메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 76-90

Modeling and simulation of preclinical cardiac safety: Towards an integrative framework

Author keywords

Computational models; Computer modeling and simulation; Heart; Mathematical modeling; Mechanism; Organ; Pharmacodynamic modeling; Pharmacokinetic; Physiologically based modeling; Species differences

Indexed keywords

NEW DRUG;

EID: 67649360009     PISSN: 13474367     EISSN: 18800920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.76     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (10)

References (153)
  • 2
    • 35548996732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of dynamic Beat-to-Beat QT-TQ interval (ECG restitution) changes in humans under normal sinus rhythm and prior to an event of Torsades de Pointes during QT prolongation caused by Sotalol
    • Fossa, A. A., Wisialowski, T., Crimin, K., Wolfgang, E., Couderc, J. P., Hinterseer, M., Kaab, S., Zareba, W., Badilini, F. and Sarapa, N.: Analyses of dynamic Beat-to-Beat QT-TQ interval (ECG restitution) changes in humans under normal sinus rhythm and prior to an event of Torsades de Pointes during QT prolongation caused by Sotalol. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 12(4): 338-348 (2007).
    • (2007) Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 338-348
    • Fossa, A.A.1    Wisialowski, T.2    Crimin, K.3    Wolfgang, E.4    Couderc, J.P.5    Hinterseer, M.6    Kaab, S.7    Zareba, W.8    Badilini, F.9    Sarapa, N.10
  • 3
    • 33644786245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thorough QT/QTc not so thorough: Removes torsadogenic predictors from the T-wave, incriminates safe drugs, and misses profibrillatory drugs
    • Hondeghem, L. M.: Thorough QT/QTc not so thorough: Removes torsadogenic predictors from the T-wave, incriminates safe drugs, and misses profibrillatory drugs. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 17(3): 337-340 (2006).
    • (2006) Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-340
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 4
    • 41149101472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and abuse of QT and TRIaD in cardiac safety research: Importance of study design and conduct
    • Hondeghem, L. M.: Use and abuse of QT and TRIaD in cardiac safety research: Importance of study design and conduct. European Journal of Pharmacology, 584(1): 1-9 (2008).
    • (2008) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.584 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 5
    • 39349107214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT and TdP-QT: An unreliable predictor of proarrhythmia
    • Hondeghem, L. M.: QT and TdP-QT: an unreliable predictor of proarrhythmia. Acta Cardiologica, 63(1): 1-7 (2008).
    • (2008) Acta Cardiologica , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 7
    • 0035985187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval: Why the regulatory concern?
    • Shah, R. R.: Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval: why the regulatory concern? Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 16(2): 119-124 (2002).
    • (2002) Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-124
    • Shah, R.R.1
  • 9
    • 33748086808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomsen, M. B., Matz, J., Volders, P. G. A, and Vos,M. A.: Assessing the proarrhythmic potential of drugs: Current status of models and surrogate parameters of torsades de pointes arrhythmias. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 112(1): 150-170 (2006).
    • Thomsen, M. B., Matz, J., Volders, P. G. A, and Vos,M. A.: Assessing the proarrhythmic potential of drugs: Current status of models and surrogate parameters of torsades de pointes arrhythmias. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 112(1): 150-170 (2006).
  • 12
    • 22444448510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-clinical evaluation of ventricular repolarization (ICHS7b): Results of an interim survey of international pharmaceutical companies
    • Friedrichs, G. S., Patmore, l. and Bass, A.: Non-clinical evaluation of ventricular repolarization (ICHS7b): results of an interim survey of international pharmaceutical companies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 52(1): 6-11 (2005).
    • (2005) J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-11
    • Friedrichs, G.S.1    Patmore, L.2    Bass, A.3
  • 13
    • 33644886285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving towards better predictors of drug-induced Torsade de Pointes-2-3 November 2005, Crystal City, Virginia, USA
    • Cavero, I. and Crumb, W.: Moving towards better predictors of drug-induced Torsade de Pointes-2-3 November 2005, Crystal City, Virginia, USA. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 5(2): 335-340 (2006).
    • (2006) Expert Opinion on Drug Safety , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 335-340
    • Cavero, I.1    Crumb, W.2
  • 15
    • 0028936268 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac Electrophysiological Actions of the Histamine H-1-Receptor Antagonists Astemizole and Terfenadine Compared with Chlorpheniramine and Pyrilamine
    • Salata, J. J., Jurkiewicz, N. K., Wallace, A. A., Stupienski, R. F., Guinosso, P. J and, Lynch, J. J.: Cardiac Electrophysiological Actions of the Histamine H-1-Receptor Antagonists Astemizole and Terfenadine Compared with Chlorpheniramine and Pyrilamine. Circulation Research, 76(1): 110-119 (1995).
    • (1995) Circulation Research , vol.76 , Issue.1 , pp. 110-119
    • Salata, J.J.1    Jurkiewicz, N.K.2    Wallace, A.A.3    Stupienski, R.F.4    Guinosso, P.J.5    Lynch, J.J.6
  • 16
    • 0025351245 scopus 로고
    • 2 Components of Cardiac Delayed Rectifier K+Current-Differential Sensitivity to Block by Class-Iii Antiarrhythmic Agents
    • Sanguinetti, M. C. and Jurkiewicz, N. K.: 2 Components of Cardiac Delayed Rectifier K+Current-Differential Sensitivity to Block by Class-Iii Antiarrhythmic Agents. Journal of General Physiology, 96(1): 195-215 (1990).
    • (1990) Journal of General Physiology , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 195-215
    • Sanguinetti, M.C.1    Jurkiewicz, N.K.2
  • 17
    • 50249099700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hERG potassium channel and hERG screening for drug-induced torsades de pointes
    • Hancox, J. C., Mcpate, M. J., El Harchi, A. and Zhang, Y. H.: The hERG potassium channel and hERG screening for drug-induced torsades de pointes. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 119(2): 118-132 (2008).
    • (2008) Pharmacology & Therapeutics , vol.119 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-132
    • Hancox, J.C.1    Mcpate, M.J.2    El Harchi, A.3    Zhang, Y.H.4
  • 18
    • 60349085893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recording hERG Potassium Currents adb Assessing the Effects of Compounds Using the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Technique
    • Helliwell, R.: Recording hERG Potassium Currents adb Assessing the Effects of Compounds Using the Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Technique. Methods Mol. Biol., 491: 279-295 (2009).
