International union of pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 782-797

  Lu, Nick Z ^a   Wardell, Suzanne E ^b   Burnstein, Kerry L ^c   Defranco, Donald ^d   Fuller, Peter J ^e   Giguere, Vincent ^f   Hochberg, Richard B ^g   Mckay, Lorraine ^h   Renoir, Jack Michel ⁱ   Weigel, Nancy L ^j   Wilson, Elizabeth M ^k   Mcdonnell, Donald P ^b   Cidlowski, John A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e HUDSON INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^f ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^g YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^j BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; ALDOSTERONE; ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANDROSTANOLONE; BICALUTAMIDE; CARBENOXOLONE; DEXAMETHASONE; DROSPIRENONE; EPLERENONE; ESTROGEN; FLUDROCORTISONE; FLUTAMIDE; GESTAGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; GONADORELIN; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; HYDROCORTISONE; MIFEPRISTONE; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; NILUTAMIDE; ONAPRISTONE; PREDNISOLONE; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN; SPIRONOLACTONE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE;

ACNE; ADDISON DISEASE; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; AGGRESSION; AGING; AMENORRHEA; AZOOSPERMIA; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOMA; CLITORIS; CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA; DELAYED PUBERTY; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIZZINESS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DYSMENORRHEA; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM CARCINOMA; EUPHORIA; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GROWTH DISORDER; HEADACHE; HEART FAILURE; HIRSUTISM; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGONADISM; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEIOMYOMA; LEUKEMIA; LIBIDO DISORDER; LIVER DISEASE; MENINGIOMA; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; POLYCYTHEMIA; POLYURIA; POTENCY DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; TESTIS SIZE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UTERUS BLEEDING; VOICE CHANGE; WEIGHT GAIN;

ANIMALS; HORMONE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; LIGANDS; MUTATION; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR; RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOID; RECEPTORS, MINERALOCORTICOID; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE;

EID: 33751541647     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: 15210081     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.9     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Amasheh S, Epple HJ, Mankertz J, Detjen K, Goltz M, Schulzke JD, and Fromm M (2000) Differential regulation of ENaC by aldosterone in rat early and late distal colon. Ann NY Acad Sci 915:92-94.
2. Arriza JL, Weinberger C, Cerelli G, Glaser TM, Handelin BL, Housman DE, and Evans RM (1987) Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science (Wash DC) 237:268-275.
3. Auchus RJ (2004) The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:432-438.
4. + metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9424-9429.
5. Bevan CL, Hoare S, Claessens F, Heery DM, and Parker MG (1999) The AF1 and AF2 domains of the androgen receptor interact with distinct regions of SRC1. Mol Cell Biol 19:8383-8392.
6. Bledsoe RK, Madauss KP, Holt JA, Apolito CJ, Lambert MH, Pearce KH, Stanley TB, Stewart EL, Trump RP, Willson TM, et al. (2005) A ligand-mediated hydrogen bond network required for the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 280:31283-31293.
7. Bledsoe RK, Montana VG, Stanley TB, Delves CJ, Apolito CJ, McKee DD, Consler TG, Parks DJ, Stewart EL, Willson TM, et al. (2002) Crystal structure of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain reveals a novel mode of receptor dimerization and coactivator recognition. Cell 110:93-105.
8. Bray PJ and Cotton RG (2003) Variations of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1): pathological and in vitro mutations and polymorphisms. Hum Mutat 21:557-568.
9. Buttgereit F, Burmester GR, and Lipworth BJ (2005) Optimised glucocorticoid therapy: the sharpening of an old spear. Lancet 365:801-803.
10. Calle C, Campion J, Garcia-Arencibia M, Maestro B, and Davila N (2003) Transcriptional inhibition of the human insulin receptor gene by aldosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 84:543-553.
11. Chang CS, Kokontis J, and Liao ST (1988) Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors. Science (Wash DC) 240:324-326.
12. Chang CY and McDonnell DP (2005) Androgen receptor-cofactor interactions as targets for new drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:225-228.
13. Chen S, Wang J, Yu G, Liu W, and Pearce D (1997) Androgen and glucocorticoid receptor heterodimer formation: a possible mechanism for mutual inhibition of transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 272:14087-14092.
14. Chwalisz K, Perez MC, Demanno D, Winkel C, Schubert G, and Elger W (2005) Selective progesterone receptor modulator development and use in the treatment of leiomyomata and endometriosis. Endocr Rev 26:423-438.
15. Cidlowski JA, Bellingham DL, Powell-Oliver FE, Lubahn DB, and Sar M (1990) Novel antipeptide antibodies to the human glucocorticoid receptor: recognition of multiple receptor forms in vitro and distinct localization of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. Mol Endocrinol 4:1427-1437.
