Role of melatonin in the epigenetic regulation of breast cancer

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 115, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 13-27

  Korkmaz, Ahmet ^a,b   Sanchez Barcelo, Emilio J ^c   Tan, Dun Xian ^b   Reiter, Russel J ^b  

^a GULHANE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Turkey)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CANTABRIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Aromatase; Breast cancer; Cell cycle; Clock genes; Epigenetic mechanisms; Light at night; Melatonin; Nuclear receptors; Telomerase

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; AROMATASE; AZACITIDINE; CYCLIN D1; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; LIVER X RECEPTOR; MELATONIN; PER2 PROTEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; TELOMERASE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DEACETYLATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPLICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; DOWN REGULATION; EPIGENETICS; ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE SILENCING; GENETIC REGULATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

AROMATASE; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL NUCLEUS; DNA METHYLATION; ENVIRONMENT; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENE SILENCING; HUMANS; MELATONIN; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, GENETIC; TELOMERE;

EID: 67349171382     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: 15737217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0103-5     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. C Bronner T Chataigneau VB Schini-Kerth Y Landry 2007 The "Epigenetic Code Replication Machinery", ECREM: a promising drugable target of the epigenetic cell memory Curr Med Chem 14 2629 2641 10.2174/092986707782023244 (Pubitemid 350048321)
2. D Hanahan RA Weinberg 2000 The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100 57 70 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 (Pubitemid 30046295)
3. M Ducasse MA Brown 2006 Epigenetic aberrations and cancer Mol Cancer 5 60 10.1186/1476-4598-5-60
4. YH Jiang J Bressler AL Beaudet 2004 Epigenetics and human disease Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet 5 479 510 10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.180014 (Pubitemid 39362754)
5. JA McLachlan 2001 Environmental signaling: what embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals Endocr Rev 22 319 341 10.1210/er.22.3.319 (Pubitemid 32554362)
6. C Gallou-Kabani C Junien 2005 Nutritional epigenomics of metabolic syndrome: new perspective against the epidemic Diabetes 54 1899 1906 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1899 (Pubitemid 40911250)
7. V Bombail JG Moggs G Orphanides 2004 Perturbation of epigenetic status by toxicants Toxicol Lett 149 51 58 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.003 (Pubitemid 38469820)
8. JA McLachlan M Burow TC Chiang SF Li 2001 Gene imprinting in developmental toxicology: a possible interface between physiology and pathology Toxicol Lett 120 161 164 10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00295-8 (Pubitemid 32375082)
9. E Giovanucci MJ Stampfer GA Colditz 1993 Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma J Natl Cancer Inst 85 875 884 10.1093/jnci/85.11.875 (Pubitemid 23157127)
10. R Janisch A Bird 2003 Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals Nat Genet 33 245 254 10.1038/ng1089 (Pubitemid 36278835)
11. M Dizik JK Christman E Wainfan 1991 Alterations in expression and methylation of specific genes in livers of rats fed a cancer promoting methyl-deficient diet Carcinogenesis 12 1307 1312 10.1093/carcin/12.7.1307
12. M Widschwendter PA Jones 2002 DNA methylation and breast carcinogenesis Oncogene 21 5462 5482 10.1038/sj.onc.1205606
13. V Stearns Q Zhou NE Davidson 2007 Epigenetic regulation as a new target for breast cancer therapy Cancer Invest 25 659 665 10.1080/07357900701719234 (Pubitemid 350223167)
14. Esteller M (2007) Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer: the DNA hypermethylome. Hum Mol Genet; 16 Spec No 1:R50-59
15. PM Das R Singal 2004 DNA methylation and cancer J Clin Oncol 22 4632 4642 10.1200/JCO.2004.07.151 (Pubitemid 41185132)
16. GA Garinis GP Patrinos NE Spanakis PG Menounos 2002 DNA hypermethylation: when tumour suppressor genes go silent Hum Genet 111 115 127 10.1007/s00439-002-0783-6 (Pubitemid 36075029)
17. B Brueckner D Kuck F Lyko 2007 DNA methyltransferase inhibitors for cancer therapy Cancer J 13 17 22 10.1097/PPO.0b013e31803c7245