    • (2009) Methods Mol. Biol , vol.491 , pp. 279-295
    • Helliwell, R.1
  • 19
    • 14644412444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting drug-hERG channel interactions that cause acquired long QT syndrome
    • Sanguinetti, M. and Mitcheson, J. S.: Predicting drug-hERG channel interactions that cause acquired long QT syndrome. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 26(3): 119-124 (2005).
    • (2005) Trends Pharmacol. Sci , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 119-124
    • Sanguinetti, M.1    Mitcheson, J.S.2
  • 20
    • 33745153776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cardiac hERG/I-Kr potassium channel as pharmacological target: Structure, function, regulation, and clinical applications
    • Thomas, D., Karle, C. A. and Kiehn, J.: The cardiac hERG/I-Kr potassium channel as pharmacological target: Structure, function, regulation, and clinical applications. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 12(18): 2271-2283 (2006).
    • (2006) Current Pharmaceutical Design , vol.12 , Issue.18 , pp. 2271-2283
    • Thomas, D.1    Karle, C.A.2    Kiehn, J.3
  • 22
    • 0142107369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Troubleshooting problems with in vitro screening of drugs for QT interval prolongation using HERG K+channels expressed in mammalian cell lines and Xenopus oocytes
    • Witchel, H. J., Milnes, J. T., Mitcheson, J. S. and Hancox, J. C.: Troubleshooting problems with in vitro screening of drugs for QT interval prolongation using HERG K+channels expressed in mammalian cell lines and Xenopus oocytes. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 48(2):65-80 (2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 65-80
    • Witchel, H.J.1    Milnes, J.T.2    Mitcheson, J.S.3    Hancox, J.C.4
  • 23
    • 50049095303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical Torsades-de-Pointes screens: Advantages and limitations of surrogate and direct approaches in evaluating proarrhythmic risk
    • Gintant, G. A.: Preclinical Torsades-de-Pointes screens: Advantages and limitations of surrogate and direct approaches in evaluating proarrhythmic risk. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 119(2): 199-209 (2008).
    • (2008) Pharmacology & Therapeutics , vol.119 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-209
    • Gintant, G.A.1
  • 24
    • 34347263808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical cardiovascular risk assessment in modern drug development
    • Guth, B. D.: Preclinical cardiovascular risk assessment in modern drug development. Toxicological Sciences, 97(1): 4-20 (2007).
    • (2007) Toxicological Sciences , vol.97 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-20
    • Guth, B.D.1
  • 25
    • 22144484449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verapamil prevents torsade de pointes by reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of early after-depolarizations in an intact heart model of LQT3
    • Milberg, P., Reinsch, N., Osada, N., Wasmer, K., Monnig, G., Stypmann, J., Breithardt, G., Haverkamp, W. and Eckardt, L.: Verapamil prevents torsade de pointes by reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of early after-depolarizations in an intact heart model of LQT3. Basic Research in Cardiology, 100(4): 365-371 (2005).
    • (2005) Basic Research in Cardiology , vol.100 , Issue.4 , pp. 365-371
    • Milberg, P.1    Reinsch, N.2    Osada, N.3    Wasmer, K.4    Monnig, G.5    Stypmann, J.6    Breithardt, G.7    Haverkamp, W.8    Eckardt, L.9
  • 26
    • 0344492207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: Evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development
    • Redfern, W. S., Carlsson, L., Davis, A. S., Lynch, W. G., MacKenzie, I., Palethorpe, S., Siegl, P. K. S., Strang, I., Sullivan, A. T., Wallis, R., Camm, A. J. and Hammond, T. G.: Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development. Cardiovascular Research, 58(1): 32-45 (2003).
    • (2003) Cardiovascular Research , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-45
    • Redfern, W.S.1    Carlsson, L.2    Davis, A.S.3    Lynch, W.G.4    MacKenzie, I.5    Palethorpe, S.6    Siegl, P.K.S.7    Strang, I.8    Sullivan, A.T.9    Wallis, R.10    Camm, A.J.11    Hammond, T.G.12
  • 27
    • 0032480753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and distribution of M cells in arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparations
    • Yan, G. X., Shimizu, W. and Antzelevitch, C.: Characteristics and distribution of M cells in arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparations. Circulation, 98(18): 1921-1927 (1998).
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , Issue.18 , pp. 1921-1927
    • Yan, G.X.1    Shimizu, W.2    Antzelevitch, C.3
  • 28
    • 67649334797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventricular hypertrophy amplifies transmural dispersion of repolarization and induces phase 2 early after depolarization
    • Yan, G. X., Rials, S. J., Wu, Y., Liu, T. X., Xu, X. P., Marinchak, R. A. and Kowey, P. R.: Ventricular hypertrophy amplifies transmural dispersion of repolarization and induces phase 2 early after depolarization. Circulation, 104(17): 116 (2001).
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , Issue.17 , pp. 116
    • Yan, G.X.1    Rials, S.J.2    Wu, Y.3    Liu, T.X.4    Xu, X.P.5    Marinchak, R.A.6    Kowey, P.R.7
  • 29
    • 0035021074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmural dispersion of repolarization and the T wave
    • Antzelevitch, C.: Transmural dispersion of repolarization and the T wave. Cardiovascular Research, 50(3): 426-431 (2001).
    • (2001) Cardiovascular Research , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 426-431
    • Antzelevitch, C.1
  • 30
    • 0015015670 scopus 로고
    • Conduction of the cardiac impulse
    • Cranefield, P. F. and Hoffman, B. F.: Conduction of the cardiac impulse. Circ Res, 28(2): 199-233 (1971).
    • (1971) Circ Res , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-233
    • Cranefield, P.F.1    Hoffman, B.F.2
  • 31
    • 0035901578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic
    • Hondeghem, L. M., Carlsson, L. and Duker, G.: Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic. Circulation, 103(15): 2004-2013 (2001).
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , Issue.15 , pp. 2004-2013
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Carlsson, L.2    Duker, G.3
  • 32
    • 0032903041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status of monophasic action potential recording: Theories, measurements and interpretations
    • Franz, M. R.: Current status of monophasic action potential recording: theories, measurements and interpretations. Cardiovascular Research, 41(1): 25-40 (1999).
    • (1999) Cardiovascular Research , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-40
    • Franz, M.R.1
  • 33
    • 50049133717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of in vitro SCREENIT results for drug-induced QT interval prolongation in vivo: A database review and analysis
    • Dumotier, B. M., Deurinck, M., Yang, Y., Traebert, M. and Suter, W.: Relevance of in vitro SCREENIT results for drug-induced QT interval prolongation in vivo: A database review and analysis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 119(2): 152-159 (2008).
