Hungry for life: How the arcuate nucleus and neuropeptide Y may play a critical role in mediating the benefits of calorie restriction

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Volumn 299, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 79-88

  Minor, Robin K ^a   Chang, Joy W ^a   de Cabo, Rafael ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Appetite; Calorie restriction; Hypothalamus; Lifespan; NPY

Indexed keywords

NEUROPEPTIDE Y;

AGING; APPETITE; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC RESTRICTION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; LONGEVITY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION;

AGING; ANIMALS; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; HUMANS; HUNGER; LONGEVITY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROPEPTIDE Y;

EID: 58349084506     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.044     Document Type: Article

References (221)

1. Adrian T.E., Allen J.M., Bloom S.R., Ghatei M.A., Rossor M.N., Roberts G.W., Crow T.J., Tatemoto K., and Polak J.M. Neuropeptide Y distribution in human brain. Nature 306 (1983) 584-586
2. Ahima R.S., Prabakaran D., Mantzoros C., Qu D., Lowell B., Maratos-Flier E., and Flier J.S. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 382 (1996) 250-252
3. Ahlborg G., and Lundberg J.M. Inhibitory effects of neuropeptide Y on splanchnic glycogenolysis and renin release in humans. Clin. Physiol. 14 (1994) 187-196
4. Akabayashi A., Wahlestedt C., Alexander J.T., and Leibowitz S.F. Specific inhibition of endogenous neuropeptide Y synthesis in arcuate nucleus by antisense oligonucleotides suppresses feeding behavior and insulin secretion. Mol. Brain Res. 21 (1994) 55-61
5. Allen Y.S., Adrian T.E., Allen J.M., Tatemoto K., Crow T.J., Bloom S.R., and Polak J.M. Neuropeptide Y distribution in the rat brain. Science 221 (1983) 877-879
6. Alom J., Galard R., Catalan R., Castellanos J.M., Schwartz S., and Tolosa E. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 198 (1995) 1549-1551
7. Anand B.K., and Brobeck J.R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 24 (1951) 123-146
8. Anand B.K., and Brobeck J.R. Localization of a "feeding center" in the hypothalamus of the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 77 (1951) 323-324
9. Ariyasu H., Takaya K., Tagami T., Ogawa Y., Hosoda K., Akamizu T., Suda M., Koh T., Natsui K., Toyooka S., Shirakami G., Usui T., Shimatsu A., Doi K., Hosoda H., Kojima M., Kangawa K., and Nakao K. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2001) 4753-4758
10. Arora S., and Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity-a review. Neuropeptides 40 (2006) 375-401
11. Asakawa A., Inui A., Yuzuriha H., Ueno N., Katsuura G., Fujimiya M., Fujino M.A., Niijima A., Meguid M.M., and Kasuga M. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 1325-1336
12. Atwood C.S., Meethal S.V., Liu T., Wilson A.C., Gallego M., Smith M.A., and Bowen R.L. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with menopause and andropause promotes neurodegenerative senescence. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64 (2005) 93-103
13. Bannon A.W., Seda J., Carmouche M., Francis J.M., Norman M.H., Karbon B., and McCaleb M.L. Behavioral characterization of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Brain Res. 868 (2000) 79-87
14. Baranowska B., Bik W., Baranowska-Bik A., Wolinska-Witort E., Szybinska A., Martynska L., and Chmielowska M. Neuroendocrine control of metabolic homeostasis in polish centenarians. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 6 (2006) S55-S61
15. Bartke A. Role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in mammalian aging. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 3718-3723
16. Baskin D., Breininger J., and Schwartz M. Leptin receptor mRNA identifies a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons activated by fasting in rat hypothalamus. Diabetes 48 (1999) 828-833
17. Batterham R.L., Cowley M.A., Small C.J., Herzog H., Cohen M.A., Dakin C.L., Wren A.M., Brynes A.E., Low M.J., Ghatei M.A., Cone R.D., and Bloom S.R. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418 (2002) 650-654
18. Bchini-Hooft van Huijsduijnen O.B., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., and Jeanrenaud B. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid levels in pre-obese and genetically obese (fa/fa) rats; potential regulation thereof by corticotropin-releasing factor. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5 (1993) 381-386
19. Beck B. Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 361 (2006) 1159-1185
20. Beck B., Stricker-Krongrad A., Nicolas J.P., and Burlet C. Chronic and continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y in Long-Evans rats mimics the feeding behaviour of obese Zucker rats. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 16 (1992) 295-302
21. Beckman K.B., and Ames B.N. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 78 (1998) 547-581
22. Bernet F., Dedieu J.F., Laborie C., Montel V., and Dupouy J.P. Circulating neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catecholamines in rat under resting and stress conditions. Arguments for extra-adrenal origin of NPY, adrenal and extra-adrenal sources of catecholamines. Neurosci. Lett. 250 (1998) 45-48
23. Berthoud H.R. Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance. Physiol. Behav. 81 (2004) 781-793
24. Berthoud H.R. Homeostatic and non-homeostatic pathways involved in the control of food intake and energy balance. Obesity 5 (2006) 197S-200S
25. Bewick G.A., Gardiner J.V., Dhillo W.S., Kent A.S., White N.E., Webster Z., Ghatei M.A., and Bloom S.R. Post-embryonic ablation of AgRP neurons in mice leads to a lean, hypophagic phenotype. FASEB J. 19 (2005) 1680-1682
