Terpenoids and breast cancer chemoprevention

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 115, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 223-239

  Rabi, Thangaiyan ^a   Bishayee, Anupam ^a  

^a NORTHEAST OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Breast cancer; Cancer chemoprevention; Carcinogenesis; Terpenoids

Indexed keywords

2 CYANO 3,12 DIOXOOLEANA 1,9 DIEN 28 OIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL SUCCINATE; ARTEMISININ; ASCIATIC ACID; BETULIC ACID; CALANOLIDE A; CAROTENE; CARVEOL; COUMARIN; FARNESOL; FENRETINIDE; ISOPRENOID; LIMONENE; LYCOPENE; OLEANIC ACID; PERILLYL ALCOHOL; PHYTOL; PRISTIMERIN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOL; RETINOL ACETATE; SACCHARATE CALCIUM; SOBREROL; TRITERPENE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; URSOLIC ACID; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE; WITHAFERIN A; XANTHOPHYLL;

BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST EPITHELIUM; CANCER PREVENTION; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALARIA; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CHEMOPREVENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; TERPENES;

EID: 67349264062     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: 15737217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0118-y     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. American Cancer Society (2008) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
2. JS Wong JR Harris 2001 Importance of local tumor control in breast cancer Lancet Oncol 2 11 17 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00190-X
3. T Kakizoe 2003 Chemoprevention of cancer: focusing on clinical trials Jpn J Clin Oncol 3 421 442 10.1093/jjco/hyg090
4. National Cancer Institute (2007) Highlights of NCI's prevention and control programs. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
5. S Shukla S Gupta 2005 Dietary agents in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer Nutr Cancer 53 18 32 10.1207/s15327914nc5301-3
6. S Gupta 2007 Prostate cancer chemoprevention: current status and future prospects Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224 369 376 10.1016/j.taap. 2006.11.008
7. SM Lippman SE Benner WK Hong 1994 Cancer chemoprevention J Clin Oncol 12 851 873
8. LW Wattenberg 1996 Chemoprevention of cancer Prev Med 25 44 45 10.1006/pmed.1996.0015
9. LW Wattenberg 1993 Prevention, therapy, and basic science and the resolution of the cancer problem Cancer Res 53 5890 5896
10. KH Wagner I Elmadfa 2003 Biological relevance of terpenoids Ann Nutr Metab 47 95 106 10.1159/000070030
11. Mirvish SS (1981) Inhibition of the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds by ascorbic acid and other compounds. In: Burchenal JH, Oettgen HF (eds) Cancer achievements, challenges and prospects of the 1980s. Grune and Stratton, New York
12. LW Wattenberg 1975 Inhibition of dimethyl hydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine by disulfiram J Natl Cancer Inst 54 1005 1006
13. EC Miller 1978 Some current perceptive on chemical carcinogenesis in human and experimental animals Cancer Res 38 1479 1496
14. Newmark H, Mergens W (1981) α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) and its relationship to tumor induction. In: Zedeck MS, Lipken M (eds) Inhibition of tumor induction and development. Plenum Publishing Corp, New York
15. LW Wattenberg 1983 Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents Cancer Res 43 2448 2453
16. MB Sporn 1983 Retinoids and suppression of carcinogenesis Hosp Pract 18 83 98
17. F Rohdich A Bacher W Eisenreich 2005 Isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways as anti-infective drug targets Biochem Soc Trans 33 785 791 10.1042/BST0330785
18. ST Withers JD Keasling 2007 Biosynthesis and engineering of isoprenoid small molecules Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73 980 990 10.1007/s00253-006-0593-1
19. GM Cragg DJ Newman 2005 Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents J Ethnopharmacol 100 72 79 10.1016/j.jep. 2005.05.011
20. V Srivastava AS Negi JK Kumar MM Gupta SPS Khanuja 2005 Plant-based anticancer molecules: a chemical and biological profile of some important leads Bioorg Med Chem 13 5892 5908 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.066
21. GM Cragg DJ Newman 2003 Plants as a source of anti-cancer and anti-HIV agents Ann Appl Biol 143 127 133 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00278.x
