The use of proton pump inhibitors in children: A comprehensive review

Pediatric Drugs

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 25-40

  Gibbons, Troy E ^a   Gold, Benjamin D ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; ESOMEPRAZOLE; GASTRIN; HYDROGEN POTASSIUM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; LANSOPRAZOLE; METRONIDAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RANITIDINE;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIARRHEA; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG USE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ERADICATION THERAPY; ESOPHAGITIS; GASTRITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEADACHE; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE; MEDLINE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0037243990     PISSN: 11745878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00128072-200305010-00003     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Forte JG, Forte GM, Saltman P. K+-stimulated phosphatase of microsomes from gastric mucosa. J Cell Physiol 1967; 69 (3): 293-304
2. Sachs G, Collier RH, Shoemaker RL, et al. The energy source for gastric H+ secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta 1968; 162 (2): 210-9
3. Fellenius E, Elander B, Wallmark B, et al. Inhibition of acid secretion in isolated gastric glands by substituted benzimidazoles. Am J Physiol 1982; 243 (6): G505-10
4. Smolka A, Helander HF, Sachs G. Monoclonal antibodies against gastric H+ + K+ ATPase. Am J Physiol 1983; 245 (4): G589-96
5. Helander HF, Ramsay CH, Regardh CG. Localization of omeprazole and metabolites in the mouse. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985; 108: 95-104
6. Fryklund J, Gedda K, Wallmark B. Specific labeling of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by omeprazole. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37 (13): 2543-9
7. Fryklund J, Helander HF, Elander B, et al. Function and structure of parietal cells after H+-K+-ATPase blockade. Am J Physiol 1988; 254 (3 Pt 1): G399-407
8. Lindberg P, Brandstrom A, Wallmark B, et al. Omeprazole: the first proton pump inhibitor. Med Res Rev 1990; 10 (1): 1-54
9. Physicians' desk reference. 55th ed. Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics Company, 2001
10. Besancon M, Simon A, Sachs G, et al. Sites of reaction of the gastric H,K-ATPase with extracytoplasmic thiol reagents. J Biol Chem 1997; 272 (36): 22438-46
11. Zimmerman AE, Walters JK, Katona BG, et al. A review of omeprazole use in the treatment of acid-related disorders in children. Clin Ther 2001; 23 (5): 660-79
12. Horn J. The proton pump inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin Ther 2000; 22 (3): 266-80
13. Sachs G, Shin JM, Briving C, et al. The pharmacology of the gastric acid pump: the H+,K+ ATPase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35: 277-305
14. Shin JM, Besancon M, Bamberg K, et al. Structural aspects of the gastric H,K ATPase. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 834: 65-76
15. Richardson P, Hawkey CJ, Stack WA. Proton pump inhibitors: pharmacology and rationale for use in gastrointestinal disorders. Drugs 1998; 56 (3): 307-35
16. Kromer W, Kruger U, Huber R, et al. Differences in pH-dependent activation rates of substituted benzimidazoles and biological in vitro correlates. Pharmacology 1998; 56 (2): 57-70
17. Prakash A, Faulds D. Rabeprazole. Drugs 1998; 55 (2): 261-7
18. Williams MP, Sercombe J, Hamilton MI, et al. A placebo-controlled trial to assess the effects of 8 days of dosing with rabeprazole versus omeprazole on 24-h intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentrations in young healthy male subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12 (11): 1079-89
19. Kromer W. Similarities and differences in the properties of substituted benzimidazoles: a comparison between pantoprazole and related compounds. Digestion 1995; 56 (6): 443-54
20. Sharma VK. Comparison of 24-hour intragastric pH using four liquid formulations of lansoprazole and omeprazole. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56 (23 Suppl. 4): S18-21
21. Lasky MR, Metzler MH, Phillips JO. A prospective study of omeprazole suspension to prevent clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding from stress ulcers in mechanically ventilated trauma patients. J Trauma 1998; 44 (3): 527-33
22. Phillips JO, Metzler MH, Palmieri MT, et al. A prospective study of simplified omeprazole suspension for the prophylaxis of stress-related mucosal damage. Crit Care Med 1996; 24 (11): 1793-800
23. Dunn A, White CM, Reddy P, et al. Delivery of omeprazole and lansoprazole granules through a nasogastric tube in vitro. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56 (22): 2327-30
