메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 9-19

A comprehensive TCAD approach for assessing electromigration reliability of modern interconnects

Author keywords

Electromigration; Interconnect; Layout design; Physical modeling; Reliability; Simulation

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; MODEL STRUCTURES; RELIABILITY; STRESSES; THREE DIMENSIONAL; THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER GRAPHICS;

EID: 61849182478     PISSN: 15304388     EISSN: 15304388     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TDMR.2008.2000893     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 36749115512 scopus 로고
    • Stress generation by electromigration
    • Aug
    • LA. Blech and C. Herring, "Stress generation by electromigration, " Appl. Phys, Lett., vol. 29, no. 3. pp. 131-133, Aug. 1976.
    • (1976) Appl. Phys, Lett , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 131-133
    • Blech, L.A.1    Herring, C.2
  • 2
    • 0016940795 scopus 로고
    • Electromigration in thin aluminum films on titanium nitride
    • Apr
    • I. A. Blech, "Electromigration in thin aluminum films on titanium nitride," J. Appl Phys., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1203-1208, Apr. 1976.
    • (1976) J. Appl Phys , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 1203-1208
    • Blech, I.A.1
  • 3
    • 0000654704 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of stress gradients generated by electromigration
    • Apr
    • I. A. Blech and K. L. Tai, "Measurement of stress gradients generated by electromigration," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 387-389, Apr. 1977.
    • (1977) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.30 , Issue.8 , pp. 387-389
    • Blech, I.A.1    Tai, K.L.2
  • 4
    • 0003354983 scopus 로고
    • Atomistic and computer modeling of metallization failure of integrated circuits by electromigration
    • Jul
    • R. Kirchheim and U. Kaeber, "Atomistic and computer modeling of metallization failure of integrated circuits by electromigration," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 172-181, Jul. 1991.'
    • (1991) J. Appl. Phys , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 172-181
    • Kirchheim, R.1    Kaeber, U.2
  • 5
    • 0026813885 scopus 로고
    • Stress and electromigration in Al-lines of integrated circuits
    • R. Kirchheim, "Stress and electromigration in Al-lines of integrated circuits," Acta Metall. Mater., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 309-323, 1992.
    • (1992) Acta Metall. Mater , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-323
    • Kirchheim, R.1
  • 6
    • 0038035318 scopus 로고
    • Stress evolution due to electromigration in confined metal lines
    • Apr
    • M. A. Korhonen, R Borgesen, K. N. Tu, and C. Y. Li, "Stress evolution due to electromigration in confined metal lines," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 3790-3799, Apr. 1993.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Phys , vol.73 , Issue.8 , pp. 3790-3799
    • Korhonen, M.A.1    Borgesen, R.2    Tu, K.N.3    Li, C.Y.4
  • 7
    • 0028491015 scopus 로고
    • Electromigration failure by shape change of voids in bamboo lines
    • Aug
    • E. Arzt, O. Kraft, W. D. Nix, and J. E. Sanchez, "Electromigration failure by shape change of voids in bamboo lines," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1563-1571, Aug. 1994.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Phys , vol.76 , Issue.3 , pp. 1563-1571
    • Arzt, E.1    Kraft, O.2    Nix, W.D.3    Sanchez, J.E.4
  • 8
    • 0036776502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Situ SEM observation of electromigration phenomena in fully embedded copper interconnect structures
    • M. A. Meyer, M. Herrmann, E. Langer, and E. Zschech, "In Situ SEM observation of electromigration phenomena in fully embedded copper interconnect structures," Microelectwn. Eng., vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 375-382, 2002.
    • (2002) Microelectwn. Eng , vol.64 , Issue.1-4 , pp. 375-382
    • Meyer, M.A.1    Herrmann, M.2    Langer, E.3    Zschech, E.4
  • 9
    • 0030196162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromigration failure of contacts and vias in sub-micron integrated circuit metallisations
    • Jul./Aug
    • A. S. Oates, "Electromigration failure of contacts and vias in sub-micron integrated circuit metallisations," Microelectwn. Reliab., vol. 36, no. 7/8, pp. 925-953, Jul./Aug. 1996.
    • (1996) Microelectwn. Reliab , vol.36 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 925-953
    • Oates, A.S.1
  • 10
    • 84948776113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting failure characteristics of different levels of Cu dual-damascene metallization
    • C. L. Gan and F. Wei, "Contrasting failure characteristics of different levels of Cu dual-damascene metallization," in Pwc. 12th Int. Symp. Phys. Failure Anal. Integr. Circuits, 2002, pp. 124-128.