26. Bi S., Robinson B.M., and Moran T.H. Acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction differentially affect hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 285 (2003) R1030-R1036
27. Bi S. Role of dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in energy homeostasis. Peptides 28 (2007) 352-356
28. Billington C.J., Briggs J.E., Grace M., and Levine A.S. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 260 (1991) R321-R327
29. Bischoff A., and Michel M.C. Neuropeptide Y lowers blood glucose in anaesthetized rats via a Y5 receptor subtype. Endocrinology 139 (1998) 3018-3021
30. Bishop N.A., and Guarente L. Genetic links between diet and lifespan: shared mechanisms from yeast to humans. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8 (2007) 835-844
31. Boswell T., Richardson R.D., Schwartz M.W., D'Alessio D.A., Woods S.C., Sipols A.J., Baskin D.G., and Kenagy G.J. NPY and galanin in a hibernator: hypothalamic gene expression and effects on feeding. Brain Res. Bull. 32 (1993) 379-384
32. Boswell T., Dunn I.C., and Corr S.A. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA is increased after feed restriction in growing broilers. Poult. Sci. 78 (1999) 1203-1207
33. Brady L.S., Smith M.A., Gold P.W., and Herkenham M. Altered expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNAs in food-restricted and food-deprived rats. Neuroendocrinology 52 (1990) 441-447
34. Broadwell R.D., and Brightman M.W. Entry of peroxidase into neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems from extracerebral and cerebral blood. J. Comp. Neurol. 166 (1976) 257-283
35. Broberger C., Johansen J., Schalling M., and Hokfelt T. Hypothalamic neurohistochemistry of the murine anorexia (anx/anx) mutation: altered processing of neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 387 (1997) 124-135
36. Broberger C., Johansen J., Johansson C., Schalling M., and Hokfelt T. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 15043-15048
37. Burdakov D., Liss B., and Ashcroft F.M. Orexin excites GABAergic neurons of the arcuate nucleus by activating the sodium-calcium exchanger. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 4951-4957
38. Burlet A., Grouzmann E., Musse N., Fernette B., Nicolas J.P., and Burlet C. The immunological impairment of arcuate neuropeptide Y neurons by ricin A chain produces persistent decrease of food intake and body weight. Neuroscience 66 (1995) 151-159
39. Butler R.N., Austad S.N., Barzilai N., Braun A., Helfand S., Larsen P.L., McCormick A.M., Perls T.T., Shuldiner A.R., Sprott R.L., and Warner H.R. Longevity genes: from primitive organisms to humans. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58 (2003) 581-584
40. Carvajal C., Dumont Y., and Quirion R. Neuropeptide Y: role in emotion and alcohol dependence. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 5 (2006) 181-195
41. Catzeflis C., Pierroz D.D., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., Rivier J.E., Sizonenko P.C., and Aubert M.L. Neuropeptide Y administered chronically into the lateral ventricle profoundly inhibits both the gonadotropic and the somatotropic axis in intact adult female rats. Endocrinology 132 (1993) 224-234
42. Ceda G.P., Dall'Aglio E., Maggio M., Lauretani F., Bandinelli S., Falzoi C., Grimaldi W., Ceresini G., Corradi F., Ferrucci L., Valenti G., and Hoffman A.R. Clinical implications of the reduced activity of the GH-IGF-I axis in older men. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28 (2005) 96-100
43. Challis B.G., Pinnock S.B., Coll A.P., Carter R.N., Dickson S.L., and O'Rahilly S. Acute effects of PYY3-36 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in the mouse. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311 (2003) 915-919
44. Chamorro S., Della-Zuana O., Fauchere J.L., Feletou M., Galizzi J.P., and Levens N. Appetite suppression based on selective inhibition of NPY receptors. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 26 (2002) 281-298
45. Chan Y.Y., Steiner R.A., and Clifton D.K. Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y neurons by growth hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 137 (1996) 1319-1325
46. Chan Y.Y., Clifton D.K., and Steiner R.A. Role of NPY neurones in GH-dependent feedback signalling to the brain. Horm. Res. 45S (1996) 12-14
47. Chan-Palay V., Allen Y.S., Lang W., Haesler U., and Polak J.M. Cytology and distribution in normal human cerebral cortex of neurons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y. J. Comp. Neurol. 238 (1985) 382-389
48. Chan-Palay V., Kohler C., Haesler U., Lang W., and Yasargil G. Distribution of neurons and axons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y in the normal human hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 248 (1986) 360-375
49. Chen J.X., Zhao X., Yue G.X., and Wang Z.F. Influence of acute and chronic treadmill exercise on rat plasma lactate and brain NPY, L-ENK, DYN A1-13. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 27 (2007) 1-10
50. Chronwall B.M., DiMaggio D.A., Massari V.J., Pickel V.M., Ruggiero D.A., and O'Donohue T.L. The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15 (1985) 1159-1181
51. Chronwall B.M., and Zukowska Z. Neuropeptide Y, ubiquitous and elusive. Peptides 25 (2004) 359-363
52. Chung H.Y., Kim H.J., Kim J.W., and Yu B.P. The inflammation hypothesis of aging: molecular modulation by calorie restriction. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 928 (2001) 327-335
53. Clark J.T., Kalra P.S., Crowley W.R., and Kalra S.P. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 115 (1984) 427-429
54. Coles, L.S., Los Angeles Gerontology Research Group (LA-GRG), 2004. Validated supercentenarian cases aged 114 and above. Rejuvenation Res. 7, 271-273.