24. Quercia RA, Fan C, Liu X, et al. Stability of omeprazole in an extemporaneously prepared oral liquid. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997; 54 (16): 1833-6
25. Sharma VK, Peyton B, Spears T, et al. Oral pharmacokinetics of omeprazole and lansoprazole after single and repeated doses as intact capsules or as suspensions in sodium bicarbonate. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (7): 887-92
26. Blum RA, Hunt RH, Kidd SL, et al. Dose-response relationship of lansoprazole to gastric acid antisecretory effects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12 (4): 321-7
27. Katz PO, Hatlebakk JG, Castell DO. Gastric acidity and acid breakthrough with twice-daily omeprazole or lansoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (6): 709-14
28. Kearns GL. Impact of developmental pharmacology on pediatric study design: overcoming the challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106 (3 Suppl.): S128-38
29. Leeder JS, Kearns GL. Pharmacogenetics in pediatrics: implications for practice. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997; 44 (1): 55-77
30. Ritchel WA, Kearns GL, editors. Pediatric pharmacokinetics: handbook of basic pharmacokinetics. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1999
31. Muller P, Seitz HK, Simon B, et al. Suppression of acid secretion and plasma level of a once-daily dose of omeprazole. Arzneimittel Forschung 1983; 33 (12): 1685-6
32. Londong W, Londong V, Cederberg C, et al. Dose-response study of omeprazole on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release. Gastroenterology 1983; 85 (6): 1373-8
33. Landes BD, Petite JP, Flouvat B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 28 (6): 458-70
34. Faure C, Michaud L, Shaghaghi EK, et al. Intravenous omeprazole in children: pharmacokinetics and effect on 24-hour intragastric pH. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (2): 144-8
35. Faure C, Michaud L, Shaghaghi EK, et al. Lansoprazole in children: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15 (9): 1397-402
36. Gremse D, Tolia V, Pan WJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of lansoprazole in pediatric patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31 Suppl. 2: S39
37. Gunasekaran TS, Pan WJ, Torres-Pinedo R, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lansoprozole in adolescents with GERD [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31 Suppl. 2: S97
38. Andersson T, Gothberg G, Friberg L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous omeprazole in neonates and infants [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (3): 424
39. Andersson T, Anderson G, Dasen S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral omeprazole in infants [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (3): 416
40. Andersson T, Hassall E, Lundborg P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered omeprazole in children. International Pediatric Omeprazole Pharmacokinetic Group. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (11): 3101-6
41. Jacqz-Aigrain E, Bellaich M, Faure C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous omeprazole in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 47 (2): 181-5
42. Stedman CA, Barclay ML. Review article: comparison of the pharmacokinetics, acid suppression and efficacy of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (8): 963-78
43. Castell DO, Fennerty BM, Johnson DA, et al., editors. A critical analysis of the new PPI esomeprazole. New drug review. Bethesda (MD): American Gastroenterological Assocation, 2001 Sep
44. Delhotal-Landes B, Flouvat B, Duchier J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole in patients with renal or liver disease of varying severity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45 (4): 367-71
45. Naesdal J, Andersson T, Bodemar G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of [14C] omeprazole in patients with impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40 (3): 344-51
46. Hoyumpa AM, Trevino-Alanis H, Grimes I, et al. Rabeprazole: pharmacokinetics in patients with stable, compensated cirrhosis. Clin Ther 1999; 21 (4): 691-701
47. Brummer RJ, Geerling BJ, Stockbrugger RW. Initial and chronic gastric acid inhibition by lansoprazole and omeprazole in relation to meal administration. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (10): 2132-7
48. Thomson AB, Sinclair P, Matisko A, et al. Influence of food on the bioavailability of an enteric-coated tablet formulation of omeprazole 20mg under repeated dose conditions. Can J Gastroenterol 1997; 11 (8): 663-7
