메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1143, Issue , 2008, Pages 105-122

The thymus medulla slowly yields its secrets

Author keywords

Aire; APS 1; Central tolerance; Promiscuous gene expression; Thymic epithelial cells; Thymus medulla

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNE REGULATOR PROTEIN;

EID: 56549085984     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1443.018     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 33646165128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A central role for central tolerance
    • &
    • Kyewski, B. & L. Klein. 2006. A central role for central tolerance. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24 : 571 606.
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.24 , pp. 571-606
    • Kyewski, B.1    Klein, L.2
  • 2
    • 36448949476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generating intrathymic microenvironments to establish T-cell tolerance
    • &
    • Anderson, G., P.J. Lane & E.J. Jenkinson. 2007. Generating intrathymic microenvironments to establish T-cell tolerance. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7 : 954 963.
    • (2007) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.7 , pp. 954-963
    • Anderson, G.1    Lane, P.J.2    Jenkinson, E.J.3
  • 5
    • 36249007517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune regulator functions in autoimmunity control
    • Matsumoto, M. 2007. Autoimmune regulator functions in autoimmunity control. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 3 : 891 900.
    • (2007) Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. , vol.3 , pp. 891-900
    • Matsumoto, M.1
  • 6
    • 33745532385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial progenitor cell
    • Bleul, C.C. et al. 2006. Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial progenitor cell. Nature 441 : 992 996.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 992-996
    • Bleul, C.C.1
  • 7
    • 33745516115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal analysis reveals a common progenitor for thymic cortical and medullary epithelium
    • Rossi, S.W. et al. 2006. Clonal analysis reveals a common progenitor for thymic cortical and medullary epithelium. Nature 441 : 988 991.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 988-991
    • Rossi, S.W.1
  • 8
    • 0036063262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of thymic epithelial progenitor cells
    • Bennett, A.R. et al. 2002. Identification and characterization of thymic epithelial progenitor cells. Immunity 16 : 803 814.
    • (2002) Immunity , vol.16 , pp. 803-814
    • Bennett, A.R.1
  • 9
    • 0036305567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of a complete thymic microenvironment by MTS24(+) thymic epithelial cells
    • Gill, J. et al. 2002. Generation of a complete thymic microenvironment by MTS24(+) thymic epithelial cells. Nat. Immunol. 3 : 635 642.
    • (2002) Nat. Immunol. , vol.3 , pp. 635-642
    • Gill, J.1
  • 10
    • 34548798748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redefining epithelial progenitor potential in the developing thymus
    • Rossi, S.W. et al. 2007. Redefining epithelial progenitor potential in the developing thymus. Eur. J. Immunol. 37 : 2411 2418.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.37 , pp. 2411-2418
    • Rossi, S.W.1
  • 11
    • 34548760932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back to the beginning-the quest for thymic epithelial stem cells
    • &
    • Swann, J.B. & T. Boehm. 2007. Back to the beginning-the quest for thymic epithelial stem cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 37 : 2364 2366.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.37 , pp. 2364-2366
    • Swann, J.B.1    Boehm, T.2
  • 12
    • 22344434168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting models of promiscuous gene expression by thymic epithelium
    • &
    • Gillard, G.O. & A.G. Farr. 2005. Contrasting models of promiscuous gene expression by thymic epithelium. J. Exp. Med. 202 : 15 19.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Med. , vol.202 , pp. 15-19
    • Gillard, G.O.1    Farr, A.G.2
  • 13
    • 37549071821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promiscuous gene expression and the developmental dynamics of medullary thymic epithelial cells
    • &
    • Gabler, J., J. Arnold & B. Kyewski. 2007. Promiscuous gene expression and the developmental dynamics of medullary thymic epithelial cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 37 : 3363 3372.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.37 , pp. 3363-3372
    • Gabler, J.1    Arnold, J.2    Kyewski, B.3
  • 14
    • 35748941369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proliferative arrest and rapid turnover of thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire
    • Gray, D. et al. 2007. Proliferative arrest and rapid turnover of thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire. J. Exp. Med. 204 : 2521 2528.
