Proton pump inhibitors: actions and reactions

Drug Discovery Today

Volumn 14, Issue 13-14, 2009, Pages 647-660

  Mullin, James M ^a,b   Gabello, Melissa ^a,c   Murray, Lisa J ^a,c   Farrell, Christopher P ^b   Bellows, Jillan ^b   Wolov, Kevin R ^b   Kearney, Keith R ^b   Rudolph, David ^b   Thornton, James J ^b  

^a LANKENAU INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b LANKENAU HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c SAINT JOSEPH S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

8 BENZYLOXY 2 METHYLIMIDAZO[1,2 A]PYRIDINE 3 ACETONITRILE; AMOXICILLIN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CIMETIDINE; CYTOCHROME; DIAZEPAM; DIGOXIN; ESOMEPRAZOLE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HYDROGEN POTASSIUM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; LANSOPRAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PHENYTOIN; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RANITIDINE; TOLBUTAMIDE; WARFARIN;

ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ESOPHAGITIS; EXOCRINE CELL; GASTRINOMA; GASTRITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NONHUMAN; PEPTIC ULCER; PRESCRIPTION; REVIEW; STOMACH PARIETAL CELL; STOMACH POLYP; TACHYPHYLAXIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME;

ANIMALS; GASTRIC MUCOSA; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS;

EID: 67649354220     PISSN: 13596446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.03.014     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Robinson M. Proton pump inhibitors: update on their role in acid-related gastrointestinal diseases. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 59 (2005) 709-715
2. Dirckx J.H., and Stedman J. Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions (2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
3. Tanimura T., et al. Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in patients who attended the emergency room. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 105 (2008) 54-59
4. Pettit M. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pharm. World Sci. 27 (2005) 432-435
5. Richter J.E. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 21 (2007) 609-631
6. McColl K.E., et al. A study of the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori negative chronic duodenal ulceration. Gut 34 (1993) 762-768
7. Sachs G., et al. The pharmacology of the gastric acid pump: the H+, K+ ATPase. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35 (1995) 277-305
8. Gisbert J.P., et al. Proton pump inhibitors versus H2-antagonists: a meta-analysis of their efficacy in treating bleeding peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 15 (2001) 917-926
9. van Kerkhoven L.A., et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms are still common in a general Western population. Neth J. Med. 66 (2008) 18-22
10. Jones M.I., et al. Proton pump inhibitors: a study of GPs' prescribing. Fam. Pract. 18 (2001) 333-338
11. Grimmsmann T., et al. The influence of hospitalisation on drug prescription in primary care-a large-scale follow-up study. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 63 (2007) 783-790
12. Sesler J.M. Stress-related mucosal disease in the intensive care unit: an update on prophylaxis. AACN Adv. Crit. Care 18 (2007) 119-126 quiz 127-118
13. Martindale R.G. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 62 10 Suppl. 2 (2005) S11-17
14. Cook D.J., et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (1994) 377-381
15. Janicki T., and Stewart S. Stress-ulcer prophylaxis for general medical patients: a review of the evidence. J. Hosp. Med. 2 (2007) 86-92
16. Guda N.M., et al. Use of intravenous proton pump inhibitors in community practice: an explanation for the shortage?. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (2004) 1233-1237
17. Ali R.A., and Egan L.J. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 21 (2007) 793-806
18. Brunner G., et al. Omeprazole for peptic ulcer disease in pregnancy. Digestion 59 (1998) 651-654
19. Wilton L.V., et al. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 105 (1998) 882-889
20. Richter J.E. Review article: the management of heartburn in pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 22 (2005) 749-757
21. Nielsen G.L., et al. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 13 (1999) 1085-1089
22. Diav-Citrin O., et al. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: a multicentre prospective controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 21 (2005) 269-275
23. Suwandhi E., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy and childhood. Pediatr. Ann. 35 (2006) 259-266
24. Cezard J.P. Managing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children. Digestion 69 Suppl. 1 (2004) 3-8
