The regulation of chondrocyte function by proinflammatory mediators: Prostaglandins and nitric oxide

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Volumn 427, Issue SUPPL., 2004, Pages

  Goldring, Mary B ^a,c   Berenbaum, Francis ^b  

^a BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c HARVARD INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 1; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BIOCHEMISTRY; CARTILAGE CELL; CARTILAGE MATRIX; CATABOLISM; CELL FUNCTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INNERVATION; MEDIATOR; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; STRESS;

EID: 5444259084     PISSN: 0009921X     EISSN: 15281132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000144484.69656.e4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (148)

1. Abramson SB, Attur M, Amin AR, Clancy R: Nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators in the perpetuation of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 3:535-541, 2001.
2. Aigner T, Dudhia J: Phenotypic modulation of chondrocytes as a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis: A hypothesis. Ann Rheum Dis 56:287-291, 1997.
3. Attur MG, Dave M, Cipolletta C, et al: Reversal of autocrine and paracrine effects of interleukin 1 (IL-1) in human arthritis by type II IL-1 decoy receptor. Potential for pharmacological intervention. J Biol Chem 275:40307-40315, 2000.
4. Auron PE: The interleukin 1 receptor: Ligand interactions and signal transduction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 9:221-237, 1998.
5. Badger AM, Cook MN, Lark MW, et al: SB203580 inhibits, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in bovine cartilage-derived chondrocytes. J Immunol 161:467-473, 1998.
6. Badger AM, Griswold DE, Kapadia R, et al: Disease-modifying activity of SB 242235, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:175-183, 2000.
7. 1 on collagen production and degradation in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 265:441-446, 1988.
8. 2 and the ligation of PPARγ. J Clin Invest 112:945-955, 2003.
9. Berenbaum F: Signaling transduction: Target in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:616-622, 2004.
10. Berenbaum F, Humbert L, Bereziat G, Thirion S: Concomitant recruitment of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway is required for activation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 via ATP in articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 278:13680-13687, 2003.
11. 2 stimulation. Exp Cell Res 222:379-384, 1996.
12. Blanco FJ, Ochs RL, Schwarz H, Lotz M: Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. Am J Pathol 146:75-85, 1995.
13. Bordji K, Grillasca JP, Gouze JN, et al: Evidence for the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and γ and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARγ activation modulates the effects of interleukin-1β on rat chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 275:12243-12250, 2000.
14. 2, but not troglitazone, modulates IL-1β effects in human chondrocytes by inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1 activation pathways. FEBS Lett 501:24-30, 2001.
15. Breyer RM, Bagdassarian CK, Myers SA, Breyer MD: Prostanoid receptors: subtypes and signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:661-690, 2001.
16. Cao M, Westerhausen-Larson A, Niyibizi C, et al: Nitric oxide inhibits the synthesis of type-II collagen without altering Col2A1 mRNA abundance: Prolyl hydroxylase as a possible target. Biochem J 324:305-310, 1997.
17. 2 in activated murine macrophages. Mol Cell Biol 20:1692-1698, 2000.
18. Catterall JB, Carrere S, Koshy PJ, et al: Synergistic induction of matrix metalloproteinase 1 by interleukin-1α and oncostatin M in human chondrocytes involves signal transducer and activator of transcription and activator protein 1 transcription factors via a novel mechanism. Arthritis Rheum 44:2296-2310, 2001.
19. Clancy R, Rediske J, Koehne C, et al: Activation of stress-activated protein kinase in osteoarthritic cartilage: Evidence for nitric oxide dependence. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 9:294-299, 2001.
20. Clancy RM, Abramson SB, Kohne C, Rediske J: Nitric oxide attenuates cellular hexose monophosphate shunt response to oxidants in articular chondrocytes and acts to promote oxidant injury. J Cell Physiol 172:183-191, 1997.
21. Clancy RM. Amin AR, Abramson SB: The role of nitric oxide in inflammation and immunity. Arthritis Rheum 41:1141-1151, 1998.
22. Clements KM, Price JS, Chambers MG, et al: Gene deletion of either interleukin-1β, interleukin-1β-converting enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, or stromelysin 1 accelerates the development of knee osteoarthritis in mice after surgical transection of the medial collateral ligament and partial medial meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum 48:3452-3463, 2003.
23. Coleman RA, Smith WL, Narumiya S: International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46:205-229, 1994.
24. Connor JR, Manning PT, Settle SL, et al: Suppression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Pharmacol 273:15-24, 1995.
