Resistant starch: Physiological roles and food applications

Food Reviews International

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 193-234

  Sharma, Alka ^a   Yadav, Baljeet Singh ^a   Ritika, R ^a  

^a GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Colon cancer; Fecal bulking; Glycemic index; Resistant starch; Short chain fatty acids

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; CHOLESTEROL; DISEASES; HEALTH RISKS; NUTRITION; PARTICLE SIZE; STARCH;

COLON CANCER; FECAL BULKING; FOOD APPLICATIONS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HEALTH BENEFITS; PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES; RESISTANT STARCH; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; SHORTER CHAINS; STARCH PRODUCTS;

FATTY ACIDS;

EID: 41249097369     PISSN: 87559129     EISSN: 15256103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/87559120801926237     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Bjorck, I.M.; Granfeldt, Y.; Liljerberg, H.; Tover, J.; Asp, N.G. Food Properties Affecting the Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59, 699-705.
2. Skrabanja, V.; Liljerberg, H.G.M.; Hedley,C.L.; Kreft, I.; Bjorck, I.M.E. Influence of Genotype and Processing on in vitro Rate of Starch Hydrolysis and Resistant Starch Formation in Peas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2033-2039.
3. Guilbot, A.; Mercier, C. Starch. In the Polysaccharides; Academic Press: New York, 1985; 3:209-282.
4. Imberty, A.; Buleon, A.; Tran, V.; Perez, S. Recent Advances in Knowledge of Starch Structure. Starch. 1991, 43, 375-384.
5. British Nutrition Foundation. (BNF). Complex Carbohydrates in Foods, the Report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force; London: Chapman & Hall, 1990.
6. Topping, D.L.; Clifton, P.M. Short Chain Fatty Acids and Human Colonic Functions: Roles of Resistant Starch and Non Starch Polysaccharides. Physiological Reviews 2001, 81 (3), 1031-1064.
7. Annison, G.; Topping, D.L. Nutritional Role of Resistant Starch: Chemical Structure Vs Physiological Function. Annu.Rev. Nutr. 1994, 14, 297-320.
8. Englyst, H.N.; Wiggins; H.S.; Cummings, J.H. Determination of the Non Starch Polysaccharides in Plant Foods by Gas-liquid Chromatography of Constituent sugars as Alditol Acetates. Analyst 1982, 107, 307-318.
9. Berry, C.S. Resistant Starch: Formation and Measurement of Starch that Survives Exhaustive Digestion with Amylolytic Enzymes during the Determination of Dietary Fiber. J. Cereal Sci. 1986, 4, 301-314.
10. Asp, N.G. Resistant Starch: Proceeding from the Second Plenary Meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action, 11 on Physiological Implications of the Consumption of Resistant Starch in Man. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 46, S1.
11. Anderson, I.H.; Levine, A.S.; Levitt, M.D. Incomplete Absorption of Carbohydrates in all Purpose Wheat Flour. N. Eng. J. Med. 1981, 304, 891-892.
12. Asp, N.G.; Bjorck, I.;Holm, J.; Nyman, M.; Siljestrom,M. Enzyme Resistant Starch Fractions and Dietary Fibers. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1987, 129, 29-32.
13. Englyst, H.N.; Cummings, J.H. Digestion of the Polysaccharides of Some Cereal Foods in the Human Small Intestine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985, 42, 778.
14. Stephen, A.M.; Haddad, A.C.; Phillips, S.F. Passage of Carbohydrates in to the Colon: Direct Measurement in Humans. Gastroenterology 1983, 85, 589.
15. Englyst, H.N.; Kingsman, S.M.; Cummings, J.H. Classification and Measurement of Nutritionally Important Starch Fractions. Euro. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 46 (2), 33.
16. Goldring, J.M. Resistant Starch: Safe Intakes and Legal Status. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87 (3), 733.
