Cancer vaccine development: On the way to break immune tolerance to malignant cells

Experimental Cell Research

Volumn 299, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 267-278

  Mocellin, Simone ^a   Rossi, Carlo Riccardo ^a   Nitti, Donato ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cancer; Immune tolerance; Vaccine development

Indexed keywords

CANCER VACCINE;

CANCER CELL; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL FUNCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG TARGETING; HELPER CELL; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MONITORING; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY; VACCINATION;

EID: 4444329501     PISSN: 00144827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. F.M. Burnet The concept of immunological surveillance Prog. Exp. Tumor. Res. 13 1970 1 27
2. G.P. Dunn, A.T. Bruce, H. Ikeda, L.J. Old, and R.D. Schreiber Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape Nat. Immunol. 3 2002 991 998
3. M.J. Smyth, D.I. Godfrey, and J.A. Trapani A fresh look at tumor immunosurveillance and immunotherapy Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 293 299
4. B. Mukherji, N.G. Chakraborty, and M. Sivanandham T-cell clones that react against autologous human tumors Immunol. Rev. 116 1990 33 62
5. C.G. Clemente, M.C. Mihm Jr., R. Bufalino, S. Zurrida, P. Collini, and N. Cascinelli Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma Cancer 77 1996 1303 1310
6. S. Coca, J. Perez-Piqueras, and D. Martinez The prognostic significance of intratumoral natural killer cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma Cancer 79 1997 2320 2328
7. S. von Mensdorff-Pouilly, A.A. Verstraeten, and P. Kenemans Survival in early breast cancer patients is favorably influenced by a natural humoral immune response to polymorphic epithelial mucin J. Clin. Oncol. 18 2000 574 583
8. P.O. Livingston, G.Y. Wong, and S. Adluri Improved survival in stage III melanoma patients with GM2 antibodies: a randomized trial of adjuvant vaccination with GM2 ganglioside J. Clin. Oncol. 12 1994 1036 1044
9. R.A. Weiss Viruses, cancer and AIDS FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 26 1999 227 232
10. I. Penn Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression Drug Saf. 23 2000 101 113
11. S.A. Rosenberg, J.C. Yang, and D.J. Schwartzentruber Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma Nat. Med. 4 1998 321 327
12. F.O. Nestle, S. Alijagic, and M. Gilliet Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells Nat. Med. 4 1998 328 332
13. M.B. Atkins, M.T. Lotze, and J.P. Dutcher High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993 J. Clin. Oncol. 17 1999 2105 2116
14. R.I. Fisher, S.A. Rosenberg, and G. Fyfe Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma Cancer J. Sci. Am. 6 Suppl. 1 2000 S55 S57
15. M. Marchand, N. van Baren, and P. Weynants Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1 Int. J. Cancer 80 1999 219 230
16. E.C. Hsueh, L. Nathanson, and L.J. Foshag Active specific immunotherapy with polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine for patients with in-transit melanoma metastases Cancer 85 1999 2160 2169
17. M.E. Dudley, J.R. Wunderlich, and P.F. Robbins Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes Science 298 2002 850 854
18. S.A. Rosenberg Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy Nature 411 2001 380 384
19. G. Parmiani, C. Castelli, and P. Dalerba Cancer immunotherapy with peptide-based vaccines: what have we achieved? Where are we going? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94 2002 805 818
20. F.M. Marincola, E.M. Jaffee, D.J. Hicklin, and S. Ferrone Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance Adv. Immunol. 74 2000 181 273
21. F.M. Marincola, E. Wang, M. Herlyn, B. Seliger, and S. Ferrone Tumors as elusive targets of T-cell-based active immunotherapy Trends Immunol. 24 2003 335 342
22. B. Seliger, U. Wollscheid, F. Momburg, T. Blankenstein, and C. Huber Characterization of the major histocompatibility complex class I deficiencies in B16 melanoma cells Cancer Res. 61 2001 1095 1099