25. Crofford LJ, Lipsky PE, Brooks P, et al: Basic biology and clinical application of specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum 43:4-13, 2000.
26. Crofford LJ, Wilder RL, Ristimaki AP, et al: Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in rheumatoid synovial tissues. Effects of interleukin-1β, phorbol ester, and corticosteroids. J Clin Invest 93:1095-1101, 1994.
27. Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Dugo L, et al: Reduction in the evolution of murine type II collagen-induced arthritis by treatment with rosiglitazone, a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Arthritis Rheum 48:3544-3556, 2003.
28. 2 receptor subtype in bovine chondrocytes in culture. Br J Pharmacol 118:1597-1604, 1996.
29. de Mello SB, Novaes GS, Laurindo IM, et al: Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor influences prostaglandin and interleukin-1 production in experimental arthritic joints. Inflamm Res 46:72-77, 1997.
30. Delerive P, Martin-Nizard F, Chinetti G, et al: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators inhibit thrombin- induced endothelin-1 production in human vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the activator protein-1 signaling pathway. Circ Res 85:394-402, 1999.
31. Deschner J, Hofman CR, Piesco NP, Agarwal S: Signal transduction by mechanical strain in chondrocytes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6:289-293, 2003.
32. Devchand PR, Keller H, Peters JM, et al: The PPARα-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control. Nature 384:39-43, 1996.
33. Ding GJF, Fischer PA, Boltz RC, et al: Characterization and quantitation of NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. J Biol Chem 273:28897-28905, 1998.
34. Fahmi H, Di Battista JA, Pelletier JP, et al: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activators inhibit interleukin-1β- induced nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase 13 production in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 44:595-607, 2001.
35. Fahmi H, Pelletier JP, Di Battista JA, et al: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activators inhibit MMP-I production in human synovial fibroblasts likely by reducing the binding of the activator protein 1. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:100-108, 2002.
36. 2 is acting as a 'dual agent' on the regulation of COX-2 expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:845-848, 2002.
37. Fanning PJ, Emkey G, Smith RJ, et al: Mechanical regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 278:50940-50948, 2003.
38. Fermor B, Weinberg JB, Pisetsky DS, et al: Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by mechanical stress through a nitric oxide-regulated pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:792-798, 2002.
39. Fitzgerald JB, Jin M, Dean D, et al: Mechanical compression of cartilage explants induces multiple time-dependent gene expression patterns and involves intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem 279:19502-19511, 2004.
40. 2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPARγ. Cell 83:803-812, 1995.
41. Forsyth CB, Pulai J, Loeser RF: Fibronectin fragments and blocking antibodies to α2β1 and α5β1 integrins stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and increase collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) production by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 46:2368-2376, 2002.
42. Fukui N, Zhu Y, Maloney WJ, Clohisy J, Sandell LJ: Stimulation of BMP-2 expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α in normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg 85-A Suppl 3:59-66, 2003.
43. Gemba T, Valbracht J, Alsalameh S, Lotz M: Focal adhesion kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases are involved in chondrocyte activation by the 29-kDa amino-terminal fibronectin fragment. J Biol Chem 277:907-911, 2002.
44. Geng Y, Maier R, Lotz M: Tyrosine kinases are involved with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human articular chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 163:545-554, 1995.
45. Goldring MB: Osteoarthritis and cartilage: the role of cytokines. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2:459-465, 2000.
46. Goldring MB: The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:1916-1926, 2000.
47. Goldring MB, Birkhead J, Sandell LJ, Kimura T, Krane SM: Interleukin 1 suppresses expression of cartilage-specific types II and IX collagens and increases types I and III collagens in human chondrocytes. J Clin Invest 82:2026-2037, 1988.
48. Goldring MB, Birkhead J, Sandell LJ, Krane SM: Synergistic regulation of collagen gene expression in human chondrocytes by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Ann N Y Acad Sci 580:536-539, 1990.
49. Goldring MB, Fukuo K, Birkhead JR, Dudek E, Sandell LJ: Transcriptional suppression by interleukin-1 and interferon-γ of type II collagen gene expression in human chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 54:85-99, 1994.
50. Goldring MB, Krane SM: Modulation by recombinant interleukin 1 of synthesis of types 1 and III collagens and associated procollagen mRNA levels in cultured human cells. J Biol Chem 262:16724-16729, 1987.