17. Liljeberg, H; Granfeldt, Y.; Bjorck, I. Metabolic Responses to Starch in Bread Containing Intact Kernels vs Milled Flour. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 46, 561-575.
18. Tovar, J.; Bjorck, I.M.; Asp, N.G. Analytical and Nutritional Implications of Limited Enzymic Availability of Starch in Cooked Red Kidney Beans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 488-493.
19. Holm, J.; Bjorck, I.; Ostrowska, S.; Eliasson, A.C.; Asp, N.G. Digestibilty of Amylose Lipid Complexes in vitro and in vivo. Starch/Starke 1983, 35, 294-297.
20. Eliasson, A.C. Carbohydrates in Foods; Marcel Dekker, Inc: NewYork, 1996; 525 pp.
21. Szczodrak, I.; Pomeranz, Y. Starch Lipid Interactions and Formation of Resistant Starch in High Amylose Barley. Cereal Chem. 1992, 69 (6), 626-632.
22. Mercier, C. Food Process Engineering (1); Applied Science Publishing: London, 1980; 795-807.
23. Thompson,L.U.; Yoon, J.H. Starch Digestibility as affected by Polyphenol and Phytic acid. J.Food Sci. 1984, 49, 1228-1229.
24. Bjorck, I.; Nyman, M.; Pedersen, P.; Siljestrom, M.; Asp, N.G.; Eggum, B.O. Formation of Enzyme Resistant Starch during Autoclaving of Wheat Starch: Studies in vitro and in vivo. J. Cereal Sci. 1987, 6, 159-172.
25. Sajilata, M.G.; Singhai, R.S.; Kulkarni, P.R. Resistant Starch: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2006, 5, 1-17.
26. Cone, J.W.; Wolters, M.G.E. Some Properties and Degradibilty of Isolated Starch Granules. Starch/Starke 1990, 42, 298-331.
27. Williamson, G.; Belshaw, N.J.; Self, D.J.; Noel, T.R.; Ring, S.G. Hydrolysis of A and B type Crystalline Polymorphs of Starch by Alpha Amylase, Beta Amylase and Glucoamylase1. Carbohydr. Polym. 1992, 18, 179-187.
28. Holm, J.; Asp, N.G.; Bjorck, I. In Factors affecting Enzymic Degradation of Cereal Starches in vitro and in vivo, 1st European Conference on Food Science and Technology, NewYork, Morton Ellis, D., Ed. VCH Publisher: Harwood, Chichester, U.K. 1987;169-187.
29. Ring, S.G.; Gee, J.M.; Whitam,M.; Orford, P.; Johnson, I.T. Resistant Starch; its Chemical Form in Food Stuffs and Effect on Digestibility in vitro. Food Chem. 1988, 28, 97.
30. Eliasson, A.C. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Legume Starches. Atlas Sci. Animal Plant Sci. 1988, 1, 189.
31. Haralampu, S.G. Physiological effects of Resistant Starch. 1998. 20, 2002, from The Future of Food: http//www.opta-food.com/access/starch.html (accessed September 20, 2002).
32. Vitapole, D. Glycaemic Index & Health: The Quality of the Evidence; London: Libbey, 2001.
33. Nugent, A.P. Health Properties of Resistant Starch. Nutrition Bulletin, 2005, 30 (1), 27-54.
34. nd Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Germany, 1999, 301.
35. Bjorck, I.; Eliasson, A.C.; Drews, A.; Gudmundsson, M.; Karlson, R. Some Nutritional Properties of Strach and Dietary Fiber in Barley Genotypes Containing Different levels of Amylase. Cereal Chem. 1990, 67, 327-333.
36. Sievert, D.; Pomeranz, Y. Resistant Starch I: Characterization and Evaluation by Enzymatic, Thermoanalytical and Microscopic methods. Cereal Chemistry 1989; 66(4), 342-347.