23. T. Yang, B.A. McNally, S. Ferrone, Y. Liu, and P. Zheng A single-nucleotide deletion leads to rapid degradation of TAP-1 mRNA in a melanoma cell line J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 15291 15296
24. H.T. Khong, and N.P. Restifo Natural selection of tumor variants in the generation of "tumor escape" phenotypes Nat. Immunol. 3 2002 999 1005
25. S. Mocellin, E. Wang, and F.M. Marincola Cytokines and immune response in the tumor microenvironment J. Immunother. 24 2001 392 407
26. P.R. Walker, P. Saas, and P.Y. Dietrich Role of Fas ligand (CD95L) in immune escape: the tumor cell strikes back J. Immunol. 158 1997 4521 4524
27. S. Mocellin, C.R. Rossi, M. Lise, and F.M. Marincola Adjuvant immunotherapy for solid tumors: from promise to clinical application Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51 2002 583 595
28. S.E. Townsend, and J.P. Allison Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells Science 259 1993 368 370
29. J. Schultze, L.M. Nadler, and J.G. Gribben B7-mediated costimulation and the immune response Blood Rev. 10 1996 111 127
30. D. Lenschow, T. Walunas, and J. Bluestone CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14 1996 233 258
31. B. Salomon, and J.A. Bluestone Complexities of CD28/B7: CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways in autoimmunity and transplantation Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19 2001 225 252
32. R.N. La Motte, A.H. Sharpe, J.A. Bluestone, and M.B. Mokyr Host B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules contribute to the eradication of B7-1-transfected P815 tumor cells via a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism J. Immunol. 162 1999 4817 4823
33. G.A. Ohnmacht, E. Wang, and S. Mocellin Short-term kinetics of tumor antigen expression in response to vaccination J. Immunol. 167 2001 1809 1820
34. D.B. Chappell, T.Z. Zaks, S.A. Rosenberg, and N.P. Restifo Human melanoma cells do not express Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand Cancer Res. 59 1999 59 62
35. S. Mocellin, M.C. Panelli, E. Wang, D. Nagorsen, and F.M. Marincola The dual role of IL-10 Trends Immunol. 24 2003 36 43
36. L. Chen, P. McGowan, and S. Ashe Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity J. Exp. Med. 179 1994 523 532
37. A.G. Niethammer, R. Xiang, and J.C. Becker A DNA vaccine against VEGF receptor 2 prevents effective angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth Nat. Med. 8 2002 1369 1375
38. Q.M. He, Y.Q. Wei, and L. Tian Inhibition of tumor growth with a vaccine based on xenogeneic homologous fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in mice J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 21831 21836
39. Y.Q. Wei, M.J. Huang, and L. Yang Immunogene therapy of tumors with vaccine based on Xenopus homologous vascular endothelial growth factor as a model antigen Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 2001 11545 11550
40. L. Fong, D. Brockstedt, and C. Benike Dendritic cell-based xenoantigen vaccination for prostate cancer immunotherapy J. Immunol. 167 2001 7150 7156
41. B.S. Worley, L.T. van den Broeke, and T.J. Goletz Antigenicity of fusion proteins from sarcoma-associated chromosomal translocations Cancer Res. 61 2001 6868 6875
42. J.Y. Sun, R.S. Krouse, and S.J. Forman Immunogenicity of a p210(BCR-ABL) fusion domain candidate DNA vaccine targeted to dendritic cells by a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector in vitro Cancer Res. 62 2002 3175 3183
43. K. Cathcart, J. Pinilla-Ibarz, and T. Korontsvit A multivalent bcr-abl fusion peptide vaccination trial in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia Blood 103 2004 1037 1042
44. P. Yotnda, H. Firat, and F. Garcia-Pons Cytotoxic T cell response against the chimeric p210 BCR-ABL protein in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia J. Clin. Invest. 101 1998 2290 2296
45. M. Makita, T. Azuma, and H. Hamaguchi Leukemia-associated fusion proteins, dek-can and bcr-abl, represent immunogenic HLA-DR-restricted epitopes recognized by fusion peptide-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes Leukemia 16 2002 2400 2407