    • (2008) Pharmacology & Therapeutics , vol.119 , Issue.2 , pp. 152-159
    • Dumotier, B.M.1    Deurinck, M.2    Yang, Y.3    Traebert, M.4    Suter, W.5
  • 34
    • 85047683939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximising use of in vitro ADMET tools to predict in vivo bioavailability and safety
    • Wang, J. L., Urban, L. and Bojanic, D.: Maximising use of in vitro ADMET tools to predict in vivo bioavailability and safety. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 3(5): 641-665 (2007).
    • (2007) Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology , vol.3 , Issue.5 , pp. 641-665
    • Wang, J.L.1    Urban, L.2    Bojanic, D.3
  • 36
    • 0037215510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blinded test in isolated female rabbit heart reliably identifies action potential duration prolongation and proarrhythmic drugs: Importance of triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability
    • Hondeghem, L. M. and Hoffmann, P.: Blinded test in isolated female rabbit heart reliably identifies action potential duration prolongation and proarrhythmic drugs: Importance of triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 41(1): 14-24 (2003).
    • (2003) Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-24
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Hoffmann, P.2
  • 38
    • 35448977328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-vitro experimental models for the risk assessment of antibiotic-induced QT prolongation
    • Lu, H. R., Vlaminickx, E., Van de Water, A., Rohrbacker, J., Hermans, A. and Gallacher, D. J.: In-vitro experimental models for the risk assessment of antibiotic-induced QT prolongation. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 577(1-3): 222-332 (2007).
    • (2007) Eur. J. Pharmacol , vol.577 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 222-332
    • Lu, H.R.1    Vlaminickx, E.2    Van de Water, A.3    Rohrbacker, J.4    Hermans, A.5    Gallacher, D.J.6
  • 39
    • 33746283859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chen, X., Cordes, J. S., Bradley, J. A. and Sun, Zhou, J.: Use of arterially perfused rabbit ventricular wedge in predicting arrhythmogenic potentials of drugs. J. Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 54(3): 261-272 (2006).
    • Chen, X., Cordes, J. S., Bradley, J. A. and Sun, Zhou, J.: Use of arterially perfused rabbit ventricular wedge in predicting arrhythmogenic potentials of drugs. J. Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 54(3): 261-272 (2006).
  • 44
    • 0029014582 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Automatic QT Measurement Techniques in the Normal 12-Lead Electrocardiogram
    • Mclaughlin, N. B., Campbell, R. W. F. and Murray, A.: Comparison of Automatic QT Measurement Techniques in the Normal 12-Lead Electrocardiogram. British Heart Journal, 74(1): 84-89 (1995).
    • (1995) British Heart Journal , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-89
    • Mclaughlin, N.B.1    Campbell, R.W.F.2    Murray, A.3
  • 45
    • 0032519806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agreement and reproducibility of automatic versus manual measurement of QT interval and QT dispersion
    • Savelieva, I., Yi, G., Guo, X. H., Hnatkova, K. and Malik, M.: Agreement and reproducibility of automatic versus manual measurement of QT interval and QT dispersion. American Journal of Cardiology, 81(4): 471-477 (1998).
    • (1998) American Journal of Cardiology , vol.81 , Issue.4 , pp. 471-477
    • Savelieva, I.1    Yi, G.2    Guo, X.H.3    Hnatkova, K.4    Malik, M.5
  • 47
    • 33644945905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT interval measurement-Evaluation of automatic QTc measurement and new simple method to calculate and interpret corrected QT interval
    • Charbit, B., Samain, E., Merckx, P. and Funck-Brentano, C:. QT interval measurement-Evaluation of automatic QTc measurement and new simple method to calculate and interpret corrected QT interval. Anesthesiology, 104(2): 255-260 (2006).
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 255-260
    • Charbit, B.1    Samain, E.2    Merckx, P.3    Funck-Brentano, C.4
  • 48
    • 7544230831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors and misconceptions in ECG measurement used for the detection of drug induced QT interval prolongation
    • Malik, M.: Errors and misconceptions in ECG measurement used for the detection of drug induced QT interval prolongation. Journal of Electrocardiology, 37: 25-33 (2004).
    • (2004) Journal of Electrocardiology , vol.37 , pp. 25-33
    • Malik, M.1
  • 49
    • 0022198211 scopus 로고
    • Correction of the QT Interval for Heart-Rate-Review of Different Formulas and the Use of Bazetts Formula in Myocardial-Infarction
    • Ahnve, S.: Correction of the QT Interval for Heart-Rate-Review of Different Formulas and the Use of Bazetts Formula in Myocardial-Infarction. American Heart Journal, 109(3): 568-574 (1985).
    • (1985) American Heart Journal , vol.109 , Issue.3 , pp. 568-574
    • Ahnve, S.1
  • 50
    • 0035043773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems of heart rate correction in assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation
    • Malik, M.: Problems of heart rate correction in assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 12(4): 411-420 (2001).
    • (2001) Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 411-420
    • Malik, M.1
  • 51
    • 0036181222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between QT and RR intervals is highly individual among health subjects: Implications for heart rate correction of the QT interval
    • Malik, M., Farbom, P., Batchvarov, V., Hnatkova, K. and Camm, A. J.: Relation between QT and RR intervals is highly individual among health subjects: implications for heart rate correction of the QT interval. Heart, 87(3): 220-228 (2002).
    • (2002) Heart , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 220-228
    • Malik, M.1    Farbom, P.2    Batchvarov, V.3    Hnatkova, K.4    Camm, A.J.5
  • 52
    • 2942515951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between study-specific and subject-specific heart rate corrections of the QT interval in investigations of drug induced QTc prolongation
    • Malik, M., Hnatkova, K. and Batchvarov, V.: Differences between study-specific and subject-specific heart rate corrections of the QT interval in investigations of drug induced QTc prolongation. Pace-Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 27(6): 791-800 (2004).
    • (2004) Pace-Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 791-800
    • Malik, M.1    Hnatkova, K.2    Batchvarov, V.3
  • 53
    • 67649384110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study design, statistical analysis and interpretation of QT prolonging effects in ICH-E14
    • 27P
    • Orihashi, Y.: Study design, statistical analysis and interpretation of QT prolonging effects in ICH-E14. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 106: 27P (2008).
    • (2008) Journal of Pharmacological Sciences , vol.106
    • Orihashi, Y.1
  • 54
    • 16444369179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the stability of the individual-based correction of QT interval for heart rate
    • Couderc, J. P., Xia, X. J., Zareba, W. and Moss, A. J.: Assessment of the stability of the individual-based correction of QT interval for heart rate. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 10(1): 25-34 (2005).