37. Muir, J.G.; Young, G.P.; O'Dea, K.; Cameron, D.; Smith, I.L.; Brown Collier, G.R. Resistant Starch - The Neglected "Dietary Fibre"? Implications for Health, Dietary Fiber Bibliography Rev. 1993, 1, 33.
38. Van Amelsvoort, J.M.M.; Weststrate, J.A. Amyloso- Amylopectin ratio in a Meal affects Postprandial Variables in Male Volunteers. Am. J. Clin.Nutr. 1992, 55, 712.
39. Panlasigui, L.N; Thompson, L.U.; Juliano, B.O.; Perez, C.M.; Yiu, S.H.; Greenberg, G.R. Rice varieties with Similar Amylose content Differ in Starch Digestibility and Glycemic Response in Humans. Am. J. Clin .Nutr. 1991, 54, 871.
40. Granfeldt, Y.; Drews, A.; Bjorck, I. Arepas Made from High Amylose Com Flour Produce Favorably Low Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Humans. J. Nutr. 1995, 125 (3), 459-465.
41. Bishnoi, S.; Khetarpaul, N. Effect of Domestic Processing and Cooking Methods on in vitro Starch Digestibility of Different Pea Cultivars (Pisum sativum). Food Chemistry 1993, 47, 177-182.
42. Sievert, D.; Pomeranz, Y. Resistant Starch II: Characterization and Evaluation by Enzymatic, Thermoanalytical and Microscopic methods. Cereal Chemistry 1989; 67, 217-221.
43. Casiraghi, M.C.; Brighenti, F.; Testolin, G. Lack of Effect of High Temperature Drying on Digestibility of Starch in Spaghetti. J. Cereal Sci. 1992, 15, 165-74.
44. Tovar, J.; Melito, C. Steam Cooking and Drying Heating Produce Resistant Starch in Legumes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44 (9), 2642-2645.
45. Siljestrom, M.; Asp, N.G. Resistant Starch Formation During Baking-Effect of Baking Time and Temperature and Variations in the Recipe. Z. Lehensm Unters Forsch. 1985, 181, 4.
46. Eggum, B.O.; Juliano, B.O.; Perez, C.M.; Acedo, E.F. The Resistant Starch, Undigestible Energy and Undigestible Protein Contents of Raw and Cooked milled Rice. J. Cereal Sci. 1993, 18 (2), 159-70.
47. Gebhardt, E.; Dongowsky, G.; Huth, M.; Rabe, E. Formation of Resistant Starch by Extrusion and the Completion of the Dietary Fiber Analysis. Getreide-Mehl-Undbrot. 2001, 55 (6), 363-371.
48. Bird, A.R.; Brown, I.L.; Topping, D.L. Starches, Resistant Starches the Gut Microflora and Human Health. Current Issues Intest. Microbiol. 2000, 1 (1), 25-37.
49. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary, Functional and Total Fiber, http://books.nap.edu/boods/ 0309085375/html/265.html (accessed September 20, 2002).
50. Asp. N.G.; Bjorck, I. Resistant Starch. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1992, 3 (5), 111-114.
51. Cummings, J.H.; Beatty, E.R.; Kingman, S.M.; Bingham, S.A.; Englyst, H.N. Digestion and Physiological Properties of Resistant Starch in Human Bowel. Brit. J. Nutr. 1996, 75, 733-747.
52. 3. Carbohydrate Polymers 2000, 41, 285-292.
53. Champ, M. Determination of Resistant Starch in Foods and Food Products: Interlaboratory Study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 46(2), S51-S62.
54. Goni, I.; Garcia-Diz, L.; Manas, E.; Saura-Calixto, F. Analysis of Resistant Starch: A Method for Foods and Food Products. Food Chemistry 1996, 56 (4), 445-449.
55. McCleary, B. V.; Rossiter, P. Measurement of Novel Dietary Fibers. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87 (3), 707-717.