22. H Loza-Tavera 1999 Monoterpenes in essential oils: biosynthesis and properties Adv Exp Med Biol 464 49 62
23. Little DB, Croteau R (1999) Biochemistry of essential oil plants: a thirty year overview. In: Teranishi R, Wick EL, Hornstein I (eds) Flavor chemistry: thirty years of progress. Kluwer Academic, New York
24. PM Kris-Etherton KD Kecker A Bonanoma 2002 Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer Am J Med 113 71 88 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0
25. PL Crowell MN Gould 1994 Chemoprevention and therapy of cancer by d-limonene CRC Crit Rev Oncol 5 1 22
26. S Bardon K Picard P Martel 1998 Monoterpenes inhibit cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cyclin D1 gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines Nutr Cancer 32 1 7
27. JA Elegbede CE Elson A Qureshi MA Tanner MN Gould 1984 Inhibition of DMBA-induced mammary cancer by the monoterpene d-limonene Carcinogenesis 5 661 664 10.1093/carcin/5.5.661
28. H Mo CE Elson 2004 Studies of the isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis applied to cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention Exp Biol Med 229 567 585
29. AD Cox CJ Der 1997 Farnesyltransferase inhibitors and cancer treatment: targeting simply ras? Biochim Biophys Acta 1333 51 71
30. RL Jirtle JD Haag EA Ariazi MN Gould 1993 Increased mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor β1 levels during monoterpene-induced regression of mammary tumors Cancer Res 53 3849 3852
31. AA Rasmussen KJ Cullen 1998 Paracrine/autocrine regulation of breast cancer by the insulin-like growth factors Breast Cancer Res Treat 47 219 233 10.1023/A:1005903000777
32. JD Haag MN Gould 1994 Mammary carcinoma regression induced by perillyl alcohol, a hydroxylated analog of limonene Cancer Chem Pharm 34 477 483 10.1007/BF00685658
33. PA Dennis DB Rifkin 1991 Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor β requires binding to the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor type II receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 580 584 10.1073/pnas.88.2.580
34. Y Satomi S Miyamoto MN Gould 1999 Induction of AP-1 activity by perillyl alcohol in breast cancer cells Carcinogenesis 20 1957 1966 10.1093/carcin/20.10. 1957
35. RJ Hohl K Lewis 1995 Differential effects of monoterpenes and lovastatin on RAS processing J Biol Chem 270 17508 17512 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17508
36. DM Vigushin GK Poon A Boddy 1998 Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of d-limonene in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer research campaign phase I/II clinical trials committee Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42 111 117 10.1007/s002800050793
37. GH Ripple MN Gould JA Stewart 1998 Phase I clinical trial of perillyl alcohol administered daily Clin Cancer Res 4 1159 1164
38. G Liu K Oettel H Bailey 2003 Phase II trial of perillyl alcohol (NSC 641066) administered daily in patients with metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer Invest New Drugs 21 367 372 10.1023/A:1025437115182
39. Crowell PL, Kennan WS, Vedejs E et al (1990) Chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis by hydroxylated metabolites of limonene. In: 81st annual meeting of the American association for cancer research. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 23-26 May, Washington, DC, USA
40. EA Ariazi MN Gould 1996 Identifying differential gene expression in monoterpene-treated mammary carcinomas using subtractive display J Biol Chem 271 29286 29294 10.1074/jbc.271.46.29286
41. PL Crowell 1999 Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes J Nutr 129 775 778
42. F Journe G Laurent C Chaboteaux 2008 Farnesol, a mevalonate pathway intermediate, stimulates MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth through farnesoid-X-receptor-mediated estrogen receptor activation Breast Cancer Res Treat 107 49 61 10.1007/s10549-007-9535-6
43. S Zhang CN Ong HM Shen 2004 Clinical roles of intracellular thiols and calcium in parthenolide-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells Cancer Lett 208 143 153 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.11.028
44. RM Wiedhopf M Young E Bianchi 1973 Tumor inhibitory agent from Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) I: parthenolide J Pharm Sci 62 345 350 10.1002/jps.2600620244
