A metabolic and functional overview of brain aging linked to neurological disorders

Biogerontology

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 377-413

  Baquer, Najma Z ^a   Taha, Asia ^a   Kumar, Pardeep ^a   McLean, P ^b   Cowsik, S M ^a   Kale, R K ^a   Singh, R ^a   Sharma, Deepak ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brain aging; Diabetes; Endocrine; Glucose homeostasis; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuronal markers; Pentose phosphate pathway

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BACOPA MONNIERI EXTRACT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN ENZYME; CALCIUM; CARBON 14; CURCUMIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; INSULIN; KETONE BODY; LEVACECARNINE; LIPOFUSCIN; MALONALDEHYDE; MECLOFENOXATE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; PEPTIDE; PRASTERONE; PROGESTERONE; SELEGILINE; SEX HORMONE; STEROID; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOCTIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOCHEMISTRY; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN METABOLISM; CELL AGING; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MEMORY DISORDER; METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NERVE CELL LESION; NERVOUS SYSTEM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PENTOSE PHOSPHATE CYCLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN METABOLISM; REVIEW; SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX;

ACTION POTENTIALS; AGE FACTORS; AGING; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BRAIN; CELL AGING; COGNITION; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; MALE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PEPTIDE HORMONES;

EID: 67649829751     PISSN: 13895729     EISSN: 15736768     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9226-2     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Aamodt SM, Constantine-Paton M (1999) The role of neural activity in synaptic development and its implications for adult brain function. Adv Neural 79:133-144
2. Abdulla FA, Abu-Bakra MA, Calaminici MR, Stephenson JD, Sinden JD (1995) Importance of forebrain cholinergic and GABA-sergic system to the age-related deficits in water maze performance of rats. Neurobiol Aging 16:42-52. doi: 10.1016/0197-4580(95)80006-D
3. Ahmed I, Goldstein BJ (2006) Cardiovascular risk in the spectrum of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med 73:759-768
4. Ali F, Murthy ASN, Baquer NZ (1980a) Hormonal regualtion of glutamate dehydrogenase in rat. Indian J Exp Biol 18:850-853
5. Ali F, Murthy ASN, Baquer NZ (1980b) Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in diabetic rat. Indian J Biochem Biophys 17:42-44
6. Almaguer W, Estupinan B, Frey JU, Bergado JA (2002) Aging impairs amygdale-hippocampus interaction involved in hippocampal LTP. Neurobiol Aging 23:319-324. doi: 10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00278-0
7. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
8. Ansari MA, Gupta BL, Baquer NZ (1993) Changes in insulin receptors, hexokinase and NADPH producing enzymes in choroids plexus during experimental diabetes. J Biosci 18:337-343. doi: 10.1007/BF02702991
9. Apartis E, Poidessous-Jazat F, Epelbaum J, Bassant MH (2000) Age-related changes in rhythmically bursting activity in medical septum of rats. Brain Res 876:37-47. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02571-3
10. Aronica SM, Kraus WL, Katzenellenbogen BS (1994) Estrogen action via the cAMP-signaling pathway: Stimulation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-regulated gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8517-8521. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8517
11. Askar M, Baquer NZ (1994) Changes in the activity of NADH oxidase in rat tissues in experimental diabetes. Biochem Mol Biol Int 34(5):909-914
12. Azam M, Gupta BL, Gupta G, Jain S, Baquer NZ (1990a) Rat brain insulin degrading enzyme in insulin and thyroid hormone imbalances. Biochem Int 21:321-329
13. Azam M, Gupta G, Baquer NZ (1990b) Modulation of insulin receptors and catecholamines in rat brain in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Biochem Int 22(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/0020-711X(90)90068-E
14. Bala K, Tripathy BC, Sharma D (2006) Neuroprotective and anti-ageing effectof curcumin in aged rat brain regions. Biogerontology 7:81-89. doi: 10.1007/s10522-006-6495-x
15. Balazs (1971) In cellular aspects of neuronal growth and differentiation (D.C. pears edition) University of California press, Los Angles
16. Baquer NZ, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1973) Enzymic differentiation in pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in developing brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 53(4):1282-1288
17. Baquer NZ, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1975) System relationships and the control of metabolic pathways in developing brain. In: Homes FA, Vanden Berg CJ (eds) Normal and Pathological Development of Energy Metabolism. Academic Press, London, pp 109-132 (Held in Eornewerede, Holland)
18. Baquer NZ, Hothersall JS, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1977) Aspects of carbohydrate metabolism of developing brain. Dev Med Child Neurol 19:81-104
19. Baquer NZ, Duddridge RJ, Hothersall JS (1983) The effect of ageing on ATP and energy linked enzymes in rat brain. J Neurochem 4(Suppl):S22A
20. Baquer NZ, Hothersall JS, McLean P (1988) Function and regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in brain. Curr Top Cell Regul 29:265-289
21. Baquer NZ, Hothersall JS, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1990) Effect of ageing on soluble and membrane bound enzymes in rat brain. Neurochem Int 16:369-375. doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(90)90113-8
22. Barnes CA RAOG, Mc Naughton BL (1987) Increased electrotonic coupling in aged rat hippocampus: A possible mechanism for cellular excitability change. J Comp Neurol 259:249-558. doi: 10.1002/cne.902590405
23. Barnes CA, Mc Naughton BL (1980) Physiological compensation for loss of efferent synapse in rat hippocampal granule cells during senescence. J Physiol 309:437-485
24. Baum L, Cheung SK, Mok VC, Lam LC, Leung VP, Hui E, Ng CC, Chow M, Ho PC, Lam S, Woo J, Chiu HF, Goggins W, Zee B, Wong A, Mok H, Cheng WK, Fong C, Lee JS, Chan MH, Szeto SS, Lui VW, Tsoh J, Kwok TC, Chan IH, Lam CW (2007) Curcumin effects on blood lipid profile in a 6-month human study. Pharmacol Res 56:509-514. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.09.013
25. Beckman KB, Ames BN (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 78:547-581
26. Bennett RG, Hamel FG, Duckworth WC, Bennett RG, Hamel FG, Duckworth WC (2000) Insulin inhibits the ubiquitin-dependent degrading activity of the 26S proteasome. Endocrinology 141:2508-2517. doi: 10.1210/ en.141.7.2508
27. Biessels GJ, Gispen WH (2002) Cognition and synaptic plasticity in diabetes mellitus. Trends Neurosci 23:542-549
28. Biessels GJ, Kamal A, Ramakers GM, Urban IJ, Spruijt BM, Erkelens DW, Gispen WH (1996a) Place learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 45(9):1259-1266. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.45.9.1259