    • (2007) J. Exp. Med. , vol.204 , pp. 2521-2528
    • Gray, D.1
  • 15
    • 34250336454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RANK signals from CD4 + 3- inducer cells regulate development of Aire-expressing epithelial cells in the thymic medulla
    • Rossi, S.W. et al. 2007. RANK signals from CD4 + 3- inducer cells regulate development of Aire-expressing epithelial cells in the thymic medulla. J. Exp. Med. 204 : 1267 1272.
    • (2007) J. Exp. Med. , vol.204 , pp. 1267-1272
    • Rossi, S.W.1
  • 16
    • 38349110211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIRE's card revealed; A new structure for central tolerance provokes transcriptional plasticity
    • Ferguson, B.J. et al. 2007. AIRE's card revealed; A new structure for central tolerance provokes transcriptional plasticity. J. Biol. Chem. 283 : 1723 1731.
    • (2007) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.283 , pp. 1723-1731
    • Ferguson, B.J.1
  • 17
    • 4544258485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-representation in the thymus: An extended view
    • &
    • Kyewski, B. & J. Derbinski. 2004. Self-representation in the thymus: an extended view. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4 : 688 698.
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 688-698
    • Kyewski, B.1    Derbinski, J.2
  • 18
    • 33646477813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Features of medullary thymic epithelium implicate postnatal development in maintaining epithelial heterogeneity and tissue-restricted antigen expression
    • &
    • Gillard, G.O. & A.G. Farr. 2006. Features of medullary thymic epithelium implicate postnatal development in maintaining epithelial heterogeneity and tissue-restricted antigen expression. J. Immunol. 176 : 5815 5824.
    • (2006) J. Immunol. , vol.176 , pp. 5815-5824
    • Gillard, G.O.1    Farr, A.G.2
  • 19
    • 33845239216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental kinetics, turnover and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells
    • Gray, D.H. et al. 2006. Developmental kinetics, turnover and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells. Blood 108 : 3777 3785.
    • (2006) Blood , vol.108 , pp. 3777-3785
    • Gray, D.H.1
  • 20
    • 34247868281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire represent a unique lineage derived from cells expressing claudin
    • Hamazaki, Y. et al. 2007. Medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing Aire represent a unique lineage derived from cells expressing claudin. Nat. Immunol. 8 : 304 311.
    • (2007) Nat. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 304-311
    • Hamazaki, Y.1
  • 21
    • 0038320263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signaling adaptors and pathways activated by TNF superfamily
    • Dempsey, P.W. et al. 2003. The signaling adaptors and pathways activated by TNF superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14 : 193 209.
    • (2003) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. , vol.14 , pp. 193-209
    • Dempsey, P.W.1
  • 22
    • 33646055527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential role of IkappaB kinase alpha in thymic organogenesis required for the establishment of self-tolerance
    • Kinoshita, D. et al. 2006. Essential role of IkappaB kinase alpha in thymic organogenesis required for the establishment of self-tolerance. J. Immunol. 176 : 3995 4002.
    • (2006) J. Immunol. , vol.176 , pp. 3995-4002
    • Kinoshita, D.1
  • 23
    • 0242624626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphotoxin pathway directs thymic Aire expression
    • Chin, R.K. et al. 2003. Lymphotoxin pathway directs thymic Aire expression. Nat. Immunol. 4 : 1121 1127.
    • (2003) Nat. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 1121-1127
    • Chin, R.K.1
  • 24
    • 0041884736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic medullary epithelial cell differentiation, thymocyte emigration, and the control of autoimmunity require lympho-epithelial cross talk via LTbetaR
    • Boehm, T. et al. 2003. Thymic medullary epithelial cell differentiation, thymocyte emigration, and the control of autoimmunity require lympho-epithelial cross talk via LTbetaR. J. Exp. Med. 198 : 757 769.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.198 , pp. 757-769
    • Boehm, T.1
  • 25
    • 38449096249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphotoxin pathway and Aire influences on thymic medullary epithelial cells are unconnected
    • Venanzi, E.S. et al. 2007. Lymphotoxin pathway and Aire influences on thymic medullary epithelial cells are unconnected. J. Immunol. 179 : 5693 5700.