    • (2005) Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-34
    • Couderc, J.P.1    Xia, X.J.2    Zareba, W.3    Moss, A.J.4
  • 55
    • 33646654192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in the data analysis and interpretation of drug-induced QT/QTc prolongation
    • Piotrovsky, V.: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in the data analysis and interpretation of drug-induced QT/QTc prolongation. Aaps Journal, 7(3): E609-E624 (2005).
    • (2005) Aaps Journal , vol.7 , Issue.3
    • Piotrovsky, V.1
  • 57
    • 37349064915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary on the clinical relevance of concentration/QTc relationships for new drug candidates
    • Bloomfield, D. and Krishna, R.: Commentary on the clinical relevance of concentration/QTc relationships for new drug candidates. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48: 6-8 (2008).
    • (2008) Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , vol.48 , pp. 6-8
    • Bloomfield, D.1    Krishna, R.2
  • 58
    • 45849091900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical issues of QT prolongation assessment based on linear concentration modeling
    • Tsong, Y., Shen, M., Zhong, J. and Zhang, J.: Statistical issues of QT prolongation assessment based on linear concentration modeling. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 18(3): 564-84 (2008).
    • (2008) Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 564-584
    • Tsong, Y.1    Shen, M.2    Zhong, J.3    Zhang, J.4
  • 60
    • 38849083476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced QT prolongation and proarrhythmia: An inevitable link?
    • Ahmad, K. and Dorian, P.: Drug-induced QT prolongation and proarrhythmia: an inevitable link? Europace, 9: 16-22 (2007).
    • (2007) Europace , vol.9 , pp. 16-22
    • Ahmad, K.1    Dorian, P.2
  • 61
    • 33644524405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are hERG channel inhibition and QT interval prolongation all there is in drug-induced torsadogenesis? A review of emerging trends
    • Hoffmann, P. and Warner, B.: Are hERG channel inhibition and QT interval prolongation all there is in drug-induced torsadogenesis? A review of emerging trends. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 53(2): 87-105 (2006).
    • (2006) Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-105
    • Hoffmann, P.1    Warner, B.2
  • 62
    • 16344367621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of drug-induced QT prolongation: To bin or not to bin?
    • Malik, M.: Assessment of drug-induced QT prolongation: To bin or not to bin? Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 77(4): 241-246 (2005).
    • (2005) Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 241-246
    • Malik, M.1
  • 63
    • 1442306232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug therapy: Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval
    • Roden, D. M.: Drug therapy: Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(10): 1013-1022 (2004).
    • (2004) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.350 , Issue.10 , pp. 1013-1022
    • Roden, D.M.1
  • 64
    • 2442667617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: Regulatory perspectives and drug development
    • Shah, R. R.: Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: regulatory perspectives and drug development. Annals of Medicine, 36: 47-52 (2004).
    • (2004) Annals of Medicine , vol.36 , pp. 47-52
    • Shah, R.R.1
  • 65
    • 21344463329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining detection of drug-induced proarrhythmia: QT interval and TRIaD
    • Shah, R. R. and Hondeghem, L. M.: Refining detection of drug-induced proarrhythmia: QT interval and TRIaD. Heart Rhythm, 2(7): 758-72 (2005).
    • (2005) Heart Rhythm , vol.2 , Issue.7 , pp. 758-772
    • Shah, R.R.1    Hondeghem, L.M.2
  • 66
    • 33845978737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac repolarization and the safety of new drugs defined by electrocardiography
    • Morganroth, J.: Cardiac repolarization and the safety of new drugs defined by electrocardiography. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 81(1): 108-113 (2007).
    • (2007) Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 108-113
    • Morganroth, J.1
  • 67
    • 0032480801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular basis for the normal T wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long-QT syndrome
    • Yan, G. X. and Antzelevitch, C.: Cellular basis for the normal T wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation, 98(18): 1928-1936 (1998).
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , Issue.18 , pp. 1928-1936
    • Yan, G.X.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 68
    • 34249032090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative contributions of TRIaD and QT to proarrhythmia
    • Hondeghem, L. M.: Relative contributions of TRIaD and QT to proarrhythmia. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 18(6): 655-657 (2007).
    • (2007) Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 655-657
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 69
    • 0032736002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beat-to-beat repolarization variability in LQTS patients with the SCN5A sodium channel gene mutation
    • Couderc, J. P., Zareba, W., Burattini, L. and Moss, A. J.: Beat-to-beat repolarization variability in LQTS patients with the SCN5A sodium channel gene mutation. Pace-Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 22(11): 1581-1592 (1999).
    • (1999) Pace-Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , vol.22 , Issue.11 , pp. 1581-1592
    • Couderc, J.P.1    Zareba, W.2    Burattini, L.3    Moss, A.J.4
  • 70
    • 0346098223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of sotalol-induced changes in repolarization with T wave area-based repolarization duration parameters
    • Couderc, J. P., Zareba, W., Moss, A. J., Sarapa, N., Morganroth, J. and Darpo, B.: Identification of sotalol-induced changes in repolarization with T wave area-based repolarization duration parameters. Journal of Electrocardiology, 36: 115-120 (2003).
    • (2003) Journal of Electrocardiology , vol.36 , pp. 115-120
    • Couderc, J.P.1    Zareba, W.2    Moss, A.J.3    Sarapa, N.4    Morganroth, J.5    Darpo, B.6
  • 72
    • 31144463035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QT prolongation modifies dynamic restitution and hysteresis of the beat-to-beat QT-TQ interval relationship during normal sinus rhythm under varying states of repolarization
    • Fossa, A. A., Wisialowski, T. and Crimin, K.: QT prolongation modifies dynamic restitution and hysteresis of the beat-to-beat QT-TQ interval relationship during normal sinus rhythm under varying states of repolarization. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 316(2): 498-506 (2006).
    • (2006) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol.316 , Issue.2 , pp. 498-506
    • Fossa, A.A.1    Wisialowski, T.2    Crimin, K.3
  • 74
    • 11844276000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic beat-to-beat Modeling of the QT-RR interval relationship: Analysis of QT prolongation during alterations of autonomic state versus human ether a-go-go-related gene inhibition
    • Fossa, A. A.,Wisialowski, T., Magnano, A.,Wolfgang, E., Winslow, R., Gorczyca, W., Crimin, K. and Raunig, D. L.: Dynamic beat-to-beat Modeling of the QT-RR interval relationship: Analysis of QT prolongation during alterations of autonomic state versus human ether a-go-go-related gene inhibition. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 312(1): 1-11 (2005).