45. SM Lippman JF Kessler FL Meyskens 1987 Retinoids as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents (part I) Cancer Treat Rep 71 391 405
46. MS Tallman PH Wiernik 1992 Retinoids in cancer treatment J Clin Pharmacol 32 868 888
47. R Lotan 1980 Effects of vitamin A and its analogs (retinoids) on normal and neoplastic cells Biochim Biophys Acta 605 33 91
48. MB Sporn AB Roberts 1983 The role of retinoids in differentiation and carcinogenesis Cancer Res 43 3034 3040
49. D Cai MM Webber LM DeLuca 1991 Retinoids enhance lectin binding to gp130, a glycoprotein of NIH-3T3 cells: correlation with cell growth and adhesion Exp Cell Res 192 366 372 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90053-W
50. MJ Kirven G Wolf 1991 Synthesis and glycosylation of fibronectin in hepatocytes from vitamin A-deficient rats Mol Cell Biochem 101 101 114 10.1007/BF00229528
51. CJ Grubbs RC Moon MB Sporn 1977 Inhibition of mammary cancer by retinyl methyl ether Cancer Res 37 599 602
52. HJ Thompson PJ Becci RC Moon 1980 Inhibition of a methyl-1-nitrosurea- induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat by the retinoid axerophthene Arzneimittelforschung 30 1127 1129
53. AM Someone AM Tari 2004 How retinoids regulate breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 61 1475 1484
54. A Fanjul MI Dawson PD Hobbs 1994 A new class of retinoids with selective inhibition of AP-1 inhibits proliferation Nature 372 107 111 10.1038/372107a0
55. F Darro P Cohen A Vianna 1998 Growth inhibition of human in vitro and mouse in vitro and in vivo mammary tumor models by retinoids in comparison with tamoxifen and the RU-486 anti-progestagen Breast Cancer Res Treat 51 39 55 10.1023/A:1006098124087
56. J Brtko 2007 Role of retinoids and their cognate nuclear receptors in breast cancer chemoprevention Cent Eur J Public Health 15 3 6
57. H Abou-Issa RW Curley Jr MJ Panigot KA Wilcox TE Webb 1993 In vivo use of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide)-O-glucuronidee as a breast cancer chemopreventive agent Anticancer Res 13 1431 1436
58. LA Cohen M Epstein V Saa-Pabon 1994 Interactins between 4-HPR and diet in NMU-induced mammary tumorigenesis Nutr Cancer 21 271 283
59. HJ Thomson LD Meeker PJ Becci 1981 Effect of combined selenium and retinyl acetate treatment on mammary carcinogenesis Cancer Res 41 1413 1416
60. Z Walaszek M Hanausek-Walaszek 1987 Dietary glucarate inhibits rat mammary tumorigenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 28 153 158
61. RH Bhatnagar RW Abou-Issa A Curley 1991 Growth suppression of human breast carcinoma cells in culture by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, its glucuronide and through synergism with glucarate Biochem Pharmacol 41 1471 1477 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90563-K
62. S Graham J Marshall C Mettlin 1982 Diet in the epidemiology of breast cancer Am J Epidemiol 116 68 75
63. RS Torrisi S Parodi V Fontana 1994 Factors affecting plasma retinol decline during long-term administration of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide in breast cancer patients Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3 507 510
64. EF Farias DE Ong NB Ghyselinck 2004 Cellular retinol-binding protein I, a regulator of breast epithelial retinoic acid receptor activity, cell differentiation and tumorigenesis J Natl Cancer Inst 97 21 29
65. KW Katsouyanni D Willett D Trichopoulos 1988 Risk of breast cancer among Greek women in relation to nutrient intake Cancer 61 181 185
66. S Richardson M Gerber S Cenee 1991 The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: a case-control study in Southern France Int J Cancer 48 1 9
67. P Toniolo E Riboli F Protta 1989 Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 81 278 286 10.1093/jnci/81.4.278
68. RC Miller 1981 Modification of sister chromatic exchanges and radiation-induced transformation in rodent cells by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbhol-13-acetate and two retinoids Cancer Res 41 655 660
69. MB Sporn AB Roberts NS Roche 1986 Mechanism of action by retinoids J Am Acad Dermatol 15 756 764
70. MS Sheikh ZM Shao JC Chen 1993 Retinoid modulation of c-myc and max gene expression in human breast carcinoma Anticancer Res 13 1387 1392
71. RD Charan TC McKee MR Boyd 2002 Thorectandrrols C, D, and E: new sesterterpenes from the marine sponge Thorectandra sp J Nat Prod 65 492 495 10.1021/np010439k