29. Biessels GJ, Stevens EJ, Mahmood SJ, Gispen WH, Tomlinson DR (1996b) Insulin partially reverses deficits in peripheral nerve blood flow and conduction in experimental diabetes. J Neurol Sci 140(12):12-20. doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(96)00080-9 Erratum in: J Neurol Sci 144. 1-2:234
30. 2+ disregulation in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharmacol 447(2-3):201-209. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01844-7
31. Biessels GJ, van der Heide LP, Kamal A, Bleys RL, Gispen WH (2002b) Ageing and diabetes: Implications for brain function. Eur J Pharmacol 441(1-2):1-14. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01486-3
32. Birge SJ (2003) The use of estrogen in older women. Clin Geriatr Med 19(3):617-627. doi: 10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00143-X
33. Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H (2006) Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 368:387-403. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69113-7
34. Bliss TV, Collingridge GL (1993) A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361:31-39. doi: 10.1038/361031a0
35. Bondereff W (1964) Histophysiology of the aging nervous system. Adv Gerontol Res 18:1-22
36. Boutros NN, Reid MC, Petrakis T, Campbell D, Torello M, Krystal J (2000) Similarities in the disturbances in cortical information processing in alcoholism and aging: A pilot evoked potential study. Int Psychogeriatr 12(4):513-525. doi: 10.1017/S1041610200006621
37. Brownlee M (2000) Negative consequences of glycation. Metabolism 49:9-13. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80078-5
38. Buckley BM, Williamson DH (1973) Acetoacetate and brain lipogenesis: developmental pattern of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A synthetase in the soluble fraction of rat brain. Biochem J 132(3):653-656
39. Butterfield DA, Castegna A (2003) Proteomic analysis of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain: Insights into neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Biol Noisy-le-grand 49(5):747-751
40. Butterfield DA, Gnjec A, Poon HF, Castegna A, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Martins RN (2006) Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified brain proteins in inherited Alzheimer's disease: An initial assessment. J Alzheimers Dis 10(4):391-397
41. Calabrese V, Ravagna A, Colonbrita C, Scapagnini G, Guagliano E, Butterfield DA (2006) Acetylcarnitine and cellular stress response: roles in nutritional redox homeostasis and regulation of longevity genes. J Nutr Biochem 17(2):73-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.027
42. Caprioli A, Markowska AL, Olton DS (1995) Acetyl-l-carnitine: Chronic treatment improves spatial acquisition in a new environment in aged rats. J Gerontol Series A 50:B232-B235
43. Carlberg I, Mannervik B (1985) Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol 113:484-490. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(85)13062-4
44. Carlsson A, Adolfsson R, Aquilonius SM, Gottfries CG, Orland L, Svennerholm L, Winblad B (1980) Biogenic amines in human brain in normal aging, senile dementia, and chronic alcoholism: Ergot compounds, brain function. In: Goldstein M, Lieberman A, Calne DB, Thorner MO (eds) Advances in biochemical psycho-pharmticology, vol 23. Raven Press, New York, pp 295-304
45. Castegna A, Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Booze R, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA (2002) Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part I: creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1. Free Radic Biol Med 33(4):562-571. doi: 10.1016/ S0891-5849(02)00914-0
46. Cerami A, Vlassara H, Brownlee M (1987) Glucose and aging. Science 33:626-634
47. Chang YM, Rosene DL, Killiiany RJ, Mangiamele LA, Luebke JI (2005) Increased action potential firing rates of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex are significantly related to cognitive performance in aged monkeys. Cereb Cortex 15:409-418. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh144
48. 2+ activated channel expression and function in rat purkinje neurons. J Neurosci 22:4456-4467
49. Clodfelder-Miller BJ, Zmijewska AA, Johnson GV, Jope RS (2006) Tau is hyperphosphorylated at multiple sites in mouse brain in vivo after streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency. Diabetes 55(12):3320-3325. doi: 10.2337/db06-0485
50. Coggen JS, Grutzendler J, Bishop DL, Cook MR, Gen W, Heyn J, Lichtman JW (2004) Age-associated synapse elimination in mouse parasympathetic ganglia. J Neurobiol 60:214-226. doi: 10.1002/neu.20022
51. Craft S, Asthana S, Schellenberg G, Baker L, Cherrier M, Boyt AA, Martins RN, Raskind M, Peskind E, Plymate S (2000) Insulin effects on glucose metabolism, memory, and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease differ according to apolipoprotein-E genotype. Ann N Y Acad Sci 903:222-228. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06371.x
52. Crowley KE, Colrain IM (2004) A review of the evidence for P2 being an independent component process: Age, sleep and modality. Clin Neurophysiol 115:732-744. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2003.11.021
53. D'Almeida V, Hipolide PC, Desilva-Fernands ME (1995) Lack of sex and estrous cycle effects on the activity of three antioxidant enzymes in rats. Physiol Behav 57:385-387. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00234-V
54. Dash NK, Azam M, Gupta G, Baquer NZ (1991) Effect of hyperglycemia on acetylcholine esterase and catecholamine levels in rat brain and heart. Biochem Int 23(2):261-269
55. Davis S, Markowska AL, Wenk GL, Barnes CA (1993) Acetyl-l-carnitine: behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical effects. Neurobiol Aging 14:107-115. doi: 10.1016/0197-4580(93)90030-F
56. Davison PF, Wright BE (1980) Mechanisms of development and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 12(3):213-219. doi: 10.1016/0047-6374(80)90043-3
57. De Grey ADNJ (2003) The foreseeability of real anti-aging medicine: focusing the debate. Exp Gerontol 38:927-934. doi: 10.1016/ S0531-5565(03)00155-4
58. Dena BD, Phyllis MW (2001) Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in middle-aged female rats. Endocrinology 142:43-48. doi: 10.1210/ en.142.1.43
59. Disterhoft JF, Mathew OM (2006) Pharmacological and molecular enhancement of learning in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Physiol (Paris) 99:180-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2005.12.079
60. Dowson JH, Wilton-Cox H, Cairns MR, Ramacci MT (1992) The morphology of lipopigment in rat Purkinje neurons after chronic acetyl-l-carnitine administration: A reduction in aging-related changes. Biol Psychiatry 32:179-187. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90021-Q
61. Drach LM, Bohl J, Goebel HH (1994) The lipofuscin content of nerve cells of the inferior olivary nucleus in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia 5:234-239
62. Draznin B, Steinberg JP, Leitner JW, Sussman KE (1985) The nature of insulin secretory defect in aging rats. Diabetes 34(11):1168-1173. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.34.11.1168
63. Duffy FH, Albert MS, Mc Anulty G, Garvey AJ (1984) Age-related differences in brain electrical activity of healthy subjects. Ann Neurol 16:430-438. doi: 10.1002/ana.410160403