56. Faisant, N.; Champ, M.; Colonna, P.; Buleon, A.; Malis, C.; LangKilde, A.M.; Schweizer, T.; Flourie, B.; Galmiche, J.P. Structural Features of Resistant Starch at the end of the Human Small Intestine. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993, 47, 285-296.
57. Colona, P.; Barry, J.L.; Cloarec, D.; Bornet, F.; Govilloud, S.; Galmiche, J.P. Enzymic Susceptibility of Starch from Pasta, J. Cereal Sci. 1990, 11, 59.
58. Johansson, C.G.; Siljestrom, M.; Asp, N.G. Dietary Fiber in Bread and Corresponding Flours -Formation of Resistant Starch during baking. Z. Lebensm Unters. Forsch, 1984, 179, 24-28.
59. Langkide, A.M.; Anderson, H. In in vivo Quantification of Resistant Starch in EURESTA Reference Materials using the Ileostomy Model, Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA. Including the Final Reports of the Working Groups, European Flair-concerned Action No. 11, Physiological Implications of the Consumption of Resistant Starch in Man, France, 13-17 April, 1994; Asp, N.G, van Amelsvoort, J.M.M., Hautvast, J.G.A.J., Eds. 1995; 31.
60. Levitt, M.D. Malaborption of Starch: A Normal Phenomenon. Gastroenterology 1983, 85, 70.
61. Achour, L.; Flourie, B.; Brief, F.; Franchisseur, C.; Bomet, F.; Champ, M.; Rambaud, J.C.; Messing, B. Metabolic Effects of Digestible and Partially Indigestible Cornstarch; A Study in the Absorptive and Postabsorptive Periods in Humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 66, 1151-1159.
62. Southgate, D.A.T. Definitions and Terminology of Dietary Fiber. In Dietary Fiber, in Health and Disease; Vohovny, G. Kritchevsky, D., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, 1982.
63. Hipsley, E. H. Dietary Fiber and Pregnancy Related Toxaemia. Br. Medical J. 2, 420-422.
64. Champ, M.; Langkilde, A.M.; Brovns, F. Advances in Dietary Fiber Characterization 1. Definition of Dietary Fiber, Physiological Relevance, Health Benefits and Analytical Benefits. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2003, 16, 71-82.
65. th edition; The Association: Arlington, VA 1991;43.
66. th ed.; AACC: St. Paul, Minn, 2000; Method 44-15A.
67. Anonymous. AACC Board Holds Mid Year Meeting. Cereal Foods World. 2000, 45, 325.
68. Jones, J. M. Update on Defining Dietary Fiber. Cereal Foods World 2000, 45, 219-220.
69. De Vries, J.W. Defining Dietary Fiber. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2003, 61 (1), 37-43.
70. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids; National Academics Press: Washington, DC, 2002.
71. Department of Health. Report on Health and Social Subjects. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. HMSO: London, 1991; 41.
72. Yue, P.; Waring, S. Resistant Starch in Food Applications. Cereal Foods World. 1998, 43 (9), 690-695.
73. Faulks, R.M.; Southon, S.; Livesey, G. Utilization of Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) Resistant Maize and Pea Starch in the Rat. Brit. J. Nutr. 1989, 61, 291-300.
74. Vonk, R.J.; Hagedoorm, R.E.; de Graaff, R.; Elzinga, H.; Tabak, S.; Yang, Y. Digestion of So-called Resistant Starch sources in the Human Small Intestine. Am. J .Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72, 432-438.
75. Ranhotra, G.S.; Gelroth, J.A.; Astroth, K.; Eisenbraun, G.J. Effect of Resistant Starch on Intestinal Responses in Rats. Cereal Chem. 1991, 68 (2), 130-132.
76. Behall, K.M.; Howe, J.C. Contribution of Fiber and Resistant Starch to Metabolizatle Energy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1158S-1160S.
77. Behall, K.M.; Howe, J.C. Resistant Starch as Energy. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1996, 15, 248-254.