18. J Peedicayil 2006 Epigenetic therapy-a new development in pharmacology Indian J Med Res 123 17 24
19. TH Bestor 2000 The DNA methyltransferases of mammals Hum Mol Genet 9 2395 2402 10.1093/hmg/9.16.2395
20. XJ Yang E Seto 2007 HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel strategies for therapy and prevention Oncogene 26 5310 2318 10.1038/sj.onc.1210599 (Pubitemid 47255917)
21. Miremadi A, Oestergaard MZ, Pharoah PD, Caldas C (2007) Cancer genetics of epigenetic genes. Hum Mol Genet 16 Spec No 1: R28-49
22. M Esteller 2000 Epigenetic lesions causing genetic lesions in human cancer: promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes Eur J Cancer 36 2294 2300 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00303-8
23. FV Jacinto M Esteller 2007 Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer Mutagenesis 22 247 253 10.1093/mutage/gem009 (Pubitemid 47216613)
24. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Villar-Garea et al (2005) Loss of acetylation at Lys16 and trimethylation at Lys20 of histone H4 is a common hallmark of human cancer. Nat Genet 37:391-400. doi: 10.1038/ng1531
25. M Esteller 2008 Epigenetics in cancer N Engl J Med 358 1148 1159 10.1056/NEJMra072067
26. L Giacinti PP Claudio M Lopez A Giordano 2006 Epigenetic information and estrogen receptor alpha expression in breast cancer Oncologist 11 1 8 10.1634/theoncologist.11-1-1 (Pubitemid 43152681)
27. M Szyf P Pakneshan SA Rabbani 2004 DNA methylation and breast cancer Biochem Pharmacol 68 1187 1197 10.1016/j.bcp. 2004.04.030 (Pubitemid 39094284)
28. M Ehrlich 2002 DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little Oncogene 21 5400 5413 10.1038/sj.onc.1205651
29. VM Popov C Wang LA Shirley 2007 The functional significance of nuclear receptor acetylation Steroids 72 221 230 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.12.001 (Pubitemid 46273505)
30. AB Lerner JD Case Y Takahashi 1960 Isolation of melatonin and 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid from bovine pineal glands J Biol Chem 235 1992 1997
31. S Cos EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 2000 Melatonin and mammary pathological growth Front Neuroendocrinol 21 133 170 10.1006/frne.1999.0194 (Pubitemid 30228502)
32. EJ Sanchez-Barcelo S Cos D Mediavilla C Martinez-Campa A Gonzalez C Alonso-Gonzalez 2005 Melatonin-estrogen interactions in breast cancer J Pineal Res 38 217 222 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2004.00207.x (Pubitemid 41475432)
33. M Cohen M Lippman B Chabner 1978 Role of pineal gland in the aetiology and treatment of breast cancer Lancet 2 814 816 1016/S0140-6736(78)9259-6 (Pubitemid 9054602)
34. L Tamarkin D Danforth A Lichter 1982 Decreased nocturnal plasma melatonin peak in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer Science 216 1003 1005 10.1126/science.7079745 (Pubitemid 12025042)
35. MP Coleman RJ Reiter 1992 Breast cancer, blindness and melatonin Eur J Cancer 28 501 503 10.1016/S0959-8049(05)80087-5
36. J Kliukiene T Tynes A Andersen 2001 Risk of breast cancer among Norwegian women with visual impairment Br J Cancer 84 397 399 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1617 (Pubitemid 32154435)
37. PK Verkasalo E Pukkala RG Stevens M Ojamo SL Rudanko 1999 Inverse association between breast cancer incidence and degree of visual impairment in Finland Br J Cancer 80 1459 1460 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690544 (Pubitemid 29308618)
38. ES Schernhammer SE Hankinson 2005 Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk J Natl Cancer Inst 97 1084 1087 (Pubitemid 41417926)
39. LI Kheifets CC Matkin 1999 Industrialization, electromagnetic fields, and breast cancer risk Environ Health Perspect 107 Suppl 1 145 154 10.2307/3434479 (Pubitemid 29164207)
40. GC Brainard R Kavet LI Kheifets 1999 The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature J Pineal Res 26 65 100 10.1111/j.1600-079X. 1999.tb00568.x (Pubitemid 29136726)
41. S Cos D Mediavilla C Martinez-Campa A Gonzalez C Alonso-Gonzalez EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 2006 Exposure to light-at-night increases the growth of DMBA- induced mammary adenocarcinomas in rats Cancer Lett 235 266 271 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.025
42. DE Blask RT Dauchy LA Sauer JA Krause GC Brainard 2003 Growth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression Breast Cancer Res Treat 79 313 320 10.1023/A:1024030518065 (Pubitemid 36750938)