    • (2002) Pwc. 12th Int. Symp. Phys. Failure Anal. Integr. Circuits , pp. 124-128
    • Gan, C.L.1    Wei, F.2
  • 11
    • 0029325728 scopus 로고
    • In-Situ ultra-high vacuum studies of electromigration in copper films
    • Jun
    • B. H. Jo and R. W. Vook, "In-Situ ultra-high vacuum studies of electromigration in copper films," Thin Solids Films, vol. 262, no. 1, pp. 129-134, Jun. 1995.
    • (1995) Thin Solids Films , vol.262 , Issue.1 , pp. 129-134
    • Jo, B.H.1    Vook, R.W.2
  • 14
    • 51749089633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zuverlassigkeitsaspekte von Kupfermetallisierungen in Integrierten Schaltungen,
    • Ph.D. dissertation, Technische Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany
    • A. von Glasow, "Zuverlassigkeitsaspekte von Kupfermetallisierungen in Integrierten Schaltungen," Ph.D. dissertation, Technische Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany, 2005.
    • (2005)
    • von Glasow, A.1
  • 15
    • 0029360183 scopus 로고
    • Mass transport at interfaces in single component systems
    • Aug
    • W. W. Mullins, "Mass transport at interfaces in single component systems," Metall. Mater. Trans. A (USA), vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1917-1929, Aug. 1995.
    • (1995) Metall. Mater. Trans. A (USA) , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1917-1929
    • Mullins, W.W.1
  • 16
    • 0008513015 scopus 로고
    • A simple model for stress voiding in passivated thin film conductors
    • J. Lloyd and E. Arzt, "A simple model for stress voiding in passivated thin film conductors," in Proc. Symp. Mater. Rel. Micwelectron. II, 1992, vol. 265, pp. 45-57.
    • (1992) Proc. Symp. Mater. Rel. Micwelectron. II , vol.265 , pp. 45-57
    • Lloyd, J.1    Arzt, E.2
  • 17
    • 0029327239 scopus 로고
    • Electromigration in copper conductors
    • Jun
    • J. Lloyd and J. J. Clement, "Electromigration in copper conductors," Thin Solid Films, vol. 262, no. 1, pp. 135-141, Jun. 1995.
    • (1995) Thin Solid Films , vol.262 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-141
    • Lloyd, J.1    Clement, J.J.2
  • 18
    • 33747963425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromigration modeling for integrated circuit interconnect reliability analysis
    • May
    • J. J. Clement, "Electromigration modeling for integrated circuit interconnect reliability analysis," IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-42, May. 2001.
    • (2001) IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-42
    • Clement, J.J.1
  • 19
    • 0032606357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General model for mechanical stress evolution during electromigration
    • Sep
    • M. E. Sarychev and Y. V. Zhitnikov, "General model for mechanical stress evolution during electromigration," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 3068-3075, Sep. 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys , vol.86 , Issue.6 , pp. 3068-3075
    • Sarychev, M.E.1    Zhitnikov, Y.V.2
  • 20
    • 33751236500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of microstructure influence on EM-induced degradation in Cu interconnects
    • V. Sukharev, "Simulation of microstructure influence on EM-induced degradation in Cu interconnects," in Proc. 8th Int. Workshop AIP Conf Stress-Induced Phenom. Metallization, 2005, vol. 817, pp. 244-253.
    • (2005) Proc. 8th Int. Workshop AIP Conf Stress-Induced Phenom. Metallization , vol.817 , pp. 244-253
    • Sukharev, V.1
  • 21
    • 6344225818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAP - A program package for three-dimensional interconnect simulation
    • R. Sabelka and S. Selberherr, "SAP - A program package for three-dimensional interconnect simulation," in Proc. Interconnect Technol. Conf., 1998, pp. 250-252.
    • (1998) Proc. Interconnect Technol. Conf , pp. 250-252
    • Sabelka, R.1    Selberherr, S.2
  • 24
    • 61849165413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of strains on electromigration material transport in copper interconnect structures under electromigration stress
    • Online, Available
    • R. L. de Orio, H. Ceric, and S. Selberherr, "Effect of strains on electromigration material transport in copper interconnect structures under electromigration stress," J. Comput. Electron. [Online], Available: http://www.springerlink.com/content/6142u5642220078k/
    • J. Comput. Electron
    • de Orio, R.L.1    Ceric, H.2    Selberherr, S.3
  • 25
    • 0000016167 scopus 로고
    • Anisotropic diffusion in stress fields
    • Mar
    • P. H. Dederichs and K. Schroeder, "Anisotropic diffusion in stress fields," Phys. Rev. B, Condens Matter, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 2524-2536, Mar. 1978.
    • (1978) Phys. Rev. B, Condens Matter , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 2524-2536
    • Dederichs, P.H.1    Schroeder, K.2
  • 28
    • 0002361473 scopus 로고
    • Calculation of diffusion penetration curves for surface and grain boundary diffusion
    • Jan
    • J. C. Fisher, "Calculation of diffusion penetration curves for surface and grain boundary diffusion," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 74-77, Jan. 1951.