55. Cone R.D., Cowley M.A., Butler A.A., Fan W., Marks D.L., and Low M.J. The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25 (2001) S63-S67
56. Cowley M.A., Smith R.G., Diano S., Tschop M., Pronchuk N., Grove K.L., Strasburger C.J., Bidlingmaier M., Esterman M., Heiman M.L., Garcia-Segura L.M., Nillni E.A., Mendez P., Low M.J., Sotonyi P., Friedman J.M., Liu H., Pinto S., Colmers W.F., Cone R.D., and Horvath T.L. The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron 37 (2003) 649-661
57. Cox H.M. Neuropeptide Y receptors; antisecretory control of intestinal epithelial function. Auton. Neurosci. 133 (2007) 76-85
58. Cripps R.L., Martin-Gronert M.S., and Ozanne S.E. Fetal and perinatal programming of appetite. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 109 (2005) 1-11
59. Crown A., Clifton D.K., and Steiner R.A. Neuropeptide signaling in the integration of metabolism and reproduction. Neuroendocrinology 86 (2007) 175-182
60. Dakin C.L., Gunn I., Small C.J., Edwards C.M., Hay D.L., Smith D.M., Ghatei M.A., and Bloom S.R. Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology 142 (2001) 4244-4250
61. de Luca C., Kowalski T.J., Zhang Y., Elmquist J.K., Lee C., Kilimann M.W., Ludwig T., Liu S.M., and Chua Jr. S.C. Complete rescue of obesity, diabetes, and infertility in db/db mice by neuron-specific LEPR-B transgenes. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (2005) 3484-3493
62. de Rijke C.E., Hillebrand J.J., Verhagen L.A., Roeling T.A., and Adan R.A. Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression following chronic food restriction in sedentary and wheel-running rats. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 35 (2005) 381-390
63. Dryden S., Pickavance L., Frankish H.M., and Williams G. Increased neuropeptide Y secretion in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Brain Res. 690 (1995) 185-188
64. Dubé C. Neuropeptide Y: potential role in recurrent developmental seizures. Peptides 28 (2007) 441-446
65. Duhault J., Boulanger M., Chamorro S., Boutin J.A., Della Zuana O., Douillet E., Fauchere J.L., Feletou M., Germain M., Husson B., Vega A.M., Renard P., and Tisserand F. Food intake regulation in rodents: Y5 or Y1 NPY receptors or both?. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 78 (2000) 173-185
66. Dumont Y., Fournier A., St-Pierre S., and Quirion R. Comparative characterization and autoradiographic distribution of neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in the rat brain. J. Neurosci. 13 (1993) 73-86
67. Edvinsson L., Minthon L., Ekman R., and Gustafson L. Neuropeptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with frontotemporal lobe degeneration. Dementia 4 (1993) 167-171
68. Edwards C.M., Abusnana S., Sunter D., Murphy K.G., Ghatei M.A., and Bloom S.R. The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin. J. Endocrinol. 160 (1999) R7-R12
69. Elias C.F., Lee C., Kelly J., Aschkenasi C., Ahima R.S., Couceyro P.R., Kuhar M.J., Saper C.B., and Elmquist J.K. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron 21 (1998) 1375-1385
70. Elmquist J.K., Coppari R., Balthasar N., Ichinose M., and Lowell B.B. Identifying hypothalamic pathways controlling food intake, body weight, and glucose homeostasis. J. Comp. Neurol. 493 (2005) 63-71
71. Enzi G., Gasparo M., Binodetti P.R., Fiore D., Semisa M., and Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44 (1986) 739-746
72. Erickson J., Hollopeter G., and Palmiter J.D. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 274 (1996) 1704-1707
73. Erickson J.C., Clegg K.E., and Palmiter R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381 (1996) 415-421
74. Ericsson A., Schalling M., McIntyre K.R., Lundberg J.M., Larhammar D., Seroogy K., Hokfelt T., and Persson H. Detection of neuropeptide Y and its mRNA in megakaryocytes: enhanced levels in certain autoimmune mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (1987) 5585-5589
75. Everitt A.V., Seedsman N.J., and Jones F. The effects of hypophysectomy and continuous food restriction, begun at ages 70 and 400 days, on collagen aging, proteinuria, incidence of pathology and longevity in the male rat. Mech. Ageing Dev. 12 (1980) 161-172
76. Fraze E., Chiou Y.A., Chen Y.D., and Reaven G.M. Age-related changes in postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid concentrations in nondiabetic individuals. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 35 (1987) 224-228
77. Furuse M., Matsumoto M., Okumura J., Sugahara K., and Hasegawa S. Intracerebroventricular injection of mammalian and chicken glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits food intake of the neonatal chick. Brain Res. 755 (1997) 167-169
78. Gluck E.F., Stephens N., and Swoap S.J. Peripheral ghrelin deepens torpor bouts in mice through the arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y signaling pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291 (2006) R1303-R1309
79. Gray T.S., and Morley J.E. Neuropeptide Y: anatomical distribution and possible function in mammalian nervous system. Life Sci. 38 (1986) 389-401
80. Grove K.L., Chen P., Koegler F.H., Schiffmaker A., Smith S.M., and Cameron J.L. Fasting activates neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus in the rhesus macaque. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 113 (2003) 133-138