43. ST Wilson DE Blask AM Lemus-Wilson 1992 Melatonin augments the sensitivity of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to tamoxifen in vitro J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75 669 670 10.1210/jc.75.2.669
44. DE Blask ST Wilson F Zalatan 1997 Physiological melatonin inhibition of human breast cancer cell growth in vitro: evidence for a glutathione-mediated pathway Cancer Res 57 1909 1914 (Pubitemid 27209720)
45. MD Mediavilla A Güezmez S Ramos L Kothari F Garijo EJ Sánchez Barceló 1997 Effects of melatonin on mammary gland lesions in transgenic mice overexpressing N-ras proto-oncogene J Pineal Res 22 86 94 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00308.x (Pubitemid 127731780)
46. S Cos R Fernandez A Güezmes EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 1998 Influence of melatonin on invasive and metastatic properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Cancer Res 58 4383 4390 (Pubitemid 28450041)
47. DJ Mangelsdorf C Thummel M Beato 1995 The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade Cell 83 835 839 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-X (Pubitemid 26006525)
48. CK Glass MG Rosenfeld 2000 The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors Genes Dev 14 121 141 (Pubitemid 30070977)
49. NZ Lu SE Wardell KL Burnstein 2006 International Union of Pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors Pharmacol Rev 58 782 797 10.1124/pr.58.4.9
50. G Benoit A Cooney V Giguere 2006 International Union of Pharmacology LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors Pharmacol Rev 58 798 836 10.1124/pr.58.4.10
51. DM Lonard RB Lanz BW O'Malley 2007 Nuclear receptor coregulators and human disease Endocr Rev 28 575 587 10.1210/er.2007-0012 (Pubitemid 47236337)
52. T Jenuwein CD Allis 2001 Translating the histone code Science 293 1074 1080 10.1126/science.1063127 (Pubitemid 32758077)
53. J Chen HK Kinyamu TK Archer 2006 Changes in attitude, changes in latitude: nuclear receptors remodeling chromatin to regulate transcription Mol Endocrinol 20 1 13 10.1210/me.2005-0192 (Pubitemid 43011666)
54. DM Lonard BW O'Malley 2007 Nuclear receptor coregulators: judges, juries, and executioners of cellular regulation Mol Cell 27 691 700 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.08.012 (Pubitemid 47333229)
55. M Becker-Andre I Wiesenberg N Schaeren-Wiemers 1994 Pineal gland hormone melatonin binds and activates an orphan of the nuclear receptor superfamily J Biol Chem 269 28531 28534
56. HT Park SY Baek BS Kim JB Kim JJ Kim 1996 Developmental expression of 'RZR beta, a putative nuclear-melatonin receptor' mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Neurosci Lett 217 17 20 10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13060-3
57. HT Park YJ Kim S Yoon JB Kim JJ Kim 1997 Distributional characteristics of the mRNA for retinoid Z receptor beta (RZR beta), a putative nuclear melatonin receptor, in the rat brain and spinal cord Brain Res 747 332 337 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01320-0
58. L Agez V Laurent P Pevet M Masson-Pevet F Gauer 2007 Melatonin affects nuclear orphan receptors mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei Neuroscience 144 522 530 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.030
59. L Naji A Carrillo-Vico JM Guerrero JR Calvo 2004 Expression of membrane and nuclear melatonin receptors in mouse peripheral organs Life Sci 74 2227 2236 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.046
60. R Baler S Coon DC Klein 1996 Orphan nuclear receptor RZRbeta: cyclic AMP regulates expression in the pineal gland Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220 975 978 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0517
61. S Garcia-Maurino MG Gonzalez-Haba JR Calvo 1997 Melatonin enhances IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: a possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes J Immunol 159 574 581
62. K Bordji JP Grillasca JN Gouze 2000 Evidence for the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARgamma activation modulates the effects of interleukin-1beta on rat chondrocytes J Biol Chem 275 12243 12250 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12243
63. AN Smirnov 2001 Nuclear melatonin receptors Biochemistry (Mosc) 66 1 19 26 10.1023/A:1002821427018
64. RT Nolte GB Wisely S Westin 1998 Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma Nature 395 137 143 10.1038/25931
65. AJ Horlein AM Naar T Heinzel 1995 Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor Nature 377 397 404 10.1038/377397a0
