Therapeutic interventions and oxidative stress in diabetes

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 192-209

  Rahangdale, Shilpa ^a   Yeh, Susie Yim ^a   Malhotra, Atul ^a   Veves, Aristidis ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

ACE inhibitor; Alpha lipoic acid; Angiotensin II blocker; Diabetes; Endothelial function; Endothelium; Oxidative stress; Review; Statin; Thiazolinedione; Vitamin C; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

ANIMAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NITROSATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; NITROSATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 63849316486     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/3240     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. T. Nishikawa, D. Edelstein, X. L. Du, S. Yamagishi, T. Matsumura, Y. Kaneda, M. A. Yorek, D. Beebe, P. J. Oates, H. P. Hammes, I. Giardino & M. Brownlee: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature, 404, 787-90(2000) (Pubitemid 30212409)
2. P. Schrauwen & M. K. Hesselink: Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 53, 1412-7(2004) (Pubitemid 38697650)
3. D. Schwartz, Malhotra, A., Fink, M.: Cytopathic Hypoxia in Sepsis: An Overview. Sepsis, 2, 279-89(1999)
4. P. Pacher & C. Szabo: Role of peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 6, 136-41(2006) (Pubitemid 43362126)
5. S. A. Greenacre & H. Ischiropoulos: Tyrosine nitration: localisation, quantification, consequences for protein function and signal transduction. Free Radic Res, 34, 541-81(2001) (Pubitemid 32694646)
6. J. S. Beckmann, Y. Z. Ye, P. G. Anderson, J. Chen, M. A. Accavitti, M. M. Tarpey & C. R. White: Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler, 375, 81-8(1994)
7. M. J. Mihm, L. Jing & J. A. Bauer: Nitrotyrosine causes selective vascular endothelial dysfunction and DNA damage. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 36, 182-7(2000) (Pubitemid 30659838)
8. P. Pacher, J. S. Beckman & L. Liaudet: Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev, 87, 315-424(2007) (Pubitemid 46217686)
9. J. G. Mabley & F. G. Soriano: Role of nitrosative stress and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic vascular dysfunction. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 3, 247-52(2005) (Pubitemid 40933047)
10. S. Yim, A. Malhotra & A. Veves: Antioxidants and CVD in diabetes: where do we stand now. Curr Diab Rep, 7, 8-13(2007) (Pubitemid 46344183)
11. X. Du, T. Matsumura, D. Edelstein, L. Rossetti, Z. Zsengeller, C. Szabo & M. Brownlee: Inhibition of GAPDH activity by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activates three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage in endothelial cells. J Clin Invest, 112, 1049-57(2003) (Pubitemid 38056320)
12. M. Brownlee: A radical explanation for glucoseinduced beta cell dysfunction. J Clin Invest, 112, 1788-90(2003) (Pubitemid 38063700)
13. C. Szabo, A. Zanchi, K. Komjati, P. Pacher, A. S. Krolewski, W. C. Quist, F. W. LoGerfo, E. S. Horton & A. Veves: Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase is activated in subjects at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and is associated with impaired vascular reactivity. Circulation, 106, 2680-6(2002) (Pubitemid 35364922)
14. A. Adaikalakoteswari, M. Rema, V. Mohan & M. Balasubramanyam: Oxidative DNA damage and augmentation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 39, 1673-84(2007) (Pubitemid 47088311)
15. M. Brownlee: Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 414, 813-20(2001) (Pubitemid 34000785)
16. V. Thallas-Bonke, C. Lindschau, B. Rizkalla, L. A. Bach, G. Boner, M. Meier, H. Haller, M. E. Cooper & J. M. Forbes: Attenuation of extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy by the advanced glycation end product cross-link breaker ALT-711 via a protein kinase C-alpha-dependent pathway. Diabetes, 53, 2921-30(2004) (Pubitemid 39425918)
17. T. Inoguchi, P. Xia, M. Kunisaki, S. Higashi, E. P. Feener & G. L. King: Insulin's effect on protein kinase C and diacylglycerol induced by diabetes and glucose in vascular tissues. Am J Physiol, 267, E369-79 (1994)