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.179 , pp. 5693-5700
    • Venanzi, E.S.1
  • 26
    • 45949094459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lymphotoxin pathway regulates aire-independent expression of ectopic genes and chemokines in thymic stromal cells
    • Seach, N. et al. 2008. The lymphotoxin pathway regulates aire-independent expression of ectopic genes and chemokines in thymic stromal cells. J. Immunol. 180 : 5384 5392.
    • (2008) J. Immunol. , vol.180 , pp. 5384-5392
    • Seach, N.1
  • 27
    • 47949100152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ltßr signaling does not regulate Aire-dependent transcripts in medullary thymic epithelial cells
    • in press.
    • Martin, V.C., Boehm, T., Bleul, C.C. 2008. Ltßr signaling does not regulate Aire-dependent transcripts in medullary thymic epithelial cells. J. Immunol. in press.
    • (2008) J. Immunol.
    • Martin, V.C.1    Boehm, T.2    Bleul, C.C.3
  • 28
    • 40049092383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphotoxin beta receptor is required for the migration and selection of autoreactive T cells in thymic medulla
    • Zhu, M. et al. 2007. Lymphotoxin beta receptor is required for the migration and selection of autoreactive T cells in thymic medulla. J. Immunol. 179 : 8069 8075.
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.179 , pp. 8069-8075
    • Zhu, M.1
  • 29
    • 16444377660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of self-tolerance on TRAF6-directed development of thymic stroma
    • Akiyama, T. et al. 2005. Dependence of self-tolerance on TRAF6-directed development of thymic stroma. Science 308 : 248 251.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 248-251
    • Akiyama, T.1
  • 30
    • 44849090702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential phases in the development of Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells involve distinct cellular input
    • White, A.J. et al. 2008. Sequential phases in the development of Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells involve distinct cellular input. Eur. J. Immunol. 38 : 942 947.
    • (2008) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.38 , pp. 942-947
    • White, A.J.1
  • 32
    • 24744448656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking signalling pathways, thymic stroma integrity and autoimmunity
    • &
    • Derbinski, J. & B. Kyewski. 2005. Linking signalling pathways, thymic stroma integrity and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol. 26 : 503 506.
    • (2005) Trends Immunol. , vol.26 , pp. 503-506
    • Derbinski, J.1    Kyewski, B.2
  • 33
    • 2942737209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphotoxin and TNF produced by B cells are dispensable for maintenance of the follicle-associated epithelium but are required for development of lymphoid follicles in the Peyer's patches
    • Tumanov, A.V. et al. 2004. Lymphotoxin and TNF produced by B cells are dispensable for maintenance of the follicle-associated epithelium but are required for development of lymphoid follicles in the Peyer's patches. J. Immunol. 173 : 86 91.
    • (2004) J. Immunol. , vol.173 , pp. 86-91
    • Tumanov, A.V.1
  • 34
    • 49149124183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of neural crest-derived cells in the embryonic and adult thymus
    • Foster, K. et al. 2008. Contribution of neural crest-derived cells in the embryonic and adult thymus. J. Immunol. 180 : 3183 3189.
    • (2008) J. Immunol. , vol.180 , pp. 3183-3189
    • Foster, K.1
  • 35
    • 0042662851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential requirement for mesenchyme in the proliferation and maturation of thymic epithelial progenitors
    • &
    • Jenkinson, W.E., E.J. Jenkinson & G. Anderson. 2003. Differential requirement for mesenchyme in the proliferation and maturation of thymic epithelial progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 198 : 325 332.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.198 , pp. 325-332
    • Jenkinson, W.E.1    Jenkinson, E.J.2    Anderson, G.3
  • 36
    • 33846867492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PDGFRalpha-expressing mesenchyme regulates thymus growth and the availability of intrathymic niches
    • Jenkinson, W.E. et al. 2007. PDGFRalpha-expressing mesenchyme regulates thymus growth and the availability of intrathymic niches. Blood 109 : 954 960.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 954-960
    • Jenkinson, W.E.1
  • 37
    • 37249089365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FGFR2IIIb signaling regulates thymic epithelial differentiation
    • Dooley, J. et al. 2007. FGFR2IIIb signaling regulates thymic epithelial differentiation. Dev. Dyn. 236 : 3459 3471.