51. Goldring MB, Sohbat E, Elwell JM, Chang JY: Etodolac preserves cartilage-specific phenotype in human chondrocytes: Effects on type II collagen synthesis and associated mRNA levels. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 10:10-21, 1990.
52. Goldring MB, Suen LF, Yamin R, Lai WF: Regulation of collagen gene expression by prostaglandins and interleukin-1β in cultured chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Ther 3:9-16, 1996.
53. Goupille P, Giraubeau B, Conrozier T, et al: Safety and efficacy of intra-articular injection of IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist) in patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: A multicenter double blind study. Arthritis Rheum 48:5696-5697, 2003.
54. Grall F, Gu X, Tan L, et al: Responses to the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in cells derived from rheumatoid synovium and other joint tissues involve NF-κB-mediated induction of the Ets transcription factor ESE-1. Arthritis Rheum 48:1249-1260, 2003.
55. Han Z, Boyle DL, Chang L, et al: c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for metalloproteinase expression and joint destruction in inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 108:73-81, 2001.
56. Hashimoto S, Takahashi K, Amiel D, Coutts RD, Lotz M: Chondrocyte apoptosis and nitric oxide production during experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1266-1274, 1998.
57. Hauselmann HJ, Oppliger L, Michel BA, Stefanovic-Racic M, Evans CH: Nitric oxide and proteoglycan biosynthesis by human articular chondrocytes in alginate culture. FEBS Lett 352:361-364, 1994.
58. He TC, Chan TA, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: PPARδ is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 99:335-345, 1999.
59. 2 production by human chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 25:1595-1601, 1998.
60. Homandberg GA, Costa V, Wen C: Fibronectin fragments active in chondrocytic chondrolysis can be chemically cross-linked to the α5 integrin receptor subunit. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:938-949, 2002.
61. Homandberg GA, Hui F: Association of proteoglycan degradation with catabolic cytokine and stromelysin release from cartilage cultured with fibronectin fragments. Arch Biochem Biophys 334:325-331, 1996.
62. Hortelano S, Castrillo A, Alvarez AM, Bosca L: Contribution of cyclopentenone prostaglandins to the resolution of inflammation through the potentiation of apoptosis in activated macrophages. J Immunol 165:6525-6531, 2000.
63. Ide T, Egan K, Bell-Parikh LC, FitzGerald GA: Activation of nuclear receptors by prostaglandins. Thromb Res 110:311-315, 2003.
64. Issemann I, Green S: Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347:645-650, 1990.
65. Jakobsson PJ, Thoren S, Morgenstern R, Samuelsson B: Identification of human prostaglandin E synthase: a microsomal, glutathione-dependent, inducible enzyme, constituting a potential novel drug target. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7220-7225, 1999.
66. Kalajdzic T, Faour WH, He QW, et al: Nimesulide, a preferential cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, suppresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor induction of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human synovial fibroblasts: evidence for receptor antagonism. Arthritis Rheum 46:494-506, 2002.
67. Kim SJ, Chun JS: Protein kinase C alpha and zeta regulate nitric oxide-induced NF-κ B activation that mediates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and apoptosis but not dedifferentiation in articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303:206-211, 2003.
68. Knauper V, Lopez-Otin C, Smith B, Knight G, Murphy G: Biochemical characterization of human collagenase-3. J Biol Chem 271:1544-1550, 1996.
69. 2 and indomethacin. Coll Relat Res 5:99-117, 1985.
70. Kuhn K, Hashimoto S, Lotz M: IL-1β protects human chondrocytes from CD95-induced apoptosis. J Immunol 164:2233-2239, 2000.
71. Kuhn K, Shikhman AR, Lotz M: Role of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and p38 MAP kinase in the regulation of human chondrocyte apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 197:379-387, 2003.
72. Lee GM, Tioran ME, Jansen M, et al: Development of selective tolerance to interleukin-1β by human chondrocytes in vitro. J Cell Physiol 192:113-124, 2002.
73. Lehmann JM, Lenhard JM, Oliver BB, Ringold GM, Kliewer SA: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ are activated by indomethacin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem 272:3406-3410, 1997.
74. Liacini A, Sylvester J, Li WQ, Zafarullah M: Inhibition of interleukin-1-stimulated MAP kinases, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 21:251-262, 2002.
75. Loeser RF, Carlson CS, Del Carlo M, Cole A: Detection of nitrotyrosine in aging and osteoarthritic cartilage: Correlation of oxidative damage with the presence of interleukin-1β and with chondrocyte resistance to insulin-like growth factor 1. Arthritis Rheum 46:2349-2357, 2002.