46. G. Zeng, Y. Li, and M. El-Gamil Generation of NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+T cells by a single peptide with dual MHC class I and class II specificities: a new strategy for vaccine design Cancer Res. 62 2002 3630 3635
47. G. Ambrosini, C. Adida, and D.C. Altieri A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma Nat. Med. 3 1997 917 921
48. C.H. Buys Telomeres, telomerase, and cancer N. Engl. J. Med. 342 2000 1282 1283
49. V. Pisarev, B. Yu, R. Salup, S. Sherman, D.C. Altieri, and D.I. Gabrilovich Full-length dominant-negative survivin for cancer immunotherapy Clin. Cancer Res. 9 2003 6523 6533
50. M. Zeis, S. Siegel, and A. Wagner Generation of cytotoxic responses in mice and human individuals against hematological malignancies using survivin-RNA-transfected dendritic cells J. Immunol. 170 2003 5391 5397
51. S. Siegel, A. Wagner, N. Schmitz, and M. Zeis Induction of antitumour immunity using survivin peptide-pulsed dendritic cells in a murine lymphoma model Br. J. Haematol. 122 2003 911 914
52. M. Frolkis, M.B. Fischer, Z. Wang, J.S. Lebkowski, C.P. Chiu, and A.S. Majumdar Dendritic cells reconstituted with human telomerase gene induce potent cytotoxic T-cell response against different types of tumors Cancer Gene Ther. 10 2003 239 249
53. J. Hernandez, F. Garcia-Pons, and Y.C. Lone Identification of a human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide of low affinity for HLA A2.1 that induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and mediates lysis of tumor cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 12275 12280
54. S.K. Nair, A. Heiser, and D. Boczkowski Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses and tumor immunity against unrelated tumors using telomerase reverse transcriptase RNA transfected dendritic cells Nat. Med. 6 2000 1011 1017
55. P.A. van der Merwe, and S.J. Davis Molecular interactions mediating T cell antigen recognition Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21 2003 659 684
56. S.P. Schoenberger, R.E. Toes, E.I. van der Voort, R. Offringa, and C.J. Melief T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions Nature 393 1998 480 483
57. J.P. Ridge, F. Di Rosa, and P. Matzinger A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell Nature 393 1998 474 478
58. S.R. Bennett, F.R. Carbone, F. Karamalis, R.A. Flavell, J.F. Miller, and W.R. Heath Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling Nature 393 1998 478 480
59. A.K. Abbas, K.M. Murphy, and A. Sher Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes Nature 383 1996 787 793
60. K. Song, Y. Chang, and G.J. Prud'homme Regulation of T-helper-1 versus T-helper-2 activity and enhancement of tumor immunity by combined DNA-based vaccination and nonviral cytokine gene transfer Gene Ther. 7 2000 481 492
61. H.M. Hu, W.J. Urba, and B.A. Fox Gene-modified tumor vaccine with therapeutic potential shifts tumor-specific T cell response from a type 2 to a type 1 cytokine profile J. Immunol. 161 1998 3033 3041
62. B. Schuler-Thurner, E.S. Schultz, and T.G. Berger Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells J. Exp. Med. 195 2002 1279 1288
63. H. Winter, H.M. Hu, and C.H. Poehlein Tumour-induced polarization of tumour vaccine-draining lymph node T cells to a type 1 cytokine profile predicts inherent strong immunogenicity of the tumour and correlates with therapeutic efficacy in adoptive transfer studies Immunology 108 2003 409 419
64. T. Tatsumi, A. Gambotto, P.D. Robbins, and W.J. Storkus Interleukin 18 gene transfer expands the repertoire of antitumor Th1-type immunity elicited by dendritic cell-based vaccines in association with enhanced therapeutic efficacy Cancer Res. 62 2002 5853 5858
65. A.E. Chang, Q. Li, G. Jiang, D.M. Sayre, T.M. Braun, and B.G. Redman Phase II trial of autologous tumor vaccination, anti-CD3-activated vaccine-primed lymphocytes, and interleukin-2 in stage IV renal cell cancer J. Clin. Oncol. 21 2003 884 890
66. T. Tatsumi, L.S. Kierstead, and E. Ranieri Disease-associated bias in T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 CD4(+) T cell responses against MAGE-6 in HLA-DRB10401(+) patients with renal cell carcinoma or melanoma J. Exp. Med. 196 2002 619 628