18. P. Xia, T. Inoguchi, T. S. Kern, R. L. Engerman, P. J. Oates & G. L. King: Characterization of the mechanism for the chronic activation of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway in diabetes and hypergalactosemia. Diabetes, 43, 1122-9(1994) (Pubitemid 24265474)
19. T. Inoguchi, P. Li, F. Umeda, H. Y. Yu, M. Kakimoto, M. Imamura, T. Aoki, T. Etoh, T. Hashimoto, M. Naruse, H. Sano, H. Utsumi & H. Nawata: High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD (P) H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes, 49, 1939-45(2000)
20. M. A. Cotter, A. M. Jack & N. E. Cameron: Effects of the protein kinase C beta inhibitor LY333531 on neural and vascular function in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond), 103, 311-21(2002) (Pubitemid 35007223)
21. H. Ishii, M. R. Jirousek, D. Koya, C. Takagi, P. Xia, A. Clermont, S. E. Bursell, T. S. Kern, L. M. Ballas, W. F. Heath, L. E. Stramm, E. P. Feener & G. L. King: Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor. Science, 272, 728-31(1996) (Pubitemid 26000279)
22. L. P. Aiello, M. D. Davis, A. Girach, K. A. Kles, R. C. Milton, M. J. Sheetz, L. Vignati & X. E. Zhi: Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology, 113, 2221-30(2006)
23. A. Goldin, J. A. Beckman, A. M. Schmidt & M. A. Creager: Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation, 114, 597-605(2006) (Pubitemid 44199649)
24. H. M. Lander, J. M. Tauras, J. S. Ogiste, O. Hori, R. A. Moss & A. M. Schmidt: Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products triggers a p21 (ras) - dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulated by oxidant stress. J Biol Chem, 272, 17810-4(1997) (Pubitemid 27311222)
25. T. J. Berg, K. Dahl-Jorgensen, P. A. Torjesen & K. F. Hanssen: Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care, 20, 1006-8(1997) (Pubitemid 27224954)
26. T. J. Berg, H. J. Bangstad, P. A. Torjesen, R. Osterby, R. Bucala & K. F. Hanssen: Advanced glycation end products in serum predict changes in the kidney morphology of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 46, 661-5(1997) (Pubitemid 27247301)
27. H. P. Hammes, S. Martin, K. Federlin, K. Geisen & M. Brownlee: Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 88, 11555-8(1991) (Pubitemid 21916080)
28. A randomized trial of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in diabetic retinopathy. Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol, 108, 1234-44(1990)
29. D. A. Greene, J. C. Arezzo & M. B. Brown: Effect of aldose reductase inhibition on nerve conduction and morphometry in diabetic neuropathy. Zenarestat Study Group. Neurology, 53, 580-91(1999) (Pubitemid 29382055)
30. X. L. Du, D. Edelstein, S. Dimmeler, Q. Ju, C. Sui & M. Brownlee: Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site. J Clin Invest, 108, 1341-8(2001) (Pubitemid 33107762)
31. C. M. Akbari, R. Saouaf, D. F. Barnhill, P. A. Newman, F. W. LoGerfo & A. Veves: Endotheliumdependent vasodilatation is impaired in both microcirculation and macrocirculation during acute hyperglycemia. J Vasc Surg, 28, 687-94(1998) (Pubitemid 28481224)
32. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med, 329, 977-86(1993)
33. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet, 352, 837-53(1998)
34. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol, 75, 894-903(1995)
35. D. M. Nathan, P. A. Cleary, J. Y. Backlund, S. M. Genuth, J. M. Lachin, T. J. Orchard, P. Raskin & B. Zinman: Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 353, 2643-53(2005) (Pubitemid 41817713)
36. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet, 352, 854-65(1998)
37. UKPDS 28: a randomized trial of efficacy of early addition of metformin in sulfonylurea-treated type 2 diabetes. U. K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes Care, 21, 87-92(1998)
38. R. Saouaf, S. Arora, P. Smakowski, A. E. Caballero & A. Veves: Reactive hyperemic response of the brachial artery: comparison of proximal and distal occlusion. Acad Radiol, 5, 556-60(1998) (Pubitemid 28361348)
39. G. Heiss, A. R. Sharrett, R. Barnes, L. E. Chambless, M. Szklo & C. Alzola: Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol, 134, 250-6(1991)
40. D. H. O'Leary, J. F. Polak, R. A. Kronmal, T. A. Manolio, G. L. Burke & S. K. Wolfson, Jr.: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med, 340, 14-22(1999) (Pubitemid 29024679)