76. Maneiro E, Lopez-Armada MJ, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, et al: Aceclofenac increases the synthesis of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and decreases the production of nitric oxide in human articular chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 28:2692-2699, 2001.
77. Martel-Pelletier J, McCollum R, DiBattista J, et al: The interleukin-1 receptor in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Identification as the type I receptor and analysis of binding kinetics and biologic function. Arthritis Rheum 35:530-540, 1992.
78. Masuko-Hongo K, Berenbaum F, Humbert L, et al: Upregulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 by interleukin-1 in human chondrocytes. Critical roles of ERK-1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Arthritis Rheum 50:2829-2838, 2004.
79. McCartney-Francis NL, Song X, Mizel DE, Wahl SM: Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates erosive joint disease. J Immunol 166:2734-2740, 2001.
80. 2 receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 110:651-658, 2002.
81. McIntyre KW, Shuster DJ, Gillooly KM, et al: A highly selective inhibitor of I κB kinase, BMS-345541, blocks both joint inflammation and destruction in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum 48:2652-2659, 2003.
82. Meade EA, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM: Peroxisome proliferators enhance cyclooxygenase-2 expression in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 274:8328-8334, 1999.
83. Melchiorri C, Meliconi R, Frizziero L, et al: Enhanced and coordinated in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase by chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:2165-2174, 1998.
84. Mengshol JA, Vincenti MP, Brinckerhoff CE: IL-1 induces collagenase-3 (MMP-13) promoter activity in stably transfected chondrocytic cells: requirement for Runx-2 and activation by p38 MAPK and JNK pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 29:4361-4372, 2001.
85. Mengshol JA, Vincenti MP, Coon CI, Barchowsky A, Brinckerhoff CE: Interleukin-1 induction of collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) gene expression in chondrocytes requires p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor κB. Arthritis Rheum 43:801-811, 2000.
86. Mercurio F, Manning AM: NF-κB as a primary regulator of the stress response. Oncogene 18:6163-6171, 1999.
87. Middleton J, Manthey A, Tyler J: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor, IGF-I, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 mRNA expression in osteoarthritic and normal human cartilage. J Histochem Cytochem 44:133-141, 1996.
88. Millward-Sadler SJ, Wright MO, Davies LW, Nuki G, Salter DM: Mechanotransduction via integrins and interleukin-4 results in altered aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase 3 gene expression in normal, but not osteoarthritic, human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 43:2091-2099, 2000.
89. Mitchell PG, Magna HA, Reeves LM, et al: Cloning, expression, and type II collagenolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-13 from human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 97:761-768, 1996.
90. 2 through cAMP-dependent pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:17-24, 2000.
91. Moos V, Fickert S, Muller B, Weber U, Sieper J: Immunohistological analysis of cytokine expression in human osteoarthritic and healthy cartilage. J Rheumatol 26:870-879, 1999.
92. 2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 275:32783-32792, 2000.
93. Myers SL, Brandt KD, Ehlich JW, et al: Synovial inflammation in patients with early osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 17:1662-1669, 1990.
94. Nedelec E, Abid A, Cipolletta C, et al: Stimulation of cyclooxygenase-2-activity by nitric oxide-derived species in rat chondrocyte: lack of contribution to loss of cartilage anabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 61:965-978, 2001.
95. 2 receptor of the EP2 subtype. Prostaglandins 54:713-725, 1997.
96. 2 via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2. J Immunol 165:3402-3410, 2000.
97. Oates JC, Reilly CM, Crosby MB, Gilkeson GS: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -y agonists: Potential use for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Rheum 46:598-605. 2002.
98. Ohtsuka M, Konno F, Honda H, et al: PPA250 [3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-[2- [4-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl) phenoxy]ethoxy]-2-phenylpyridine], a novel orally effective inhibitor of the dimerization of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in animal models of chronic arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:52-57, 2002.
99. Okazaki K, Li J, Yu H, Fukui N, Sandell LJ: CCAAT/Enhancer-binding proteins β and δ mediate the repression of gene transcrip-tion of cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein Induced by interleukin-1β. J Biol Chem 277:31526-31533, 2002.
100. Paik JH, Ju JH, Lee JY, Boudreau MD, Hwang DH: Two opposing effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of the inducible cyclooxygenase. Mediation through different signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 275:28173-28179, 2000.