    • (2007) Dev. Dyn. , vol.236 , pp. 3459-3471
    • Dooley, J.1
  • 38
    • 0036839591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of thymic epithelium by keratinocyte growth factor
    • Erickson, M. et al. 2002. Regulation of thymic epithelium by keratinocyte growth factor. Blood 100 : 3269 3278.
    • (2002) Blood , vol.100 , pp. 3269-3278
    • Erickson, M.1
  • 39
    • 2442582732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes dendritic cell-mediated CD4+ T cell homeostatic expansion
    • Watanabe, N. et al. 2004. Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes dendritic cell-mediated CD4+ T cell homeostatic expansion. Nat. Immunol. 5 : 426 434.
    • (2004) Nat. Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 426-434
    • Watanabe, N.1
  • 40
    • 7244227645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central tolerance to tissue-specific antigens mediated by direct and indirect antigen presentation
    • &
    • Gallegos, A.M. & M.J. Bevan. 2004. Central tolerance to tissue-specific antigens mediated by direct and indirect antigen presentation. J. Exp. Med. 200 : 1039 1049.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.200 , pp. 1039-1049
    • Gallegos, A.M.1    Bevan, M.J.2
  • 41
    • 43949165426 scopus 로고
    • The thymic microenvironment
    • Boyd, R.L. et al. 1993. The thymic microenvironment. Immunol. Today. 14 : 445 459.
    • (1993) Immunol. Today. , vol.14 , pp. 445-459
    • Boyd, R.L.1
  • 42
    • 0034857910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling of complementing self-antigen pools by thymic stromal cells maximizes the scope of central T cell tolerance
    • &
    • Klein, L., B. Roettinger & B. Kyewski. 2001. Sampling of complementing self-antigen pools by thymic stromal cells maximizes the scope of central T cell tolerance. Eur. J. Immunol. 31 : 2476 2486.
    • (2001) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.31 , pp. 2476-2486
    • Klein, L.1    Roettinger, B.2    Kyewski, B.3
  • 43
    • 34248598295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for self antigen expressed and presented by Aire+ medullary thymic epithelial cells
    • Aschenbrenner, K. et al. 2007. Selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for self antigen expressed and presented by Aire+ medullary thymic epithelial cells. Nat. Immunol. 8 : 351 358.
    • (2007) Nat. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 351-358
    • Aschenbrenner, K.1
  • 44
    • 0035920510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cortical epithelium mediates the selection of CD4(+)25(+) immunoregulatory T cells
    • Bensinger, S.J. et al. 2001. Major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cortical epithelium mediates the selection of CD4(+)25(+) immunoregulatory T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194 : 427 438.
    • (2001) J. Exp. Med. , vol.194 , pp. 427-438
    • Bensinger, S.J.1
  • 45
    • 33744786828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a neo-self-antigen develop at the double-positive thymic stage
    • Cabarrocas, J. et al. 2006. Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a neo-self-antigen develop at the double-positive thymic stage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 : 8453 8458.
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 8453-8458
    • Cabarrocas, J.1
  • 46
    • 50149099154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of regulatory Foxp3+ T cells in thymic cortext
    • Liston, A. et al. 2008. Differentiation of regulatory Foxp3+ T cells in thymic cortext. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 : 11903 11908.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 11903-11908
    • Liston, A.1
  • 47
    • 24144480562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus
    • Watanabe, N. et al. 2005. Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus. Nature 436 : 1181 1185.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.436 , pp. 1181-1185
    • Watanabe, N.1
  • 48
    • 38949101205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foxp3+ regulatory T cells promiscuously accept thymic signals critical for their development
    • &
    • Spence, P.J. & E.A. Green. 2008. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells promiscuously accept thymic signals critical for their development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 : 973 978.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 973-978
    • Spence, P.J.1    Green, E.A.2
  • 49
    • 38649131259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promiscuous gene expression patterns in single medullary thymic epithelial cells argue for a stochastic mechanism
    • Derbinski, J. et al. 2008. Promiscuous gene expression patterns in single medullary thymic epithelial cells argue for a stochastic mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 : 657 662.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 657-662
    • Derbinski, J.1
  • 50
    • 0035856960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymus medulla consisting of epithelial islets each derived from a single progenitor
    • Rodewald, H.R. et al. 2001. Thymus medulla consisting of epithelial islets each derived from a single progenitor. Nature 414 : 763 768.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 763-768
    • Rodewald, H.R.1
  • 51
    • 44849114330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A specific anti-aire antibody reveals aire expression is restricted to medullary thymic epithelial cells and not expressed in periphery
    • Hubert, F.X. et al. 2008. A specific anti-aire antibody reveals aire expression is restricted to medullary thymic epithelial cells and not expressed in periphery. J. Immunol. 180 : 3824 3832.