41. J. E. Tooke, J. Ostergren & B. Fagrell: Synchronous assessment of human skin microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry and dynamic capillaroscopy. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp, 2, 277-84(1983)
42. M. G. Cinar, S. Ulker, G. Alper & A. Evinc: Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on vascular reactivity of thoracic aorta in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pharmacology, 62, 56-64(2001) (Pubitemid 32041447)
43. A. Keegan, H. Walbank, M. A. Cotter & N. E. Cameron: Chronic vitamin E treatment prevents defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic rat aorta. Diabetologia, 38, 1475-8(1995)
44. P. Rosen, T. Ballhausen, W. Bloch & K. Addicks: Endothelial relaxation is disturbed by oxidative stress in the diabetic rat heart: influence of tocopherol as antioxidant. Diabetologia, 38, 1157-68(1995)
45. G. Alper, M. Olukman, S. Irer, O. Caglayan, E. Duman, C. Yilmaz & S. Ulker: Effect of vitamin E and C supplementation combined with oral antidiabetic therapy on the endothelial dysfunction in the neonatally streptozotocin injected diabetic rat. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 22, 190-7(2006) (Pubitemid 43805399)
46. J. A. Beckman, A. B. Goldfine, M. B. Gordon, L. A. Garrett, J. F. Keaney, Jr. & M. A. Creager: Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285, H2392-8 (2003) (Pubitemid 37443055)
47. P. A. Economides, L. Khaodhiar, A. Caselli, A. E. Caballero, H. Keenan, S. E. Bursell, G. L. King, M. T. Johnstone, E. S. Horton & A. Veves: The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro-and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes, 54, 204-11(2005) (Pubitemid 40105114)
48. N. G. Stephens, A. Parsons, P. M. Schofield, F. Kelly, K. Cheeseman & M. J. Mitchinson: Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet, 347, 781-6(1996) (Pubitemid 26091640)
49. S. Yusuf, G. Dagenais, J. Pogue, J. Bosch & P. Sleight: Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 342, 154-60(2000) (Pubitemid 30051646)
50. E. Lonn, S. Yusuf, B. Hoogwerf, J. Pogue, Q. Yi, B. Zinman, J. Bosch, G. Dagenais, J. F. Mann & H. C. Gerstein: Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patients with diabetes: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Diabetes Care, 25, 1919-27(2002) (Pubitemid 41071045)
51. E. Lonn, J. Bosch, S. Yusuf, P. Sheridan, J. Pogue, J. M. Arnold, C. Ross, A. Arnold, P. Sleight, J. Probstfield & G. R. Dagenais: Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 293, 1338-47(2005) (Pubitemid 40381486)
52. E. Lonn, S. Yusuf, V. Dzavik, C. Doris, Q. Yi, S. Smith, A. Moore-Cox, J. Bosch, W. Riley & K. Teo: Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation, 103, 919-25(2001) (Pubitemid 32183795)
53. M. Sacco, F. Pellegrini, M. C. Roncaglioni, F. Avanzini, G. Tognoni & A. Nicolucci: Primary prevention of cardiovascular events with low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in type 2 diabetic patients: results of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP) trial. Diabetes Care, 26, 3264-72(2003) (Pubitemid 37466885)
54. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet, 354, 447-55(1999)
55. R. Marchioli, G. Levantesi, A. Macchia, R. M. Marfisi, G. L. Nicolosi, L. Tavazzi, G. Tognoni & F. Valagussa: Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: Results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 7, 347-50(2006) (Pubitemid 44145638)
56. E. R. Miller, 3rd, R. Pastor-Barriuso, D. Dalal, R. A. Riemersma, L. J. Appel & E. Guallar: Meta-analysis: highdosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med, 142, 37-46(2005)
57. J. A. Beckman, A. B. Goldfine, M. B. Gordon & M. A. Creager: Ascorbate restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation impaired by acute hyperglycemia in humans. Circulation, 103, 1618-23(2001) (Pubitemid 32246607)
58. F. K. Timimi, H. H. Ting, E. A. Haley, M. A. Roddy, P. Ganz & M. A. Creager: Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 552-7(1998) (Pubitemid 28144120)