67. K. Hung, R. Hayashi, A. Lafond-Walker, C. Lowenstein, D. Pardoll, and H. Levitsky The central role of CD4(+) T cells in the antitumor immune response J. Exp. Med. 188 1998 2357 2368
68. S.R. Clarke The critical role of CD40/CD40L in the CD4-dependent generation of CD8+ T cell immunity J. Leukocyte Biol. 67 2000 607 614
69. D.M. Pardoll, and S.L. Topalian The role of CD4+ T cell responses in antitumor immunity Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10 1998 588 594
70. R.F. Wang The role of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens and CD4+ T cells in antitumor immunity Trends Immunol. 22 2001 269 276
71. B. Segal, D. Glass, and E. Shevach Cutting edge: IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells mediate tumor rejection J. Immunol. 168 2002 1 4
72. R.E. Toes, F. Ossendorp, R. Offringa, and C.J. Melief CD4 T cells and their role in antitumor immune responses J. Exp. Med. 189 1999 753 756
73. A. Camporeale, A. Boni, and G. Iezzi Critical impact of the kinetics of dendritic cells activation on the in vivo induction of tumor-specific T lymphocytes Cancer Res. 63 2003 3688 3694
74. M. Lotem, E. Shiloni, and I. Pappo Interleukin-2 improves tumour response to DNP-modified autologous vaccine for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma Br. J. Cancer 90 2004 773 780
75. S. Osanto, P.P. Schiphorst, and N.I. Weijl Vaccination of melanoma patients with an allogeneic, genetically modified interleukin 2-producing melanoma cell line Hum. Gene Ther. 11 2000 739 750
76. P. Lee, F. Wang, and J. Kuniyoshi Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma J. Clin. Oncol. 19 2001 3836 3847
77. C.L. Slingluff Jr., G. Yamshchikov, and P. Neese Phase I trial of a melanoma vaccine with gp100(280â€"288) peptide and tetanus helper peptide in adjuvant: immunologic and clinical outcomes Clin. Cancer Res. 7 2001 3012 3024
78. J. Weber, V.K. Sondak, and R. Scotland Granulocyte-macrophage-colony- stimulating factor added to a multipeptide vaccine for resected Stage II melanoma Cancer 97 2003 186 200
79. A. Cesano, and U. Gayko CD22 as a target of passive immunotherapy Semin. Oncol. 30 2003 253 257
80. S. Faderl, D.A. Thomas, and S. O'Brien Experience with alemtuzumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies Blood 101 2003 3413 3415
81. G. Riethmuller, E. Holz, and G. Schlimok Monoclonal antibody therapy for resected Dukes' C colorectal cancer: seven-year outcome of a multicenter randomized trial J. Clin. Oncol. 16 1998 1788 1794
82. C.L. Vogel, M.A. Cobleigh, and D. Tripathy Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer J. Clin. Oncol. 20 2002 719 726
83. F.J. Hsu, C.B. Caspar, and D. Czerwinski Tumor-specific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphomaâ€"Long-term results of a clinical trial Blood 89 1997 3129 3135
84. A.M. Smith, T. Justin, D. Michaeli, and S.A. Watson Phase I/II study of G17-DT, an anti-gastrin immunogen, in advanced colorectal cancer Clin. Cancer Res. 6 2000 4719 4724
85. T.A. Wynn IL-13 effector functions Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21 2003 425 456
86. L. Gorelik, and R.A. Flavell Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells Nat. Med. 7 2001 1118 1122
87. M. Terabe, S. Matsui, and J.M. Park Transforming growth factor-beta production and myeloid cells are an effector mechanism through which CD1d-restricted T cells block cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumor immunosurveillance: abrogation prevents tumor recurrence J. Exp. Med. 198 2003 1741 1752
88. M. Saio, S. Radoja, M. Marino, and A. Frey Tumor-infiltrating macrophages induce apoptosis in activated CD8+ T cells by a mechanism requiring cell contact and mediated by both the cell-associated form of TNF and nitric oxide J. Immunol. 167 2001 5583 5593
89. S. Moochhala, and A. Rajnakova Role of nitric oxide in cancer biology Free Radical Res. 31 1999 671 679
90. C. Bogdan Nitric oxide and the immune response Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 907 916