72. TH Beveridge TS Li JC Drover 2002 Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil J Agric Food Chem 50 744 750 10.1021/jf010701v
73. R Kakuda T Iijima Y Yaolta 2002 Triterpenoids from Gentiana scabra Phytochemistry 59 791 794 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3
74. S Manez MC Recio RM Giner 1997 Effect of selected triterpenoids on chronic dermal inflammation Eur J Pharmacol 334 103 105 10.1016/S0014-2999(97) 01187-4
75. MH Moghadasian 2000 Pharmacological properties of plant sterols: in vivo and in vitro observations Life Sci 67 605 615 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00665-2
76. KB Kim R Lotan P Yue 2002 Identification of a novel synthetic triterpenoid, methyl-2-cyano-3, 12-dioxoole-ane-1, 9-dien-28-oate, that potently induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in human lung cancer cells Mol Cancer Ther 1 177 184
77. CD Coldren P Hashim J Ali 2003 Gene expression changes in the human fibroblast induced by Centella asiatica triterpenoids Planta Med 69 725 732 10.1055/s-2003-42791
78. SS Jew CH Yoo DY Lim 2000 Structure-activity relationship study of asiatic acid derivatives against beta amyloid (A beta)-induced neurotoxicity Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10 119 121 10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00658-7
79. MK Lee SR Kim SH Sung 2000 Asiatic acid derivatives protect cultured cortical neurons from glutamate-induced cytotoxicity Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 108 75 86
80. 2+ release and enhanced expression of p53 in HepG2 human hepatoma cells Cancer Lett 186 83 91 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00260-4
81. YL Hsu PL Kuo LT Lin 2005 Asiatic acid, a triterpene, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human breast cancer cells J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313 333 344 10.1124/jpet.104.078808
82. M Nagase J Oto S Sugiyama 2003 Apoptosis induction in HL-60 cells and inhibition of topoisomerase II by triterpene celastrol Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67 1883 1887 10.1271/bbb.67.1883
83. H Yang D Chen QC Cui 2006 Celastrol, a triterpene extracted from the Chinese "Thunder of God Vine", is a potent proteasome inhibitor and suppresses human prostate cancer growth in nude mice Cancer Res 66 4758 4765 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4529
84. FC Huang WK Chan KJ Moriarty 1998 Novel cytokine release inhibitors Part I: triterpenes Bioorg Med Chem Lett 8 1883 1886 10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00331-X
85. HZ Jin BY Hwang HS Kim 2002 Antiinflammatory constituents of Celastrus orbiculatus inhibit the NF-kappaB activation and NO production J Nat Prod 65 89 91 10.1021/np010428r
86. FR Chang K Hayashi IH Chen 2003 Antitumor agents. 228. Five new agarofurans, reissantins A-E, and cytotoxic principles from Reissantia buchananii J Nat Prod 66 1416 1420 10.1021/np030241v
87. GJ Gonzalez DG Monache DF Monache 1982 Chuchuhuasha-a drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. A chemical study of Maytenus laevis J Ethnopharmacol 5 73 77 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90022-8
88. O Shirota H Morita K Takeya 1994 Cytotoxic aromatic triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus chuchuhuasca J Nat Prod 57 1675 1681 10.1021/np50114a009
89. V Dirsch W Wiemann H Wagner 1992 Antiinflammatory activity of triterpene quinine-methides and proanthocyanidines from the stem bark of Heisteria pallida Engl Pharm Pharmacol Lett 2 184 186
90. B Hui YJ Wu H Wang 2003 Effect of pristimerin on experimental inflammation in mice and rats Chin Pharm Bull 19 656 659
91. VM Dirsch AK Kiemer H Wagner 1997 The triterpenoid quinonemethide pristimerin inhibits induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages Eur J Pharmacol 336 211 217 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01245-4
92. 1 arrest and apoptosis induced by a novel retinoid in human breast cancer cells Oncogene 11 493 504
93. H Yang G Shi QP Dou 2007 The tumor proteosome is a primary target for the natural anticancer compound Withaferin A isolated from 'Indian Winter Cherry' Mol Pharmacol 71 426 437 10.1124/mol.106.030015
94. R Mohan HJ Hammers P Bargagna-Mohan 2004 Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis Angiogenesis 7 115 122 10.1007/s10456-004-1026-3