66. A Chawla CH Lee Y Barak 2003 PPARdelta is a very low-density lipoprotein sensor in macrophages Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 1268 1273 10.1073/pnas. 0337331100
67. L Xu CK Glass MG Rosenfeld 1999 Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function Curr Opin Genet Dev 9 2 140 147 10.1016/S0959-437X(99) 80021-5
68. R Mukherjee PJ Davies DL Crombie 1997 Sensitization of diabetic and obese mice to insulin by retinoid X receptor agonists Nature 386 407 410 10.1038/386407a0
69. R Mukherjee L Jow GE Croston JR Paterniti 1997 Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms PPARgamma2 versus PPARgamma1 and activation with retinoid X receptor agonists and antagonists J Biol Chem 272 8071 8076 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2346
70. NJ McKenna RB Lanz BW O'Malley 1999 Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology Endocr Rev 20 321 344 10.1210/er.20.3.321
71. NJ McKenna BW O'Malley 2002 Minireview: nuclear receptor coactivators-an update Endocrinology 143 2461 2465 10.1210/en.143.7.2461
72. NJ McKenna BW O'Malley 2002 Combinatorial control of gene expression by nuclear receptors and coregulators Cell 108 465 474 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00641- 4
73. SM Schneider M Offterdinger H Huber TW Grunt 1999 Involvement of nuclear steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptors and of protein kinases in the regulation of growth and of c-erbB and retinoic acid receptor expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells Breast Cancer Res Treat 58 171 181 10.1023/A:1006377006816
74. TL Kiefer L Lai L Yuan C Dong ME Burow SM Hill 2005 Differential regulation of estrogen receptor alpha, glucocorticoid receptor and retinoic acid receptor alpha transcriptional activity by melatonin is mediated via different G proteins J Pineal Res 38 231 239 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2004.00198.x
75. MH Jarrar A Baranova 2007 PPARgamma activation by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) may modulate breast carcinoma outcome: the importance of interplay with TGFbeta signalling J Cell Mol Med 11 71 87 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00003.x
76. DL Crowe RA Chandraratna 2004 A retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective retinoid reveals that RXR-alpha is potentially a therapeutic target in breast cancer cell lines, and that it potentiates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands Breast Cancer Res 6 R546 R555 10.1186/bcr913
77. K Eck-Enriquez TL Kiefer LL Spriggs SM Hill 2000 Pathways through which a regimen of melatonin and retinoic acid induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Breast Cancer Res Treat 61 229 239 10.1023/A:1006442017658
78. Sharma R, Ottenhof T, Rzeczkowska PA, Niles LP (2008) Epigenetic targets for melatonin: induction of histone H3 hyperacetylation and gene expression in C17.2 neural stem cells. J Pineal Res (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00587.x
79. DE Blask SM Hill 1968 Effects of melatonin on cancer: studies on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture J Neural Transm Suppl 21 433 449
80. MM Leon-Blanco JM Guerrero RJ Reiter JR Calvo D Pozo 2003 Melatonin inhibits telomerase activity in the MCF-7 tumor cell line both in vivo and in vitro J Pineal Res 35 204 211 10.1034/j.1600-079X.2003.00077.x
81. C Martinez-Campa C Alonso-Gonzalez MD Mediavilla 2006 Melatonin inhibits both ER alpha activation and breast cancer cell proliferation induced by a metalloestrogen, cadmium J Pineal Res 40 291 296 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00315. x
82. Martinez-Campa C, Alonso-Gonzalez C, Mediavilla MD, Cos S, Gonzalez A, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (2008) Melatonin down-regulates hTERT expression induced by either natural estrogens (17β-estradiol) or metalloestrogens (cadmium) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.001
83. TM Molis LL Spriggs Y Jupiter SM Hill 1995 Melatonin modulation of estrogen-regulated proteins, growth factors, and proto-oncogenes in human breast cancer J Pineal Res 18 93 103 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00146.x
84. NO Lawson BE Wee DE Blask CG Castles LL Spriggs SM Hill 1992 Melatonin decreases estrogen receptor expression in the medial preoptic area of inbred (LSH/SsLak) golden hamsters Biol Reprod 47 1082 1090 10.1095/biolreprod47.6.1082
85. TM Molis LL Spriggs SM Hill 1994 Modulation of estrogen receptor mRNA expression by melatonin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Mol Endocrinol 8 1681 1690 10.1210/me.8.12.1681