91. U.H. Mellqvist, M. Hansson, M. Brune, C. Dahlgren, S. Hermodsson, and K. Hellstrand Natural killer cell dysfunction and apoptosis induced by chronic myelogenous leukemia cells: role of reactive oxygen species and regulation by histamine Blood 96 2000 1961 1968
92. R.B. Herberman Cancer immunotherapy with natural killer cells Semin. Oncol. 29 2002 27 30
93. A. Betten, C. Dahlgren, U.H. Mellqvist, S. Hermodsson, and K. Hellstrand Oxygen radical-induced natural killer cell dysfunction: role of myeloperoxidase and regulation by serotonin J. Leukocyte Biol. 75 2004 1111 1115
94. S. Sakaguchi Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22 2004 531 562
95. M.J. Smyth, D.I. Godfrey, and J.A. Trapani A fresh look at tumor immunosurveillance and immunotherapy Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 293 299
96. J.D. Ahlers, I.M. Belyakov, and M. Terabe A push-pull approach to maximize vaccine efficacy: abrogating suppression with an IL-13 inhibitor while augmenting help with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CD40L Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 13020 13025
97. E. Apolloni, V. Bronte, and A. Mazzoni Immortalized myeloid suppressor cells trigger apoptosis in antigen-activated T lymphocytes J. Immunol. 165 2000 6723 6730
98. V. Bronte, E. Apolloni, and A. Cabrelle Identification of a CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+)/CD31(+) myeloid progenitor capable of activating or suppressing CD8(+) T cells Blood 96 2000 3838 3846
99. R.M. Steinman, D. Hawiger, and M.C. Nussenzweig Tolerogenic dendritic cells Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21 2003 685 711
100. S. Mehrotra, R. Stevens, and R. Zengou Regulation of melanoma epitope-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte response by immature and activated dendritic cells, in vitro Cancer Res. 63 2003 5607 5614
101. E.M. Shevach Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity* Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18 2000 423 449
102. D. Dieckmann, H. Plottner, S. Berchtold, T. Berger, and G. Schuler Ex vivo isolation and characterization of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties from human blood J. Exp. Med. 193 2001 1303 1310
103. M. Terabe, S. Matsui, and N. Noben-Trauth NKT cell-mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway Nat. Immunol. 1 2000 515 520
104. A. Mazzoni, V. Bronte, and A. Visintin Myeloid suppressor lines inhibit T cell responses by an NO-dependent mechanism J. Immunol. 168 2002 689 695
105. M.L. Alegre, K.A. Frauwirth, and C.B. Thompson T-cell regulation by CD28 and CTLA-4 Nat. Rev., Immunol. 1 2001 220 228
106. T.J. Curiel, S. Wei, and H. Dong Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity Nat. Med. 9 2003 562 567
107. D. Tzachanis, G.J. Freeman, and N. Hirano Tob is a negative regulator of activation that is expressed in anergic and quiescent T cells Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 1174 1182
108. L. Soares, C. Seroogy, and H. Skrenta Two isoforms of otubain 1 regulate T cell anergy via GRAIL Nat. Immunol. 5 2004 45 54
109. W.W. Overwijk, M.R. Theoret, and S.E. Finkelstein Tumor regression and autoimmunity after reversal of a functionally tolerant state of self-reactive CD8+ T cells J. Exp. Med. 198 2003 569 580
110. F.S. Hodi, M.C. Mihm, and R.J. Soiffer Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 4712 4717
111. E. Davila, R. Kennedy, and E. Celis Generation of antitumor immunity by cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptide vaccination, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant, and CTLA-4 blockade Cancer Res. 63 2003 3281 3288
112. J.J. Kobie, R.S. Wu, and R.A. Kurt Transforming growth factor beta inhibits the antigen-presenting functions and antitumor activity of dendritic cell vaccines Cancer Res. 63 2003 1860 1864
113. T. Wang, G. Niu, and M. Kortylewski Regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses by Stat-3 signaling in tumor cells Nat. Med. 10 2004 48 54
114. D.H. Munn, M.D. Sharma, and J.R. Lee Potential regulatory function of human dendritic cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Science 297 2002 1867 1870
115. U. Grohmann, F. Fallarino, and P. Puccetti Tolerance, DCs and tryptophan: much ado about IDO Trends Immunol. 24 2003 242 248