49. Ishizaki T, Horai Y. Review article: cytochrome P450 and the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors: emphasis on rabeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 Suppl. 3: 27-36
50. Kupfer A, Preisig R. Pharmacogenetics of mephenytoin: a new drug hydroxylation polymorphism in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 26 (6): 753-9
51. Bertilsson L. Geographical/inter-racial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation: current state of knowledge of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29 (3): 192-209
52. Weber WW. Populations and genetic polymorphisms. Mol Diagn 1999; 4 (4): 299-307
53. Yamamoto I, Azuma J. Individualization of drug therapy and pharmacogenetics. Nippon Rinsho 1998; 56 (3): 579-83
54. Horai Y, Kimura M, Furuie H, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects and kinetic disposition of rabeprazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotypes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15 (6): 793-803
55. Egan LJ, Murray JA. New perspectives in gastric acid suppression: genetic polymorphisms predict the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors. Dig Dis 2000; 18 (2): 58-63
56. Yasuda S, Horai Y, Tomono Y, et al. Comparison of the kinetic disposition and metabolism of E3810, a new proton pump inhibitor, and omeprazole in relation to S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation status. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58 (2): 143-54
57. Sohn DR, Kwon JT, Kim HK, et al. Metabolic disposition of lansoprazole in relation to the S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation phenotype status. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61 (5): 574-82
58. Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, et al. Metabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62 (6): 619-28
59. Furuta T, Ohashi K, Kosuge K, et al. CYP2C19 genotype status and effect of omeprazole on intragastric pH in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65 (5): 552-61
60. Abelo A, Andersson TB, Antonsson M, et al. Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28 (8): 966-72
61. Andersson T, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 (6): 411-26
62. Andersson T, Ro K, Bredberg E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15 (10): 1563-9
63. Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Bredberg E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56 (9-10): 665-70
64. Lind T, Rydberg L, Kyleback A, et al. Esomeprazole provides improved acid control vs omeprazole in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (7): 861-7
65. Hendriks JJ, Kester AD, Donckerwolcke R, et al. Changes in pulmonary hyperinflation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness following treatment with lansoprazole in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 31 (1): 59-66
66. Tran TM, Van den Neucker A, Hendriks JJ, et al. Effects of a proton-pump inhibitor in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87 (5): 553-8
67. Mikawa K, Nishina K, Maekawa N, et al. Lansoprazole reduces preoperative gastric fluid acidity and volume in children. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42 (6): 467-72
68. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N, et al. Omeprazole reduces preoperative gastric fluid acidity and volume in children. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41 (10): 925-9
69. Issing WJ, Gross M, Tauber S. Manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in the otorhinolaryngology tract. Laryngorhinootologie 2001; 80 (8): 464-9
70. Harding SM. Nocturnal asthma: role of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux. Chronobiol Int 1999; 16 (5): 641-62
71. Boeree MJ, Peters FT, Postma DS, et al. No effects of high-dose omeprazole in patients with severe airway hyper-responsiveness and (a)symptomatic gastrooesophageal reflux. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (5): 1070-4
72. Rudolph CD, Mazur LJ, Liptak GS, et al. Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 32 Suppl. 2: S1-31
73. Kraynak RA, Kuczmanski M, Levine D, et al. Omeprazole treatment of GERD symptoms in infants [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (3): 424
74. Malone T, Kuczmanski M, Levine D, et al. Omeprazole safely and effectively relieved symptoms of GERD in a pediatric population aged 2-16 years [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (3): 423
75. Haber M, Hassall E, Hayman MB, et al. Correlation of endoscopic and histologic findings in children with erosive and nonerosive esophagitis pre- and post-treatment [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (3): 419