    • (2005) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol.312 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Fossa, A.A.1    Wisialowski, T.2    Magnano, A.3    Wolfgang, E.4    Winslow, R.5    Gorczyca, W.6    Crimin, K.7    Raunig, D.L.8
  • 75
    • 85031346277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jalife, J., Delmar, M., Davidenko, J., Anumonwo, J. and Kalifa, J.: Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician. 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
    • Jalife, J., Delmar, M., Davidenko, J., Anumonwo, J. and Kalifa, J.: Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician. 1st ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
  • 78
    • 84885760053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plonsey, R. and Barr, R. C.: Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach. 3rd ed. Springer, 2007.
    • Plonsey, R. and Barr, R. C.: Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach. 3rd ed. Springer, 2007.
  • 81
    • 85031353449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sundnes, J., Terje, Lines, G., Cai, X., Nielsen, B. F., Mardal, K. A. and Tveito, A.: Computing the Electrical Activity in the Heart. 1st ed. Springer, 2006.
    • Sundnes, J., Terje, Lines, G., Cai, X., Nielsen, B. F., Mardal, K. A. and Tveito, A.: Computing the Electrical Activity in the Heart. 1st ed. Springer, 2006.
  • 82
    • 33947391951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computationals method for cardiac electrophysiology
    • Ayache, N, ed, Elsevier B.V
    • Belik, M. E., Usyk, T. P. and McCulloch, A. D.: Computationals method for cardiac electrophysiology. In Ayache, N. (ed.): Computational Models for the Human Body. Elsevier B.V., 2004, pp. 129-188.
    • (2004) Computational Models for the Human Body , pp. 129-188
    • Belik, M.E.1    Usyk, T.P.2    McCulloch, A.D.3
  • 83
    • 43049132208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The canine virtual ventricular wall: A platform for dissecting pharmacological effects on propagation and arrhythmogenesis
    • Benson, A. P., Aslanidi, O. V., Zhang, H. and Holden, A. V.: The canine virtual ventricular wall: A platform for dissecting pharmacological effects on propagation and arrhythmogenesis. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology, 96(1-3): 187-208 (2008).
    • (2008) Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology , vol.96 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 187-208
    • Benson, A.P.1    Aslanidi, O.V.2    Zhang, H.3    Holden, A.V.4
  • 84
    • 43049105439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A guide to modelling cardiac electrical activity in anatomically detailed ventricles
    • Clayton, R. H. and Panfilov, A. V.: A guide to modelling cardiac electrical activity in anatomically detailed ventricles. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology, 96(1-3): 19-43 (2008).
    • (2008) Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology , vol.96 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 19-43
    • Clayton, R.H.1    Panfilov, A.V.2
  • 86
    • 0037336350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration from proteins to organs: The Physiome Project
    • Hunter, P. J. and Borg, T. K.: Integration from proteins to organs: the Physiome Project. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 4(3): 237-243 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-243
    • Hunter, P.J.1    Borg, T.K.2
  • 87
    • 45949089554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioinformatics, multiscale modeling and the IUPS physiome project
    • Hunter, P. J., Crampin, E. J. and Nielsen, P. M. F.: Bioinformatics, multiscale modeling and the IUPS physiome project. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9(4): 333-343 (2008).
    • (2008) Briefings in Bioinformatics , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 333-343
    • Hunter, P.J.1    Crampin, E.J.2    Nielsen, P.M.F.3
  • 88
    • 18844479760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias
    • Kleber, A. G. and Rudy, Y.: Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias. Physiological Reviews, 84(2): 431-488 (2004).
    • (2004) Physiological Reviews , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 431-488
    • Kleber, A.G.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 90
    • 0032783433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological simulations in drug discovery
    • Noble, D., Levin, J. and Scott, W.: Biological simulations in drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 4(1): 10-66 (1999).
    • (1999) Drug Discovery Today , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-66
    • Noble, D.1    Levin, J.2    Scott, W.3
  • 92
    • 0036901631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the heart: Insights, failures and progress
    • Noble, D.: Modelling the heart: insights, failures and progress. Bioessays, 24(12): 1155-63 (2002).
    • (2002) Bioessays , vol.24 , Issue.12 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Noble, D.1
  • 94
    • 0142039154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will genomics revolutionise pharmaceutical R&D?
    • Noble, D.: Will genomics revolutionise pharmaceutical R&D? Trends in Biotechnology, 21(8): 333-337 (2003).
    • (2003) Trends in Biotechnology , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 333-337
    • Noble, D.1
  • 95
    • 8344270971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the heart
    • Noble, D.: Modelling the heart. Physiology, 19: 191-197 (2004).
    • (2004) Physiology , vol.19 , pp. 191-197
    • Noble, D.1
  • 96
    • 33947500807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the Hodgkin-Huxley axon to the virtual heart
    • Noble, D.: From the Hodgkin-Huxley axon to the virtual heart. Journal of Physiology-London, 580(1): 15-22 (2007).
    • (2007) Journal of Physiology-London , vol.580 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-22
    • Noble, D.1
  • 97
    • 46449087223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational models of the heart and their use in assessing the actions of drugs
    • Noble, D.: Computational models of the heart and their use in assessing the actions of drugs. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 107(2): 107-117 (2008).
    • (2008) Journal of Pharmacological Sciences , vol.107 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-117
    • Noble, D.1
  • 98
    • 33749988979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational biology in the study of cardiac ion channels and cell electrophysiology
    • Rudy, Y. and Silva, J. R.: Computational biology in the study of cardiac ion channels and cell electrophysiology. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 39(1): 57-116 (2006).
    • (2006) Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-116
    • Rudy, Y.1    Silva, J.R.2
  • 99
    • 33749052704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What have we learned from mathematical models of defibrillation and postshock arrhythmogenesis? Application of bidomain simulations
    • Trayanova, N., Plank, G. and Rodriguez, B.: What have we learned from mathematical models of defibrillation and postshock arrhythmogenesis? Application of bidomain simulations. Heart Rhythm, 3(10): 1232-1235 (2006).
    • (2006) Heart Rhythm , vol.3 , Issue.10 , pp. 1232-1235
    • Trayanova, N.1    Plank, G.2    Rodriguez, B.3
  • 100
    • 33644822614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defibrillation of the heart: Insights into mechanisms from modelling studies
    • Trayanova, N.: Defibrillation of the heart: insights into mechanisms from modelling studies. Experimental Physiology, 91(2): 323-337 (2006).