116. D.H. Munn, and A.L. Mellor IDO and tolerance to tumors Trends Mol. Med. 10 2004 15 18
117. M. Friberg, R. Jennings, and M. Alsarraj Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase contributes to tumor cell evasion of T cell-mediated rejection Int. J. Cancer 101 2002 151 155
118. S. Kim, K. Iizuka, H.L. Aguila, I.L. Weissman, and W.M. Yokoyama In vivo natural killer cell activities revealed by natural killer cell-deficient mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 2000 2731 2736
119. W.F. Cheng, C.F. Hung, and K.Y. Lin CD8+ T cells, NK cells and IFN-gamma are important for control of tumor with downregulated MHC class I expression by DNA vaccination Gene Ther. 10 2003 1311 1320
120. H.L. Ma, M.J. Whitters, and R.F. Konz IL-21 activates both innate and adaptive immunity to generate potent antitumor responses that require perforin but are independent of IFN-gamma J. Immunol. 171 2003 608 615
121. N.C. Fernandez, A. Lozier, and C. Flament Dendritic cells directly trigger NK cell functions: cross-talk relevant in innate anti-tumor immune responses in vivo Nat. Med. 5 1999 405 411
122. A. Cerwenka, J.L. Baron, and L.L. Lanier Ectopic expression of retinoic acid early inducible-1 gene (RAE-1) permits natural killer cell-mediated rejection of a MHC class I-bearing tumor in vivo Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 2001 11521 11526
123. A. Moretta, C. Bottino, and M. Vitale Activating receptors and coreceptors involved in human natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19 2001 197 223
124. J. Wu, and L.L. Lanier Natural killer cells and cancer Adv. Cancer Res. 90 2003 127 156
125. R. Mocikat, H. Braumuller, and A. Gumy Natural killer cells activated by MHC class I(low) targets prime dendritic cells to induce protective CD8 T cell responses Immunity 19 2003 561 569
126. A. Diefenbach, and D.H. Raulet The innate immune response to tumors and its role in the induction of T-cell immunity Immunol. Rev. 188 2002 9 21
127. J.M. Kelly, P.K. Darcy, and J.L. Markby Induction of tumor-specific T cell memory by NK cell-mediated tumor rejection Nat. Immunol. 3 2002 83 90
128. A. Moretta Natural killer cells and dendritic cells: rendezvous in abused tissues Nat. Rev., Immunol. 2 2002 957 964
129. P. Moller, H. Moller, and Y. Sun Increased non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted lytic activity in melanoma patients vaccinated with cytokine gene-transfected autologous tumor cells Cancer Gene Ther. 7 2000 976 984
130. P. Nanni, G. Nicoletti, and C. De Giovanni Combined allogeneic tumor cell vaccination and systemic interleukin 12 prevents mammary carcinogenesis in HER-2/neu transgenic mice J. Exp. Med. 194 2001 1195 1205
131. I. Hara, H. Nagai, and H. Miyake Effectiveness of cancer vaccine therapy using cells transduced with the interleukin-12 gene combined with systemic interleukin-18 administration Cancer Gene Ther. 7 2000 83 90
132. R. Meazza, P.L. Lollini, and P. Nanni Gene transfer of a secretable form of IL-15 in murine adenocarcinoma cells: effects on tumorigenicity, metastatic potential and immune response Int. J. Cancer 87 2000 574 581
133. J.A. Berzofsky, J.D. Ahlers, and I.M. Belyakov Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines Nat. Rev., Immunol. 1 2001 209 219
134. V.E. Schijns Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12 2000 456 463
135. S. Gallucci, and P. Matzinger Danger signals: SOS to the immune system Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13 2001 114 119
136. K. Dredge, J.B. Marriott, S.M. Todryk, and A.G. Dalgleish Adjuvants and the promotion of Th1-type cytokines in tumour immunotherapy Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51 2002 521 531
137. D. Berd, H.C. Maguire Jr., P. McCue, and M.J. Mastrangelo Treatment of metastatic melanoma with an autologous tumor-cell vaccine: clinical and immunologic results in 64 patients J. Clin. Oncol. 8 1990 1858 1867
138. M.S. Mitchell, W. Harel, and R.A. Kempf Active-specific immunotherapy for melanoma J. Clin. Oncol. 8 1990 856 869