76. Gupta SK, Tolia V, Heyman MB, et al. Adolescent patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: results from a randomized trial of lansoprazole [abstract]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31 Suppl. 2: S97
77. Franco MT, Salvia G, Terrin G, et al. Lansoprazole in the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux disease in childhood. Dig Liver Dis 2000; 32 (8): 660-6
78. Hassall E, Israel D, Shepherd R, et al. Omeprazole for treatment of chronic erosive esophagitis in children: a multicenter study of efficacy, safety, tolerability and dose requirements. International Pediatric Omeprazole Study Group. J Pediatr 2000; 137 (6): 800-7
79. Strauss RS, Calenda KA, Dayal Y, et al. Histological esophagitis: clinical and histological response to omeprazole in children. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44 (1): 134-9
80. Bohmer CJ, Niezen-de Boer RC, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, et al. Omeprazole: therapy of choice in intellectually disabled children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152 (11): 1113-8
81. Alliet P, Raes M, Bruneel E, et al. Omeprazole in infants with cimetidine-resistant peptic esophagitis. J Pediatr 1998; 132 (2): 352-4
82. De Giacomo C, Bawa P, Franceschi M, et al. Omeprazole for severe reflux esophagitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24 (5): 528-32
83. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Campanozzi A, et al. Effects of omeprazole on mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in childhood. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (2): 293-9
84. Kato S, Ebina K, Fujii K, et al. Effect of omeprazole in the treatment of refractory acid-related diseases in childhood: endoscopic healing and twenty-four-hour intragastric acidity. J Pediatr 1996; 128 (3): 415-21
85. Martin PB, Imong SM, Krischer J, et al. The use of omeprazole for resistant oesophagitis in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1996; 6 (4): 195-7
86. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Iervolino C, et al. Omeprazole and high dose ranitidine in the treatment of refractory reflux oesophagitis. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69 (6): 655-9
87. Heijerman HG, Lamers CB, Bakker W, et al. Improvement of fecal fat excretion after addition of omeprazole to pancrease in cystic fibrosis is related to residual exocrine function of the pancreas. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38 (1): 1-6
88. Horn J. The proton-pump inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin Ther 2000; 22 (3): 266-80
89. Kahrilas PJ, Falk GW, Johnson DA, et al. Esomeprazole improves healing and symptom resolution as compared with omeprazole in reflux oesophagitis patients: a randomized controlled trial. The Esomeprazole Study Investigators. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (10): 1249-58
90. Röhss K, Wilder-Smith CH, Claar-Nilsson C, et al. Esomeprazole 40mg provides more effective acid control than standard doses of all proton pump inhibitors [poster]. Gastroenterology 2001; 120 Suppl. 5: A419
91. Wilder-Smith CH, Röhss K, Rydholm H. Esomeprazole (E) 40mg provides more effective acid control than pantoprazole (P) 40mg [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2000; 118 (4 Suppl. 2): A22
92. Röhss K, Claar-Nilsson C, Rydholm H, et al. Esomeprazole 40mg provides more effective acid control than lansoprazole 30mg [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2001; 118 (4 Suppl. 2): A20
93. Gold BD, Colletti RB, Abbott M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31 (5): 490-7
94. Drumm B, Koletzko S, Oderda G. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a consensus statement. European Paediatric Task Force on Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30 (2): 207-13
95. Chiba N, Rao BV, Rademaker JW, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87 (12): 1716-27
96. Graham DY, Lew GM, Malaty HM, et al. Factors influencing the eradication of Helicobacter pylori with triple therapy. Gastroenterology 1992; 102 (2): 493-6
97. Schmid CH, Whiting G, Cory D, et al. Omeprazole plus antibiotics in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-regression analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Ther 1999; 6 (1): 25-36
98. Hirai M, Azuma T, Ito S, et al. A proton pump inhibitor, E3810, has antibacterial activity through binding to Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol 1995; 30 (4): 461-4
99. Harris A. Current regimens for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Br Med Bull 1998; 54 (1): 195-205