16. Cole TJ, Blendy JA, Monaghan AP, Krieglstein K, Schmid W, Aguzzi A, Fantuzzi G, Hummler E, Unsicker K, and Schutz G (1995) Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev 9:1608-1621.
17. Cole TJ, Myles K, Purton JF, Brereton PS, Solomon NM, Godfrey DI, and Funder JW (2001) GRKO mice express an aberrant dexamethasone-binding glucocorticoid receptor, but are profoundly glucocorticoid resistant. Mol Cell Endocrinol 173:193-202.
18. Craft N, Shostak Y, Carey M, and Sawyers CL (1999) A mechanism for hormone-independent prostate cancer through modulation of androgen receptor signaling by the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase. Nat Med 5:280-285.
19. de Kloet ER, Van Acker SA, Sibug RM, Oitzl MS, Meijer OC, Rahmouni K, and de Jong W (2000) Brain mineralocorticoid receptors and centrally regulated functions. Kidney Int 57:1329-1336.
20. Diamond MI, Miner JN, Yoshinaga SK, and Yamamoto KR (1990) Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science (Wash DC) 249:1266-1272.
21. Drouin J, Sun YL, Chamberland M, Gauthier Y, De Lean A, Nemer M, and Schmidt TJ (1993) Novel glucocorticoid receptor complex with DNA element of the hormone-repressed POMC gene. EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J 12:145-156.
22. Epple HJ, Amasheh S, Mankertz J, Goltz M, Schulzke JD, and Fromm M (2000) Early aldosterone effect in distal colon by transcriptional regulation of ENaC subunits. Am J Physiol 278:G718-G724.
23. Fagart J, Huyet J, Pinon GM, Rochel M, Mayer C, and Rafestin-Oblin ME (2005) Crystal structure of a mutant mineralocorticoid receptor responsible for hypertension. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12:554-555.
24. Feldman BJ and Feldman D (2001) The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1:34-45.
25. Funder JW (1993) Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, receptors and response elements. Science (Wash DC) 259:1132-1133.
26. Funder JW (2004) Is aldosterone bad for the heart? Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:139-142.
27. Gadkar-Sable S, Shah C, Rosario G, Sachdeva G, and Puri C (2005) Progesterone receptors: various forms and functions in reproductive tissues. Front Biosci 10:2118-2130.
28. Gass EK, Leonhardt SA, Nordeen SK, and Edwards DP (1998) The antagonists RU486 and ZK98299 stimulate progesterone receptor binding to deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro and in vivo, but have distinct effects on receptor conformation. Endocrinology 139:1905-1919.
29. Goodman LS, Gilman A, Brunton LL, Lazo JS, and Parker KL (2006) Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
30. Gregory CW, He B, Johnson RT, Ford OH, Mohler JL, French FS, and Wilson EM (2001) A mechanism for androgen receptor-mediated prostate cancer recurrence after androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer Res 61:4315-4319.
31. He B, Gampe RT Jr, Kole AJ, Hnat AT, Stanley TB, An G, Stewart EL, Kalman RI, Minges JT, and Wilson EM (2004) Structural basis for androgen receptor interdomain and coactivator interactions suggests a transition in nuclear receptor activation function dominance. Mol Cell 16:425-438.
32. 2-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 274:37219-37225.
33. He B, Minges JT, Lee LW, and Wilson EM (2002) The FXXLF motif mediates androgen receptor-specific interactions with coregulators. J Biol Chem 277:10226-10235.
34. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, and Evans RM (1985) Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature (Lond) 318:635-641.
35. Isaacs JT (1999) The biology of hormone refractory prostate cancer: why does it develop? Urol Clin North Am 26:263-273.
36. Jackson TA, Richer JK, Bain DL, Takimoto GS, Tung L, and Horwitz KB (1997) The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT. Mol Endocrinol 11:693-705.
37. Kastner P, Krust A, Turcotte B, Stropp U, Tora L, Gronemeyer H, and Chambon P (1990) Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B. EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J 9:1603-1614.
38. Katzung BG (2004) Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
39. Kauppi B, Jakob C, Farnegardh M, Yang J, Ahola H, Alarcon M, Calles K, Engstrom O, Harlan J, Muchmore S, et al. (2003) The three-dimensional structures of antagonistic and agonistic forms of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding domain: RU-486 induces a transconformation that leads to active antagonism. J Biol Chem 278:22748-22754.
40. Klein M (1968) Berthold's article: transplantation of the testes (1849). Arch Anat Histol Embryol 51:379-386.
41. Koivisto P, Kononen J, Palmberg C, Tammela T, Hyytinen E, Isola J, Trapman J, Cleutjens K, Noordzij A, Visakorpi T, et al. (1997) Androgen receptor gene amplification: a possible molecular mechanism for androgen deprivation therapy failure in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 57:314-319.