139. J.E. Harris, L. Ryan, and H.C. Hoover Jr. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer with an autologous tumor cell vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283 J. Clin. Oncol. 18 2000 148 157
140. O. Eton, D.D. Kharkevitch, and M.A. Gianan Active immunotherapy with ultraviolet B-irradiated autologous whole melanoma cells plus DETOX in patients with metastatic melanoma Clin. Cancer Res. 4 1998 619 627
141. R. Medzhitov CpG DNA: security code for host defense Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 15 16
142. M. Schnare, G.M. Barton, A.C. Holt, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and R. Medzhitov Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses Nat. Immunol. 2 2001 947 950
143. A.M. Krieg CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20 2002 709 760
144. B. Wittig, A. Marten, and T. Dorbic Therapeutic vaccination against metastatic carcinoma by expression-modulated and immunomodified autologous tumor cells: a first clinical phase I/II trial Hum. Gene Ther. 12 2001 267 278
145. P.K. Srivastava Immunotherapy of human cancer: lessons from mice Nat. Immunol. 1 2000 363 366
146. V. Mazzaferro, J. Coppa, and M.G. Carrabba Vaccination with autologous tumor-derived heat-shock protein gp96 after liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer Clin. Cancer Res. 9 2003 3235 3245
147. R.J. Binder, D.K. Han, and P.K. Srivastava CD91: a receptor for heat shock protein gp96 Nat. Immunol. 1 2000 151 155
148. G. Forni, and K. Boggio Cytokine gene-engineered vaccines Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 1 1999 34 38
149. F. Belardelli, and M. Ferrantini Cytokines as a link between innate and adaptive antitumor immunity Trends Immunol. 23 2002 201 208
150. G. Parmiani, L. Rivoltini, G. Andreola, and M. Carrabba Cytokines in cancer therapy Immunol. Lett. 74 2000 41 44
151. C.G. Figdor, I.J. De Vries, W.J. Lesterhuis, and C.J. Melief Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way Nat. Med. 10 2004 475 480
152. G. Dranoff GM-CSF-secreting melanoma vaccines Oncogene 22 2003 3188 3192
153. M. Jefford, E. Maraskovsky, J. Cebon, and I.D. Davis The use of dendritic cells in cancer therapy Lancet Oncol. 2 2001 343 353
154. L. Fong, and E.G. Engleman Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18 2000 245 273
155. L. Fong, Y. Hou, and A. Rivas Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 2001 8809 8814
156. V. Cerundolo, I.F. Hermans, and M. Salio Dendritic cells: a journey from laboratory to clinic Nat. Immunol. 5 2004 7 10
157. D. McIlroy, and M. Gregoire Optimizing dendritic cell-based anticancer immunotherapy: maturation state does have clinical impact Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 52 2003 583 591
158. S. Mocellin, C. Rossi, D. Nitti, M. Lise, and F. Marincola Dissecting tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy: the experience of peptide-based melanoma vaccines Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Rev. Cancer 1653 2003 61 71
159. B. Aggarwal Signaling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double edged sword Nat. Rev., Immunol. 3 2003 745 756
160. P. Yu, Y. Lee, and W. Liu Priming of naive T cells inside tumors leads to eradication of established tumors Nat. Immunol. 5 2004 141 149
161. R.A. Soslow, A.J. Dannenberg, and D. Rush COX-2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic, and mammary tumors Cancer 89 2000 2637 2645
162. C. Sombroek, A. Stam, and A. Masterson Prostanoids play a major role in the primary tumor-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation J. Immunol. 168 2002 4333 4343
163. L. Yang, N. Yamagata, and R. Yadav Cancer-associated immunodeficiency and dendritic cell abnormalities mediated by the prostaglandin EP2 receptor J. Clin. Invest. 111 2003 727 735
164. S. Sharma, M. Stolina, and S. Yang Tumor cyclooxygenase 2-dependent suppression of dendritic cell function Clin. Cancer Res. 9 2003 961 968
165. Y. Sun, X.M. Tang, E. Half, M.T. Kuo, and F.A. Sinicrope Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression reduces apoptotic susceptibility by inhibiting the cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic pathway in human colon cancer cells Cancer Res. 62 2002 6323 6328