78. Ranhotra, G.S.; Gelroth, J.A.; Glaser, B.K. Energy Value of Resistant Starch. J. Food Sci. 1996, 61 (2), 453-455.
79. Klein, S.; Cohn, S.M.; Alpers, D.H. The Alimentary Tract in Nutrition: A Tutorial. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease; Williams & Baltimore, Wilkins: 1996; 605-629.
80. Cummings, J.H. The Large Intestine in Nutrition and Disease. Danone: Brussels Institute, 1997.
81. Phillips, J.; Muir, H.G.; Birkett, A. Effect of Resistant Starch on Fecal Bulk and Fermentation Dependent events in Humans. Am. J. of Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 121-130.
82. Andoh, A.; Tsujikawa, T.; Fujiyama, Y. Role of Dietary Fiber and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003, 9 (4), 347-358.
83. MacFarlane, S.; MacForlane, G.T. Regulation of Short Chain Fatty Acid Production. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2003, 62 (1), 67-72.
84. Nardgaard, I. Colon as a digestive organ. The Importance of Colonic Support for Energy Absorption as Small Bowel Failure. Proceeds Danish Medical Bulletin. 1998, 45 (2), 135-156.
85. Kritchevsky, D. Epidemiology of Fibre, Resistant Starch and Colorectal Cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1995, 4, 345-352.
86. Ahmed, R.; Segal, I.; Hassan, H. Fermentation of Dietary Starch in Humans. Am. J. of Gastroenterology 2000, 95 (4), 1017-1020.
87. Silvester, K.R.; Englyst, H.N.; Cummings, J.H. Heal Recovery of Starch from Whole Diets Containing Resistant Starch Measured in vitro and Fermentation of Ileal Effluent. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 403-411.
88. Birkett, A.M.; Mathers, J.C.; Jones, G.P. Changes to the Quantity and Processing of Starchy Foods in a Western Diet can Increase Polysaccharides Escaping Digestion and Improve in vitro Fermentation Variables. Brit. J. Nutr. 2000, 84, 63-72.
89. Muir, J.G.; Yeow, E.G.W.; Keogh, J. Combining Wheat Bran with Resistant Starch has more Beneficial Effects on Fecal Indexes than does Wheat Bran alone. Am. J. of Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 1020-1028.
90. Martin, L.J.M.; Duman, H.J.W.; Champ, M.M.J. Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Resistant Starch in a Pig Model. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1998, 77, 71-80.
91. Van Munster, I.P.; Tangerman, A.; Nagengast, F.M. Effect of Resistant Starch on Colonic Fermentation, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Mucosal Proliferation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1994, 39, 834-842.
92. Macfarlane, G.T.; Englyst, H.N. Starch Utilization by the Human Large Intestinal Microflora. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1986, 50, 195-201.
93. 3) Resistant Starch on Putative Risk Factors for Colon Cancer in Healthy Men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988, 67, 322-331.
94. Holt, P.R.; Atillasoy, E.; Lindenbaum, J.; Ho, S.B.; Lupton, J.R.; McMahon, D.; Moss, S.F. Effects of Acarbose on Fecal Nutrients, Colonic pH and Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Rectal Proliferative Indices. Metabolism 1996, 45, 1179-1187.
95. Ferguson, L.R.; Tasman-Jones, C.; Englyst, H. Comparative Effects of Three Resistant Starch Preparations on Transit Time and Short-Chain Fatty acid Production in Rats. Nutrition and Cancer 2000, 36 (2), 230-237.
96. Martin, L.J.M.; Dumon, H.J.W.; Lecannu, G. Potato and high Amylose Maize Starches are not Equivalent Producers of Butyrate for the Colonic Mucosa. Brit. J. Nutr. 2000, 84, 689-696.
97. Henningsson, A.M.; Margareta, E.; Nyman, G.L. Influences of Dietary Adaptation and Source of Resistant Starch in the Hindgut of Rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 2003, 89 (3), 319-328.