81. Gruenewald D.A., Naai M.A., Marck B.T., and Matsumoto A.M. Age-related decrease in neuropeptide-Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the male rat brain is independent of testicular feedback. Endocrinology 134 (1994) 2383-2389
82. Gruenewald D.A., Marck B.T., and Matsumoto A.M. Fasting-induced increases in food intake and neuropeptide Y gene expression are attenuated in aging male brown Norway rats. Endocrinology 137 (1996) 4460-4467
83. Guan X.M., Yu H., and Van der Ploeg L.H. Evidence of altered hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin/neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in tubby mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 59 (1998) 273-279
84. Hahn T.M., Breininger J.F., Baskin D.G., and Schwartz M.W. Colocalization of agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y in arcuate nucleus neurons activated by fasting. Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998) 271-272
85. Han S., Chen X., Yang C.L., Vickery L., Wu Y., Naes L., Macarthur H., and Westfall T.C. Influence of cold stress on neuropeptide Y and sympathetic neurotransmission. Peptides 26 (2005) 2603-2609
86. Harris S.B., Gunion M.W., Rosenthal M.J., and Walford R.L. Serum glucose, glucose tolerance, corticosterone and free fatty acids during aging in energy restricted mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 73 (1994) 209-221
87. Heijboer A.C., Pijl H., Van den Hoek A.M., Havekes L.M., Romijn J.A., and Corssmit E.P. Gut-brain axis: regulation of glucose metabolism. Neuroendocrinology 18 (2006) 883-894
88. Heilig M. The NPY system in stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropeptides 38 (2004) 213-224
89. Herlihy J.T., Stacy C., and Bertrand H.A. Long-term food restriction depresses serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the rat. Mech. Ageing Dev. 53 (1990) 9-16
90. Herrmann C., Goke R., Richter G., Fehmann H.C., Arnold R., and Goke B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion 56 (1995) 117-126
91. Herzog H., Hort Y.J., Ball H.J., Hayes G., Shine J., and Selbie L.A. Cloned human neuropeptide Y receptor couples to two different second messenger systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1992) 5794-5798
92. Herzog H., Hort Y.J., Shine J., and Selbie L.A. Molecular cloning, characterization, and localization of the human homolog to the reported bovine NPY Y3 receptor: lack of NPY binding and activation. DNA Cell Biol. 12 (1993) 465-471
93. Higuchi H., Yang H.Y., and Costa E. Age-related bidirectional changes in neuropeptide Y peptides in rat adrenal glands, brain, and blood. J. Neurochem. 50 (1988) 1879-1886
94. Higuchi H., Yang H.Y., and Sabol S.L. Rat neuropeptide Y precursor gene expression, mRNA structure, tissue distribution, and regulation by glucocorticoids, cyclic AMP, and phorbol ester. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 6288-6295
95. Holehan A.M., and Merry B.J. The control of puberty in the dietary restricted female rat. Mech. Ageing Dev. 32 (1985) 179-191
96. Holliday R. Food, reproduction and longevity: is the extended lifespan of calorie-restricted animals an evolutionary adaptation?. Bioessays 10 (1989) 125-127
97. Holloszy J.O. The biology of aging. Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 (2000) S3-S8
98. Hoebel B.G. Neuroscience and appetitive behavior research: 25 years. Appetite 29 (1997) 119-133
99. Hu Y., Bloomquist B.T., Cornfield L.J., DeCarr L.B., Flores-Riveros J.R., Friedman L., Jiang P., Lewis-Higgins L., Sadlowski Y., Schaefer J., Velazquez N., and McCaleb M.L. Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 26315-26319
100. Hulsey M.G., Pless C.M., White B.D., and Martin R.J. ICV administration of anti-NPY antisense oligonucleotide: effects on feeding behavior, body weight, peptide content and peptide release. Regul. Pept. 59 (1995) 207-214
101. Hwa J.J., Witten M.B., Williams P., Ghibaudi L., Gao J., Salisbury B.G., Mullins D., Hamud F., Strader C.D., and Parker E.M. Activation of the NPY Y5 receptor regulates both feeding and energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (1999) R1428-R1434
102. Imai Y., Patel H.R., Hawkins E.J., Doliba N.M., Matschinsky F.M., and Ahima R.S. Insulin secretion is increased in pancreatic islets of neuropeptide Y deficient mice. Endocrinology 148 (2007) 5716-5723
103. Ingram D.K., Zhu M., Mamczarz J., Zou S., Lane M.A., Roth G.S., and de Cabo R. Calorie restriction mimetics: an emerging research field. Aging Cell 5 (2006) 97-108
104. Inui A., Okita M., Nakajima M., Momose K., Ueno N., Teranishi A., Miura M., Hirosue Y., Sano K., Sato M., Watanabe M., Sakai T., Watanabe T., Ishida K., Silver J., Baba S., and Kasuga M. Anxiety-like behavior in transgenic mice with brain expression of neuropeptide Y. Proc. Assoc. Am. Phys. 110 (1998) 171-182
105. Jacques D., Sader S., El-Bizri N., Chouffani S., Hassan G., and Shbaklo H. Neuropeptide Y induced increase of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ in heart and vascular smooth muscle cells. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 78 (2000) 162-172
106. Jacques D., Sader S., Perreault C., Abdel-Samad D., and Provost C. Roles of nuclear NPY and NPY receptors in the regulation of the endocardial endothelium and heart function. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 84 (2006) 695-705
107. Jang M., and Romsos D.R. Neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations within specific hypothalamic regions of lean but not ob/ob mice respond to food-deprivation and refeeding. J. Nutr. 128 (1998) 2520-2525