59. H. H. Ting, F. K. Timimi, K. S. Boles, S. J. Creager, P. Ganz & M. A. Creager: Vitamin C improves endotheliumdependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 97, 22-8(1996) (Pubitemid 26021690)
60. M. P. Schneider, C. Delles, B. M. Schmidt, S. Oehmer, T. K. Schwarz, R. E. Schmieder & S. John: Superoxide scavenging effects of N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C in subjects with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 18, 1111-7(2005) (Pubitemid 41139911)
61. D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, C. Tountas, E. Bosinakou, M. Kotsopoulou, P. Toutouzas & C. Stefanadis: Vitamin C affects thrombosis/fibrinolysis system and reactive hyperemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care, 26, 2749-53(2003) (Pubitemid 37205541)
62. H. Chen, R. J. Karne, G. Hall, U. Campia, J. A. Panza, R. O. Cannon, 3rd, Y. Wang, A. Katz, M. Levine & M. J. Quon: High-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290, H137-45 (2006)
63. J. E. Enstrom, L. E. Kanim & M. A. Klein: Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology, 3, 194-202(1992)
64. S. K. Osganian, M. J. Stampfer, E. Rimm, D. Spiegelman, F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson & W. C. Willett: Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 246-52(2003) (Pubitemid 36851413)
65. S. M. Boekholdt, M. C. Meuwese, N. E. Day, R. Luben, A. Welch, N. J. Wareham & K. T. Khaw: Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid and C-reactive protein, and risk of future coronary artery disease, in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Br J Nutr, 96, 516-22(2006) (Pubitemid 46470205)
66. G. Kocak, F. Aktan, O. Canbolat, C. Ozogul, S. Elbeg, N. Yildizoglu-Ari & C. Karasu: Alpha-lipoic acid treatment ameliorates metabolic parameters, blood pressure, vascular reactivity and morphology of vessels already damaged by streptozotocin-diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab, 13, 308-18(2000) (Pubitemid 32058705)
67. X. Yi & N. Maeda: alpha-Lipoic acid prevents the increase in atherosclerosis induced by diabetes in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed high-fat/lowcholesterol diet. Diabetes, 55, 2238-44(2006) (Pubitemid 44743620)
68. R. A. Kowluru & S. Odenbach: Effect of long-term administration of alpha-lipoic acid on retinal capillary cell death and the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes, 53, 3233-8(2004) (Pubitemid 39564500)
69. A. Bierhaus, S. Chevion, M. Chevion, M. Hofmann, P. Quehenberger, T. Illmer, T. Luther, E. Berentshtein, H. Tritschler, M. Muller, P. Wahl, R. Ziegler & P. P. Nawroth: Advanced glycation end product-induced activation of NF-kappaB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes, 46, 1481-90(1997) (Pubitemid 27369087)
70. D. Ziegler, M. Hanefeld, K. J. Ruhnau, H. P. Meissner, M. Lobisch, K. Schutte & F. A. Gries: Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia, 38, 1425-33(1995)
71. M. Reljanovic, G. Reichel, K. Rett, M. Lobisch, K. Schuette, W. Moller, H. J. Tritschler & H. Mehnert: Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radic Res, 31, 171-9(1999) (Pubitemid 29435878)
72. D. Ziegler, A. Ametov, A. Barinov, P. J. Dyck, I. Gurieva, P. A. Low, U. Munzel, N. Yakhno, I. Raz, M. Novosadova, J. Maus & R. Samigullin: Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care, 29, 2365-70(2006) (Pubitemid 44912237)
73. D. Ziegler, H. Schatz, F. Conrad, F. A. Gries, H. Ulrich & G. Reichel: Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie. Diabetes Care, 20, 369-73(1997) (Pubitemid 27098226)
74. S. Sola, M. Q. Mir, F. A. Cheema, N. Khan-Merchant, R. G. Menon, S. Parthasarathy & B. V. Khan: Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation, 111, 343-8(2005) (Pubitemid 40165342)
75. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 344, 1383-9(1994)
76. J. P. Lekakis, C. M. Papamichael, P. Barbaki, T. G. Papaioannou, K. S. Stamatelopoulos, A. G. Dagre & S. F. Stamatelopoulos: Comparison of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering by pravastatin to <100 mg/dl versus >100 mg/dl on brachial artery vasoreactivity in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia and previous atherosclerotic events or diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol, 89, 857-60(2002) (Pubitemid 34241467)