100. Gottrand F, Kalach N, Spyckerelle C, et al. Omeprazole combined with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with gastritis: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. J Pediatr 2001; 139 (5): 664-8
101. Kocak N, Saltik IN, Ozen H, et al. Lansoprazole triple therapy for Turkish children with Helicobacter pylori infections [letter]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 32 (5): 614
102. Chan KL, Zhou H, Ng DK, et al. A prospective study of a one-week nonbismuth quadruple therapy for childhood Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36 (7): 1008-11
103. Shashidhar H, Peters J, Lin CH, et al. A prospective trial of lansoprazole triple therapy for pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30 (3): 276-82
104. Tiren U, Sandstedt B, Finkel Y. Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children: efficacy of 2 weeks of treatment with clarithromycin, amoxicillin and omeprazole. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88 (2): 166-8
105. Kato S, Ritsuno H, Ohnuma K, et al. Safety and efficacy of one-week triple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori in children. Helicobacter 1998; 3 (4): 278-82
106. Casswall TH, Alfven G, Drapinski M, et al. One-week treatment with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 27 (4): 415-8
107. Moshkowitz M, Reif S, Brill S, et al. One-week triple therapy with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and nitroimidazole for Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (1): E14
108. Kato S, Takeyama J, Ebina K, et al. Omeprazole-based dual and triple regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Pediatrics 1997; 100 (1): E3
109. Dohil R, Israel DM, Hassall E. Effective 2-week therapy for Helicobacter pylori disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 (2): 244-7
110. Meyer UA. Metabolic interactions of the proton-pump inhibitors lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole with other drugs. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8 Suppl. 1: S21-5
111. Steinijans VW, Huber R, Hartmann M, et al. Lack of pantoprazole drug interactions in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 32 (8): 385-99
112. Sachs G, Humphries TJ. Rabeprazole: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and potential for drug interactions: introduction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 Suppl. 3: 1-2
113. Andersson T, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G, et al. Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40 (7): 523-37
114. Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Proton pump inhibitors and their drug interactions: an evidence-based approach. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 (5): 611-6
115. Oosterhuis B, Jonkman JH, Andersson T, et al. Minor effect of multiple dose omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after a single oral dose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 32 (5): 569-72
116. Blum RA, D'Andrea DT, Florentino BM, et al. Increased gastric pH and the bioavailability of fluconazole and ketoconazole. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114 (9): 755-7
117. Masa K, Arimori K, Nakayama T, et al. Effect of clarithromycin and other macrolides on the sulfoxidation and 5-hydroxylation of lansoprazole in dogs. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22 (5): 504-9
118. Endo H, Yoshida H, Ohmi N, et al. Effects of lansoprazole, clarithromycin and pH gradient on uptake of [14C] amoxycillin into rat gastric tissue. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47 (4): 405-10
119. Peterson WL. The role of antisecretory drugs in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl. 1: 21-5
120. Havu N. Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after lifelong inhibition of gastric secretion. Digestion 1986; 35 Suppl. 1: 42-55
121. Mattsson H, Havu N, Brautigam J, et al. Partial gastric corpectomy results in hypergastrinemia and development of gastric enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids in the rat. Gastroenterology 1991; 100 (2): 311-9
122. Sachs G. The safety of omeprazole: True or false. Gastroenterology 1994; 106 (5): 1400-1
123. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Nelis F, Dent J, et al. Long-term omeprazole treatment in resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy, safety, and influence on gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 2000; 118 (4): 661-9
124. Kuipers EJ, Uyterlinde AM, Pena AS, et al. Increase of Helicobacter pylori-associated corpus gastritis during acid suppressive therapy: implications for long-term safety. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90 (9): 1401-6