86. AG Rato JG Pedrero MA Martinez B del Rio PS Lazo S Ramos 1999 Melatonin blocks the activation of estrogen receptor for DNA binding FASEB J 13 857 868
87. Baldwin WS, Barrett JC (1998) Melatonin: receptor-mediated events that may affect breast and other steroid hormone-dependent cancers. Mol Carcinog 21:149-155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199803)21:3≤149::AID-MC1≥3.0.CO;2- H
88. L Yuan AR Collins J Dai ML Dubocovich SM Hill 2002 MT(1) melatonin receptor verexpression enhances the growth suppressive effect of melatonin in human breast cancer cells Mol Cell Endocrinol 192 147 156 10.1016/S0303-7207(02) 00029-1
89. MP Jones MA Melan PA Witt-Enderby 2000 Melatonin decreases cell proliferation and transformation in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner Cancer Lett 151 133 143 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00394-8
90. PT Ram J Dai L Yuan 2002 Involvement of the mt1 melatonin receptor in human breast cancer Cancer Lett 179 141 150 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00873-4
91. A Collins L Yuan TL Kiefer Q Cheng L Lai SM Hill 2003 Overexpression of the MT1 melatonin receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells inhibits mammary tumor formation in nude mice Cancer Lett 189 49 57 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00502-5
92. DC Dillon SE Easley BB Asch 2002 Differential expression of high-affinity melatonin receptors (MT1) in normal and malignant human breast tissue Am J Clin Pathol 118 451 458 10.1309/1T4V-CT1G-UBJP-3EHP
93. JM Garcia Pedrero B Del Rio C Martínez-Campa M Muramatsu PS Lazo S Ramos 2002 Calmodulin is a selective modulator of estrogen receptors Mol Endocrinol 16 947 960 10.1210/me.16.5.947
94. J Dai EW Inscho L Yuan SM Hill 2002 Modulation of intracellular calcium and calmodulin by melatonin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells J Pineal Res 32 2 112 119 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2002.1844.x
95. B del Río JM García Pedrero C Martínez-Campa P Zuazua PS Lazo S Ramos 2004 Melatonin, an endogenous-specific inhibitor of estrogen receptor alpha via calmodulin J Biol Chem 279 38294 38302 10.1074/jbc.M403140200
96. M Macaluso C Cinti G Russo A Russo A Giordano 2003 pRb2/p130-E2F4/5- HDAC1-SUV39H1-p300 and pRb2/p130-E2F4/5-HDAC1-SUV39H1-DNMT1 multimolecular complexes mediate the transcription of estrogen receptor-alpha in breast cancer Oncogene 22 3511 3517 10.1038/sj.onc.1206578
97. MB Martin SV Angeloni P Garcia-Morales 2004 Regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha expression in MCF-7 cells by taxol J Endocrinol 180 487 496 10.1677/joe.0.1800487
98. JB Burch M Walling A Rush 2007 Melatonin and estrogen in breast cyst fluids Breast Cancer Res Treat 103 331 341 10.1007/s10549-006-9372-z
99. X Yang AT Ferguson SJ Nass 2000 Transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells by histone deacetylase inhibition Cancer Res 60 6890 6894
100. SE Bulun Z Lin G Imir 2005 Regulation of aromatase expression in estrogen-responsive breast and uterine disease: from bench to treatment Pharmacol Rev 57 359 383 10.1124/pr.57.3.6
101. AA van Landeghem J Poortman M Nabuurs JH Thijssen 1985 Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue Cancer Res 45 2900 2906
102. SE Bulun K Zeitoun H Sasano ER Simpson 1999 Aromatase in aging women Semin Reprod Endocrinol 17 349 358 10.1055/s-1999-7720
103. RR Tekmal N Kirma K Gill K Fowler 1999 Aromatase overexpression and breast hyperplasia, an in vivo model-continued overexpression of aromatase is sufficient to maintain hyperplasia without circulating estrogens, and aromatase inhibitors abrogate these preneoplastic changes in mammary glands Endocr Relat Cancer 6 307 314 10.1677/erc.0.0060307
104. T Suzuki Y Miki Y Nakamura 2005 Sex steroid-producing enzymes in human breast cancer Endocr Relat Cancer 12 701 720
105. JR Pasqualini GS Chetrite 2005 Recent insight on the control of enzymes involved in estrogen formation and transformation in human breast cancer J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 93 221 236 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.02.007
106. S Cos C Martinez-Campa MD Mediavilla EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 2005 Melatonin modulates aromatase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells J Pineal Res 38 136 142 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2004.00186.x