77. A. Ceriello, R. Assaloni, R. Da Ros, A. Maier, L. Piconi, L. Quagliaro, K. Esposito & D. Giugliano: Effect of atorvastatin and irbesartan, alone and in combination, on postprandial endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation, 111, 2518-24(2005) (Pubitemid 40696141)
78. H. Tsubouchi, T. Inoguchi, T. Sonta, N. Sato, N. Sekiguchi, K. Kobayashi, H. Sumimoto, H. Utsumi & H. Nawata: Statin attenuates high glucose-induced and diabetes-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo evaluated by electron spin resonance measurement. Free Radic Biol Med, 39, 444-52(2005) (Pubitemid 41021643)
79. A. Ceylan, C. Karasu, F. Aktan, C. Guven, B. Can & G. Ozansoy: Effects of simvastatin treatment on oxidant/antioxidant state and ultrastructure of diabetic rat myocardium. Gen Physiol Biophys, 22, 535-47(2003) (Pubitemid 38324671)
80. A. H. Wagner, T. Kohler, U. Ruckschloss, I. Just & M. Hecker: Improvement of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors through attenuation of endothelial superoxide anion formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 20, 61-9(2000) (Pubitemid 30048347)
81. S. Wassmann, U. Laufs, A. T. Baumer, K. Muller, K. Ahlbory, W. Linz, G. Itter, R. Rosen, M. Bohm & G. Nickenig: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension, 37, 1450-7(2001) (Pubitemid 34225391)
82. A. Ceylan, C. Karasu, F. Aktan & G. Ozansoy: Simvastatin treatment restores vasoconstriction and the inhibitory effect of LPC on endothelial relaxation via affecting oxidizing metabolism in diabetic rats. Diabetes Nutr Metab, 17, 203-10(2004) (Pubitemid 39496908)
83. R. S. Rosenson, C. C. Tangney, D. M. Levine, T. S. Parker & B. R. Gordon: Association between reduced low density lipoprotein oxidation and inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in statin-treated subjects. J Lab Clin Med, 145, 83-7(2005) (Pubitemid 40298733)
84. D. J. Maron, S. Fazio & M. F. Linton: Current perspectives on statins. Circulation, 101, 207-13(2000) (Pubitemid 30044262)
85. H. Morawietz, S. Erbs, J. Holtz, A. Schubert, M. Krekler, W. Goettsch, O. Kuss, V. Adams, K. Lenk, F. W. Mohr, G. Schuler & R. Hambrecht: Endothelial Protection, AT1 blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress: the EPAS trial. Circulation, 114, I296-301 (2006) (Pubitemid 44297166)
86. A. Pietsch, W. Erl & R. L. Lorenz: Lovastatin reduces expression of the combined adhesion and scavenger receptor CD36 in human monocytic cells. Biochem Pharmacol, 52, 433-9(1996) (Pubitemid 26233586)
87. N. Umetani, Y. Kanayama, M. Okamura, N. Negoro & T. Takeda: Lovastatin inhibits gene expression of type-I scavenger receptor in THP-1 human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1303, 199-206(1996) (Pubitemid 26349039)
88. M. Aviram, M. Rosenblat, C. L. Bisgaier & R. S. Newton: Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil metabolites, but not the parent drugs, are potent antioxidants against lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis, 138, 271-80(1998) (Pubitemid 28314098)
89. O. Hernandez-Perera, D. Perez-Sala, J. Navarro-Antolin, R. Sanchez-Pascuala, G. Hernandez, C. Diaz & S. Lamas: Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest, 101, 2711-9(1998) (Pubitemid 28294580)
90. Y. Yu, K. Ohmori, Y. Chen, C. Sato, H. Kiyomoto, K. Shinomiya, H. Takeuchi, K. Mizushige & M. Kohno: Effects of pravastatin on progression of glucose intolerance and cardiovascular remodeling in a type II diabetes model. J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 904-13(2004) (Pubitemid 39099592)
91. A. Jimenez, M. M. Arriero, A. Lopez-Blaya, F. Gonzalez-Fernandez, R. Garcia, J. Fortes, I. Millas, S. Velasco, L. Sanchez De Miguel, L. Rico, J. Farre, S. Casado & A. Lopez-Farre: Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the vascular wall and in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation, 104, 1822-30(2001) (Pubitemid 32963349)
92. U. Landmesser, N. Engberding, F. H. Bahlmann, A. Schaefer, A. Wiencke, A. Heineke, S. Spiekermann, D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, C. Templin, D. Kotlarz, M. Mueller, M. Fuchs, B. Hornig, H. Haller & H. Drexler: Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation, 110, 1933-9(2004) (Pubitemid 39331904)