101. Palmer RM, Hickery MS, Charles IG, Moncada S, Bayliss MT: Induction of nitric oxide synthase in human chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193:398-405, 1993.
102. Patwari P, Cook MN, DiMicco MA, et al: Proteoglycan degradation after injurious compression of bovine and human articular cartilage in vitro: Interaction with exogenous cytokines. Arthritis Rheum 48:1292-1301, 2003.
103. Pelletier JP, Fernandes JC, Brunet J, et al: In vivo selective inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 in rabbit experimental osteoarthritis is associated with a reduction in the development of structural changes. Arthritis Rheum 48:1582-1593, 2003.
104. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic D, Fernandes JC, et al: Reduced progression of experimental osteoarthritis in vivo by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arthritis Rheum 41:1275-1286. 1998.
105. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic DV, Lascau-Coman V, et al: Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces progression of experimental osteoarthritis in vivo: possible link with the reduction in chondrocyte apoptosis and caspase 3 level. Arthritis Rheum 43:1290-1299, 2000.
106. Pelletier JP, Lascau-Coman V, Jovanovic D, et al: Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental osteoarthritis is associated with reduction in tissue levels of catabolic factors. J Rheumatol 26:2002-2014, 1999.
107. Pelletier JP, Mineau F, Ranger P, Tardif G, Martel-Pelletier J: The increased synthesis of inducible nitric oxide inhibits IL-1ra synthesis by human articular chondrocytes: possible role in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 4:77-84, 1996.
108. 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4668-4673, 1999.
109. Poole AR: Cartilage in health and disease. In Koopman W (ed) Arthritis and allied conditions: a textbook of rheumatology. 14th edit., Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 226-284, 2001.
110. Presle N, Cipolletta C, Jouzeau JY, et al: Cartilage protection by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors after intraarticular injection of interleukin-1β in rats. Arthritis Rheum 42:2094-2102, 1999.
111. Reboul P, Pelletier JP, Tardif G, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J: The new collagenase, collagenase-3, is expressed and synthesized by human chondrocytes but not by synoviocytes. A role in osteoarthritis. J Clin Invest 97:2011-2019, 1996.
112. Reddy SA, Huang JH, Liao WS: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in interleukin 1 signaling. Physical interaction with the interleukin 1 receptor and requirement in NFκB and AP-1 activation. J Biol Chem 272:29167-29173, 1997.
113. Reddy SA, Huang JH, Liao WS: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as a mediator of TNF-induced NF-κB activation. J Immunol 164:1355-1363, 2000.
114. Reginato AM, Sanz-Rodriguez C, Diaz A, Dharmavaram RM, Jimenez SA: Transcriptional modulation of cartilage-specific collagen gene expression by interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha in cultured human chondrocytes. Biochem J 294:761-769, 1993.
115. Ricote M, Li AC, Willson TM, Kelly CJ, Glass CK: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391:79-82, 1998.
116. Ridley SH, Sarsfield SJ, Lee JC, et al: Actions of IL-1 are selectively controlled by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: Regulation of prostaglandin H synthase-2. metalloproteinases, and IL-6 at different levels. J Immunol 158:3165-3173, 1997.
117. Riquet RB, Lai W-FT, Birkhead JR, et al: Suppression of type I collagen gene expression by prostaglandins in fibroblasts is mediated at the transcriptional level. Mol Med 6:705-719, 2000.
118. Robbins JR, Thomas B, Tan L, et al: Immortalized human adult articular chondrocytes maintain cartilage-specific phenotype and responses to interleukin-1β. Arthritis Rheum 43:2189-2201, 2000.
119. Rossi A, Kapahi P, Natoli G, et al: Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IκB kinase. Nature 403:103-108, 2000.
120. Saha N, Moldovan F, Tardif G, et al: Interleukin-1b-converting enzyme/caspase-1 in human osteoarthritic tissues: Localization and role in the maturation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Arthritis Rheum 42:1577-1587, 1999.
121. Saklatvala J: Tumour necrosis factor α stimulates resorption and inhibits synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage. Nature 322:547-549, 1986.
122. Saklatvala J, Dean J, Finch A: Protein kinase cascades in intracellular signaling by interleukin-I and tumour necrosis factor. Biochem Soc Symp 64:63-77, 1999.
123. Sasaki K, Hattori T, Fujisawa T, et al: Nitric oxide mediates interleukin-1-induced gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases and basic fibroblast growth factor in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Biochem (Tokyo) 123:431-439, 1998.