107. A González C Martínez-Campa MD Mediavilla C Alonso-González EJ Sánchez-Barceló S Cos 2007 Inhibitory effects of pharmacological doses of melatonin on aromatase activity and expression in rat glioma cells Br J Cancer 97 755 760 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603935
108. C Martinez-Campa A Gonzalez MD Mediavilla C Alonso-Gonzalez EJ Sanchez-Barcelo S Cos 2005 Melatonin enhances the inhibitory effect of aminoglutethimide on aromatase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Breast Cancer Res Treat 94 249 254 10.1007/s10549-005-9006-x
109. S Cos A Gonzalez A Güezmes 2006 Melatonin inhibits the growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumors by decreasing the local biosynthesis of estrogens through the modulation of aromatase activity Int J Cancer 118 274 278 10.1002/ijc.21401
110. Gonzalez A, Cos S, Martinez-Campa C et al (2008) Selective estrogen enzyme modulator actions of melatonin in human breast cancer cells. J Pineal Res (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00559.x
111. M Izawa T Harada F Taniguchi Y Ohama Y Takenaka N Terakawa 2008 An epigenetic disorder may cause aberrant expression of aromatase gene in endometriotic stromal cells Fertil Steril 89 1390 1396
112. Z Cai J Kwintkiewicz ME Young C Stocco 2007 Prostaglandin E2 increases cyp19 expression in rat granulosa cells: implication of GATA-4 Mol Cell Endocrinol 263 181 189 10.1016/j.mce.2006.09.012
113. N Irahara Y Miyoshi T Taguchi Y Tamaki S Noguchi 2006 Quantitative analysis of aromatase mRNA expression derived from various promoters (I.4, I.3, PII and I.7) and its association with expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNAs in human breast cancer Int J Cancer 118 1915 1921 10.1002/ijc.21562
114. K Subbaramaiah LR Howe ER Port 2006 HER-2/neu status is a determinant of mammary aromatase activity in vivo: evidence for a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanism Cancer Res 66 5504 5511 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4076
115. K Subbaramaiah C Hudis SH Chang T Hla AJ Dannenberg 2008 EP2 and EP4 receptors regulate aromatase expression in human adipocytes and breast cancer cells. Evidence of a BRCA1 and p300 exchange J Biol Chem 283 3433 3444 10.1074/jbc.M705409200
116. E Esposito A Iacono C Muia 2008 Signal transduction pathways involved in protective effects of melatonin in C6 glioma cells J Pineal Res 44 78 87
117. WG Dong Q Mei JP Yu JM Xu L Xiang Y Xu 2003 Effects of melatonin on the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in rat models of colitis World J Gastroenterol 9 1307 1311
118. L Mrnka M Hock M Rybova J Pacha 2008 Melatonin inhibits prostaglandin E2- and sodium nitroprusside-induced ion secretion in rat distal colon Eur J Pharmacol 581 164 170 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.031
119. WG Deng ST Tang HP Tseng KK Wu 2006 Melatonin suppresses macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by inhibiting p52 acetylation and binding Blood 108 518 5124 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3691
120. W Fan T Yanase H Morinaga 2005 Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and retinoid X receptor inhibits aromatase transcription via nuclear factor-kappaB Endocrinology 146 85 92 10.1210/en.2004-1046
121. IK Moon MB Jarstfer 2007 The human telomere and its relationship to human disease, therapy, and tissue engineering Front Biosci 12 4595 4620 10.2741/2412
122. JW Shay S Bacchetti 1997 A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer Eur J Cancer 33 787 791 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)00062-2
123. B Shpitz S Zimlichman R Zemer 1999 Telomerase activity in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast Breast Cancer Res Treat 58 65 69 10.1023/A:1006394209922
124. KL Kirkpatrick G Clark M Ghilchick RF Newbold K Mokbel 2003 hTERT mRNA expression correlates with telomerase activity in human breast cancer Eur J Surg Oncol 29 321 326 10.1053/ejso.2002.1374
125. MA Blasco 2007 The epigenetic regulation of mammalian telomeres Nat Rev Genet 8 299 309 10.1038/nrg2047
126. SR Lai SM Phipps L Liu LG Andrews TO Tollefsbol 2005 Epigenetic control of telomerase and modes of telomere maintenance in aging and abnormal systems Front Biosci 10 1779 1796 10.2741/1661
127. S Gonzalo I Jaco MF Fraga 2006 DNA methyltransferases control telomere length and telomere recombination in mammalian cells Nat Cell Biol 8 416 424 10.1038/ncb1386
128. I Guilleret J Benhattar 2003 Demethylation of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene promoter reduced hTERT expression and telomerase activity and shortened telomeres Exp Cell Res 289 326 334 10.1016/S0014-4827(03) 00281-7