95. B Jayaprakasam Y Zhang NP Seeram 2003 Growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines by Withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves Life Sci 74 125 132 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.007
96. KT Liby MM Yore MB Sporn 2007 Triterpenoids and rexinoids as multifunctional agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer Nat Rev Cancer 7 357 369 10.1038/nrc2129
97. N Suh Y Wang T Honda 1999 A novel synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxoolean-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid, with potent differentiating, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activity Cancer Res 59 336 341
98. R Ahmad D Raina C Meyer 2006 Triterpenoid CDDO-Me blocks the NF-κB pathway by direct inhibition of IKKβ on cys-179 J Biol Chem 281 35764 35769 10.1074/jbc.M607160200
99. X Ling M Konopleva Z Zeng 2007 The novel triterpenoid C-28 methyl ester of 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxoolen-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid inhibits metastatic murine breast tumor growth through inactivation of STAT3 signaling Cancer Res 67 4210 4218 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3629
100. ML Hyer R Croxton M Krajewska 2005 Synthetic triterpenoids cooperate with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells Cancer Res 65 4799 4808 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3319
101. Furtado RA, Rodrigues EP, Araujo FR et al (2008) Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid suppress preneoplastic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rat colon. Toxicol Pathol (May):8. Epub ahead of print
102. K Subbaramiah P Michaluart MB Sporn 2000 Ursolic acid inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in human mammary epithelial cells Cancer Res 60 2399 2404
103. K Singletary C MacDonald M Wallig 1996 Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation Cancer Lett 104 43 48 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04227-9
104. K Liby T Honda CR Williams 2007 Novel semisynthetic analogues of betulinic acid with diverse cytoprotective, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic activities Mol Cancer Ther 6 2113 2119 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0180
105. H Yoon RH Liu 2007 Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-κB activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells J Agric Food Chem 55 3167 3174 10.1021/jf0632379
106. RH Liu J Liu B Chen 2005 Apples prevent mammary tumors in rats J Agric Food Chem 53 2341 2343 10.1021/jf058010c
107. X He RH Liu 2007 Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity J Agric Food Chem 55 4366 4370 10.1021/jf063563o
108. M Dong X He RH Liu 2007 Phytochemicals of black bean seed coats: isolation, structure elucidation, and their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities J Agric Food Chem 55 4366 4370 10.1021/jf070706d
109. J Dai JA Fishback YD Zhou DG Nagle 2006 Sodwanone and yardenone triterpenes from a South African species of the marine sponge Axinella inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation in both breast and prostate tumor cells J Nat Prod 69 1715 1720 10.1021/np060278q
110. GC Ee CK Lim A Rahmat HL Lee 2005 Cytotoxic activities of chemical constituents from Mesua daphnifolia Trop Biomed 22 99 102
111. T Rabi 1996 Antitumor activity of amooranin from Amoora rohituka stem bark Curr Sci 70 80 81
112. T Rabi D Karunagaran M Krishnan Nair VN Bhattathiri 2002 Cytotoxic activity of amooranin and its derivatives Phytother Res 16 S84 S86 10.1002/ptr.803
113. T Rabi C Ramachandran HB Fonseca A Alomo SJ Melnick E Escalon 2003 Novel drug amooranin induces apoptosis through caspase activity in human breast carcinoma cell lines Breast Cancer Res Treat 80 321 330 10.1023/A:1024911925623
114. T Rabi L Wang S Banerjee 2007 Novel triterpenoid 25-hydroxy-3-oxoolean- 12-en-28-oic acid induces growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells Breast Cancer Res Treat 101 27 36 10.1007/s10549-006-9275-z
115. T Rabi S Banerjee 2007 Novel synthetic triterpenoid AMR-Me induces apoptosis through JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Mol Carcinog 47 415 423 10.1002/mc.20399
116. J Keijer A Bunschoten A Palou 2005 Beta-carotene and the application of transcriptomics in risk-benefit evaluation of natural dietary components Biochim Biophys Acta 1740 139 146