    • (2006) Experimental Physiology , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 323-337
    • Trayanova, N.1
  • 103
    • 0034571075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winslow, R. L., Scollan, D. F., Holmes, A., Yung, C. K., Zhang, J. and Jafri, M. S.: Electrophysiological modeling of cardiac ventricular function: From cell to organ. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2: 119-+ (2000;).
    • Winslow, R. L., Scollan, D. F., Holmes, A., Yung, C. K., Zhang, J. and Jafri, M. S.: Electrophysiological modeling of cardiac ventricular function: From cell to organ. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2: 119-+ (2000;).
  • 104
    • 35649001607 scopus 로고
    • A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve
    • Hodgkin, A. L. and Huxley, A. F.: A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve. Journal of Physiology-London, 117(4): 500-544 (1952).
    • (1952) Journal of Physiology-London , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 500-544
    • Hodgkin, A.L.1    Huxley, A.F.2
  • 105
    • 73849164199 scopus 로고
    • Modification of Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pace-Maker Potentials
    • Noble, D.: Modification of Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pace-Maker Potentials. Journal of Physiology-London, 160(2): 317-352 (1962).
    • (1962) Journal of Physiology-London , vol.160 , Issue.2 , pp. 317-352
    • Noble, D.1
  • 106
    • 0017370379 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of Action Potential of Ventricular Myocardial Fibers
    • Beeler, G. W. and Reuter, H.: Reconstruction of Action Potential of Ventricular Myocardial Fibers. Journal of Physiology-London, 268(1): 177-210 (1977).
    • (1977) Journal of Physiology-London , vol.268 , Issue.1 , pp. 177-210
    • Beeler, G.W.1    Reuter, H.2
  • 107
    • 0028233422 scopus 로고
    • A Dynamic-Model of the Cardiac Ventricular Action-Potential.1. Simulations of Ionic Currents and Concentration Changes
    • Luo, C. H. and Rudy, Y.: A Dynamic-Model of the Cardiac Ventricular Action-Potential.1. Simulations of Ionic Currents and Concentration Changes. Circulation Research, 74(6): 1071-1096 (1994).
    • (1994) Circulation Research , vol.74 , Issue.6 , pp. 1071-1096
    • Luo, C.H.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 108
    • 0025891531 scopus 로고
    • A Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action-Potential-Depolarization, Repolarization, and Their Interaction
    • Luo, C. H. and Rudy, Y.: A Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action-Potential-Depolarization, Repolarization, and Their Interaction. Circulation Research, 68(6): 1501-1526 (1991).
    • (1991) Circulation Research , vol.68 , Issue.6 , pp. 1501-1526
    • Luo, C.H.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 109
    • 0028911903 scopus 로고
    • Early Afterdepolarizations in Cardiac Myocytes-Mechanism and Rate Dependence
    • Zeng, J. L. and Rudy, Y.: Early Afterdepolarizations in Cardiac Myocytes-Mechanism and Rate Dependence. Biophysical Journal, 68(3): 949-964 (1995).
    • (1995) Biophysical Journal , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 949-964
    • Zeng, J.L.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 110
    • 0033545725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of I-Kr and I-Ks heterogeneity on action potential duration and its rate dependence-A simulation study
    • Viswanathan, P. C., Shaw, R. M. and Rudy, Y.: Effects of I-Kr and I-Ks heterogeneity on action potential duration and its rate dependence-A simulation study. Circulation, 99(18): 2466-2474 (1999).
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , Issue.18 , pp. 2466-2474
    • Viswanathan, P.C.1    Shaw, R.M.2    Rudy, Y.3
  • 111
    • 0030819517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: A theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration
    • Shaw, R. M. and Rudy, Y.: Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: a theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration. Cardiovascular Research, 35(2): 256-272 (1997).
    • (1997) Cardiovascular Research , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 256-272
    • Shaw, R.M.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 112
    • 0034026881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Action potential and contractility changes in [Na+](i) overloaded cardiac myocytes: A simulation study
    • Faber, G. M. and Rudy, Y.: Action potential and contractility changes in [Na+](i) overloaded cardiac myocytes: A simulation study. Biophysical Journal, 78(5): 2392-2404 (2000;).
    • (2000) Biophysical Journal , vol.78 , Issue.5 , pp. 2392-2404
    • Faber, G.M.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 113
    • 33845903366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of monodomain and bidomain reaction-diffusion models for action potential propagation in the human heart
    • Potse, M., Dube, B., Richer, J., Vinet, A. and Gulrajani, R. M.: A comparison of monodomain and bidomain reaction-diffusion models for action potential propagation in the human heart. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 53(12): 2425-2435 (2006).
    • (2006) IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , vol.53 , Issue.12 , pp. 2425-2435
    • Potse, M.1    Dube, B.2    Richer, J.3    Vinet, A.4    Gulrajani, R.M.5
  • 114
    • 0027216850 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Myocardial Fiber Orientation on the Electrical Induction of Ventricular-Fibrillation
    • Chen, P. S., Cha, Y. M., Peters, B. B. and Chen, L. S.: Effects of Myocardial Fiber Orientation on the Electrical Induction of Ventricular-Fibrillation. American Journal of Physiology, 264(6): H1760-H1773 (1993).
    • (1993) American Journal of Physiology , vol.264 , Issue.6
    • Chen, P.S.1    Cha, Y.M.2    Peters, B.B.3    Chen, L.S.4
  • 116
    • 0034801449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenetics in the acquired long QT syndrome
    • Bauman, J. L.: The role of pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenetics in the acquired long QT syndrome. European Heart Journal Supplements, 3(K): K93-K100 (2001).
    • (2001) European Heart Journal Supplements , vol.3 , Issue.K
    • Bauman, J.L.1
  • 118
    • 0025676658 scopus 로고
    • Channel Specificity in Antiarrhythmic Drug-Action-Mechanism of Potassium Channel Block and Its Role in Suppressing and Aggravating Cardiac-Arrhythmias
    • Colatsky, T. J., Follmer, C. H. and Starmer, C. F.: Channel Specificity in Antiarrhythmic Drug-Action-Mechanism of Potassium Channel Block and Its Role in Suppressing and Aggravating Cardiac-Arrhythmias. Circulation, 82(6): 2235-2242 (1990).