93. H. M. Colhoun, D. J. Betteridge, P. N. Durrington, G. A. Hitman, H. A. Neil, S. J. Livingstone, M. J. Thomason, M. I. Mackness, V. Charlton-Menys & J. H. Fuller: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 364, 685-96(2004) (Pubitemid 39140624)
94. R. Collins, J. Armitage, S. Parish, P. Sleigh & R. Peto: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 361, 2005-16(2003)
95. J. Mansourati, L. G. Newman, S. H. Roman, A. Travis, M. Rafey & R. A. Phillips: Lipid lowering does not improve endothelial function in subjects with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes Care, 24, 2152-3(2001)
96. G. K. Dogra, G. F. Watts, D. C. Chan & K. Stanton: Statin therapy improves brachial artery vasodilator function in patients with Type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Diabet Med, 22, 239-42(2005) (Pubitemid 40313847)
97. M. J. Mullen, D. Wright, A. E. Donald, S. Thorne, H. Thomson & J. E. Deanfield: Atorvastatin but not L-arginine improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 410-6(2000) (Pubitemid 30624000)
98. T. Tsunekawa, T. Hayashi, H. Kano, D. Sumi, H. Matsui-Hirai, N. K. Thakur, K. Egashira & A. Iguchi: Cerivastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function in elderly diabetic patients within 3 days. Circulation, 104, 376-9(2001) (Pubitemid 32678263)
99. P. A. Economides, A. Caselli, E. Tiani, L. Khaodhiar, E. S. Horton & A. Veves: The effects of atorvastatin on endothelial function in diabetic patients and subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 740-7(2004) (Pubitemid 38269887)
100. K. C. Tan, W. S. Chow, S. C. Tam, V. H. Ai, C. H. Lam & K. S. Lam: Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 563-8(2002) (Pubitemid 34158219)
101. D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, C. Vasiliadou, P. Kourtellaris, K. Koniari, K. Marinou, M. Charakida, I. Ntarladimas, G. Siasos & C. Stefanadis: Effects of atorvastatin and vitamin C on forearm hyperaemic blood flow, asymmentrical dimethylarginine levels and the inflammatory process in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart, 93, 244-6(2007) (Pubitemid 46180305)
102. A. Ceriello, C. Taboga, L. Tonutti, L. Quagliaro, L. Piconi, B. Bais, R. Da Ros & E. Motz: Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short-and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation, 106, 1211-8(2002) (Pubitemid 34988638)
103. R. H. Boger: Asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, explains the "L-arginine paradox" and acts as a novel cardiovascular risk factor. J Nutr, 134, 2842S-2847S; discussion 2853S (2004) (Pubitemid 39315233)
104. S. Wassmann, M. Stumpf, K. Strehlow, A. Schmid, B. Schieffer, M. Bohm & G. Nickenig: Interleukin-6 induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction by overexpression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Circ Res, 94, 534-41(2004) (Pubitemid 38326289)
105. J. H. Oak & H. Cai: Attenuation of angiotensin II signaling recouples eNOS and inhibits nonendothelial NOX activity in diabetic mice. Diabetes, 56, 118-26(2007)
106. S. Rajagopalan, S. Kurz, T. Munzel, M. Tarpey, B. A. Freeman, K. K. Griendling & D. G. Harrison: Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest, 97, 1916-23(1996)
107. J. B. Laursen, S. Rajagopalan, Z. Galis, M. Tarpey, B. A. Freeman & D. G. Harrison: Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation, 95, 588-93(1997) (Pubitemid 27063033)
108. J. K. Bendall, R. Rinze, D. Adlam, A. L. Tatham, J. de Bono & K. M. Channon: Endothelial Nox2 overexpression potentiates vascular oxidative stress and hemodynamic response to angiotensin II: studies in endothelial-targeted Nox2 transgenic mice. Circ Res, 100, 1016-25(2007) (Pubitemid 46598926)
109. C. Cheetham, G. O'Driscoll, K. Stanton, R. Taylor & D. Green: Losartan, an angiotensin type I receptor antagonist, improves conduit vessel endothelial function in Type II diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond), 100, 13-7(2001) (Pubitemid 32057802)
110. C. Cheetham, J. Collis, G. O'Driscoll, K. Stanton, R. Taylor & D. Green: Losartan, an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, improves endothelial function in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 1461-6(2000)