117. I Krinsky EJ Johnson 2005 Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease Mol Aspects Med 26 459 516 10.1016/j.mam.2005.10.001
118. U Peters ME Leitzmann N Chatterjee 1997 Serum lycopene, other carotenoids and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 109 126
119. H Gerster 1997 The potential role of lycopene for human health J Am Coll Nutr 16 109 126
120. NJ Wald J Boreham JL Hayward 1984 Plasma retinol, β-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer Br J Cancer 49 321 324
121. P Knekt A Aromaa J Maatela 1990 Serum vitamin A and subsequent risk of cancer: cancer incidence follow-up of the Finnish mobile clinic health examination survey Am J Epidemiol 132 857 870
122. P Toniolo AL Van Kappel A Akhmedkhanov 2001 Serum carotenoids and breast cancer Am J Epidemiol 153 1142 1147 10.1093/aje/153.12.1142
123. JF Dorgan A Sowell CA Swanson 1998 Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia. Missouri (United States) Cancer Causes Control 9 89 97 10.1023/A:1008857521992
124. M Panayiotidis AR Collins 1998 Ex vivo assessment of lymphocyte antioxidant status using the comet assay Free Radic Res 27 533 537 10.3109/10715769709065793
125. G Shklar 1998 Mechanism of cancer inhibition by anti-oxidant nutrients Oral Oncol 34 24 29 10.1016/S1368-8375(97)00060-2
126. Y Cui Z Lu L Bai 2007 Beta-carotene induces apoptosis and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and reactive oxygen species production in MCF-7 cancer cells Eur J Cancer 43 2590 2601 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.015
127. L Arab S Steck 2000 Lycopene and cardiovascular disease Am J Clin Nutr 71 1691 1695
128. H Nagasawa T Mitamura S Sakamoto 1995 Effects of lycopene on spontaneous mammary tumour development in SHN virgin mice Anticancer Res 15 1173 1178
129. Y Sharoni E Giron M Rise 1997 Effects of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors Cancer Detect Prev 21 118 123
130. J Levy E Bosin B Feldman 1995 Lycopene is a more potent inhibitor of human cancer cell proliferation than either alpha-carotene or beta-carotene Nutr Cancer 24 257 266
131. JS Park BP Chew TS Wong 1998 Dietary lutein from marigold extract inhibits mammary tumor development in BALB/c mice J Nutr 128 1650 1656
132. VN Sumantran R Zhang DS Lee 2000 Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 257 263
133. BP Chew CM Brown JS Park 2003 Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis Anticancer Res 23 3333 3339
134. LX Zhang RV Cooney JS Bertram 1991 Carotenoids enhance gap junctional communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in C3H/10T1/2 cells: relationship to their cancer chemopreventive action Carcinogenesis 12 2109 2114 10.1093/carcin/12.11.2109
135. AD Haegele C Gillette C O'Neill 2000 Plasma xanthophyll carotenoids correlate inversely with indices of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 421 425
136. F Khachik GR Beecher JC Smith Jr 1995 Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer J Cell Biochem 22 236 246 10.1002/jcb.240590830
137. SB Astley RM Elliott DB Archer 2002 Increased cellular carotenoid levels reduce the persistence of DNA single-strand breaks after oxidative challenge Nutr Cancer 43 202 213 10.1207/S15327914NC432-11
138. JS Park BP Chew TS Wong 1998 Dietary lutein absorption from marigold extract is rapid in BALB/c mice J Nutr 128 1802 1806
139. H Jyonouchi L Zhang MD Gross 1994 Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens Nutr Cancer 21 47 58
140. JS Park BP Chew TS Wong 1999 Dietary lutein but not astaxanthin or beta-carotene increases pim-1 gene expression in murine lymphocytes Nutr Cancer 33 206 212 10.1207/S15327914NC330214
141. K Kline KA Lawson W Yu 2003 Vitamin E and breast cancer prevention: current status and future potential J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 8 91 102 10.1023/A:1025787422466
142. K Kline W Yu BG Sanders 2001 Vitamin E: mechanisms of action as tumor cell growth inhibitors J Nutr 131 161 163
143. 2-terminal kinase but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer cells Cancer Res 61 6569 6576
144. M Meydani 1995 Vitamin E Lancet 345 170 175 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90172-8
145. M Eicholzer HB Stalielin KF Gey 1996 Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year old follow-up of the prospective basal study Int J Cancer 66 145 150