25. Tolia V., and Boyer K. Long-term proton pump inhibitor use in children: a retrospective review of safety. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53 (2008) 385-393
26. Gibbons T.E., and Gold B.D. The use of proton pump inhibitors in children: a comprehensive review. Paediatr. Drugs 5 (2003) 25-40
27. Litalien C., et al. Pharmacokinetics of proton pump inhibitors in children. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 44 (2005) 441-466
28. Van Boxel O.S., et al. Sociodemographic factors influence chronic proton pump inhibitor use in a large population in the Netherlands. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 29 5 (2009) 571-579
29. Choudhry M.N., et al. Overuse and inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease. QJM 101 (2008) 445-448
30. Slattery E., et al. Intravenous proton pump inhibitor use in hospital practice. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19 (2007) 461-464
31. Forgacs I., and Loganayagam A. Overprescribing proton pump inhibitors is expensive and not evidence based. BMJ 336 (2008) 2-3
32. Shin J.M., et al. Chemistry of covalent inhibition of the gastric (H+,K+)-ATPase by proton pump inhibitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 7800-7811
33. Sachs G., et al. Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 23 Suppl. 2 (2006) 2-8
34. Shin J.M., and Sachs G. Pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 10 (2008) 528-534
35. Pace F.P.S., Casalini S., and Porro G.B. A review of rabeprazole in the treatment of acid-related diseases. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 3 (2007) 363-379
36. Horn J. The proton-pump inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin. Ther. 22 (2000) 266-280 discussion 265
37. Chong E., and Ensom M.H. Pharmacogenetics of the proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy 23 (2003) 460-471
38. Robinson M., and Horn J. Clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors: what the practising physician needs to know. Drugs 63 (2003) 2739-2754
39. Welage L.S. Overview of pharmacologic agents for acid suppression in critically ill patients. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 62 10 Suppl. 2 (2005) S4-S10
40. Sanduleanu S., et al. Serum gastrin and chromogranin a during medium- and long-term acid suppressive therapy: a case-control study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 13 (1999) 145-153
41. Driks M.R., et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. The role of gastric colonization. N. Engl. J. Med. 317 (1987) 1376-1382
42. Messori A., et al. Bleeding and pneumonia in intensive care patients given ranitidine and sucralfate for prevention of stress ulcer: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 321 (2000) 1103-1106
43. Pais S.A., et al. Effect of frequent dosing of an oral proton pump inhibitor on intragastric pH. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (2006) 1607-1613
44. Gerson L.B., et al. Oesophageal and gastric pH profiles in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus treated with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 20 (2004) 637-643
45. Hutchinson C., et al. Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis. Gut 56 (2007) 1291-1295
46. Ortiz A., et al. 24-h pH monitoring is necessary to assess acid reflux suppression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus undergoing treatment with proton pump inhibitors. Br. J. Surg. 86 (1999) 1472-1474
47. Feldman M., et al. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, vol. 1. Eighth ed. (2006), Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia pp. 1029-1047
48. Helander H.F., et al. Histology of gastric biopsies from peptic ulcer patients before and after short-term treatment with omeprazole or H2-receptor antagonists. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 417 (1990) 305-309
49. Lamberts R., et al. Long-term omeprazole therapy in peptic ulcer disease: gastrin, endocrine cell growth, and gastritis. Gastroenterology 104 (1993) 1356-1370
50. Driman D.K., et al. Omeprazole produces parietal cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 41 (1996) 2039-2047
51. Kakei N., et al. Effects of long-term omeprazole treatment on adult rat gastric mucosa-enhancement of the epithelial cell proliferation and suppression of its differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214 (1995) 861-868
52. Bottcher G., et al. Effects of long-term hypergastrinaemia on the ultrastructure of enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig. Cell Tissue Res 256 (1989) 247-257
53. Ekman L., et al. Toxicological studies on omeprazole. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 108 (1985) 53-69
54. Havu N. Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after life-long inhibition of gastric secretion. Digestion 35 Suppl. 1 (1986) 42-55