    • (1951) J. Appl. Phys , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 74-77
    • Fisher, J.C.1
  • 29
    • 0009826182 scopus 로고
    • Diffusional viscosity of polycrystalline solid
    • May
    • C. Herring, "Diffusional viscosity of polycrystalline solid," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 437-445, May 1950.
    • (1950) J. Appl. Phys , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 437-445
    • Herring, C.1
  • 30
    • 0002431632 scopus 로고
    • Surface tension as a motivation for sintering
    • W. E. Kingston, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • C. Herring, "Surface tension as a motivation for sintering," in Physics of Powder Metallurgy, W. E. Kingston, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951, pp. 143-179.
    • (1951) Physics of Powder Metallurgy , pp. 143-179
    • Herring, C.1
  • 31
    • 0002358415 scopus 로고
    • The use of classical macroscopic concepts in surface energy problems
    • R. Gomer and S. Smith, Eds. Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago
    • C. Herring, "The use of classical macroscopic concepts in surface energy problems," in Structure and Properties of Solid Surfaces, R. Gomer and S. Smith, Eds. Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago, 1952, pp. 5-81.
    • (1952) Structure and Properties of Solid Surfaces , pp. 5-81
    • Herring, C.1
  • 32
    • 0002181003 scopus 로고
    • Dislocations, vacancies and interstitials
    • F. N. R. Nabarro, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland
    • R. W. Balluffi and A. V. Granato, "Dislocations, vacancies and interstitials," in Dislocation in Solids, F. N. R. Nabarro, Ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 1979, pp. 1-133.
    • (1979) Dislocation in Solids , pp. 1-133
    • Balluffi, R.W.1    Granato, A.V.2
  • 33
    • 0022035026 scopus 로고
    • The Interactions of composition and stress in cystalline solids
    • F. C. Larche and J. Cahn, "The Interactions of composition and stress in cystalline solids," Acta metall., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 331-357, 1985.
    • (1985) Acta metall , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-357
    • Larche, F.C.1    Cahn, J.2
  • 34
    • 0001041554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion mechanisms in Cu grain boundaries
    • Aug
    • M. R. Sorensen, Y. Mishin, and A. F. Voter, "Diffusion mechanisms in Cu grain boundaries," Phys. Rev. B, Condens. Matter, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 3658-3673, Aug. 2000.
    • (2000) Phys. Rev. B, Condens. Matter , vol.62 , Issue.6 , pp. 3658-3673
    • Sorensen, M.R.1    Mishin, Y.2    Voter, A.F.3
  • 35
    • 0012941592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current density and line width effects in electromigration: A new damage-based lifetime model
    • Jul
    • O. Kraft and E. Arzt, "Current density and line width effects in electromigration: A new damage-based lifetime model." Acta Mater., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 3733-3743, Jul. 1998.
    • (1998) Acta Mater , vol.46 , Issue.11 , pp. 3733-3743
    • Kraft, O.1    Arzt, E.2
  • 36
    • 84947221915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physically-based simulation of the early and long-term failures in the copper dual damascene interconnect
    • V. Sukharev, R. Choudhury, and C. W. Park, "Physically-based simulation of the early and long-term failures in the copper dual damascene interconnect," in Proc. IEEE Int. Rel. Workshop Final Rep., 2003, pp. 80-85.
    • (2003) Proc. IEEE Int. Rel. Workshop Final Rep , pp. 80-85
    • Sukharev, V.1    Choudhury, R.2    Park, C.W.3
  • 37
    • 0035981074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of current direction on the lifetime of different levels of Cu dual-damascene metallization
    • Dec
    • C. L. Gan, C. V. Thompson, K. L. Pey, W. K. Choi, H. L. Tay, B. Yu, and M. K. Radhakrishnan, "Effect of current direction on the lifetime of different levels of Cu dual-damascene metallization," Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 79, no. 27, pp. 4592-4594, Dec. 2001.
    • (2001) Appl. Phys. Lett , vol.79 , Issue.27 , pp. 4592-4594
    • Gan, C.L.1    Thompson, C.V.2    Pey, K.L.3    Choi, W.K.4    Tay, H.L.5    Yu, B.6    Radhakrishnan, M.K.7
  • 38
    • 0008457212 scopus 로고
    • Computer simulation of electromigration in thin-film metal conductors
    • Jun
    • J. T. Trattles. A. G. O'Neill, and B. C. Mecrow, "Computer simulation of electromigration in thin-film metal conductors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 7799-7804, Jun. 1994.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Phys , vol.75 , Issue.12 , pp. 7799-7804
    • Trattles, J.T.1    O'Neill, A.G.2    Mecrow, B.C.3
  • 40
    • 0031207626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Void nucleation in passivated interconnect lines: Effects of site geometries, interfaces, and interface flaws
    • Aug
    • R. J. Gleixner, B. M. Clemens, and W. D. Nix, "Void nucleation in passivated interconnect lines: Effects of site geometries, interfaces, and interface flaws," J. Mater. Res., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2081-2090, Aug. 1997.