108. Jazin E.E., Yoo H., Blomqvist A.G., Yee F., Weng G., Walker M.W., Salon J., Larhammar D., and Wahlestedt C. A proposed bovine neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor cDNA clone, or its human homologue, confers neither NPY binding sites nor NPY responsiveness on transfected cells. Regul. Pept. 47 (1993) 247-258
109. Jequier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 967 (2002) 379-388
110. Jhanwar-Uniyal M., Beck B., Burlet C., and Leibowitz S.F. Diurnal rhythm of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei and other hypothalamic sites. Brain Res. 536 (1990) 331-334
111. Jhanwar-Uniyal M., Beck B., Jhanwar Y.S., Burlet C., and Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y projection from arcuate nucleus to parvocellular division of paraventricular nucleus: specific relation to the ingestion of carbohydrate. Brain Res. 631 (1993) 97-106
112. Johnson T.E. Recent results: biomarkers of aging. Exp. Gerontol. 41 (2006) 1243-1246
113. Jones P.M., Pierson A.M., Williams G., Ghatei M.A., and Bloom S.R. Increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y messenger RNA levels in two rat models of diabetes. Diabet. Med. 9 (1992) 76-80
114. Kallingal G.J., and Mintz E.M. Gastrin releasing peptide and neuropeptide Y exert opposing actions on circadian phase. Neurosci. Lett. 422 (2007) 59-63
115. Kalra S.P., and Kalra P.S. NPY-an endearing journey in search of a neurochemical on/off switch for appetite, sex and reproduction. Peptides 25 (2004) 465-471
116. Kalra S.P., Dube M.G., Pu S., Xu B., Horvath T.L., and Kalra P.S. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr. Rev. 20 (1999) 68-100
117. Kamegai J., Tamura H., Shimizu T., Ishii S., Sugihara H., and Wakabayashi I. Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats. Diabetes 50 (2001) 2438-2443
118. Karlsson R.M., Holmes A., Heilig M., and Crawley J.N. Anxiolytic-like actions of centrally-administered neuropeptide Y, but not galanin, in C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 80 (2005) 427-436
119. Kim E.M., Welch C.C., Grace M.K., Billington C.J., and Levine A.S. Effects of palatability-induced hyperphagia and food restriction on mRNA levels of neuropeptide-Y in the arcuate nucleus. Brain Res. 806 (1988) 117-121
120. Kirkwood T.L., Kapahi P., and Shanley D.P. Evolution, stress, and longevity. J. Anat. 197 (2000) 587-590
121. Koizumi A., Wada Y., Tuskada M., Kayo T., Naruse M., Horiuchi K., Mogi T., Yoshioka M., Sasaki M., Miyamaura Y., Abe T., Ohtomo K., and Walford R.L. A tumor preventive effect of dietary restriction is antagonized by a high housing temperature through deprivation of torpor. Mech. Ageing Dev. 92 (1996) 67-82
122. Kos K., Harte A.L., James S., Snead D.R., O'Hare J.P., McTernan P.G., and Kumar S. Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 293 (2007) E1335-E1340
123. Kotz C.M., Wang C.F., Briggs J.E., Levine A.S., and Billington C.J. Effect of NPY in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on uncoupling proteins 1, 2, and 3 in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278 (2000) R494-R498
124. Kristensen P., Judge M.E., Thim L., Ribel U., Christjansen K.N., Wulff B.S., Clausen J.T., Jensen P.B., Madsen O.D., Vrang N., Larsen P.J., and Hastrup S. Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin. Nature 393 (1998) 72-76
125. Kulkosky P.J., Glazner G.W., Moore H.D., Low C.A., and Woods S.C. Neuropeptide Y: behavioral effects in the golden hamster. Peptides 9 (1988) 1389-1393
126. Kuo L.E., Abe K., and Zukowska Z. Stress, NPY and vascular remodeling: implications for stress-related diseases. Peptides 28 (2007) 435-440
127. Lakhdar-Ghazal N., Oukouchoud R., and Pevet P. Seasonal variation in NPY immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), a desert hibernator. Neurosci. Lett. 193 (1995) 49-52
128. Lambert P.D., Couceyro P.R., McGirr K.M., Dall S.E., Smith Y., and Kuhar M.J. CART peptides in the central control of feeding and interactions with neuropeptide Y. Synapse 29 (1998) 293-298
129. Lamberts S.W., van den Beld A.W., and van der Lely A.J. The endocrinology of aging. Science 278 (1997) 419-424
130. Larhammar D., and Salaneck E. Molecular evolution of NPY receptor subtypes. Neuropeptides 38 (2004) 141-151
131. Larsen P.J., Tang-Christensen M., Stidsen C.E., Madsen K., Smith M.S., and Cameron J.L. Activation of central neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors potently stimulates food intake in male rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 (1999) 3781-3791
132. Lecklin A., Lundell I., Paananen L., Wikberg J.E., Mannisto P.T., and Larhammar D. Receptor subtypes Y(1) and Y(5) mediate neuropeptide Y induced feeding in the guinea-pig. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135 (2002) 2029-2037
133. Leibowitz S.F., Sladek C., Spencer L., and Tempel D. Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose. Brain Res. Bull. 21 (1988) 905-912
134. Levine A.S., and Morley J.E. Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Peptides 5 (1984) 1025-1029
135. Lewis D.E., Shellard L., Koeslag D.G., Boer D.E., McCarthy H.D., McKibbin P.E., Russell J.C., and Williams G. Intense exercise and food restriction cause similar hypothalamic neuropeptide Y increases in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1993) E279-E284