64. Dunn JE, Weintraub S, Stoddard AM, Banks S (2007) Serum alpha-tocopherol, concurrent and past vitamin E intake, and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 68(9):670-676. doi: 10.1212/ 01.wnl.0000255940.13116.86
65. El-Hassan A, Zubairu S, Hothersall JS, Greenbaum AL (1981) Age-related changes in enzymes of rat brain. 1. Enzymes of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and lipogenesis. Enzyme 26(2):107-112
66. Epstein MH, Barrows CH (1969) The effect of age on the activity of glutamate decarboxylase in various regions of the brains of rats. J Gerontol 24(2):136-139
67. Exton JH (1975) Analysis of hormone effect on carbohydrate metabolism by use of metabolic crossover plots. In: O' malley, BW, hardman JG (Eds) Methods in enzymology. Peptide hormones, vol 37, part B. New York; Academic press, p 277
68. Facchini FS, Hua NW, Reaven GM, Stoohs RA (2000) Hyperinsulinemia: The missing link among oxidative stress and age-related diseases? Free Radic Biol Med 29:1302-1306. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00438-X
69. Fain GL (1999) Molecular and cellular physiology of Neurons, Harvard university Press (Prontice Hall of India Pvt Ltd) New Delhi 2005
70. Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408:239-247. doi: 10.1038/35041687
71. Forloni G (1993) Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Funct Neurol 8:211-225
72. Foster TC, Kumar A (2002) Calcium dysregulation in the aging brain. Neuroscientist 8(4):297-301
73. Fraser CL, Arieff AI (2001) Na-K-ATPase activity decreases with aging in female rat brain synaptosomes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 281(4):F674-F678
74. Frolich LD, Blum-Degen D, Bernstein HG, Engelsberger S, Humrich J, Laufer S, Muschner D, Thalheimer A, Turk A, Hoyer S, Zochling R, Boissl KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P (1998) Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 105:423-438. doi: 10.1007/s007020050068
75. Frolkis VV, Train SA, Martynenko DA, Bogatskaya LN, Bezrukov VV (1984) Aging of the neurons. In: Frolkis VV, Johnson JE (eds) Physiology of cell aging. Raven Press, New York, pp 149-185
76. Fulop T, Larbi A, Douziech N (2003) Insulin receptor and ageing. Pathol Biol (Paris) 51(10):574-580. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2003.09.007
77. Gavin JR, Alberti KGMM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Drash A, Gabbe SG, Genuth S, Harris MI, Kahn R, Keen H, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Maclaren NK, Palmer JP, Raskin P, Rizza RA, Stern MP (1997) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197
78. Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ (2000) Effect of free radicals on cytosolic creatine kinase activities and protection by antioxidant enzymes and sulfhydryl compounds. Mol Cell Biochem 210:23-28. doi: 10.1023/ A:1007071617480
79. Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ (2002) Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues: Effect of vanadate and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Mol Cell Biochem 236:7-12. doi: 10.1023/A:1016103131408
80. Gispen WH, Biessels GJ (2000) Cognition and synaptic plasticity in diabetes mellitus. Trends Neurosci 23:542-549. doi: 10.1016/ S0166-2236(00)01656-8
81. Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB (2008) Curcumin as "Curecumin": From kitchen to clinic. Biochem Pharmacol 75:787-809. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.016
82. Greengard P, Kebabian JW (1974) Role of cyclic AMP in synaptic transmission in the mammalian peripheral nervous system. Fed Proc 33(4):1059-1067
83. Grunblatt E, Koutsilieri E, Hoyer S, Riederer P (2006) Gene expression alterations in brain areas of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin treated rat. J Alzheimers Dis 9:261-271
84. Grunblatt E, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Osmanovic J, Riederer P, Hoyer S (2007) Brain insulin system dysfunction in streptozotocin intracerebroventricularly treated rats generates hyperphosphorylated tau protein. J Neurochem 101:757-770. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04368.x
85. Gsell W, Conrad R, Hickethier M, Sofic E, Frolich L, Wichart I, Jellinger K, Moll G, Ransmayr G, Beckmann H (1995) Decreased catalase activity but unchanged superoxide dismutase activity in brains of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. J Neurochem 64:1216-1223
86. Gupta G, Azam M, Baquer NZ (1992a) Modulation of rat brain insulin receptor kinase activity in diabetes. Neurochem Int 20:487-492. doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(92)90027-O
87. Gupta G, Azam M, Baquer NZ (1992b) Effect of experimental diabetes on the catecholamine metabolism in rat brain. J Neurochem 58:95-100. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09282.x
88. Hamel FG, Bennett RG, Duckworth WC (1998) Regulation of multicatalytic enzyme activity by insulin and the insulin-degrading enzyme. Endocrinology 139:4061-4066. doi: 10.1210/en.139.10.4061
89. Harman D (1956) Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11(3):298-300
90. Harman D (1981) The aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7124-7128. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
91. Havrankova J, Schmechel D, Roth J, Brownstein M (1978a) Identification of insulin in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:5737-5741. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.11.5737
92. Havrankova J, Roth J, Brownstein M (1978b) Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system of the rat. Nature 272:827-829. doi: 10.1038/272827a0
93. Hellweg RG, Raivich HD, Hartung HD, Hock C, Kreutzberg GW (1994) Axonal transport of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptor in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol 130:24-30. doi: 10.1006/ exnr.1994.1181
94. 2+ accumulation and the slow afterhyperpolarization in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 135:413-420. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.044
95. Herrmann WM, Dietrich B, Hiersemenzel R (1990) Pharmaco-electroencephalographic and clinical effects of the cholinergic substance - acetyl-l-carnitine - in patients with organic brain syndrome. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 10(1-2):81-84
96. Himwich W (1974) Biochemistry of the developing brain, vol 2. Decker, New York
97. Hothersall JS, Baquer NZ, Greenbaum AL, Mclean P (1979) Alternative pathways of glucose utilization in brain. Changes in the pattern of glucose utilization in brain during development and the effect of phenazine methosulphate on the integration of metabolic routes. Arch Biochem Biophys 198:478-492. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90522-8
98. Hothersall JS, El-Hassan A, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1981) Age-related changes in enzymes of rat brain. 2. Redox systems linked to NADP and glutathione. Enzyme 26:271-276
99. Hothersall JS, Greenbaum AL, Mclean P (1982) The functional significance of the pentose phosphate pathway in synaptosomes: Protection against peroxidative damage by catecholamines and oxidants. J Neurochem 39:1325-1332. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb12574.x
100. Hothersall JS, Duddridge R, Baquer NZ (1983) The effect of aging on the activity of adenylate cyclase in rat brain. J Neurochem 41(Suppl):521