42. Kolla V and Litwack G (2000) Transcriptional regulation of the human Na/K ATPase via the human mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 204:35-40.
43. Kolla V, Robertson NM, and Litwack G (1999) Identification of a mineralocorticoid/glucocorticoid response element in the human Na/K ATPase α1 gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 266:5-14.
44. Krozowski ZS and Funder JW (1983) Renal mineralocorticoid receptors and hippocampal corticosterone-binding species have identical intrinsic steroid specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6056-6060.
45. Kyprianou N, English HF, and Isaacs JT (1990) Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res 50:3748-3753.
46. Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez J, Luu-The V, Candas B, Belanger A, and Labrie C (2004) Major impact of hormonal therapy in localized prostate cancer - death can already be an exception. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92:327-344.
47. -/carboxyl-terminal interactions in androgen receptor dimerization revealed by mutations that cause androgen insensitivity. J Biol Chem 273:92-101.
48. Leonhardt SA, Altmann M, and Edwards DP (1998) Agonist and antagonists induce homodimerization and mixed ligand heterodimerization of human progesterone receptors in vivo by a mammalian two-hybrid assay. Mol Endocrinol 12:1914-1930.
49. Li Y, Suino K, Daugherty J, and Xu HE (2005) Structural and biochemical mechanisms for the specificity of hormone binding and coactivator assembly by mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell 19:367-380.
50. Lin HY, Xu Q, Yeh S, Wang RS, Sparks JD, and Chang C (2005) Insulin and leptin resistance with hyperleptinemia in mice lacking androgen receptor. Diabetes 54:1717-1725.
51. Lonard DM and O'Malley BW (2005) Expanding functional diversity of the coactivators. Trends Biochem Sci 30:126-132.
52. Lu NZ and Cidlowski JA (2005) Translational regulatory mechanisms generate N-terminal glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with unique transcriptional target genes. Mol Cell 18:331-342.
53. Lubahn DB, Joseph DR, Sullivan PM, Willard HF, French FS, and Wilson EM (1988) Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science (Wash DC) 240:327-330.
54. Luisi BF, Xu WX, Otwinowski Z, Freedman LP, Yamamoto KR, and Sigler PB (1991) Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA. Nature (Lond) 352:497-505.
55. Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Funk CR, Mani SK, Hughes AR, Montgomery CA Jr, Shyamala G, Conneely OM, and O'Malley BW (1995) Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. Genes Dev 9:2266-2278.
56. Mangal RK, Wiehle RD, Poindexter AN 3rd, and Weigel NL (1997) Differential expression of uterine progesterone receptor forms A and B during the menstrual cycle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 63:195-202.
57. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P, et al. (1995) The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83:835-839.
58. Marcelli M, Ittmann M, Mariani S, Sutherland R, Nigam R, Murthy L, Zhao Y, DiConcini D, Puxeddu E, Esen A, et al. (2000) Androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 60:944-949.
59. Matias PM, Donner P, Coelho R, Thomaz M, Peixoto C, Macedo S, Otto N, Joschko S, Scholz P, Wegg A, et al. (2000) Structural evidence for ligand specificity in the binding domain of the human androgen receptor: implications for pathogenic gene mutations. J Biol Chem 275:26164-26171.
60. Matsumoto T, Takeyama K, Sato T, and Kato S (2005) Study of androgen receptor functions by genetic models. J Biochem (Tokyo) 138:105-110.
61. Meyer ME, Pornon A, Ji JW, Bocquel MT, Chambon P, and Gronemeyer H (1990) Agonistic and antagonistic activities of RU486 on the functions of the human progesterone receptor. EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J 9:3923-3932.
62. Misrahi M, Atger M, d'Auriol L, Loosfelt H, Meriel C, Fridlansky F, Guiochon-Mantel A, Galibert F, and Milgrom E (1987) Complete amino acid sequence of the human progesterone receptor deduced from cloned cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 143:740-748.
63. Mozo L, Gayo A, Suarez A, Rivas D, Zamorano J, and Gutierrez C (1998) Glucocorticoids inhibit IL-4 and mitogen-induced IL-4Rα chain expression by different posttranscriptional mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:968-976.
64. 2 release by dexamethasone occurs by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms involving loss of polyadenylated mRNA. J Biol Chem 273:32312-32321.
65. Oakley RH, Sar M, and Cidlowski JA (1996) The human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform: expression, biochemical properties, and putative function. J Biol Chem 271:9550-9559.
66. Pascual-Le Tallec L, Demange C, and Lombes M (2004) Human mineralocorticoid receptor A and B protein forms produced by alternative translation sites display different transcriptional activities. Eur J Endocrinol 150:585-590.