    • (2008) J. Immunol. , vol.180 , pp. 3824-3832
    • Hubert, F.X.1
  • 52
    • 0035147378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular location and expression pattern of autoimmune regulator (Aire), the mouse orthologue for human gene defective in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
    • Halonen, M. et al. 2001. Subcellular location and expression pattern of autoimmune regulator (Aire), the mouse orthologue for human gene defective in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49 : 197 208.
    • (2001) J. Histochem. Cytochem. , vol.49 , pp. 197-208
    • Halonen, M.1
  • 53
    • 0036498116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of AIRE gene in peripheral monocyte/dendritic cell lineage
    • Kogawa, K. et al. 2002. Expression of AIRE gene in peripheral monocyte/dendritic cell lineage. Immunol. Lett. 80 : 195 198.
    • (2002) Immunol. Lett. , vol.80 , pp. 195-198
    • Kogawa, K.1
  • 54
    • 33846546257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral antigen display by lymph node stroma promotes T cell tolerance to intestinal self
    • Lee, J.W. et al. 2007. Peripheral antigen display by lymph node stroma promotes T cell tolerance to intestinal self. Nat. Immunol. 8 : 181 190.
    • (2007) Nat. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 181-190
    • Lee, J.W.1
  • 55
    • 49449093723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletional tolerance mediated by extrathymic Aire-expressing cells
    • Gardner, J.M. et al. 2008. Deletional tolerance mediated by extrathymic Aire-expressing cells. Science 321 : 843 847.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 843-847
    • Gardner, J.M.1
  • 56
    • 0035798665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a DNA-binding protein
    • Kumar, P.G. et al. 2001. The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a DNA-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 276 : 41357 41364.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 41357-41364
    • Kumar, P.G.1
  • 57
    • 0038824426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The autoimmune regulator protein has transcriptional transactivating properties and interacts with the common coactivator CREB-binding protein
    • Pitkanen, J. et al. 2000. The autoimmune regulator protein has transcriptional transactivating properties and interacts with the common coactivator CREB-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 275 : 16802 16809.
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 16802-16809
    • Pitkanen, J.1
  • 58
    • 38049026826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA-PK contributes to the phosphorylation of AIRE: Importance in transcriptional activity
    • Liiv, I. et al. 2008. DNA-PK contributes to the phosphorylation of AIRE: importance in transcriptional activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1783 : 74 83.
    • (2008) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , vol.1783 , pp. 74-83
    • Liiv, I.1
  • 59
    • 39149143991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional interaction of AIRE with PIAS1 in transcriptional regulation
    • Ilmarinen, T. et al. 2008. Functional interaction of AIRE with PIAS1 in transcriptional regulation. Mol. Immunol. 45 : 1847 1862.
    • (2008) Mol. Immunol. , vol.45 , pp. 1847-1862
    • Ilmarinen, T.1
  • 60
    • 4043130957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular expression of autoimmune regulator is organized in a spatiotemporal manner
    • Akiyoshi, H. et al. 2004. Subcellular expression of autoimmune regulator is organized in a spatiotemporal manner. J. Biol. Chem. 279 : 33984 33991.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 33984-33991
    • Akiyoshi, H.1
  • 61
    • 3843096115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMR structure of the N-terminal domain of SUMO ligase PIAS1 and its interaction with tumor suppressor p53 and A/T-rich DNA oligomers
    • Okubo, S. et al. 2004. NMR structure of the N-terminal domain of SUMO ligase PIAS1 and its interaction with tumor suppressor p53 and A/T-rich DNA oligomers. J. Biol. Chem. 279 : 31455 31461.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 31455-31461
    • Okubo, S.1
  • 62
    • 37549060329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIRE recruits P-TEFb for transcriptional elongation of target genes in medullary thymic epithelial cells
    • Oven, I. et al. 2007. AIRE recruits P-TEFb for transcriptional elongation of target genes in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 : 8815 8823.