101. Hoyer S (1998) Is sporadic Alzheimer disease the brain type of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus? A challenging hypothesis. J Neural Transm 105:415-422. doi: 10.1007/s007020050067
102. Hsu KS, Huang CC, Liang YC, Wu HM, Chen YL, Lo SW, Ho WC (2002) Alterations in the balance of protein kinase and phosphatase activities and age-related impairments of synaptic transmission and longterm potentiation. Hippocampus 12:787-802. doi: 10.1002/hipo.10032
103. Huang WC, Juang SW, Liu IM, Chi TC, Cheng JT (1999) Changes of superoxide dismutase gene expression and activity in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 275:25-28. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00704-1
104. Hudson S, Tabet N (2003) Acetyl-l-carnitine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003158
105. Ikebuchi M, Kashiwagi A, Asahina T, Tanaka Y, Takagi Y, Nishio Y, Hidaka H, Kikkawa R, Shigeta Y (1993) Effect of medium pH on glutathione redox cycle in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Metabolism 42:1121-1126. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90269-T
106. Isomura Y, Koto N (1999) Action potential-induced dendritic calcium dynamics correlated with synaptic plasticity in developing hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol 82:1993-1999
107. Jay WP, Kanagasabai P, William EK, Richard J, Larry RM (1994) Alterations of cerebral metabolism in probable Alzheimer's disease: A preliminary study. Neurobiol Aging 15:117-132
108. Jellinger KA (2006) Alzheimer 100 - highlights in the history of Alzheimer research. J Neural Transm 113:1603-1623. doi: 10.1007/ s00702-006-0578-3
109. Jennings PE, Jones AF, Florkowski CM, Lunec J, Barnett AH (1987) Increased diene conjugates in diabetic subjects with microangiopathy. Diabet Med 4(5):452-456
110. Johnson G, Stoothoff W (2004) Tau phosphorylation in neuronal cell function and dysfunction. J Cell Sci 117:5721-5729. doi: 10.1242/ jcs.01558
111. Jones RSG, Olpe HR (1984) Multiple changes in the sensitivity of cingulated cortex neurons to putative neurotransmitters in aging rats: substance P, acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Neurosci Lett 50:31-36. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90457-9
112. Jyoti A, Sharma D (2006) Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monniera against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neurotoxicology 27:451-457. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.12.007
113. Jyoti A, Sethi P, Sharma D (2007) Bacopa moneiera prevents from aluminium neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex of rat brain. J Ethanopharmacology 111:57-62
114. Kalaria RN (1996) Cerebral vessels in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 72:193-214. doi: 10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00116-7
115. Kamal A, Biessels GJ, Urban IJA, Gispen WH (1999) Hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: Impairment of long-term potentiation and facilitation of long-term depression. Neuroscience 90:737-745. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00485-0
116. Kamal A, Biessels GJ, Duis SEJ, Gispen WH (2000) Learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: interaction of diabetes and ageing. Diabetologia 43:500-506. doi: 10.1007/s001250051335
117. Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Grodstein F (2006) A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women. Arch Intern Med 166(22):2462-2468. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.22.2462
118. Kato T, Lowry OH (1973) Distrbution of enzymes between nucleus and cytoplasm of single nerve cell bodies. J Biol Chem 248(6):2044-2048
119. Kauffman FC (1972) The quantitative histochemistry of enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathways in the central nervous system of the rat. J Neurochem 19(1):1-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01247.x
120. Kauffman FC, Brown JG, Passonneau JV, Lowry OH (1969) Effects of changes in brain metabolism on levels of pentose phosphate pathway intermediate. J Biol Chem 4:3467
121. +-ATPase activity from discrete areas of the rat brain. Biochem Mol Biol Int 34(4):781-788
122. + ATPase activity in rat brain and correlation with multiple unit action potentials and lipid peroxidation. Indian J Exp biochem Biophy 35:364-371
123. + ATPase glutathione-s-transferase and multiple unit activity and reduces lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration in aged rat brain regions. Neurosci Lett 301:104. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01576-2
124. Kaur J, Singh S, Sharma D, Singh R (2003) Neurostimulatory and antioxidative effects of l-deprenyl in aged rat brain regions. Biogerontology 4:105-111. doi: 10.1023/A:1023351904840
125. Kaye JA, DeCarli C, Luxenberg JS, Rapoport SI (1992) The significance of age-related enlargement of the cerebral ventricles in healthy men and women measured by quantitative computed X-ray tomography. J Am Geriatr Soc 40(3):225-231
126. Kazmi SMI, Baquer NZ (1985) Influence of alloxan diabetes and insulin treatment on the activity of alanine aminotransferase in rat brain regions, liver and heart. Enzyme 34(2):57-63
127. +- ATPase activity, glucose transport and glutamate transport induced by amyloid beta-peptide and iron. J Neurosci Res 50:522-530. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1097-4547(19971115)50:4<522::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-G
128. Khachaturian ZS (1994) Calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and brain aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 747:1-11
129. Khan A, Ballard C (2008) Defeating dementia: Current approaches to potential amyloid-based Alzheimer's disease therapies. The biochemist 30(5):14-17
130. Khandkar MA, Mukherjee E, Parmar DV, Katyare SS (1995) Alloxan-diabetes alters kinetic properties of the membrane-bound form, but not of the soluble form, of acetylcholinesterase in rat brain. Biochem J 307(Pt 3):647-649
131. Kiray M, Uysal N, Sönmez A, Açikgöz O, Gönenç S (2004) Positive effects of deprenyl and estradiol on spatial memory and oxidant stress in aged female rat brains. Neurosci Lett 354(3):225-228. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.019
132. Kitani K, Minami C, Yamamoto T, Kanai S, Ivy GO, Carrillo MC (2002) Pharmacological interventions in aging and age-associated disordered: potential of propargylamines for human use. Ann N Y Acad Sci 959:295-307
133. Klee CB, Sokoloff L (1967) Changes in D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase activity during brain maturation in the rat. J Biol Chem 242(17):3880-3883
134. Knoll J (1993) The pharmacological basis of the beneficial effects of (-) deprenyl (selegiline) in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 40:69-91
135. Knoll J (1998) (-) Deprenyl (selegiline) a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) substance acting in the brain. Pharmacol Toxicol 82(2):57-66
136. Kokoszka JE, Coskun P, Esposito LA, Wallace DC (2001) Increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in the Sod2 (C/K) mouse results in the age-related decline of mitochondrial function culminating in increased apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2278-2283. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.051627098