129. S Renaud D Loukinov Z Abdullaev 2007 Dual role of DNA methylation inside and outside of CTCF-binding regions in the transcriptional regulation of the telomerase hTERT gene Nucleic Acids Res 35 1245 1256 10.1093/nar/gkl1125
130. A Korkmaz RJ Reiter 2008 Epigenetic regulation: a new research area for melatonin? J Pineal Res 44 41 44
131. WJ Lee JY Shim BT Zhu 2005 Mechanisms for the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases by tea catechins and bioflavonoids Mol Pharmacol 68 1018 1030 10.1124/mol.104.008367
132. JB Berletch C Liu WK Love LG Andrews SK Katiyar TO Tollefsbol 2008 Epigenetic and genetic mechanisms contribute to telomerase inhibition by EGCG J Cell Biochem 103 509 519 10.1002/jcb.21417
133. MM Leon-Blanco JM Guerrero RJ Reiter D Pozo 2004 RNA expression of human telomerase subunits TR and TERT is differentially affected by melatonin receptor agonists in the MCF-7 tumor cell line Cancer Lett 216 73 80 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.05.003
134. F Farabegoli C Barbi E Lambertini R Piva 2007 (-)-Epigallocatechin-3- gallate downregulates estrogen receptor alpha function in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells Cancer Detect Prev 31 499 504 10.1016/j.cdp. 2007.10.018
135. S Cos A Gonzalez C Martinez-Campa MD Mediavilla C Alonso-Gonzalez EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 2006 Estrogen-signaling pathway: a link between breast cancer and melatonin oncostatic actions Cancer Detect Prev 30 118 128 10.1016/j.cdp. 2006.03.002
136. NK Mukhopadhyay GJ Gordon G Maulik 2005 Histone deacetylation is directly involved in desilencing the expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase in normal lung fibroblast J Cell Mol Med 9 662 669 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005. tb00496.x
137. M Suenaga H Soda M Oka 2002 Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression in prostate cancer cells Int J Cancer 97 621 625 10.1002/ijc.10082
138. M Hou X Wang N Popov 2002 The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A derepresses the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in human cells Exp Cell Res 274 25 34 10.1006/excr.2001.5462
139. MZ Fang Y Wang N Ai 2003 Tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits DNA methyltransferase and reactivates methylation-silenced genes in cancer cell lines Cancer Res 63 7563 7570
140. V Garcia JM Garcia C Pena 2008 Free circulating mRNA in plasma from breast cancer patients and clinical outcome Cancer Lett 263 312 320 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.008
141. M Fu C Wang Z Li T Sakamaki RG Pestell 2004 Minireview: cyclin D1: normal and abnormal functions Endocrinology 145 5439 5447 10.1210/en.2004-0959
142. M Fu M Rao T Bouras 2005 Cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated adipogenesis through histone deacetylase recruitment J Biol Chem 280 16934 16941 10.1074/jbc.M500403200
143. L Cicatiello R Addeo A Sasso 2004 Estrogens and progesterone promote persistent CCND1 gene activation during G1 by inducing transcriptional derepression via c-Jun/c-Fos/estrogen receptor (progesterone receptor) complex assembly to a distal regulatory element and recruitment of cyclin D1 to its own gene promoter Mol Cell Biol 24 7260 7274 10.1128/MCB.24.16.7260-7274.2004
144. M De Los Santos O Martinez-Iglesias A Aranda 2007 Anti-estrogenic actions of histone deacetylase inhibitors in MCF-7 breast cancer cells Endocr Relat Cancer 14 1021 1028 10.1677/ERC-07-0144
145. G Cini B Neri A Pacini 2005 Antiproliferative activity of melatonin by transcriptional inhibition of cyclin D1 expression: a molecular basis for melatonin-induced oncostatic effects J Pineal Res 39 12 20 10.1111/j.1600-079X. 2004.00206.x
146. SW Siu KW Lau PC Tam SY Shiu 2002 Melatonin and prostate cancer cell proliferation: interplay with castration, epidermal growth factor, and androgen sensitivity Prostate 52 106 122 10.1002/pros.10098
147. S Cos J Recio EJ Sánchez-Barceló 1996 Modulation of the length of the cell cycle time of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by melatonin Life Sci 58 811 816 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02359-3
148. RJ Reiter DX Tan A Korkmaz 2007 Light at night, chronodisruption, melatonin suppression, and cancer risk: a review Crit Rev Oncog 13 303 328
149. DE Blask GC Brainard RT Dauchy 2005 Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats Cancer Res 65 11174 11184 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN- 05-1945