55. Maton P.N., et al. The effect of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and omeprazole therapy on gastric oxyntic endocrine cells. Gastroenterology 99 (1990) 943-950
56. Jensen R.T., et al. Prospective study of the long-term efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 7 Suppl. 1 (1993) 41-50 discussion 61-46
57. Graffner H., et al. Omeprazole-induced hypergastrinemia does not influence growth of colon carcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37 (1992) 485-489
58. Cui G.L., et al. Long-term omeprazole treatment suppresses body weight gain and bone mineralization in young male rats. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36 (2001) 1011-1015
59. Jalving M., et al. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 24 (2006) 1341-1348
60. Kim J.S., et al. Spontaneous resolution of multiple fundic gland polyps after cessation of treatment with omeprazole. Korean J. Gastroenterol. 51 (2008) 305-308
61. Choudhry U., et al. Proton pump inhibitor-associated gastric polyps: a retrospective analysis of their frequency, and endoscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural characteristics. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 110 (1998) 615-621
62. Pashankar D.S., and Israel D.M. Gastric polyps and nodules in children receiving long-term omeprazole therapy. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 35 (2002) 658-662
63. Vieth M., and Stolte M. Fundic gland polyps are not induced by proton pump inhibitor therapy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116 (2001) 716-720
64. Bianchi L.K., et al. Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6 (2008) 180-185
65. Schubert M.L., and Peura D.A. Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Gastroenterology 134 (2008) 1842-1860
66. Fossmark R., et al. Serum gastrin and chromogranin A levels in patients with fundic gland polyps caused by long-term proton-pump inhibition. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. (2007) 1-5
67. Watanabe N., et al. Regression of fundic gland polyps following acquisition of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 51 (2002) 742-745
68. Kuipers E.J., et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (1996) 1018-1022
69. Lundell L., et al. Lack of effect of acid suppression therapy on gastric atrophy. Nordic Gerd Study Group. Gastroenterology 117 (1999) 319-326
70. Uemura N., et al. Changes in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in the antrum and corpus during long-term acid-suppressive treatment in Japan. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 14 (2000) 1345-1352
71. Kuipers E.J., et al. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 53 (2004) 12-20
72. Hakan Y., et al. Intragastric distribution of Helicobacter pylori after eradication therapy. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 11 (2000) 20-25
73. Graham D.Y., et al. Helicobacter pylori does not migrate from the antrum to the corpus in response to omeprazole. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91 (1996) 2120-2124
74. Shin J.M., et al. K-ATPase as a drug target. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51 (2006) 823-833
75. Reilly J.P. Safety profile of the proton-pump inhibitors. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 56 23 Suppl. 4 (1999) S11-S17
76. Hui W.M., et al. Parietal cells in duodenal ulcer disease: a histochemical study of the effects of omeprazole and ranitidine on mitochondrial activities. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4 (1989) 143-149
77. Golubov J., et al. Inhibition of iron absorption by omeprazole in rat model. Dig. Dis. Sci. 36 (1991) 405-408
78. Koop H. Review article: metabolic consequences of long-term inhibition of acid secretion by omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 6 (1992) 399-406
79. Yang Y.X., et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 296 (2006) 2947-2953
80. Kittang E., et al. Effect of omeprazole on the secretion of intrinsic factor, gastric acid and pepsin in man. Gut 26 (1985) 594-598
81. Playford R.J., et al. Epidermal growth factor is digested to smaller, less active forms in acidic gastric juice. Gastroenterology 108 (1995) 92-101
82. Kakei N., et al. Effects of omeprazole on gastric mucosal growth and differentiation in developing rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197 (1993) 310-318
83. Klingensmith M.E., et al. Gastrin-mediated effects of omeprazole on rat colon mucosa. Surgery 126 (1999) 272-278
84. Fort F.L., et al. Mechanism for species-specific induction of Leydig cell tumors in rats by lansoprazole. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26 (1995) 191-202
85. Patel T.A., et al. Gastric bacterial overgrowth accompanies profound acid suppression. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 14 (1995) 134-136