137. Korićanac G, Vulović M, Radivojsa S, Zakula Z, Ribarac-Stepić N (2004) Age-related changes of insulin receptors, plasma insulin and glucose level. Biogerontology 5(5):345-353. doi: 10.1007/s10522-004-2576-x
138. Kremerskothen J, Wendholt D, Teber I, Barnekow A (2002) Insulin-induced expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated gene (ARC) in human neuroblastoma cells requires p21(ras), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase and src tyrosine kinases but is protein kinase C-independent. Neurosci Lett 321(3):153-156. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02532-0
139. Kristian T, Siesjo BK (1996) Calcium-related damage in ischemia. Life Sci 59:357-367. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00314-1
140. Kumagai AK (1999) Glucose transport in brain and retina: Implications in the management and complications of diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 15:261-273. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(199907/ 08)15:4<261::AID-DMRR43>3.0.CO;2-Z
141. Kumar JS, Menon VP (1993) Effect of diabetes on levels of lipid peroxides and glycolipids in rat brain. Metabolism 42:1435-1439. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90195-T
142. Kumar P, Taha A, Sharma D, Kale RK, Baquer NZ (2008) Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on monoamine oxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin accumulation in aging rat brain regions. Biogerontology 9(4):235-246. doi: 10.1007/s10522-008-9148-4 Erratum Biogerontology 9(4):283-284
143. Lakhman SS, Kaur G (1994) Effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on acetylcholinesterase activity from discrete areas of rat brain. Neurochem Int 24(2):159-163. doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(94)90102-3
144. Lakhman SS, Kaur G (1997) Effect of experimental diabetes on monoamine oxidase activity from discrete areas of rat brain: Relationship with diabetes associated reproductive failure. Mol Cell Biochem 177(1-2):15-20. doi: 10.1023/A:1006851426257
145. Laloraya M, Kumar GP, Laloraya MM (1989) Histochemical study of superoxide dismutase in the ovary of the rat during the oestrous cycle. J Reprod Fertil 86:583-587. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0860583
146. Landolt H-P, Borbely AA (2001) Age-dependant changes in sleep EEG topography. Clin Neurophysiol 112:369-377. doi: 10.1016/ S1388-2457(00)00542-3
147. Lapolt PS, Yu SM, Lu JK (1988) Early treatment of young female rats with progesterone delays the aging-associated reproductive decline: A counteraction by estradiol. Biol Reprod 38(5):987-995. doi: 10.1095/ biolreprod38.5.987
148. Leong S, Lai S, CK T, Lim L, Clark JB (1981) Energy metabolizing enzymes in brain regions of adult and aging rats. J Neurochem 37:1548-1556. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb06326.x
149. Lester-Coll N, Rivera EJ, Soscia SJ, Doiron K, Wands JR, de la Monte SM (2006) Intracerebral streptozotocin model of type 3 diabetes: Relevance to sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 9:13-33
150. Leutner S, Eckert A, Müller WE (2001) ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the aging brain. J Neural Transm 108(8-9):955-967. doi: 10.1007/s007020170015
151. Levine JH (2006) Managing multiple cardiovascular risk factors: State of the science. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 8:12-22. doi: 10.1111/ j.1524-6175.2006.05924.x
152. Levy J, Gavin JR, Sowers JR (1994) Diabetes mellitus: A disease of abnormal cellular calcium metabolism? Am J Med 96:260-273. doi: 10.1016/ 0002-9343(94)90152-X
153. Li L, Hölscher C (2007) Common pathological processes in Alzheimer disease and type 2 diabetes: A review. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 56(2):384-402. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.001
154. Lisman JE (1997) Bursts as a unit of neuronal information: Making unreliable synapse reliable. Trends Neurosci 20:38-43. doi: 10.1016/ S0166-2236(96)10070-9
155. Liu Y, Teige I, Birnir B, Issazadeh-Navikas S (2006) Neuron-mediated generation of regulatory T cells from encephalitogenic T cells suppresses EAE. Nat Med 12:518-525. doi: 10.1038/nm1402
156. Logan JG, George MJ (1982) Hypertension and (Na-K) ATPase activity in brain. Biochem Pharmacol 31(6):1156-1158. doi: 10.1016/ 0006-2952(82)90358-6
157. Logan JG, Newland AC (1982) Leucocyte sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase and leukemia. Clin Chim Acta 123(1-2):39-43. doi: 10.1016/ 0009-8981(82)90111-5
158. Logan JG, Wong RP, Recaldin S (1982) Catecholamines inhibit Na-Ca ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol 31(7):1454-1455. doi: 10.1016/ 0006-2952(82)90045-4
159. Lowry OH (1964) In morphological and biomedical correlates of activity (MM Cohen and RS Smidern) Harper and Row, New York, pp 178-191
160. Luebke JI, Chang YM, Moore TL, Rosene DL (2004) Normal aging results in decreased synaptic excitation and increased synaptic inhibition of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the monkey prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 125:277-288. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.035
161. MacDonnell PC, Greengard O (1974) Enzymes in intracellular organelles of adult and developing rat brain. Arch Biochem Biophys 163:644-655. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90525-6
162. Maia FD, Pitombeira BS, Aráujo DT, Cunha GM, Viana GS (2004) l-Deprenyl prevents lipid peroxidation and memory deficits produced by cerebral ischemia in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 24(1):87-100. doi: 10.1023/ B:CEMN.0000012727.59502.c5
163. Makar TK, Rimpel-Lamhaouar K, Abraham DG, Gokhale VS, Cooper AJL (1995) Antioxidant defense systems in the brains of type II diabetic mice. J Neurochem 65:287-291
164. Malmo HP, Malmo RB (1982) Multiple unit activity recorded longitudinally in rats from pubescence to old age. Neurobiol Aging 3:43-53. doi: 10.1016/0197-4580(82)90060-4
165. Mancuso C, Bates TE, Butterfield DA, Calafato S, Cornelius C, De Lorenzo A, Dinkova Kostova AT, Calabrese V (2007) Natural antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 16(12):1921-1931. doi: 10.1517/13543784.16.12.1921
166. Mankovsky BN, Metzger BE, Molitch ME, Biller J (1997) Cerebrovascular disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 10:228-242. doi: 10.1016/S1056-8727(96)90006-9
167. Mann DM, Yates PO (1974) Lipoprotein pigments - their relationship to ageing in the human nervous system: I. The lipofuscin content of nerve cells. Brain 97:481-488. doi: 10.1093/brain/97.1.481
168. Mantha AK, Moorthy K, Cowsik SM, Baquer NZ (2006) Membrane associated functions of neurokinin B (NKB) on amyloid-beta (25-35) induced toxicity in aging rat brain synaptosomes. Biogerontology 7(1):19-33. doi: 10.1007/ s10522-005-6044-z
169. Markowska AL, Ingram DK, Barnes CA, Spangler EL, Lemken VJ, Kametani H, Yee W, Olton DS (1990) Acetyl-1-carnitine. 1: Effects on mortality, pathology and sensory-motor performance in aging rats. Neurobiol Aging 11(5):491-498. doi: 10.1016/0197-4580(90)90109-D
170. Marrone DF, LeBoutillier JC, Petit TL (2004) Changes in synaptic ultrastructure during reactive synaptogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus. Brain Res 1005:124-136. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.041
171. 2+ ATPase activities in different regions of rat brain during alloxan diabetes. J Neurochem 39:903-908. doi: 10.1111/ j.1471-4159.1982.tb11475.x