166. X. Tang, Y.J. Sun, E. Half, M.T. Kuo, and F. Sinicrope Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression inhibits death receptor 5 expression and confers resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells Cancer Res. 62 2002 4903 4908
167. J. Lieberman The ABCs of granule-mediated cytotoxicity: new weapons in the arsenal Nat. Rev., Immunol. 3 2003 361 370
168. S. Morecki, E. Yacovlev, Y. Gelfand, V. Trembovler, E. Shohami, and S. Slavin Induction of antitumor immunity by indomethacin Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 48 2000 613 620
169. P. DeLong, T. Tanaka, and R. Kruklitis Use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy Cancer Res. 63 2003 7845 7852
170. S. Mocellin, G.A. Ohnmacht, E. Wang, and F.M. Marincola Kinetics of cytokine expression in melanoma metastases classifies immune responsiveness Int. J. Cancer 93 2001 236 242
171. E. Wang, L.D. Miller, and G.A. Ohnmacht Prospective molecular profiling of melanoma metastases suggests classifiers of immune responsiveness Cancer Res. 62 2002 3581 3586
172. S. Mocellin, F. Marincola, C. Riccardo Rossi, D. Nitti, and M. Lise The multifaceted relationship between IL-10 and adaptive immunity: putting together the pieces of a puzzle Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15 2004 61 76
173. P. Matzinger Tolerance, danger, and the extended family Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12 1994 991 1045
174. S. Todryk, A.A. Melcher, and N. Hardwick Heat shock protein 70 induced during tumor cell killing induces Th1 cytokines and targets immature dendritic cell precursors to enhance antigen uptake J. Immunol. 163 1999 1398 1408
175. S.S. Agarwala, and M.H. Sabbagh Histamine dihydrochloride: inhibiting oxidants and synergising IL-2-mediated immune activation in the tumour microenvironment Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 1 2001 869 879
176. S. Dokka, X. Shi, S. Leonard, L. Wang, V. Castranova, and Y. Rojanasakul Interleukin-10-mediated inhibition of free radical generation in macrophages Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 280 2001 L1196 L1202
177. C. Bogdan, Y. Vodovotz, and C. Nathan Macrophage deactivation by interleukin 10 J. Exp. Med. 174 1991 1549 1555
178. K. Hellstrand Histamine in cancer immunotherapy: a preclinical background Semin. Oncol. 29 2002 35 40
179. S.S. Agarwala, J. Glaspy, and S.J. O'Day Results from a randomized phase III study comparing combined treatment with histamine dihydrochloride plus interleukin-2 versus interleukin-2 alone in patients with metastatic melanoma J. Clin. Oncol. 20 2002 125 133
180. A.M. Eggermont, J.H. de Wilt, and T.L. ten Hagen Current uses of isolated limb perfusion in the clinic and a model system for new strategies Lancet Oncol. 4 2003 429 437
181. U. Keilholz, J. Weber, and J.H. Finke Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy J. Immunother. 25 2002 97 138
182. H.K. Lyerly Quantitating cellular immune responses to cancer vaccines Semin. Oncol. 30 2003 9 16
183. T.F. Gajewski Monitoring specific T-cell responses to melanoma vaccines: ELISPOT, tetramers, and beyond Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7 2000 141 144
184. P.P. Lee, C. Yee, and P.A. Savage Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients Nat. Med. 5 1999 677 685
185. V. Monsurro, D. Nagorsen, and E. Wang Functional heterogeneity of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells J. Immunol. 168 2002 5933 5942
186. V. Rubio, T.B. Stuge, and N. Singh Ex vivo identification, isolation and analysis of tumor-cytolytic T cells Nat. Med. 9 2003 1377 1382
187. P.A. Cohen, L. Peng, and J. Kjaergaard T-cell adoptive therapy of tumors: mechanisms of improved therapeutic performance Crit. Rev. Immunol. 21 2001 215 248
188. B. Dreno, J.M. Nguyen, and A. Khammari Randomized trial of adoptive transfer of melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as adjuvant therapy for stage III melanoma Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51 2002 539 546
189. B. Chan, W. Lee, and C.X. Hu Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a pilot study Cytotherapy 5 2003 46 54