136. Lopez-Valpuesta F.J., Nyce J.W., Griffin-Biggs T.A., Ice J.C., and Myers R.D. Antisense to NPY-Y1 demonstrates that Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus underlie NPY hypothermia and feeding in rats. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 263 (1996) 881-886
137. Ma X.H., Muzumdar R., Yang X.M., Gabriely I., Berger R., and Barzilai N. Aging is associated with resistance to effects of leptin on fat distribution and insulin action. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 57 (2002) B225-B231
138. Magni P. Hormonal control of the neuropeptide Y system. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 4 (2003) 45-57
139. Mannon P.J., and Raymond J.R. The neuropeptide Y/peptide YY Y1 receptor is coupled to MAP kinase via PKC and Ras in CHO cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246 (1998) 91-94
140. Masoro E.J. The role of hormesis in life extension by dietary restriction. Interdiscip. Top. Gerontol. 35 (2007) 1-17
141. Marks J.L., and Waite K. Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y acutely influences glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 (1997) 99-103
142. Matsumoto M., Nomura T., Momose K., Ikeda Y., Kondou Y., Akiho H., Togami J., Kimura Y., Okada M., and Yamaguchi T. Inactivation of a novel neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor gene in primate species. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 27217-27220
143. Matsumoto A.M., Marck B.T., Gruenewald D.A., Wolden-Hanson T., and Naai M.A. Aging and the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction and body weight. Exp. Gerontol. 35 (2000) 1251-1265
144. McCay C.M., and Crowell M.F. Prolonging the life span. Sci. Mon. 39 (1934) 405-414
145. McCay C.M., Crowell M.F., and Maynard L.A. The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. J. Nutr. 10 (1935) 63-79
146. McCay C.M., Maynard L.A., Sperling G., and Barnes L.L. Retarded growth, life span, ultimate body size and age changes in the albino rat after feeding diets restricted in calories. J. Nutr. 18 (1939) 1-13
147. McKibbin P.E., Rogers P., and Williams G. Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat after the onset of darkness: possible relevance to the circadian periodicity of feeding behavior. Life Sci. 48 (1991) 2527-2533
148. Meister B. Neurotransmitters in key neurons of the hypothalamus that regulate feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol. Behav. 92 (2007) 263-271
149. Meites J. Evidence that underfeeding acts via the neuroendocrine system to influence aging processes. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 287 (1989) 169-180
150. Menendez J.A., McGregor I.S., Healey P.A., Atrens D.M., and Leibowitz S.F. Metabolic effects of neuropeptide Y injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 516 (1990) 8-14
151. Mercer J.G., Moar K.M., Logie T.J., Findlay P.A., Adam C.L., and Morgan P.J. Seasonally-inappropriate body weight induced by food restriction: effect on hypothalamic gene expression in male Siberian hamsters. Endocrinology 142 (2001) 4173-4181
152. Michalkiewicz M., Knestaut K.M., Bytchkova E.Y., and Michalkiewicz T. Hypotension and reduced catecholamines in neuropeptide Y transgenic rats. Hypertension 41 (2003) 1056-1062
153. Michel M.C., Beck-Sickinger A., Cox H., Doods H.N., Herzog H., Larhammar D., Quirion R., Schwartz T., and Westfall T. XVI. International Union of Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 50 (1998) 143-150
154. Miller R.A., Buehner G., Chang Y., Harper J.M., Sigler R., and Smith-Wheelock M. Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell 4 (2005) 119-125
155. Miner J.L., Della-Fera M.A., Paterson J.A., and Baile C.A. Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 257 (1989) R383-R387
156. Mizuno T.M., Makimura H., Silverstein J., Roberts J.L., Lopingco T., and Mobbs C.V. Fasting regulates hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin in diabetic mice independent of changes in leptin or insulin. Endocrinology 140 (1999) 4551-4557
157. Moltz J.H., and McDonald J.K. Neuropeptide Y: direct and indirect action on insulin secretion in the rat. Peptides 6 (1985) 1155-1159
158. Morley J.E., Hernandez E.N., and Flood J.F. Neuropeptide Y increases food intake in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (1987) R516-R522
159. Morley J.E. Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging. Nutrition 17 (2001) 660-663
160. Morris Y.A., and Crews D. The effects of exogenous neuropeptide Y on feeding and sexual behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Brain Res. 530 (1990) 339-341
161. Muller F.L., Lustgarten M.S., Jang Y., Richardson A., and Van Remmen H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 43 (2007) 477-503
162. Nakazato M., Murakami N., Date Y., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., and Matsukura S. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 409 (2001) 194-198
163. Näslund E., and Hellström P.M. Appetite signaling: from gut peptides and enteric nerves to brain. Physiol. Behav. 92 (2007) 256-262
164. Nelson J.F., Karelus K., Bergman M.D., and Felicio L.S. Neuroendocrine involvement in aging: evidence from studies of reproductive aging and caloric restriction. Neurobiol. Aging 16 (1995) 837-843
165. Nie M., and Selbie L.A. Neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptor-mediated stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Regul. Pept. 75-76 (1998) 207-213