172. Mayanil CSK, Kazmi SMI, Baquer NZ (1982b) Changes in monoamine oxidase activity in rat brain during alloxan diabetes. J Neurochem 38:179-183. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb10869.x
173. McIlwain H, Bachelard HS (1985) Biochemistry and the central nervous system, 5th edn. Elseiver health Sciences, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
174. McLean P, Kunjara S, Greenbaum AL, Gumaa K, López-Prados J, Martin-Lomas M, Rademacher TW (2008) Reciprocal control of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by inositol phosphoglycans. Dynamic state set by "push-pull" system. J Biol Chem 283(48):33428-33436. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801781200
175. Meier-Ruge W, Iwenoff P, Reichlmeier K (1984) Neurochemical enzyme changes in Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 3:161-165. doi: 10.1016/0167-4943(84)90007-4
176. Messier C, Gagnon M (1996) Glucose regulation and cognitive functions: relation to Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Behav Brain Res 75:1-11. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(95)00153-0
177. Migliaccio A, Domenico M, Castoria G, de Falco A, Bontempo P, Nola E, Auricchio F (1996) Tyrosine kinase/p21ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol-receptor complex in MCF-7 cells. EMBO J 15:1292-1300
178. Minamoto H, Tachibana H, Sugita M, Okita T (2001) Recognition memory in normal aging and parkinson's disease: Behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 11:23-32. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00060-4
179. Miquel J (1992) An update on the mitochondrial-DNA mutation hypothesis of cell aging. Mutat Res 275(3-6):209-216
180. Mizumori SJY, Lavoie AM, Kalyani A (1996) Redistribution of spatial representation in the hippocampus of aged rats performing a spatial memory task. Behav Neurosci 110:1006-1016. doi: 10.1037/ 0735-7044.110.5.1006
181. Mohamad S, Taha A, Bamezai RN, Basir SF, Baquer NZ (2004) Lower doses of vanadate in combination with trigonella restore altered carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant status in alloxan-diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 342(1-2):105-114. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.005
182. Monti B, Virigili M, Contestabile A (2004) Alterations of markers related to synaptic function in aging rat brain, in normal conditions or under conditions of long-term dietary manipulation. Neurochem Int 44:579-584. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.10.007
183. Mooradian AD, Smith TL (1992) The effect of experimentally induced diabetes mellitus on the lipid order and composition of rat cerebral microvessels. Neurosci Lett 145:145-148. doi: 10.1016/ 0304-3940(92)90007-T
184. Moorthy K, Yadav UCS, Mantha AK, Cowsik SM, Sharma D, Baquer NZ (2004a) Effect of estradiol and progesterone treatment on lipid profile in naturally menopausal rats from different age groups. Biogerontology 5(6):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s10522-004-3190-7
185. Moorthy K, Yadav UCS, Siddiqui MR, Basir SF, Sharma D, Baquer NZ (2004b) Effect of estradiol and progesterone treatment on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in tissues of aging female rats. Biogerontology 5(4):249-259. doi: 10.1023/B:BGEN.0000038026.89337.02
186. Moorthy K, Yadav UC, Siddiqui MR, Mantha AK, Basir SF, Sharma D, Cowsik SM, Baquer NZ (2005a) Effect of hormone replacement therapy in normalizing age related neuronal markers in different age groups of naturally menopausal rats. Biogerontology 6:345-356. doi: 10.1007/ s10522-005-4810-6
187. Moorthy K, Sharma D, Basir SF, Baquer NZ (2005b) Administration of estradiol and progesterone modulate the activities of antioxidant enzyme and aminotransferases in naturally menopausal rats. Exp Gerontol 40(4):295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.01.004
188. Morley P, Whitfield JF, Vanderhyden BC, Tsang BK, Schwartz JL (1992) A new, nongenomic estrogen action: The rapid release of intracellular calcium. Endocrinology 131:1305-1312. doi: 10.1210/en.131.3.1305
189. Murchison D, Griffith WH (1995) Low-voltage activated calcium current increase in basal for brain neurons from aged rats. J Neurophysiol 74:876-887
190. Murthy ASN, Baquer NZ (1980) Changes in pyruvate dehydrogenase in brain regions during alloxan diabetes. Arch Biochem Biophys 204:264-269. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90032-6
191. Murthy ASN, Ali F, Baquer NZ (1980) Effect of thyroidectomy and alloxan diabetes on rat brain arginase. Indian J Biochem Biophys 17:45-47
192. Nelson PT, Smith CD, Abner EA, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, Davis GJ, Keller JN, Jicha GA, Davis D, Wang-Xia W, Hartman A, Katz DG, Markesbery WR (2009) Human cerebral neuropathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1792:454-469
193. Nikulin VV, Brismar T (2005) Long-range temporal correlations in electroencephalographic oscillations: Relation to topography, frequency band, age and gender. Neuroscience 130:549-558. doi: 10.1016/ j.neuroscience.2004.10.007
194. Nodera H, Bostock H, Kuwabara S, Sakamato T, Asanuma K, Jia-Ying S, Ogawara K, Hattori N, Hirayama M, Sobue G, Kaji R (2004) Nerve excitability properties in Charcot-Marie-tooth disease type I. Brain 127(Part I):203-211. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh020
195. Nygard M, Hill RH, Wikstrom MA, Kristensson K (2005) Age-related changes in electrophysiological properties of the mouse suprachismatic nucleus in vitro. Brain Res Bull 65:149-154. doi: 10.1016/ j.brainresbull.2004.12.006
196. Ohlansky SJ, Hayflick L, Perls TT (2004) Antiaging medicine: The hype and the reality-part 1. J Gerontology: Biol Sci 59A:513-514
197. Olpe HR, Steinmann M (1982) Age-related decline in the activity of noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus. Brain Res 151:174-176. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)91287-2
198. Pajovic S, Nikezic G, Martinovic JV (1993) Effects of ovarian steroids in superoxide dismutase activity in the rat brain. Exprientia 49:73-75. doi: 10.1007/BF01928794
199. Pekiner C, Cullum NA, Hughes JN, Hargreaves AJ, Mahon J, Casson IF (1993) Glycation of brain actin in experimental diabetes. J Neurochem 61:436-442
200. Pelosi L, Holly M, Slade T, Hayward M, Barret G, Blumhardt LD (1992) Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of performance of intelligence tests. Electroencephalograpr clin Neurophysiol 84:515-520
201. Pelosi L, Blumhardt LD (1999) Effects of age on working memory: An event-related potential study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 7:321-334. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00035-4
202. Peng MT, Peng YI, Chen FN (1977) Age-dependent changes in the oxygen consumption of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdaloid in rats. J Grrontol 32:517-522
203. Pette D (1966) Mitochondrial enzyme activities. In: Tager JM, Papa S, Quagliariello E, Slater EC (eds) Regulation of metabolic processes in mitochondria. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 28
204. Pfutz EM, Sommer W, Schweinberger SR (2002) Age-related slowing in face and name recognition: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Psychol Aging 17:140-160. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.140