111. G. O'Driscoll, D. Green, A. Maiorana, K. Stanton, F. Colreavy & R. Taylor: Improvement in endothelial function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol, 33, 1506-11(1999)
112. D. Giugliano, R. Marfella, R. Acampora, R. Giunta, L. Coppola & F. D'Onofrio: Effects of perindopril and carvedilol on endothelium-dependent vascular functions in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes Care, 21, 631-6(1998) (Pubitemid 28172947)
113. R. Komers, R. Simkova, L. Kazdova, J. Ruzickova & T. Pelikanova: Effects of ACE inhibition and AT1-receptor blockade on haemodynamic responses to L-arginine in Type 1 diabetes. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 5, 33-8(2004) (Pubitemid 38477514)
114. C. G. Schalkwijk, R. A. Smulders, J. Lambert, A. J. Donker & C. D. Stehouwer: ACE-inhibition modulates some endothelial functions in healthy subjects and in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest, 30, 853-60(2000)
115. R. McFarlane, R. J. McCredie, M. A. Bonney, L. Molyneaux, R. Zilkens, D. S. Celermajer & D. K. Yue: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and arterial endothelial function in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med, 16, 62-6(1999) (Pubitemid 29147225)
116. M. J. Mullen, P. Clarkson, A. E. Donald, H. Thomson, S. A. Thorne, A. J. Powe, T. Furuno, T. Bull & J. E. Deanfield: Effect of enalapril on endothelial function in young insulin-dependent diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 1330-5(1998) (Pubitemid 28219124)
117. S. Yusuf, P. Sleight, J. Pogue, J. Bosch, R. Davies & G. Dagenais: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 342, 145-53(2000)
118. B. Dahlof, R. B. Devereux, S. E. Kjeldsen, S. Julius, G. Beevers, U. de Faire, F. Fyhrquist, H. Ibsen, K. Kristiansson, O. Lederballe-Pedersen, L. H. Lindholm, M. S. Nieminen, P. Omvik, S. Oparil & H. Wedel: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet, 359, 995-1003(2002) (Pubitemid 34286536)
119. G. Nickenig, A. Sachinidis, F. Michaelsen, M. Bohm, S. Seewald & H. Vetter: Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation, 95, 473-8(1997) (Pubitemid 27056216)
120. A. Warnholtz, G. Nickenig, E. Schulz, R. Macharzina, J. H. Brasen, M. Skatchkov, T. Heitzer, J. P. Stasch, K. K. Griendling, D. G. Harrison, M. Bohm, T. Meinertz & T. Munzel: Increased NADH-oxidase-mediated superoxide production in the early stages of atherosclerosis: evidence for involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation, 99, 2027-33(1999) (Pubitemid 29183901)
121. S. Wassmann, U. Laufs, A. T. Baumer, K. Muller, C. Konkol, H. Sauer, M. Bohm & G. Nickenig: Inhibition of geranylgeranylation reduces angiotensin II-mediated free radical production in vascular smooth muscle cells: involvement of angiotensin AT1 receptor expression and Rac1 GTPase. Mol Pharmacol, 59, 646-54(2001) (Pubitemid 32179945)
122. G. Nickenig, O. Jung, K. Strehlow, O. Zolk, W. Linz, B. A. Scholkens & M. Bohm: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with enhanced angiotensin AT1-receptor expression. Am J Physiol, 272, H2701-7 (1997)
123. G. Nickenig, A. Sachinidis, S. Seewald, M. Bohm & H. Vetter: Influence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on vascular angiotensin II receptor expression. J Hypertens Suppl, 15, S27-30 (1997)
124. K. Strehlow, S. Wassmann, M. Bohm & G. Nickenig: Angiotensin AT1 receptor over-expression in hypercholesterolaemia. Ann Med, 32, 386-9(2000)
125. H. Morawietz, U. Rueckschloss, B. Niemann, N. Duerrschmidt, J. Galle, K. Hakim, H. R. Zerkowski, T. Sawamura & J. Holtz: Angiotensin II induces LOX-1, the human endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Circulation, 100, 899-902(1999) (Pubitemid 29407168)
126. A. E. Caballero, R. Saouaf, S. C. Lim, O. Hamdy, K. Abou-Elenin, C. O'Connor, F. W. Logerfo, E. S. Horton & A. Veves: The effects of troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent, on the endothelial function in early and late type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Metabolism, 52, 173-80(2003) (Pubitemid 36388839)
127. F. Mittermayer, G. Schaller, J. Pleiner, K. Krzyzanowska, S. Kapiotis, M. Roden & M. Wolzt: Rosiglitazone prevents free fatty acid-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 2574-80(2007) (Pubitemid 47037360)