    • (2007) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.27 , pp. 8815-8823
    • Oven, I.1
  • 63
    • 27944494841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIRE recruits multiple transcriptional components to specific genomic regions through tethering to nuclear matrix
    • Tao, Y. et al. 2006. AIRE recruits multiple transcriptional components to specific genomic regions through tethering to nuclear matrix. Mol. Immunol. 43 : 335 345.
    • (2006) Mol. Immunol. , vol.43 , pp. 335-345
    • Tao, Y.1
  • 64
    • 0942288397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medullary epithelial cells of the human thymus express a highly diverse selection of tissue-specific genes colocalized in chromosomal clusters
    • Gotter, J. et al. 2004. Medullary epithelial cells of the human thymus express a highly diverse selection of tissue-specific genes colocalized in chromosomal clusters. J. Exp. Med. 199 : 155 166.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.199 , pp. 155-166
    • Gotter, J.1
  • 65
    • 22344449972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels
    • Derbinski, J. et al. 2005. Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels. J. Exp. Med. 202 : 33 45.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Med. , vol.202 , pp. 33-45
    • Derbinski, J.1
  • 66
    • 18844362882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal clustering of genes controlled by the aire transcription factor
    • Johnnidis, J.B. et al. 2005. Chromosomal clustering of genes controlled by the aire transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 : 7233 7238.
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 7233-7238
    • Johnnidis, J.B.1
  • 67
    • 45849137524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The autoimmune regulator PHD finger binds to non-methylated histone H3K4 to activate gene expression
    • Org, T. et al. 2008. The autoimmune regulator PHD finger binds to non-methylated histone H3K4 to activate gene expression. EMBO Rep. 9 : 370 376.
    • (2008) EMBO Rep. , vol.9 , pp. 370-376
    • Org, T.1
  • 68
    • 40149100294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionarily conserved and divergent regions of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene: A comparative analysis
    • Saltis, M. et al. 2008. Evolutionarily conserved and divergent regions of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene: a comparative analysis. Immunogenetics 60 : 105 114.
    • (2008) Immunogenetics , vol.60 , pp. 105-114
    • Saltis, M.1
  • 69
    • 33847350111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aire-dependent alterations in medullary thymic epithelium indicate a role for Aire in thymic epithelial differentiation
    • Gillard, G.O. et al. 2007. Aire-dependent alterations in medullary thymic epithelium indicate a role for Aire in thymic epithelial differentiation. J. Immunol. 178 : 3007 3015.
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.178 , pp. 3007-3015
    • Gillard, G.O.1
  • 70
    • 23844558032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cellular mechanism of Aire control of T cell tolerance
    • Anderson, M.S. et al. 2005. The cellular mechanism of Aire control of T cell tolerance. Immunity 23 : 227 239.
    • (2005) Immunity , vol.23 , pp. 227-239
    • Anderson, M.S.1
  • 71
    • 43049128502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of an autoimmunity syndrome in mice caused by a dominant mutation in Aire
    • Su, M.A. et al. 2008. Mechanisms of an autoimmunity syndrome in mice caused by a dominant mutation in Aire. J. Clin. Invest. 118 : 1712 1726.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.118 , pp. 1712-1726
    • Su, M.A.1
  • 72
    • 0037112047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein
    • Anderson, M.S. et al. 2002. Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 298 : 1395 1401.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 1395-1401
    • Anderson, M.S.1
  • 73
    • 34548151158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An IRF8-binding promoter variant and AIRE control CHRNA1 promiscuous expression in thymus
    • Giraud, M. et al. 2007. An IRF8-binding promoter variant and AIRE control CHRNA1 promiscuous expression in thymus. Nature 448 : 934 937.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 934-937
    • Giraud, M.1
  • 74
    • 7244227646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene dosage-limiting role of Aire in thymic expression, clonal deletion, and organ-specific autoimmunity
    • Liston, A. et al. 2004. Gene dosage-limiting role of Aire in thymic expression, clonal deletion, and organ-specific autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 200 : 1015 1026.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.200 , pp. 1015-1026
    • Liston, A.1
  • 75
    • 36749066715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental pathway of CD4+CD8- medullary thymocytes during mouse ontogeny and its defect in Aire-/- mice
    • Li, J. et al. 2007. Developmental pathway of CD4+CD8- medullary thymocytes during mouse ontogeny and its defect in Aire-/- mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 : 18175 18180.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.104 , pp. 18175-18180
    • Li, J.1
  • 77
    • 33747092627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cells with low avidity for a tissue-restricted antigen routinely evade central and peripheral tolerance and cause autoimmunity
    • &
    • Zehn, D. & M.J. Bevan. 2006. T cells with low avidity for a tissue-restricted antigen routinely evade central and peripheral tolerance and cause autoimmunity. Immunity 25 : 261 270.