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , Issue.6 , pp. 2235-2242
    • Colatsky, T.J.1    Follmer, C.H.2    Starmer, C.F.3
  • 119
    • 0025925153 scopus 로고
    • Proarrhythmic Response to Sodium-Channel Blockade-Theoretical-Model and Numerical Experiments
    • Starmer, C. F., Lastra, A. A., Nesterenko, V. V. and Grant, A. O.: Proarrhythmic Response to Sodium-Channel Blockade-Theoretical-Model and Numerical Experiments. Circulation, 84(3): 1364-1377 (1991).
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 1364-1377
    • Starmer, C.F.1    Lastra, A.A.2    Nesterenko, V.V.3    Grant, A.O.4
  • 120
    • 0036755446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How antiarrhythmic drugs increase the rate of sudden cardiac death
    • Starmer, C. F.: How antiarrhythmic drugs increase the rate of sudden cardiac death. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12(9): 1953-1968 (2002).
    • (2002) International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 1953-1968
    • Starmer, C.F.1
  • 121
    • 33746769811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerable window for conduction block in a one-dimensional cable of cardiac cells, 1: Single extrasystoles
    • Qu, Z. L., Garfinkel, A. and Weiss, J. N.: Vulnerable window for conduction block in a one-dimensional cable of cardiac cells, 1: Single extrasystoles. Biophysical Journal, 91(3): 793-804 (2006).
    • (2006) Biophysical Journal , vol.91 , Issue.3 , pp. 793-804
    • Qu, Z.L.1    Garfinkel, A.2    Weiss, J.N.3
  • 123
    • 0033990685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of antiarrhythmic agents and the two laws of pharmacology
    • Hondeghem, L. M.: Classification of antiarrhythmic agents and the two laws of pharmacology. Cardiovascular Research, 45(1): 57-60 (2000).
    • (2000) Cardiovascular Research , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-60
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1
  • 124
    • 0033151558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaos and the transition to ventricular fibrillation-A new approach to antiarrhythmic drug evaluation
    • Weiss, J. N., Garfinkel, A., Karagueuzian, H. S., Qu, Z. L. and Chen, P. S.: Chaos and the transition to ventricular fibrillation-A new approach to antiarrhythmic drug evaluation. Circulation, 99(21): 2819-2826 (1999).
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , Issue.21 , pp. 2819-2826
    • Weiss, J.N.1    Garfinkel, A.2    Karagueuzian, H.S.3    Qu, Z.L.4    Chen, P.S.5
  • 125
    • 0025164907 scopus 로고
    • Class-III Antiarrhythmic Agents Have A Lot of Potential But A Long Way to Go-Reduced Effectiveness and Dangers of Reverse Use Dependence
    • Hondeghem, L. M. and Snyders, D. J.: Class-III Antiarrhythmic Agents Have A Lot of Potential But A Long Way to Go-Reduced Effectiveness and Dangers of Reverse Use Dependence. Circulation, 81(22): 686-690 (1990).
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.81 , Issue.22 , pp. 686-690
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Snyders, D.J.2
  • 126
    • 0021287507 scopus 로고
    • Antiarrhythmic Agents-the Modulated Receptor Mechanism of Action of Sodium and Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs
    • Hondeghem, L. M. and Katzung, B. G.: Antiarrhythmic Agents-the Modulated Receptor Mechanism of Action of Sodium and Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 24: 387-423 (1984).
    • (1984) Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology , vol.24 , pp. 387-423
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Katzung, B.G.2
  • 127
    • 0017726385 scopus 로고
    • Time-Dependent and Voltage-Dependent Interactions of Antiarrhythmic Drugs with Cardiac Sodium Channels
    • Hondeghem, L. M. and Katzung, B. G.: Time-Dependent and Voltage-Dependent Interactions of Antiarrhythmic Drugs with Cardiac Sodium Channels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 472(3-4): 373-398 (1977).
    • (1977) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , vol.472 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 373-398
    • Hondeghem, L.M.1    Katzung, B.G.2
  • 128
    • 7744233470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium cycling, early afterdepolarizations, and reentry in simulated long QT syndrome
    • Huffaker, R., Lamp, S. T., Weiss, J. N. and Kogan, B.: Intracellular calcium cycling, early afterdepolarizations, and reentry in simulated long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm, 1(4): 441-448 (2004).
    • (2004) Heart Rhythm , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-448
    • Huffaker, R.1    Lamp, S.T.2    Weiss, J.N.3    Kogan, B.4
  • 129
    • 42649132823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational analysis of the effects of the hERG channel opener NS1643 in a human ventricular cell model
    • Peitersen, T., Grunnet, M., Benson, A. P., Holden, A. V., Holstein Rathlou, N. H. and Olesen, S. P.: Computational analysis of the effects of the hERG channel opener NS1643 in a human ventricular cell model. Heart Rhythm, 5(5): 734-741 (2008).
    • (2008) Heart Rhythm , vol.5 , Issue.5 , pp. 734-741
    • Peitersen, T.1    Grunnet, M.2    Benson, A.P.3    Holden, A.V.4    Holstein Rathlou, N.H.5    Olesen, S.P.6
  • 130
    • 0023262206 scopus 로고
    • Propagating Depolarization in Anisotropic Human and Canine Cardiac-Muscle-Apparent Directional Differences in Membrane Capacitance-A Simplified Model for Selective Directional Effects of Modifying the Sodium Conductance on Vmax, Tau-Foot, and the Propagation Safety Factor
    • Spach, M. S., Dolber, P. C., Heidlage, J. F., Kootsey, J. M. and Johnson, E. A.: Propagating Depolarization in Anisotropic Human and Canine Cardiac-Muscle-Apparent Directional Differences in Membrane Capacitance-A Simplified Model for Selective Directional Effects of Modifying the Sodium Conductance on Vmax, Tau-Foot, and the Propagation Safety Factor. Circulation Research, 60(2): 206-219 (1987).
    • (1987) Circulation Research , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 206-219
    • Spach, M.S.1    Dolber, P.C.2    Heidlage, J.F.3    Kootsey, J.M.4    Johnson, E.A.5
  • 131
    • 0020687837 scopus 로고
    • The Nature of Electrical Propagation in Cardiac-Muscle
    • Spach, M. S. and Kootsey, J. M.: The Nature of Electrical Propagation in Cardiac-Muscle. American Journal of Physiology, 244(1): H3-H22 (1983).
    • (1983) American Journal of Physiology , vol.244 , Issue.1
    • Spach, M.S.1    Kootsey, J.M.2
  • 132
    • 41249088379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weis,s D. L., Keller, D. U. J., Seemann, G. and Dossel, O.: The influence of fibre orientation, extracted from different segments of the human left ventricle, on the activation and repolarization sequence: a simulation study. Europace, 9: 96-104 (2007).