86. Karmeli Y., et al. Conventional dose of omeprazole alters gastric flora. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40 (1995) 2070-2073
87. Thorens J., et al. Bacterial overgrowth during treatment with omeprazole compared with cimetidine: a prospective randomised double blind study. Gut 39 (1996) 54-59
88. Williams C. Occurrence and significance of gastric colonization during acid-inhibitory therapy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 15 (2001) 511-521
89. Williams C., and McColl K.E. Review article: proton pump inhibitors and bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (2006) 3-10
90. Shindo K., et al. Omeprazole induces altered bile acid metabolism. Gut 42 (1998) 266-271
91. Evenepoel P., et al. Evidence for impaired assimilation and increased colonic fermentation of protein, related to gastric acid suppression therapy. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 12 (1998) 1011-1019
92. Laine L., et al. Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 14 (2000) 651-668
93. Altman K.W., et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole on growth and morphology of oral Lactobacillus strains. Laryngoscope 118 (2008) 599-604
94. van Driel I.R., and Callaghan J.M. Proton and potassium transport by H+/K(+)-ATPases. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 22 (1995) 952-960
95. Sachs G., et al. The gastric H,K ATPase as a drug target: past, present, and future. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41 Suppl. 2 (2007) S226-S242
96. Cross R.L., and Muller V. The evolution of A-, F-, and V-type ATP synthases and ATPases: reversals in function and changes in the H+/ATP coupling ratio. FEBS Lett. 576 (2004) 1-4
97. Geering K. The functional role of beta subunits in oligomeric P-type ATPases. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 33 (2001) 425-438
98. Dunbar L.A., and Caplan M.J. Ion pumps in polarized cells: sorting and regulation of the Na+, K+- and H+, K+-ATPases. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 29617-29620
99. DuBose Jr. T.D., et al. H+,K+-ATPase. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 8 (1999) 597-602
100. Pedersen P.L. Transport ATPases into the year 2008: a brief overview related to types, structures, functions and roles in health and disease. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 39 (2007) 349-355
101. Shin J.M., et al. The gastric HK-ATPase: structure, function, and inhibition. Pflugers Arch. 457 (2009) 609-622
102. Kraut J.A., et al. Detection and localization of H+-K+-ATPase isoforms in human kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 281 (2001) F763-768
103. Codina J., and DuBose Jr. T.D. Molecular regulation and physiology of the H+, K+ -ATPases in kidney. Semin. Nephrol. 26 (2006) 345-351
104. Feldman G.M., and Ickes Jr. J.W. Net H+ and K+ fluxes across the apical surface of rat distal colon. Am. J. Physiol. 272 1 Pt 1 (1997) G54-62
105. Rechkemmer G., et al. Active potassium transport across guinea-pig distal colon: action of secretagogues. J. Physiol. 493 Pt 2 (1996) 485-502
106. Chande N., and Driman D.K. Microscopic colitis associated with lansoprazole: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42 (2007) 530-533
107. Rajendran V.M., et al. Ouabain-sensitive H,K-ATPase functions as Na,K-ATPase in apical membranes of rat distal colon. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 13035-13040
108. Clark D.W., and Strandell J. Myopathy including polymyositis: a likely class adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors?. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 62 (2006) 473-479
109. Pestov N.B., et al. Loss of acidification of anterior prostate fluids in Atp12a-null mutant mice indicates that nongastric H-K-ATPase functions as proton pump in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 291 (2006) C366-374
110. Kone B.C. Renal H,K-ATPase: structure, function and regulation. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 22 (1996) 349-365
111. Crowson M.S., and Shull G.E. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the putative distal colon H+,K(+)-ATPase. Similarity of deduced amino acid sequence to gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase and mRNA expression in distal colon, kidney, and uterus. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 13740-13748
112. Puscas I., et al. Omeprazole has a dual mechanism of action: it inhibits both H(+)K(+)ATPase and gastric mucosa carbonic anhydrase enzyme in humans (in vitro and in vivo experiments). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290 (1999) 530-534
113. Sachs G. Physiology of the parietal cell and therapeutic implications. Pharmacotherapy 23 10 Pt 2 (2003) 68S-73S