    • (1997) J. Mater. Res , vol.12 , Issue.8 , pp. 2081-2090
    • Gleixner, R.J.1    Clemens, B.M.2    Nix, W.D.3
  • 41
    • 61849139889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Cheltenham, U.K.: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd, 2000.
    • D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Cheltenham, U.K.: Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd, 2000.
  • 42
    • 0029406209 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical stress in VLSI interconnections: Origins, effects, measurement, and modeling
    • Nov
    • P. A. Flinn, "Mechanical stress in VLSI interconnections: Origins, effects, measurement, and modeling," MRS Bull., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 70-73, Nov. 1995.
    • (1995) MRS Bull , vol.20 , Issue.11 , pp. 70-73
    • Flinn, P.A.1
  • 44
    • 0031207778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Void nucleation on a contaminated patch
    • Aug
    • B. M. Clemens, W. D. Nix, and R. J. Gleixner, "Void nucleation on a contaminated patch," J. Mater. Res., vol. 12. no. 8, pp. 2038-2042, Aug. 1997.
    • (1997) J. Mater. Res , vol.12 , Issue.8 , pp. 2038-2042
    • Clemens, B.M.1    Nix, W.D.2    Gleixner, R.J.3
  • 46
    • 0001497702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of anisotropic surface diffusivity on electromigration induced void migration and evolution
    • Mar
    • D. R. Fridline and A. F. Bower, "Influence of anisotropic surface diffusivity on electromigration induced void migration and evolution," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 3168-3174, Mar. 1999.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys , vol.85 , Issue.6 , pp. 3168-3174
    • Fridline, D.R.1    Bower, A.F.2
  • 47
    • 27644538599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An adaptive grid approach for the simulation of electromigration induced void migration
    • H. Ceric and S. Selberherr, "An adaptive grid approach for the simulation of electromigration induced void migration," IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E86-C, no. 3, pp. 421-426, 2002.
    • (2002) IEICE Trans. Electron , vol.E86-C , Issue.3 , pp. 421-426
    • Ceric, H.1    Selberherr, S.2
  • 48
    • 0036778668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase field model for failure in interconnect lines due to coupled diffusion mechanisms
    • Oct
    • D. N. Bhate, A. F. Bower, and A. Kumar, "A phase field model for failure in interconnect lines due to coupled diffusion mechanisms," J. Mech. Phys. Solids, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2057-2083, Oct. 2002.
    • (2002) J. Mech. Phys. Solids , vol.50 , Issue.10 , pp. 2057-2083
    • Bhate, D.N.1    Bower, A.F.2    Kumar, A.3
  • 49
    • 7544241907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Situ observation of electromigration-induced void migration in dual-damascene Cu interconnect structures
    • Sep
    • A. V. Vairagar, S. G. Mhaisalkar, A. Krishnamoorthy, and K. N. Tu, "In Situ observation of electromigration-induced void migration in dual-damascene Cu interconnect structures," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 2502-2504, Sep. 2004.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Phys , vol.85 , Issue.13 , pp. 2502-2504
    • Vairagar, A.V.1    Mhaisalkar, S.G.2    Krishnamoorthy, A.3    Tu, K.N.4
  • 50
    • 28044472979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microstructure effect on EM-induced copper interconnect degradation
    • Dec
    • E. Zschech and V. Sukharev, "Microstructure effect on EM-induced copper interconnect degradation," Micwelectron. Eng., vol. 82, no. 3/4, pp. 629-638, Dec. 2005.
    • (2005) Micwelectron. Eng , vol.82 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 629-638
    • Zschech, E.1    Sukharev, V.2
  • 51
    • 0015206803 scopus 로고
    • Void formation and growth during electromigration in thin films
    • Dec
    • R. Rosenberg and M. Ohring, "Void formation and growth during electromigration in thin films," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 5671-5679, Dec. 1971.
    • (1971) J. Appl. Phys , vol.42 , Issue.13 , pp. 5671-5679
    • Rosenberg, R.1    Ohring, M.2
  • 52
    • 34548620299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for electromigration-induced degradation mechanisms in dual-inlaid copper interconnects: Effect of microstructure
    • Sep
    • V. Sukharev, E. Zschech, and W. D. Nix, "A model for electromigration-induced degradation mechanisms in dual-inlaid copper interconnects: Effect of microstructure," J. Appl Phys., vol. 102, no. 5, p. 053 505, Sep. 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl Phys , vol.102 , Issue.5 , pp. 053-505
    • Sukharev, V.1    Zschech, E.2    Nix, W.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.