166. Orentreich N., Matias J.R., DeFelice A., and Zimmerman J.A. Low methionine ingestion by rats extends life span. J. Nutr. 123 (1993) 269-274
167. Parker R.M., and Herzog H. Regional distribution of Y-receptor subtype mRNAs in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 1431-1448
168. Parrott R.F., Heavens R.P., and Baldwin B.A. Stimulation of feeding in the satiated pig by intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y. Physiol. Behav. 36 (1986) 523-525
169. Pau M.Y., Pau K.Y., and Spies H.G. Characterization of central actions of neuropeptide Y on food and water intake in rabbits. Physiol. Behav. 44 (1988) 797-802
170. Pernow J., Ohlen A., Hokfelt T., Nilsson O., and Lundberg J.M. Neuropeptide Y: presence in perivascular noradrenergic neurons and vasoconstrictor effects on skeletal muscle blood vessels in experimental animals and man. Regul. Pept. 19 (1987) 313-324
171. Peruzzo B., Pastor F.E., Blazquez J.L., Schobitz K., Pelaez B., Amat P., and Rodriguez E.M. A second look at the barriers of the medial basal hypothalamus. Exp. Brain Res. 132 (2000) 10-26
172. Pierroz D.D., Catzeflis C., Aebi A.C., Rivier J.E., and Aubert M.L. Chronic administration of neuropeptide Y into the lateral ventricle inhibits both the pituitary-testicular axis and growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion in intact adult male rats. Endocrinology 137 (1996) 3-12
173. Pinto S., Roseberry A.G., Liu H., Diano S., Shanabrough M., Cai X., Friedman J.M., and Horvath T.L. Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science 304 (2004) 110-115
174. Plant T.M., and Shahab M. Neuroendocrine mechanisms that delay and initiate puberty in higher primates. Physiol. Behav. 77 (2002) 717-722
175. Qian S., Chen H., Weingarth D., Trumbauer M.E., Novi D.E., Guan X., Yu H., Shen Z., Feng Y., Frazier E., Chen A., Camacho R.E., Shearman L.P., Gopal-Truter S., MacNeil D.J., Van der Ploeg L.H., and Marsh D.J. Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 5027-5035
176. Redrobe J.P., Dumont Y., St-Pierre J.A., and Quirion R. Multiple receptors for neuropeptide Y in the hippocampus: putative roles in seizures and cognition. Brain Res. 848 (1999) 153-166
177. Rehman H.U., and Masson E.A. Neuroendocrinology of ageing. Age Ageing 30 (2001) 279-287
178. Rous P. The influence of diet on transplanted and spontaneous mouse tumors. J. Exp. Med. 20 (1914) 433-451
179. Sahu A., Sninsky C.A., and Kalra S.P. Evidence that hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression and NPY levels in the paraventricular nucleus increase before the onset of hyperphagia in experimental diabetes. Brain Res. 755 (1997) 339-342
180. Schwartz G.J. Integrative capacity of the caudal brainstem in the control of food intake. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 361 (2006) 1275-1280
181. Schwartz M.W., Sipols A.J., Marks J.L., Sanacora G., White J.D., Scheurink A., Kahn S.E., Baskin D.G., Woods S.C., Figlewicz D.P., and Porte Jr. D. Inhibition of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression by insulin. Endocrinology 130 (1992) 3608-3616
182. Schwartz M.W., Seeley R.J., Campfield L.A., Burn P., and Baskin D.G. Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus. J. Clin. Invest. 98 (1996) 1101-1106
183. Schwartz M.W., and Porte Jr. D. Diabetes, obesity, and the brain. Science 307 (2005) 375-379
184. Segal-Lieberman G., Trombly D.J., Juthani V., Wang X., and Maratos-Flier E. NPY ablation in C57BL/6 mice leads to mild obesity and to an impaired refeeding response to fasting. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284 (2003) E1131-E1139
185. Seeley R.J., Grill H.J., and Kaplan J.M. Neurological dissociation of gastrointestinal and metabolic contributions to meal size control. Behav. Neurosci. 108 (1994) 347-352
186. Shimokata H., Tobin J.D., Muller D.C., Elahi D., Coon P.J., and Andres R. Studies in the distribution of body fat. 1. Effects of age, sex, and obesity. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 44 (1989) M66-M73
187. Shimokawa T., Kumar M.V., and Lane M.D. Effect of a fatty acid synthase inhibitor on food intake and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 66-71
188. Shintani M., Ogawa Y., Ebihara K., Aizawa-Abe M., Miyanaga F., Takaya K., Hayashi T., Inoue G., Hosoda K., Kojima M., Kangawa K., and Nakao K. Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes 50 (2001) 227-232
189. Shutter J.R., Graham M., Kinsey A.C., Scully S., Luthy R., and Stark K.L. Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice. Genes Dev. 11 (1997) 593-602
190. Sinclair D.A. Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity regulation. Mech. Ageing Dev. 126 (2005) 987-1002
191. Sindelar D.K., Mystkowski P., Marsh D.J., Palmiter R.D., and Schwartz M.W. Attenuation of diabetic hyperphagia in neuropeptide Y-deficient mice. Diabetes 51 (2002) 778-783
192. Sipols A.J., Figlewicz D.P., Seeley R.J., Chavez M., Woods S.C., and Porte D.J. Intraventricular neuropeptide Y does not stimulate food intake in the baboon. Physiol. Behav. 60 (1996) 717-719
193. Sohn E.H., Wolden-Hanson T., and Matsumoto A.M. Testosterone (T)-induced changes in arcuate nucleus cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and NPY mRNA are attenuated in old compared to young male brown Norway rats: contribution of T to age-related changes in cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and NPY gene expression. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 954-963