    • (2006) Immunity , vol.25 , pp. 261-270
    • Zehn, D.1    Bevan, M.J.2
  • 78
    • 0032490563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD4 T cell tolerance to human C-reactive protein, an inducible serum protein, is mediated by medullary thymic epithelium
    • Klein, L. et al. 1998. CD4 T cell tolerance to human C-reactive protein, an inducible serum protein, is mediated by medullary thymic epithelium. J. Exp. Med. 188 : 5 16.
    • (1998) J. Exp. Med. , vol.188 , pp. 5-16
    • Klein, L.1
  • 79
    • 0035171545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promiscuous gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells mirrors the peripheral self
    • Derbinski, J. et al. 2001. Promiscuous gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells mirrors the peripheral self. Nat. Immunol. 2 : 1032 1039.
    • (2001) Nat. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 1032-1039
    • Derbinski, J.1
  • 80
    • 33751513054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen
    • DeVoss, J. et al. 2006. Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen. J. Exp. Med. 203 : 2727 2735.
    • (2006) J. Exp. Med. , vol.203 , pp. 2727-2735
    • Devoss, J.1
  • 81
    • 0036081840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APS-I/APECED: The clinical disease and therapy
    • vi
    • Perheentupa, J. 2002. APS-I/APECED: the clinical disease and therapy. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 31 : 295 320, vi.
    • (2002) Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. , vol.31 , pp. 295-320
    • Perheentupa, J.1
  • 82
    • 0037084784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response
    • Ramsey, C. et al. 2002. Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 : 397 409.
    • (2002) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.11 , pp. 397-409
    • Ramsey, C.1
  • 83
    • 13544262691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of autoimmunity against transcriptionally unrepressed target antigen in the thymus of Aire-deficient mice
    • Kuroda, N. et al. 2005. Development of autoimmunity against transcriptionally unrepressed target antigen in the thymus of Aire-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 174 : 1862 1870.
    • (2005) J. Immunol. , vol.174 , pp. 1862-1870
    • Kuroda, N.1
  • 84
    • 0037066427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The danger model: A renewed sense of self
    • Matzinger, P. 2002. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296 : 301 305.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 301-305
    • Matzinger, P.1
  • 85
    • 36749013631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danger-free autoimmune disease in Aire-deficient mice
    • Gray, D.H. et al. 2007. Danger-free autoimmune disease in Aire-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 : 18193 18198.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.104 , pp. 18193-18198
    • Gray, D.H.1
  • 86
    • 34248372524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Aire-dependent thymic expression of a peripheral tissue antigen renders it a target of autoimmunity
    • Gavanescu, I. et al. 2007. Loss of Aire-dependent thymic expression of a peripheral tissue antigen renders it a target of autoimmunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 : 4583 4587.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.104 , pp. 4583-4587
    • Gavanescu, I.1
  • 87
    • 33745320297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance to proinsulin-2 is due to radioresistant thymic cells
    • Faideau, B. et al. 2006. Tolerance to proinsulin-2 is due to radioresistant thymic cells. J. Immunol. 177 : 53 60.
    • (2006) J. Immunol. , vol.177 , pp. 53-60
    • Faideau, B.1
  • 88
    • 18244421874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes
    • Pugliese, A. et al. 1997. The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 15 : 293 297.