98. Younes, H.; Coudray, C.; Bellager J.; Demigne, C.; Rayssiguier, Y.; Remesey C. Effects of two Fermentable Carbohydrates (Inulin and Resistant Starch) and their Combination on Calcium and Magnesium Balance in Rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 2001, 86, 479-485.
99. Leu, R.K.; Hu, Y.; Young, G.P. Effects of Resistant Starch and Non-starch Polysaccharides on Colonic Luminal Environment and Genotoxin-Induced Apoptosis in Rat. Carcinogenesis 2002, 25 (5), 713-719.
100. Schwiertz, A.; Lehmann, U.; Jacobasch, G. Influence of Resistant Starch on the SCFA Production and Cell counts of Butyrate-Producing Eubacterium spp. in the Human Intestine. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 93 (1), 157-162.
101. Roediger, W.E.W. The effect of Bacterial Metabolism on the Nutrition and Function of the Colon Mucosa: A Symbiosis between Man and Bacteria. In Colon and Nutrition; Kaspar, H., Goebell, H., Eds.; Lancaster: MTP, 1982; 11-24.
102. Candido, E.P.; Reever, R.; Davier, J.R. Sodium Butyrate Inhibits Histone Deacetylation in Cells. Cell. 1978, 14, 105-114.
103. Whitehead, R.H.; Young, G.P.; Bhathal, P.S. Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids on a new Human Colon Carcinoma Cell line (LM 1215). Gut. 1987, 27, 1457-1463.
104. Johnson, I.T.; Gee, J.M. Resistant Starch. Nutr. & Food Sci. 1996, 1, 20-23.
105. Scheppach, W.; Sommer, H.; Kirchner, T.; Pagnelli, GM; Bartram, P. Effect of Butyrate Enemas on the Colonic Mucosa in Distal Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 1992, 103, 51-56.
106. Chen, W.J.; Anderson, J.W. Propionate may Mediate the Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Certain Soluble Plant Fibers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1984, 175, 215-218.
107. Illman, R.J.; Topping, D.L.; McIntash, G.H.; Trimble, R.P.; Storer, G.B.; Taylor, M.N. Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Dietary Propionate: Studies in Whole Animals and Perfused Rat Liver. Ann. Nutr. Metb. 1988, 32, 97-107.
108. Nishina, P.M.; Freedland, RA. Effects of Propionate on Lipid Biosynthesis in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes. J. Nutr. 1990, 120, 800-805.
109. Sakata T. Stimulatory Effect of Short Chain Fatty Acids on Epithelial Cell Proliferation of Isolated and Denervated Jejunal Segment of the Rat. Scand J. Gastroenterol. 1989, 24, 886-890.
110. Cummings, J.H.; Pomare, E.W.; Branch, W.J. Short Chain Fatty Acids in Human Large Intestine, Portal Hepatic and Venous Blood. Gut. 1987, 28, 1221-1227.
111. Roberfroid, M.B. Caloric Value of Inulin and Oligofructose. J. Nutr. 1999, 129, 1436S-1437S.
112. Livesey, G. Metabolizable Energy of Macronutrients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1135S-1142S.
113. Whitehead, R.H.; Young, G.P.; Bhathal, P.S. Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids on a New Human Colon Carcinoma Cell line (LIM1215). Gut. 1986, 27, 1457-1463.
114. Young, G.P.; Gibson, P.R. Butyrate and the Human Cancer Cell. In Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty acids; Cumming, J.H., Rombeau, J.L., Sakata, T. Eds.; Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, U.K., 1995; 319.
115. Bingham, S.A.; Day, N.E.; Luben, R. Dietary Fibre in Food and Protection against Colorectal Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), an Observational Study Lancet. 2003, 362, (9388), 1000.
116. Cassidy, A.; Bingham, S.A.; Cummings, J.H. Starch Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Comparison. Br. J. Cancer. 1994, 69, 937-942.