    • Weis,s D. L., Keller, D. U. J., Seemann, G. and Dossel, O.: The influence of fibre orientation, extracted from different segments of the human left ventricle, on the activation and repolarization sequence: a simulation study. Europace, 9: 96-104 (2007).
  • 134
    • 50049112423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective block of IKs plays a significant role in MAP triangulation induced by IKr block in isolated rabbit heart
    • Guerard, N., Traebert, M., Suter, W. and Dumotier, B. M.: Selective block of IKs plays a significant role in MAP triangulation induced by IKr block in isolated rabbit heart. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol Methods, 58(1): 32-40 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Pharmacol. Toxicol Methods , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Guerard, N.1    Traebert, M.2    Suter, W.3    Dumotier, B.M.4
  • 136
    • 0032979304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pause induced early after-depolarizations in the long QT syndrome: A simulation study
    • Viswanathan, P. C. and Rudy, Y.: Pause induced early after-depolarizations in the long QT syndrome: a simulation study. Cardiovascular Research, 42(2): 530-542 (1999).
    • (1999) Cardiovascular Research , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 530-542
    • Viswanathan, P.C.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 137
    • 0033527032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
    • Clancy, C. E. and Rudy, Y.: Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia. Nature, 400(6744): 566-569 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , Issue.6744 , pp. 566-569
    • Clancy, C.E.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 138
    • 0035028582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular consequences of HERG mutations in the long QT syndrome: Precursors to sudden cardiac death
    • Clancy, C. E. and Rudy, Y.: Cellular consequences of HERG mutations in the long QT syndrome: precursors to sudden cardiac death. Cardiovascular Research, 50(2): 301-313 (2001).
    • (2001) Cardiovascular Research , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 301-313
    • Clancy, C.E.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 139
    • 11244306361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of stochastic and modal gating of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels on early after-depolarizations
    • Tanskanen, A. J., Greenstein, J. L., O'Rourke, B. and Winslow, R. L.: The role of stochastic and modal gating of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels on early after-depolarizations. Biophysical Journal, 88(1): 85-95 (2005).
    • (2005) Biophysical Journal , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-95
    • Tanskanen, A.J.1    Greenstein, J.L.2    O'Rourke, B.3    Winslow, R.L.4
  • 140
    • 33846382716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Action potential and QT prolongation not sufficient to cause Torsade de Pointes: Role of action potential triangulation
    • Grant, A. O. and Tranquillo, J.: Action potential and QT prolongation not sufficient to cause Torsade de Pointes: Role of action potential triangulation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 18(2): 204-205 (2007).
    • (2007) Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-205
    • Grant, A.O.1    Tranquillo, J.2
  • 142
    • 35748935225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eight (or more) kinds of alternans
    • Garfinkel, A.: Eight (or more) kinds of alternans. Journal of Electrocardiology, 40(6): S70-S74 (2007).
    • (2007) Journal of Electrocardiology , vol.40 , Issue.6
    • Garfinkel, A.1
  • 144
    • 33750452702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of transmural electrical heterogeneities and electrotonic interactions on the dispersion of cardiac repolarization and action potential duration: A simulation study
    • Franzone, P. C., Pavarino, L. F. and Taccardi, B.: Effects of transmural electrical heterogeneities and electrotonic interactions on the dispersion of cardiac repolarization and action potential duration: A simulation study. Mathematical Biosciences, 204(1): 132-165 (2006).
    • (2006) Mathematical Biosciences , vol.204 , Issue.1 , pp. 132-165
    • Franzone, P.C.1    Pavarino, L.F.2    Taccardi, B.3
  • 145
    • 47549089848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling ventricular repolarization: Effects of transmural and apex-to-base heterogeneities in action potential durations
    • Franzone, P. C., Pavarino, L. F., Scacchi, S. and Taccardi, B.: Modeling ventricular repolarization: Effects of transmural and apex-to-base heterogeneities in action potential durations. Mathematical Biosciences, 214(1-2): 140-152 (2008).
    • (2008) Mathematical Biosciences , vol.214 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 140-152
    • Franzone, P.C.1    Pavarino, L.F.2    Scacchi, S.3    Taccardi, B.4
  • 147
    • 0034737502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanism of transition from ventricular fibrillation to tachycardia - Effect of calcium channel blockade on the dynamics of rotating waves
    • Samie, F. H., Mandapati, R., Gray, R. A., Watanabe, Y., Zuur, C., Beaumont, J. and Jalife, J.: A mechanism of transition from ventricular fibrillation to tachycardia - Effect of calcium channel blockade on the dynamics of rotating waves. Circulation Research, 86(6): 684-691 (2000).
    • (2000) Circulation Research , vol.86 , Issue.6 , pp. 684-691
    • Samie, F.H.1    Mandapati, R.2    Gray, R.A.3    Watanabe, Y.4    Zuur, C.5    Beaumont, J.6    Jalife, J.7
  • 148
    • 24344438269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis of the P wave: Atrial signals as generated by the equivalent double layer source model
    • van Oosterom, A. and Jacquemet, V.: Genesis of the P wave: Atrial signals as generated by the equivalent double layer source model. Europace, 7: S21-S29 (2005).
    • (2005) Europace , vol.7
    • van Oosterom, A.1    Jacquemet, V.2
  • 150
    • 0036680902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling cardiac repolarisation for the study of the T wave: Effect of repolarisation sequence
    • di Bernardo D, Murray A. Modelling cardiac repolarisation for the study of the T wave: effect of repolarisation sequence. Chaos Solitons & Fractals, 13(8): 1743-1748 (2002).
    • (2002) Chaos Solitons & Fractals , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 1743-1748
    • di Bernardo, D.1    Murray, A.2
  • 151
    • 0037013175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ionic current basis of electrocardiographic waveforms - A model study
    • Gima, K. and Rudy, Y.: Ionic current basis of electrocardiographic waveforms - A model study. Circulation Research, 90(8): 889-896 (2002).
    • (2002) Circulation Research , vol.90 , Issue.8 , pp. 889-896
    • Gima, K.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 153
    • 0038957393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical physics-Explaining the T-wave shape in the ECG
    • di Bernardo, D. and Murray, A.: Medical physics-Explaining the T-wave shape in the ECG. Nature, 403(6765): 40 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.403 , Issue.6765 , pp. 40
    • di Bernardo, D.1    Murray, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.