114. Mattsson J.P., et al. Omeprazole and bafilomycin, two proton pump inhibitors: differentiation of their effects on gastric, kidney and bone H(+)-translocating ATPases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1065 (1991) 261-268
115. Sweiry J.H., and Binder H.J. Active potassium absorption in rat distal colon. J. Physiol. 423 (1990) 155-170
116. Del Castillo J.R., et al. Apical membrane localization of ouabain-sensitive K(+)-activated ATPase activities in rat distal colon. Am. J. Physiol. 261 6 Pt 1 (1991) G1005-1011
117. Shibata T., et al. Gastric type H+,K+-ATPase in the cochlear lateral wall is critically involved in formation of the endocochlear potential. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 291 (2006) C1038-C1048
118. Kleinman J.G., et al. H(+)-K(+)-ATPase of rat inner medullary collecting duct in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 265 5 Pt 2 (1993) F698-704
119. Oberleithner H., et al. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. III. Aldosterone stimulates an apical H+/K+ pump. Pflugers Arch. 416 (1990) 540-547
120. Tararthuch A.L., et al. Factors affecting ammonium uptake by C11 clone of MDCK cells. Pflugers Arch. 445 (2002) 194-201
121. Hibino T., et al. Ion flow regulates left-right asymmetry in sea urchin development. Dev. Genes Evol. 216 (2006) 265-276
122. Yeo M., et al. Selective induction of apoptosis with proton pump inhibitor in gastric cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 8687
123. Yeo M., et al. Blockage of intracellular proton extrusion with proton extrusions with proton pump inhibitor induces apoptosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci. 99 (2008) 185
124. Luciani F., et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitor pretreatment on resistance of solid tumors to cytotoxic drugs. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (2004) 1702-1713
125. De Milito A., et al. Proton pump inhibitors induce apoptosis of human B-cell tumors through a caspase-independent mechanism involving reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res. 67 (2007) 5408
126. Norsett K.G., et al. Molecular characterization of rat gastric mucosal response to potent acid inhibition. Physiol. Genomics 22 (2005) 24-32
127. Scaringi L., et al. Omeprazole induces apoptosis in jurkat cells. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 17 (2004) 331-342
128. Capodicasa E., et al. Omeprazole induces apoptosis in normal human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 21 (2008) 73-85
129. Naseri E., and Yenisehirli A. Proton pump inhibitors omeprazole and lansoprazole induce relaxation of isolated human arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531 (2006) 226-231
130. Aydin C., et al. Relaxant effect of omeprazole and lansoprazole in guinea pig gallbladder muscle strips in vitro. J. Gastroenterol. 38 (2003) 765-771
131. Yenisehirli A., and Onur R. Specific H+/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors decreased contractile responses of isolated rat vas deferens. Pharmacol. Res. 54 (2006) 397-405
132. Schillinger W., et al. Negative inotropy of the gastric proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole in myocardium from humans and rabbits: evaluation of mechanisms. Circulation 116 (2007) 57
133. Hofbauer R., et al. Inhibitory effect of omeprazole on transmigration of leukocytes through endothelial cell monolayers and leukocyte adhesion. Microvasc. Res. 59 (2000) 169-171
134. Nagashima R., et al. Possible evidence for transmembrane K(+)-H+ exchange system in guinea pig myocardium. Jpn. Heart J. 40 (1999) 351-364
135. Martins de Oliveira R., et al. The inhibitory effects of H+ K+ ATPase inhibitors on human neutrophils in vitro: restoration by a K+ ionophore. Inflamm. Res. 56 (2007) 105-111
136. Suzuki H., et al. Lansoprazole promotes gastric mucosal cell proliferation and migration by activating p 44/p 42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Wound Repair Regeneration 12 (2004) 93-99
137. Nixon P.F., et al. Inhibition of transketolase and pyruvate decarboxylase by omeprazole. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44 (1992) 177-179
138. Ozdemir H., and Ciftci M. In vitro effects of some drugs on human red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 21 (2006) 75-80
139. Martelli A., et al. Evaluation of omeprazole genotoxicity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Toxicology 130 (1998) 29-41
140. Murray I.A., and Perdew G.H. Omeprazole stimulates the induction of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324 (2008) 1102-1110
141. Pauli-Magnus C., et al. Interaction of omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole with P-glycoprotein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 364 (2001) 551-557
142. Schmarda A., et al. The gastric H,K-ATPase blocker lansoprazole is an inhibitor of chloride channels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129 (2000) 598-604