194. Spanswick D., Smith M.A., Groppi V.E., Logan S.D., and Ashford M.L. Leptin inhibits hypothalamic neurons by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Nature 390 (1997) 521-525
195. Speakman J.R., and Hambly C. Starving for life: what animal studies can and cannot tell us about the use of caloric restriction to prolong human lifespan. J. Nutr. 137 (2007) 1078-1086
196. Spinazzi R., Andreis P.G., and Nussdorfer G.G. Neuropeptide-Y and Y-receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of adrenal gland under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Int. J. Mol. Med. 15 (2005) 3-13
197. Stanley B.G., and Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y: stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci. 35 (1984) 2635-2642
198. Stanley B.G., Kyrkouli S.E., Lampert S., and Leibowitz S.F. Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: a powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity. Peptides 7 (1986) 1189-1192
199. Stellar E. The physiology of motivation. Psychol. Rev. 61 (1954) 5-22
200. Stephens T.W., Basinski M., Bristow P.K., Bue-Valleskey J.M., Burgett S.G., Craft L., Hale J., Hoffmann J., Hsiung H.M., Kriauciunas A., MacKellar W., Rosteck Jr. P.R., Schoner B., Smith D., Tinsley F.C., Zhang X.Y., and Heiman M. The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature 377 (1995) 530-532
201. Takeda S., Elefteriou F., Levasseur R., Liu X., Zhao L., Parker K.L., Armstrong D., Ducy P., and Karsenty G. Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell 111 (2002) 305-317
202. Tang-Christensen M., Holst J.J., Hartmann B., and Vrang N. The arcuate nucleus is pivotal in mediating the anorectic effects of centrally administered leptin. Neuroreport 10 (1999) 1183-1187
203. Tatemoto K., Carlquist M., and Mutt V. Neuropeptide Y-a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature 296 (1982) 659-660
204. Tatemoto K. Neuropeptide Y: complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (1982) 5485-5489
205. Thorsell A. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in alcohol intake and dependence. Peptides 28 (2007) 480-483
206. Thorsell A., and Heilig M. Diverse functions of neuropeptide Y revealed using genetically modified animals. Neuropeptides 36 (2002) 182-193
207. Vela J., Gutierrez A., Vitorica J., and Ruano D. Rat hippocampal GABAergic molecular markers are differentially affected by ageing. J. Neurochem. 85 (2003) 368-377
208. Wahlestedt C., Skagerberg G., Ekman R., Heilig M., Sundler E., and Hhkanson R. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocorticai axis in the rat. Brain Res. 417 (1987) 33-38
209. Walford R.L., and Spindler S.R. The response to calorie restriction in mammals shows features also common to hibernation: a cross-adaptation hypothesis. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52 (1997) B179-B183
210. White B.D., He B., Dean R.G., and Martin R.J. Low protein diets increase neuropeptide Y gene expression in the basomedial hypothalamus of rats. J. Nutr. 124 (1994) 1152-1160
211. White J.D., Olchovsky D., Kershaw M., and Berelowitz M. Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Endocrinology 126 (1990) 765-772
212. Widdowson P.S., Upton R., Henderson L., Buckingham R., Wilson S., and Williams G. Reciprocal regional changes in brain NPY receptor density during dietary restriction and dietary-induced obesity in the rat. Brain Res. 774 (1997) 1-10
213. Williams G., Gill J.S., Lee Y.C., Cardoso H.M., Okpere B.E., and Bloom S.R. Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 38 (1989) 321-327
214. Williams G., Shellard L., Lewis D.E., McKibbin P.E., McCarthy H.D., Koeslag D.G., and Russell J.C. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y disturbances in the obese (cp/cp) JCR:LA corpulent rat. Peptides 13 (1992) 537-540
215. Wójcik-Gładysz A., and Polkowska J. Neuropeptide Y-a neuromodulatory link between nutrition and reproduction at the central nervous system level. Reprod. Biol. 2 (2006) 21S-28S
216. Wynne K., and Bloom S.R. The role of oxyntomodulin and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) in appetite control. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2 (2006) 612-620
217. Yannielli P.C., and Harrington M.E. Neuropeptide Y in the mammalian circadian system: effects on light-induced circadian responses. Peptides 22 (2001) 547-556
218. Zarjevski N., Cusin I., Vettor R., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., and Jeanrenaud B. Chronic intracerebroventricular neuropeptide-Y administration to normal rats mimics hormonal and metabolic changes of obesity. Endocrinology 133 (1993) 1753-1758
219. Zarjevski N., Cusin I., Vettor R., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., and Jeanrenaud B. Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y to normal rats has divergent effects on glucose utilization by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Diabetes 43 (1994) 764-769
220. Ziotopoulou M., Mantzoros C.S., Hileman S.M., and Flier J.S. Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279 (2000) E838-E845
221. Zukowska Z., Pons J., Lee E.W., and Li L. Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system?. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 81 (2003) 89-94