150. SP Megdal CH Kroenke F Laden E Pukkala ES Schernhammer 2005 Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur J Cancer 41 2023 2032 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010
151. S Davis DK Mirick 2006 Circadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in Seattle Cancer Causes Control 17 539 545 10.1007/s10552-005-9010-9
152. J Hansen 2006 Risk of breast cancer after night- and shift work: current evidence and ongoing studies in Denmark Cancer Causes Control 17 531 537 10.1007/s10552-005-9006-5
153. S Cos A Alvarez MD Mediavilla C Bartsch H Bartsch EJ Sanchez-Barcelo 2000 Influence of serum from healthy or breast tumor-bearing women on the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Int J Mol Med 5 651 656
154. J Hirayama P Sassone-Corsi 2005 Structural and functional features of transcription factors controlling the circadian clock Curr Opin Genet Dev 15 548 556 10.1016/j.gde.2005.07.003
155. SH Yoo S Yamazaki PL Lowrey 2004 PERIOD2: luciferase real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 5339 53346 10.1073/pnas.0308709101
156. K Kume MJ Zylka S Sriram 1999 mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop Cell 98 193 205 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81014-4
157. M Doi J Hirayama P Sassone-Corsi 2006 Circadian regulator CLOCK is a histone acetyltransferase Cell 125 497 508 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.033
158. J Hirayama S Sahar B Grimaldi 2007 CLOCK-mediated acetylation of BMAL1 controls circadian function Nature 450 1086 1090 10.1038/nature06394
159. J Hirayama S Cho P Sassone-Corsi 2007 Circadian control by the reduction/oxidation pathway: catalase represses light-dependent clock gene expression in the zebrafish Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 15747 15752 10.1073/pnas.0705614104
160. L Fu H Pelicano J Liu P Huang C Lee 2002 The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111 41 50 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00961-3
161. S Xiang SB Coffelt L Mao L Yuan Q Cheng SM Hill 2008 Period-2: a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer J Circadian Rhythms 6 4 10.1186/1740-3391-6-4
162. S Gery RK Virk K Chumakov A Yu HP Koeffler 2007 The clock gene Per2 links
163. DB Boivin FO James A Wu PF Cho-Park H Xiong ZS Sun 2003 Circadian clock genes oscillate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Blood 102 4143 4145 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0779
164. C Cajochen C Jud M Munch S Kobialka A Wirz-Justice U Albrecht 2006 Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans Eur J Neurosci 23 1082 1086 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04613.x
165. I Provencio MD Rollag AM Castrucci 2002 Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells may explain how some blind mice can still tell day from night Nature 415 6871 493 10.1038/415493a
166. Y Miyamoto A Sancar 1998 Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 6097 6102 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6097
167. CP Selby C Thompson TM Schmitz RN Van Gelder A Sancar 2000 Functional redundancy of cryptochromes and classical photoreceptors for nonvisual ocular photoreception in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 14697 14702 10.1073/pnas.260498597
168. DM Berson FA Dunn M Takao 2002 Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock Science 295 1070 1073 10.1126/science.1067262
169. GC Brainard JP Hanifin JM Greeson 2001 Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor J Neurosci 21 6405 6412
170. HR Wright LC Lack 2001 Effect of light wavelength on suppression and phase delay of the melatonin rhythm Chronobiol Int 18 801 808 10.1081/CBI-100107515
171. SW Lockley GC Brainard CA Czeisler 2003 High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 4502 4505 10.1210/jc.2003-030570
172. C Cajochen M Munch S Kobialka 2001 High sensitivity of human melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation, and heart rate to short wavelength light J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 1311 1 10.1210/jc.2004-0957
173. SM Reppert DR Weaver 2001 Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Annu Rev Physiol 63 647 676 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.647
174. R Salti R Tarquini S Stagi 2006 Age-dependent association of exposure to television screen with children's urinary melatonin excretion? Neuroendocrinol Lett 27 73 80
175. ST Chen KB Choo MF Hou KT Yeh SJ Kuo JG Chang 2005 Deregulated expression of the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes in breast cancers Carcinogenesis 26 1241 1246 10.1093/carcin/bgi075