143. Andersson T. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and interactions of acid pump inhibitors. Focus on omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 31 (1996) 9-28
144. Rost K.L., et al. Phenocopies of poor metabolizers of omeprazole caused by liver disease and drug treatment. J. Hepatol. 23 (1995) 268-277
145. Rost K.L., et al. Increase of cytochrome P450IA2 activity by omeprazole: evidence by the 13C-[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 52 (1992) 170-180
146. Furuta S., et al. Inhibition of drug metabolism in human liver microsomes by nizatidine, cimetidine and omeprazole. Xenobiotica 31 (2001) 1-10
147. Petersen K.U. Review article: omeprazole and the cytochrome P450 system. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 9 (1995) 1-9
148. Caraco Y., et al. Differences between white subjects and Chinese subjects in the in vivo inhibition of cytochrome P450s 2C19, 2D6, and 3A by omeprazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 60 (1996) 396-404
149. Liu K.H., et al. Stereoselective inhibition of cytochrome P450 forms by lansoprazole and omeprazole in vitro. Xenobiotica 35 (2005) 27-38
150. Simon W.A., et al. The H+,K(+)-ATPase inhibitor pantoprazole (BY1023/SK&F96022) interacts less with cytochrome P450 than omeprazole and lansoprazole. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42 (1991) 347-355
151. Li X.Q., et al. Comparison of inhibitory effects of the proton pump-inhibiting drugs omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole on human cytochrome P450 activities. Drug Metab. Dispos. 32 (2004) 821-827
152. Zomorodi K., and Houston J.B. Diazepam-omeprazole inhibition interaction: an in vitro investigation using human liver microsomes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (1996) 157-162
153. Chenery R.J., et al. The interaction of omeprazole with rat liver cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenase reactions in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37 (1988) 1407-1414
154. Lemaire G., et al. The role of protein tyrosine kinases in CYP1A1 induction by omeprazole and thiabendazole in rat hepatocytes. Life Sci. 74 (2004) 2265-2278
155. McDonnell W.M., et al. Induction of cytochrome P450IA genes (CYP1A) by omeprazole in the human alimentary tract. Gastroenterology 103 (1992) 1509-1516
156. Xiaodong S., et al. Omeprazole does not enhance the metabolism of phenacetin, a marker of CYP1A2 activity, in healthy volunteers. Ther. Drug Monit. 16 (1994) 248-250
157. Rizzo N., et al. Omeprazole and lansoprazole are not inducers of cytochrome P4501A2 under conventional therapeutic conditions. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49 (1996) 491-495
158. Diaz D., et al. Omeprazole is an aryl hydrocarbon-like inducer of human hepatic cytochrome P450. Gastroenterology 99 (1990) 737-747
159. Kiley C.A., et al. Omeprazole-associated digoxin toxicity. South Med. J. 100 (2007) 400-402
160. Fuhr U., and Jetter A. Rabeprazole: pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Pharmazie 57 (2002) 595-601
161. Tuukkanen J., and Vaananen H.K. Omeprazole, a specific inhibitor of H+-K+-ATPase, inhibits bone resorption in vitro. Calcif. Tissue Int. 38 (1986) 123-125
162. Mizunashi K., et al. Effect of omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+,K(+)-ATPase, on bone resorption in humans. Calcif. Tissue Int. 53 (1993) 21-25
163. Simpson I.J., et al. Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis: report and analysis of 15 cases. Nephrology (Carlton) 11 (2006) 381-385
164. Brewster U.C., and Perazella M.A. Proton pump inhibitors and the kidney: critical review. Clin. Nephrol. 68 (2007) 65-72
165. Shabajee N., et al. Omeprazole and refractory hypomagnesaemia. BMJ 337 (2008) a425
166. Mullin J.M., et al. Esomeprazole induces upper gastrointestinal tract transmucosal leak. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 28 (2008) 1317-1325
167. Hopkins A.M., et al. Omeprazole increases permeability across isolated rat gastric mucosa pre-treated with an acid secretagogue. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54 (2002) 341-347
168. Murray, L.J. et al. Transmucosal gastric leak induced by proton pump inhibitors. Dig. Dis. Sci. (in press)
169. Mullin J.M. Epithelial barriers, compartmentation, and cancer. Sci. STKE 216 (2004) pe2-pe4
170. Cundy T., and Dissanayake A. Severe hypomagnesaemia in long-term users of proton-pump inhibitors. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 69 2 (2008) 338-341
171. Serfaty-Lacrosniere C., Wood R.J., Voytko D., Saltzman J.R., Pedrosa M., Sepe T.E., and Russell R.R. Hypochlorhydria from short-term omeprazole treatment does not inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or zinc from food in humans. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 14 4 (1995) 364-368