67. Poletti A (2004) The polyglutamine tract of androgen receptor: from functions to dysfunctions in motor neurons. Front Neuroendocrinol 25:1-26.
68. Quigley CA, De Bellis A, Marschke KB, el-Awady MK, Wilson EM, and French FS (1995) Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives. Endocr Rev 16:271-321.
69. Rhen T and Cidlowski JA (2005) Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids - new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 353:1711-1723.
70. Rogerson FM, Dimopoulos N, Sluka P, Chu S, Curtis AJ, and Fuller PJ (1999) Structural determinants of aldosterone binding selectivity in the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 274:36305-36311.
71. Rogerson FM and Fuller PJ (2003) Interdomain interactions in the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 200:45-55.
72. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, et al. (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 288:321-333.
73. Ruijter E, van de Kaa C, Miller G, Ruiter D, Debruyne F, and Schalken J (1999) Molecular genetics and epidemiology of prostate carcinoma. Endocr Rev 20:22-45.
74. Sartorato P, Cluzeaud F, Fagart J, Viengchareun S, Lombes M, and Zennaro MC (2004) New naturally occurring missense mutations of the human mineralocorticoid receptor disclose important residues involved in dynamic interactions with deoxyribonucleic acid, intracellular trafficking, and ligand binding. Mol Endocrinol 18:2151-2165.
75. Sato T, Matsumoto T, Yamada T, Watanabe T, Kawano H, and Kato S (2003) Late onset of obesity in male androgen receptor-deficient (AR KO) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300:167-171.
76. Schreiber C and Creinin M (2005) Mifepristone in abortion care. Semin Reprod Med 23:82-91.
77. Schulz M, Eggert M, Baniahmad A, Dostert A, Heinzel T, and Renkawitz R (2002) RU486-induced glucocorticoid receptor agonism is controlled by the receptor N terminus and by corepressor binding. J Biol Chem 277:26238-26243.
78. Sica DA (2005) The risks and benefits of aldosterone antagonists. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2:65-71.
79. Smith CL and O'Malley BW (2004) Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators. Endocr Rev 25:45-71.
80. Soyal SM, Mukherjee A, Lee KY, Li J, Li H, DeMayo FJ, and Lydon JP (2005) Cre-mediated recombination in cell lineages that express the progesterone receptor. Genesis 41:58-66.
81. Stanbrough M, Bubley GJ, Ross K, Golub TR, Rubin MA, Penning TM, Febbo PG, and Balk SP (2006) Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 66:2815-2825.
82. Tajima T, Kitagawa H, Yokoya S, Tachibana K, Adachi M, Nakae J, Suwa S, Katoh S, and Fujieda K (2000) A novel missense mutation of mineralocorticoid receptor gene in one Japanese family with a renal form of pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4690-4694.
83. Tan J, Sharief Y, Hamil KG, Gregory CW, Zang DY, Sar M, Gumerlock PH, DeVere White RW, Pretlow TG, Harris SE, et al. (1997) Dehydroepiandrosterone activates mutant androgen receptors expressed in the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 and LNCaP cells. Mol Endocrinol 11:450-459.
84. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Ko YJ, Small EJ, Upton M, Rajeshkumar B, and Balk SP (1999) Selection for androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancers treated with androgen antagonist. Cancer Res 59:2511-2515.
85. Tetel MJ, Giangrande PH, Leonhardt SA, McDonnell DP, and Edwards DP (1999) Hormone-dependent interaction between the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of progesterone receptor in vitro and in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 13:910-924.
86. Trapp T and Holsboer F (1996) Heterodimerization between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors increases the functional diversity of corticosteroid action. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:145-149.
87. Vegeto E, Allan GF, Schrader WT, Tsai MJ, McDonnell DP, and O'Malley BW (1992) The mechanism of RU486 antagonism is dependent on the conformation of the carboxy-terminal tail of the human progesterone receptor. Cell 69:703-713.
88. +-ATPase mRNAs, protein synthesis, and sodium transport in cultured kidney cells. J Cell Biol 104:1231-1237.
89. Wagner BL, Norris JD, Knotts TA, Weigel NL, and McDonnell DP (1998) The nuclear corepressors NCoR and SMRT are key regulators of both ligand- and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-dependent transcriptional activity of the human progesterone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 18:1369-1378.
90. Wardell SE and Edwards DP (2005) Mechanisms controlling agonist and antagonist potential of selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs). Semin Reprod Med 23:9-21.
91. Williams SP and Sigler PB (1998) Atomic structure of progesterone complexed with its receptor. Nature (Lond) 393:392-396.
92. Xu J, Nawaz Z, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, and O'Malley BW (1996) The extreme C terminus of progesterone receptor contains a transcriptional repressor domain that functions through a putative corepressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12195-12199.