Digital raster data on a 1-degree geographic (lat/long) 180×360 grid. NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies, New York.
108. Wesfall, J. and Stumm, W., 1980. The hydrosphere. In: ed. O. Hutzinger, The handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, New York.
109. Whitehead, D., Edwards, W.R.N. and Jarvis, P.G., 1984. Conducting sapwood area, foliage area, and permeability in mature trees of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta. Can. J. For. Res., 14: 940-947.
110. Wickham, J.D. and Box, E.O., 1989. Assessing the geographic variation of foliation patterns among deciduous tree species of the eastern United States. In: ed. D. Driscoll and E.O. Box, 11th ISB-Congress in West Lafayette, USA. SPB Academic Publishing BV, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 67-78.
111. 2O emissions from soil. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6: 351-388.
112. Woodward, F.I. and Smith, T.M., 1994. Global photosynthesis and stomatal conductance: Modelling the controls by soils and climate. Adv. Bot. Res., 20: 1-41.
113. Woodward, F.I., Smith, T.M. and Emanual, W.R., 1995. A global land primary productivity and phytogeography model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9: 471-490.
114. Woodward, F.I. and Friend, A.D., 1988. Controlled environment studies on the temperature responses of leaf extension in species of Poa with diverse altitudinal ranges. J. Exp. Bot., 39: 411-420.
115. Young, H.E., Ribe, J.H. and Wainwright, K., 1980. Weight tables for tree and shrub species in Maine. Life Sciences and Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maine at Orono. Miscellaneous Report 230.