    • (1997) Nat. Genet. , vol.15 , pp. 293-297
    • Pugliese, A.1
  • 89
    • 0031018819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus
    • Vafiadis, P. et al. 1997. Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus. Nat. Genet. 15 : 289 292.
    • (1997) Nat. Genet. , vol.15 , pp. 289-292
    • Vafiadis, P.1
  • 90
    • 16244418695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic lesions in T-cell tolerance and thresholds for autoimmunity
    • Liston, A. et al. 2005. Genetic lesions in T-cell tolerance and thresholds for autoimmunity. Immunol. Rev. 204 : 87 101.
    • (2005) Immunol. Rev. , vol.204 , pp. 87-101
    • Liston, A.1
  • 91
    • 0028952482 scopus 로고
    • Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells
    • Burkly, L. et al. 1995. Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells. Nature 373 : 531 536.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 531-536
    • Burkly, L.1
  • 92
    • 0033568341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development
    • Dougall, W.C. et al. 1999. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev. 13 : 2412 2424.
    • (1999) Genes Dev. , vol.13 , pp. 2412-2424
    • Dougall, W.C.1
  • 93
    • 33846237346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymus medulla formation and central tolerance are restored in IKKalpha-/- mice that express an IKKalpha transgene in keratin 5+ thymic epithelial cells
    • Lomada, D. et al. 2007. Thymus medulla formation and central tolerance are restored in IKKalpha-/- mice that express an IKKalpha transgene in keratin 5+ thymic epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 178 : 829 837.
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.178 , pp. 829-837
    • Lomada, D.1
  • 94
    • 0028817585 scopus 로고
    • Multiorgan inflammation and hematopoietic abnormalities in mice with a targeted disruption of RelB, a member of the NF-kappa B/Rel family
    • Weih, F. et al. 1995. Multiorgan inflammation and hematopoietic abnormalities in mice with a targeted disruption of RelB, a member of the NF-kappa B/Rel family. Cell 80 : 331 340.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.80 , pp. 331-340
    • Weih, F.1
  • 95
    • 33845996957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NF-kappa B2 is required for the control of autoimmunity by regulating the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells
    • Zhang, B. et al. 2006. NF-kappa B2 is required for the control of autoimmunity by regulating the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281 : 38617 38624.
    • (2006) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.281 , pp. 38617-38624
    • Zhang, B.1
  • 96
    • 34548679394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for the IkappaB family member Bcl-3 in the control of central immunologic tolerance
    • Zhang, X. et al. 2007. A role for the IkappaB family member Bcl-3 in the control of central immunologic tolerance. Immunity 27 : 438 452.
    • (2007) Immunity , vol.27 , pp. 438-452
    • Zhang, X.1
  • 97
    • 0034662906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal thymic architecture and negative selection are associated with Aire expression, the gene defective in the autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
    • Zuklys, S. et al. 2000. Normal thymic architecture and negative selection are associated with Aire expression, the gene defective in the autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). J. Immunol. 165 : 1976 1983.
    • (2000) J. Immunol. , vol.165 , pp. 1976-1983
    • Zuklys, S.1
  • 98
    • 51349111243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tumor necrosis factor family receptors RANK and CD40 cooperatively establish the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance
    • Akiyama, T. et al. 2008. The tumor necrosis factor family receptors RANK and CD40 cooperatively establish the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance. Immunity 29 : 423 437.
    • (2008) Immunity , vol.29 , pp. 423-437
    • Akiyama, T.1
  • 99
    • 51349092893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cytokine RANKL produced by positively selected thymocytes fosters medullary thymic epithelial cells that express autoimmune regulator
    • Hikosaka, Y. et al. 2008. The cytokine RANKL produced by positively selected thymocytes fosters medullary thymic epithelial cells that express autoimmune regulator. Immunity 29 : 438 450.
    • (2008) Immunity , vol.29 , pp. 438-450
    • Hikosaka, Y.1
  • 100
    • 51349101423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + thymocytes control mature medullary thymic epithelial cell cellularity
    • + thymocytes control mature medullary thymic epithelial cell cellularity. Immunity 29 : 451 463.
    • (2008) Immunity , vol.29 , pp. 451-463
    • Irla, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.