146. H You W Yu BG Sanders 2001 RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate induces MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to undergo differentiation Cell Growth Differ 12 471 480
147. W Yu BG Sanders K Kline 2002 RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate-induction of DNA synthesis arrest of human MDA-MB-435 cells involves TGF-β independent activation of p21 (Waf1/Cip1) Nutr Cancer 43 227 236 10.1207/S15327914NC432-13
148. KN Prasad J Edwards-Prasad 1992 Vitamin E and cancer prevention: recent advances and future potentials J Am Coll Nutr 11 487 500
149. H You W Yu D Munoz-Medellin 2002 Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced differentiation of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells Mol Carcinog 33 228 236 10.1002/mc.10040
150. WY Bob G Sanders K Kline 2003 RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer cells involves bax translocation to mitochondria Cancer Res 63 2483 2491
151. A Charpentier M Simmons-Menchaca W Yu 1996 RRR-α-tocopheryl succinate enhances TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 and TGF-βR-II expression by human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells Nutr Cancer 26 237 250
152. N Guthrie A Gapor AF Chambers KK Carroll 1997 Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and -positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by palm oil tocotrienols and tamoxifen, alone and in combination J Nutr 127 544S 548S
153. W Yu M Simmons-Menchaca A Gapor 1999 Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by tocopherols and tocotrienols Nutr Cancer 33 26 32
154. VG Vogel 2007 Chemoprevention strategies Curr Treat Options Oncol 8 74 88 10.1007/s11864-007-0019-z
155. R Day PA Ganz JP Costantino 1999 Health-related quality of life and tamoxifen in breast cancer prevention: a report from the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project P-I Study J Clin Oncol 17 2659 2669
156. G Vogel 2001 Reducing the risk of breast cancer with tamoxifen in women at increased risk J Clin Oncol 19 87 92
157. VG Vogel 2007 Raloxifene: a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator for reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women Womens Health 3 139 153 10.2217/17455057.3.2.139
158. DG Bostwick HB Burke TM Wheeler 1994 The most promising surrogate endpoint biomarkers for screening candidate chemopreventive compounds for prostate adenocarcinoma in short-term phase II clinical trials J Cell Biochem 19 283 289
159. LS Stadtzkin LS Freedman HR Stern 1996 Surrogate end points in cancer research: a critique Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5 947 953
160. JB Merk S Rottey K Olaussen 2006 Cyclooxygenase-2 as a target for anticancer drug development Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 59 51 64 10.1016/j. critrevonc.2006.01.003
161. RE Harris J Beebe-Donk H Doss 2004 Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective cox-2 blockade Oncol Rep 13 559 583
162. ML Parrett RE Harris FS Joarder 1997 Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human breast cancer Int J Oncol 10 503 507
163. JL Masferrer KM Leahy AT Koki 2000 Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors Cancer Res 60 1306 1311
164. G Abbadessa A Spaccamiglio ML Sartori 2006 The aspirin metabolite, salicylate, inhibits 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-DNA adduct formation in breast cancer cells Int J Oncol 28 1131 1140
165. Dipple A, Moschel RC, Bigger CAH (1984) Polynuclear aromatic carcinogens. In: Searle CE (ed) Chemical carcinogens. ACS monographs. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
166. DC Allred SK Mohsin SA Fuqua 2001 Histological and biological evolution of human premalignant breast tissue Endocr Relat Cancer 8 47 61 10.1677/erc.0.0080047
167. Y Matsuoka K Fukamachi N Uehara 2008 Induction of a novel histone deacetylase 1/c-Myc/Mnt/Max complex formation is implicated in parity-induced refractoriness to mammary carcinogenesis Cancer Sci 99 309 315 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00689.x
168. G Thordarson N Slusher H Leong 2004 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-alpha activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway Breast Cancer Res 6 423 436 10.1186/bcr812
169. A Naili-Ito M Asamoto N Hokaiwado 2007 Gpx2 is an overexpressed gene in rat breast cancer induced by three different chemical carcinogens Cancer Res 67 11353 11358 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2226