205. Poon HF, Vaishnav RA, Getchell TV, Getchell ML, Butterfield DA (2006) Quantitative proteomics analysis of differential protein expression and oxidative modification of specific proteins in the brains of old mice. Neurobiol Aging 27(7):1010-1019. doi: 10.1016/ j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.006
206. Potier B, Rascol O, Jazat F, Lamour Y, Dutar P (1992) Alteration in the proportion of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the aged rat. Neuroscience 48:793-806. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90267-6
207. Potier BY, Lamour Y, Dutar P (1993) Age-related alterations in the properties of hippocampal memory in young, mature and aged rats. Brain Res Bull 33:17-25
208. 4 and Trigonella a promising antidiabetic agent. Mol Cell Biochem 278:21-31. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-7815-1
209. Pueschel SM (2006) The effect of acetyl-l-carnitine administration on persons with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil 27(6):599-604. doi: 10.1016/ j.ridd.2004.07.009
210. Qiu WQ, Walsh DM, Ye Z, Vekrellis K, Zhang J, Podlisny MB, Rosner MR, Safavi A, Hersh LB, Selkoe DJ (1998) Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein by degradation. J Biol Chem 273:32730-32738. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32730
211. Racchi M, Govoni S, Solerte SB, Galli CL, Corsini E (2001) Dehydroepiendrosterone and the relationship with a ging and memory: A possible link with protein kinase C functional machinery. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 37:287-293. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00132-1
212. Rattan SI, Singh R (2009) Progress and prospects: Gene therapy in aging. Gene Ther 16(1):3-9. doi: 10.1038/gt.2008.166
213. Rehman HU, Masson EA (2001) Neuroendocrinology of ageing. Age Ageing 30(4):279-287. doi: 10.1093/ageing/30.4.279
214. Rosen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Moller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L (2001) The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: A summary of a congress series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 17:189-212. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.196
215. Roy DW, Jack G (1999) Regulation of glucose transporters by estradiol in the immature rat uterus. Endocrinology 140:3602-3608. doi: 10.1210/ en.140.8.3602
216. Roy D, Singh R (1988) Age-related changes in multiple unit activity in the rat brain parietal cortex and the effect of centrophenoxine. Exp Gerontol 34:161-174. doi: 10.1016/0531-5565(88)90003-4
217. Roy D, Pathak DN, Singh R (1983) Effect of centrophenoxine on the antioxidative enzymes in various regions of the aging rat brain. Exp Gerontol 18(3):185-197. doi: 10.1016/0531-5565(83)90031-1
218. Ryan CM, Geckle MO (2000) Circumscribed cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:1486-1493. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1486
219. Ryle C, Leow CK, Donaghy M (1997) Nonenzymatic glycation of peripheral and central nervous system proteins in experimental diabetes mellitus. Muscle Nerve 20:577-584. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1097-4598(199705)20:5<577::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-6
220. Sabri O, Hellwig D, Schreckenberger M, Schneider R, Kaiser HJ, Wagenknecht G, Mull M, Buell U (2000) Influence of diabetes mellitus on regional cerebral glucose metabolism and regional cerebral blood flow. Nucl Med Commun 21:19-29. doi: 10.1097/00006231-200001000-00005
221. Sacks WJ (1965) Cerebral metabolism of doubly labeled glucose on humans in vivo. Appl Physiol 20:117-130
222. Saggerson D (2009) Getting to grips with the pentose phosphate pathway in 1953. Biochem J. doi: 10.1042/BJ20081961
223. Salek-Haddadi A, Friston KJ, Lemieux L, Fish DR (2003) Studying spontaneous EEG activity with fMRI. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 43:110-133. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00193-0
224. Schulingkamp RJ, Pagano TC, Hung D, Raffa RB (2000) Insulin receptors and insulin action in the brain: Review and clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:855-872. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00040-3
225. Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Kaiyala KJ, Woods SC (1999) Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system. Am J Clin Nutr 69:584-596
226. Shafrir E (1997) Diabetes in animals: Contribution to the understanding of diabetes by study of its etiopathology in animal models. In: Porte JRD, Sherwin RS (eds) Ellenberg and Rifkin's diabetes mellitus; theory and practice. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, pp 301-348
227. Sharma M, Gupta YK (2001) Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats produces both oxidative stress in the brain and cognitive impairment. Life Sci 68:1021-1029. doi: 10.1016/ S0024-3205(00)01005-5
228. Sharma D, Maurya AK, Singh R (1993) Age-related decline in multiple unit action potentials of CA3 region of rat hippocampus: Correlation with lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration and the effect of centrophenoxine. Neurobiol Aging 14:319-330. doi: 10.1016/ 0197-4580(93)90117-T
229. + ATPase and protein kinase C in adult and old rat brain. Biogerontology (in press)
230. Shen JM, Barnes CA (1996) Age-related decrease in cholinergic synaptic transmission in three hippocampal subfields. Neurobiol Aging 17:439-451. doi: 10.1016/0197-4580(96)00020-6
231. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN (1994) Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10771-10778. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.10771
232. Siddiqui MR, Taha A, Moorthy K, Hussain E, Basir SF, Baquer NZ (2005) Amelioration of altered antioxidants status and membrane linked functions by vanadium and Trigonella in alloxan diabetic rat brains. J Biosci 30(4):483-490. doi: 10.1007/BF02703722
233. Singh HK, Dhawan BN (1997) Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the ayurvedic nootropic B, monniera LINN (Brahmi). Indian J Pharmacol 29:S359-S365
234. Singh R, Sharma D (2005) Electrophysiological Ageing of the Brain and pharmacology of Ageing. Cellular and Molecular Brain Ageing In: Thakur MK (ed) Pub M/s Narosa Publishers, New Delhi, p 135
235. Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L (2001) Advanced glycation end-products: A review. Diabetologia 44:129-146. doi: 10.1007/ s001250051591
236. Sinha N, Baquer NZ, Sharma D (2005) Anti-lipidperoxidative role of exogenous dehydroepiendrosterone (DHEA) administration in normal ageing rat brain. Indian J Exp Biol 43:420-424
237. Sinha N, Taha A, Baquar NZ, Sharma D (2008) Exogenous administration of dehydroepiendrosterone attenuates loss of superoxide dismutase activity in the brain of old rats. Indian J Biophys Biochem 45:57-60
238. Smith SJ, Thompson SH (1987) Slow membrane currents in bursting pace-maker neurons of Tritonia. J Physiol 382:425-448
239. Sochor M, Baquer NZ, Hothersall JS, McLean P (1977) Effects of experimental diabetes on ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 80:533-539. doi: 10.1016/ 0006-291X(78)91601-7
240. Sochor M, Baquer NZ, Hothersall JS, McLean P (1990) Effect of experimental diabetes on the activities of hexokinase isoenzymes in tissues of the rat. Biochem Int 22(3):467-474