128. P. Libby & J. Plutzky: Inflammation in diabetes mellitus: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptoralpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma agonists. Am J Cardiol, 99, 27B-40B (2007)
129. T. Mazzone, P. M. Meyer, S. B. Feinstein, M. H. Davidson, G. T. Kondos, R. B. D'Agostino, Sr., A. Perez, J. C. Provost & S. M. Haffner: Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Jama, 296, 2572-81(2006) (Pubitemid 44903861)
130. D. J. Stocker, A. J. Taylor, R. W. Langley, M. R. Jezior & R. A. Vigersky: A randomized trial of the effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am Heart J, 153, 445e1-6 (2007)
131. S. A. Sorrentino, F. H. Bahlmann, C. Besler, M. Muller, S. Schulz, N. Kirchhoff, C. Doerries, T. Horvath, A. Limbourg, F. Limbourg, D. Fliser, H. Haller, H. Drexler & U. Landmesser: Oxidant stress impairs in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: restoration by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation, 116, 163-73(2007) (Pubitemid 47057522)
132. C. H. Wang, M. K. Ting, S. Verma, L. T. Kuo, N. I. Yang, I. C. Hsieh, S. Y. Wang, A. Hung & W. J. Cherng: Pioglitazone increases the numbers and improves the functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J, 152, 1051e1-8 (2006)
133. L. Tao, H. R. Liu, E. Gao, Z. P. Teng, B. L. Lopez, T. A. Christopher, X. L. Ma, I. Batinic-Haberle, R. N. Willette, E. H. Ohlstein & T. L. Yue: Antioxidative, antinitrative, and vasculoprotective effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation, 108, 2805-11(2003) (Pubitemid 37498984)
134. D. J. Graham, L. Green, J. R. Senior & P. Nourjah: Troglitazone-induced liver failure: a case study. Am J Med, 114, 299-306(2003) (Pubitemid 36398076)
135. S. E. Nissen & K. Wolski: Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med, 356, 2457-71(2007) (Pubitemid 46919772)
136. J. Couzin: Drug safety. Heart attack risk overshadows a popular diabetes therapy. Science, 316, 1550-1(2007) (Pubitemid 46982000)
137. P. D. Home, S. J. Pocock, H. Beck-Nielsen, R. Gomis, M. Hanefeld, N. P. Jones, M. Komajda & J. J. McMurray: Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes-an interim analysis. N Engl J Med, 357, 28-38(2007) (Pubitemid 47026732)
138. S. Singh, Y. K. Loke & C. D. Furberg: Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. Jama, 298, 1189-95(2007) (Pubitemid 47403105)
139. H. J. Dargie, P. R. Hildebrandt, G. A. Riegger, J. J. McMurray, S. O. McMorn, J. N. Roberts, A. Zambanini & J. P. Wilding: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 49, 1696-704(2007) (Pubitemid 46589926)
140. M. N. Ghazzi, J. E. Perez, T. K. Antonucci, J. H. Driscoll, S. M. Huang, B. W. Faja & R. W. Whitcomb: Cardiac and glycemic benefits of troglitazone treatment in NIDDM. The Troglitazone Study Group. Diabetes, 46, 433-9(1997) (Pubitemid 27090272)
141. E. Erdmann, J. A. Dormandy, B. Charbonnel, M. Massi-Benedetti, I. K. Moules & A. M. Skene: The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2, 445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 49, 1772-80(2007) (Pubitemid 46629127)
142. R. Negro, D. Dazzi, H. Hassan & A. Pezzarossa: Pioglitazone reduces blood pressure in non-dipping diabetic patients. Minerva Endocrinol, 29, 11-7(2004)
143. A. M. Lincoff, K. Wolski, S. J. Nicholls & S. E. Nissen: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Jama, 298, 1180-8(2007) (Pubitemid 47403104)
144. G. Derosa, A. F. Cicero, A. D'Angelo, A. Gaddi, L. Ciccarelli, M. N. Piccinni, S. A. Salvadeo, F. Pricolo, I. Ferrari, A. Gravina & P. D. Ragonesi: Effects of 1 year of treatment with pioglitazone or rosiglitazone added to glimepiride on lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther, 28, 679-88(2006) (Pubitemid 44067262)
145. A. Veves & R. Freeman: Diagnosing endothelial cell dysfunction. In: Endothelial Biomedicine. Ed: Aird WC. Cambridge University Press, New York (2007)
146. P. Danias & R. Saouaf: Noninvasive methods to assess vascular function and pathophysiology. In: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Ed: M. T. Johnstone, A. Veves. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ (2005)