124. Scherle PA, Pratta MA, Feeser WS, Tancula EJ, Arner EC: The effects of IL-1 on mitogen-activated protein kinases in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230:573-577, 1997.
125. 2 on costochondral chondrocyte differentiation is mediated by cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and protein kinase C. Endocrinology 139:1825-1834, 1998.
126. 2 metabolite generated during inflammatory processes. J Biol Chem 277:10459-10466, 2002.
127. Smith MD, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Youssef PP, Coleman M: Synovial membrane inflammation and cytokine production in patients with early osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 24:365-371, 1997.
128. Spencer AG, Woods JW, Arakawa T, Singer II, Smith WL: Subcellular localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by immunoelectron microscopy. J Biol Chem 273:9886-9893, 1998.
129. Stadler J, Stefanovic-Racic M, Billiar TR, et al: Articular chondrocytes synthesize nitric oxide in response to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 147:3915-3920, 1991.
130. Stahle-Backdahl M, Sandstedt B, Bruce K, et al: Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is expressed during human fetal ossification and reexpressed in postnatal bone remodeling and in rheumatoid arthritis. Lab Invest 76:717-728, 1997.
131. Stichtenoth DO, Thoren S, Bian H, et al: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids in primary rheumatoid synovial cells. J Immunol 167:469-474, 2001.
132. 2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:4844-4849, 2000.
133. Studer RK, Levicoff E, Georgescu H, et al: Nitric oxide inhibits chondrocyte response to IGF-I: inhibition of IGF-IRβ tyrosine phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279:C961-C969, 2000.
134. Subbaramaiah K, Lin DT, Hart JC, Dannenberg AJ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands suppress the transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Evidence for involvement of activator protein-1 and CREB-binding protein/p300. J Biol Chem 276:12440-12448, 2001.
135. Tan L, Peng H, Osaki M, et al: Egr-1 mediates transcriptional repression of COL2A1 promoter activity by interleukin-1β. J Biol Chem 278:17688-17700, 2003.
136. 2 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 275:32775-32782, 2000.
137. Taskiran D, Stefanovic-Racic M, Georgescu H, Evans C: Nitric oxide mediates suppression of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis by interleukin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:142-148, 1994.
138. Tetlow LC, Adlam DJ, Woolley DE: Matrix metalloproteinase and proinflammatory cytokine production by chondrocytes of human osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 44:585-594, 2001.
139. Thomas B, Berenbaum F, Humbert L, et al: Critical role of C/EBPδ and C/EBPβ factors in the stimulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription by interleukin-1β in articular chondrocytes. Eur J Biochem 267:1-13, 2000.
140. Thomas B, Thirion S, Humbert L, et al: Differentiation regulates interleukin-1β-induced cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human articular chondrocytes: Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Biochem J 362:367-373, 2002.
141. Towle CA, Hung HH, Bonassar LJ, Treadwell BV, Mangham DC: Detection of interleukin-1 in the cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis: A possible autocrine/paracrine role in pathogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5:293-300, 1997.
142. Trebino CE, Stock JL, Gibbons CP, et al: Impaired inflammatory and pain responses in mice lacking an inducible prostaglandin E synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9044-9049, 2003.
143. van de Loo FA, Arntz OJ, van Enckevort FH, van Lent PL, van den Berg WB: Reduced cartilage proteoglycan loss during zymosan-induced gonarthritis in NOS2-deficient mice and in anti-interleukin-1-treated wild-type mice with unabated joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 41:634-646, 1998.
144. 2 causes a coordinate decrease in the steady state levels of fibronectin and type I and III procollagen mRNAs in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 147:1282-1288, 1987.
145. Werman A, Werman-Venkert R, White R, et al: The precursor form of IL-1α is an intracrine proinflammatory activator of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:2434-2439, 2004.
146. Wu W, Billinghurst RC, Pidoux I, et al: Sites of collagenase cleavage and denaturation of type II collagen in aging and osteoarthritic articular cartilage and their relationship to the distribution of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Arthritis Rheum 46:2087-2094, 2002.
147. Yasuda T, Poole AR: A fibronectin fragment induces type II collagen degradation by collagenase through an interleukin-1-mediated pathway. Arthritis Rheum 46:138-148, 2002.
148. Yoon JB, Kim SJ, Hwang SG, et al: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes independent of cyclooxygenase activity. J Biol Chem 278:15319-15325, 2003.