241. Sohal RS, Brunk UT (1989) Lipofuscin as an indicator of oxidative stress and aging. Adv Exp Med Biol 266:17-26
242. Sohal RS, Mockett RJ, Orr WC (2000) Current issues concerning the role of oxidative stress in aging: A perspective. Results Probl Cell Differ 29:45-66
243. Srivastava LK, Baquer NZ (1984) Changes in the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in rat brain regions during alloxan diabetes. Enzyme 32:84-88
244. Standford JA, Gerhardt GA (2004) Aged F344 rats exhibit altered electrophysiological activity in locomotor-unrelated but not locomotor-related striatal neurons. Neurobiol Aging 25:509-515. doi: 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00128-3
245. Sugaya A, Sugimioto H, Mogi N, Tsujigami H, Deguchi S (2004) Experimental diabetes accelerates accumulation of fluorescent pigments in rat trigeminal neurons. Brain Res 999(1):132-134. doi: 10.1016/ j.brainres.2003.11.033
246. Sultana R, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA (2006) Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in brain of subjects with Alzheimer's disease: Insights into mechanism of neurodegeneration from redox proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 8(11-12):2021-2037. doi: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.2021
247. + ATPase activity of whole homogenate and synaptosomes from mouse and human brain. J Neurochem 24:161-169
248. + adenosinetriphosphatase-I. Protection against pipoperoxidative damage. Biochem Pharmacol 30:427-432
249. Szutowiez A, Hanna B, Gul S, Zielinski Pawelczyk T, Tomaszewicz M (2005) Nerve growth factor and acetyl-l-carnitine evoked shifts in acetyl-co-A and cholinergic SN56 cell vulnerability to neurotoxic inputs. J Neurosci Res 79:185-192. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20276
250. +-ATPase activity to the exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone administration in the old rat brain regions. Indian J Exp Biol 46:852-854
251. Takahata K, Minami A, Kusumoto H, Shimazu S, Yoneda F (2005) Effects of selegiline alone or with donepezil on memory impairment in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 518(2-3):140-144. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.024
252. Takeda S, Matsuzawa T (1985) Age-related brain atrophy: A study with computed tomography. J Gerontol 40(2):159-163
253. + ATPase. Brain Res 506:46-52. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91197-O
254. Taylor L, Griffith WH (1993) Age-related decline in cholinergic synaptic transmission in hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 14:509-515. doi: 10.1016/ 0197-4580(93)90110-W
255. Terman A, Brunk UT (2006) Oxidative stress, accumulation of biological 'garbage' and aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:197-204. doi: 10.1089/ ars.2006.8.197
256. Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, Ferris SH, Friedland RP, Petersen RC, Pettegrew JW, Pfeiffer E, Raskind MA, Sano M, Tuszynski MH, Woolson RF (1996) A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 47(3):705-711
257. Thal LJ, Calvani M, Amato A, Carta A (2000) A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD. Neurology 55(6):805-810
258. Thomas DK, Storlien LH, Bellingham WP, Gillette K (1986) Ovarian hormone effects on activity, glucoregulation and thyroid hormones in the rat. Physiol Behav 36:567-573. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90332-X
259. Thurston JH, Hanhart RE, Jones EM, Jones EM, Ater JL (1975) Effects of alloxan diabetes, anti-insulin serum diabetes and non-diabetic dehydration on brain carbohydrate and energy metabolism in young mice. J Biol Chem 250:1751
260. Tripathy A, Srivastava UC (2008) Acetylcholinesterase: A versatile enzyme of nervous system. Ann Neurosci 15:106-111
261. Troni Q, Carta R, Cantello MT, Caselle MT, Rainero I (1984) Peripheral nerve function and metabolic control in diabetes mellitus. Ann Neurol 16:178-183. doi: 10.1002/ana.410160204
262. Valdes CT, Elkind-Hirsch KE, Rogers DG, Adelman JP (1991) The hypothalamic-pituitary axis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats is not normalized by estradiol replacement. Endocrinology 128(1):433-440
263. Vaney N, Chouhan S, Bhatia MS, Tandon OP (2002) Event related evoked potentials in dementia: Role of vitamin E. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 46(1):61-68
264. Veiga S, Melcangi RC, Doncarlos LL, Garcia-Segura LM, Azcoitia I (2004) Sex hormones and brain aging. Exp Gerontol 39(11-12):1623-1631. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.008
265. Vitorica J, Satrústegui J (1986) The influence of age on the calcium-efflux pathway and matrix calcium buffering power in brain mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 851(2):209-216. doi: 10.1016/ 0005-2728(86)90127-1
266. Vlassara H, Brownlee M, Cerami A (1983) Excessive non enzymatic glycosylation of peripheral and central nervous system myelin components in diabetic rats. Diabetes 32:670-674. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.32.7.670
267. Watt JA, Pike CJ, Walencewicz-Wasserman AJ, Cotman CW (1994) Ultrastructural analysis of beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 661:147-156. doi: 10.1016/ 0006-8993(94)91191-6
268. Wilson PD (1973) Enzyme changes in ageing mammals. Ceron-fologiu 19:79-125
269. Wilson JA, Ikonen S, Gallagher M, Eichenbaum H, Tanila H (2005) Age-associated alterations of hippocampal place cells are subregion specific. J Neurosci 25:6877-6886. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1744-05.2005
270. Winterer G, Goldman D (2003) Genetics of human prefrontal function. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 43:134-163. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00205-4
271. Wohaieb SA, Godin DV (1987) Alterations in tissue antioxidant systems in the spontaneously diabetic (BB Wistar) rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65:2191-2195
272. Wolff SP, Dean RT (1987) Glucose autoxidation and protein modification. Biochem J 245:243-250
273. Wolff SP, Jiang ZY, Hunt JV (1991) Protein glycation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ageing. Free Radic Biol Med 10:339-352. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(91)90040-A
274. Zhang ZW (2004) Maturation of layer V pyramidal neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex: Intrinsic properties and synaptic functions. J Neurophysiol 91:1171-1182. doi: 10.1152/jn.00855.2003
275. Zhao W, Chen H, Xu H, Moore E, Meiri N, Quon MJ, Alkon DL (1999) Brain insulin receptors and spatial memory. Correlated changes in gene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling molecules in the hippocampus of water maze trained rats. J Biol Chem 274:34893-34902. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.34893
276. Zubairu S, Hothersall JS, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1982) Age-related changes in enzymes of rat brain. III. Hydrogen-transfer systems in relation to the disposition of acetyl groups in the brain. Enzyme 27(2):130-136
277. Zubairu S, Hothersall JS, El-Hassan A, McLean P, Greenbaum AL (1983) Alternative pathways of glucose utilization in brain: Changes in the pattern of glucose utilization and of the response of the pentose phosphate pathway to 5-hydroxytryptamine during aging. J Neurochem 41(1):76-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb11816.x