125. Meuwissen SG, Craanen ME, Kuipers EJ. Gastric mucosal morphological consequences of acid supression: a balanced review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 15 (3): 497-510
126. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (16): 1018-22
127. Stolte M, Meining A, Schmitz JM, et al. Changes in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in the antrum and corpus during 12 months of treatment with omeprazole and lansoprazole in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12 (3): 247-53
128. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, et al. Current European concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht consensus report. The European Helicobacter pylori Study Group (EHPSG). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9 (1): 1-2
129. Gunasekaran TS, Hassall EG. Efficacy and safety of omeprazole for severe gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Pediatr 1993; 123 (1): 148-54
130. Sanduleanu S, Stridsberg M, Jonkers D, et al. Serum gastrin and chromogranin A during medium- and long-term acid suppressive therapy: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 (2): 145-53
131. Arroyo Villarino MT, Lanas Arbeloa A, Esteva Diaz F, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with lansoprazole and omeprazole on serum gastrin and the fundic mucosa. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1997; 89 (5): 347-56
132. Haga Y, Nakatsura T, Shibata Y, et al. Human gastric carcinoid detected during long-term antiulcer therapy of H2 receptor antagonist and proton pump inhibitor. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43 (2): 253-7
133. Driman DK, Wright C, Tougas G, et al. Omeprazole produces parietal cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in humans. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41 (10): 2039-47
134. Stolte M, Meining A, Seifert E, et al. Treatment with lansoprazole also induces hypertrophy of the parietal cells of the stomach. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196 (1): 9-13
135. Choudhry U, Boyce Jr HW, Coppola D. Proton pump inhibitor-associated gastric polyps: a retrospective analysis of their frequency, and endoscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural characteristics. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 110 (5): 615-21
136. el-Zimaity HM, Jackson FW, Graham DY. Fundic gland polyps developing during omeprazole therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 (10): 1858-60
137. Van Vlierberghe H, De Vos M, De Cock G, et al. Fundic gland polyps: three other case reports suggesting a possible association with acid suppressing therapy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1997; 60 (3): 240-2
138. Isreal DM, Dimmick JE, Hassell E. Gastric polyps in children on omeprazole [abstract]. Gastrorenterology 1995; 108: A110
139. Pashankar DS, Israel DM, Jevon GP, et al. Effect of long-term omeprazole treatment on antral g and d cells in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (5): 537-42
140. Lewis SJ, Franco S, Young G, et al. Altered bowel function and duodenal bacterial overgrowth in patients treated with omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10 (4): 557-61
141. Theisen J, Nehra D, Citron D, et al. Suppression of gastric acid secretion in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease results in gastric bacterial overgrowth and deconjugation of bile acids. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4 (1): 50-4
142. Patel TA, Abraham P, Ashar VJ, et al. Gastric bacterial overgrowth accompanies profound acid suppression. Indian J Gastroenterol 1995; 14 (4): 134-6
143. Moncur PH, Heatley RV. Safety of proton-pump inhibitors: the acid test. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12 (2): 145-7
144. Howden CW. Vitamin B12 levels during prolonged treatment with proton pump inhibitors. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 30 (1): 29-33
145. Termanini B, Gibril F, Sutliff VE, et al. Effect of long-term gastric acid suppressive therapy on serum vitamin B12 levels in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Med 1998; 104 (5): 422-30
146. Sagar M, Janczewska I, Ljungdahl A, et al. Effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on serum levels of vitamin B12 in patients on long-term omeprazole treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 (4): 453-8
147. Tytgat GN. Shortcomings of the first-generation proton pump inhibitors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 Suppl. 1: S29-33
148. Sachs G. Improving on PPI-based therapy of GORD. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 Suppl. 1: S35-41