117. Kuratsune, M.; Honda, T.; Englyst, H.N.; Cummings, J.H. Dietary Fiber in the Japanese Diet as Investigated in Connection with Colon Cancer Risk. Jap. J. Cancer Res. 1986, 77, 736-738.
118. O'Keefe, S.J.; Kidd, M.; Espitalier-Noel,G.; Owira, P. Rarity of Colon Cancer in Africans is Associated with Low Animal Product Consumption, not Fiber. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94, 1373-1380.
119. Baghurst, P.A.; Baghurst, K.I.; Record, S.J. Dietary Fibre, Non-Starch Polysaccharides and Resistant Starch - A Review. Food Aust. 1996, 48 (3) S3-S35.
120. Young, G.P.; Le Lev, R.K. Resistant Starch and Colorectal Neoplasia. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87 (3), 775-786.
121. Grubben, M.J.A.L.; Van den Braak, C.C.M.; Essenberg, M. Effect of Resistant Starch on Potential Biomarkers for Colonic Cancer Risk in Patients with Colonic Adenomas. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001, 46 (4), 750-756.
122. Perrin, P.; Pierra, F.; Patry, Y.; Champ, M.; Berreur, M.; Pradal, G.; Bomet, F.; Meflah, K.; Menanteau, J. 'Only Fibres Promoting a Stable Butyrate Producing Colonic Ecosystem Decrease the rate of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rats'. Gut. 2001, 48, 53-61.
123. Pierra, F.; Perrin, P.; Champ, M.; Bomet, F.; Meflah, K.; Menanteau, J. 'Short-Chain Fructo-Olygoracchorides Reduce the Occurrence of Colon Turmors and Develop Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Min Mice'. Cane Res. 1997, 57, 225-228.
124. Bauer, H.G.; Asp, N.G.; Dahlqvist, A.; Fredlund, P.E.; Nyman, M.; Oste, R. Effect of Two Kinds of Pectin and Guar gum on 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Initiation of Colon Tumors and on Fecal Beta-Glucuronidase Activity in the Rat. Cancer Res. 1981, 41, 2518-2523.
125. Jacobs, L.R. Influence of Soluble Fibers on Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis. In Dietary Fiber: Chemistry, Physiology and Health Effects; Kritchevksy, D., Bonfield, C., Anderson, J.W. Eds.; NewYork: Plenum, 1990; 389.
126. Roberfroid, M.B. Role of Dietary Factors in Modulation of Cancer Induction. In: Food and Cancer Prevention: Chemical and Biological Aspects: Waldron K.W., Johnson, I.T., Fenwick, G.R.; Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1993, 255.
127. Heitman, D.W.; Hardman, W.E.; Cameron, I.L. Dietary Supplementation with Pectin and Guar Gum on 1, 2 - Dimethylhydrazine - induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Carcinogenesis 1992, 13, 815-818.
128. Weaver, G.A.; Tangel, C.; Krause, J.A.; Alpem, H.D.; Jenkins, P.L.; Parfitt, M.M.; Stragand, J.J. Dietary Guar Gum alters Colonic Microbial Fermentation in Azosymethane - treated Rats. J. Nutr. 1996, 126, 1979-1991.
129. Young, G.P.; McIntyre, V.; Albert, M.; Folino, M.; Mieu, J.G.; Gibson, P.R. Wheat Bran Suppresses Potato Starch - Potentiated Colorectal Tumorigenesis at the Aberrant Crypt Stage in a Rat Model. Gastroenterology 1996, 110, 508-514.
130. Sakamoto, J.; Nakaji, S.; Sugawara, K.; Iwane, S.; Munakata, A. Comparison of Resistant Starch with Cellulose on 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in Rats. Gastroenterology 1996, 110, 116-120.
131. Mathers, J.C; Mickleburgh, I.; Chapman, P.C. Can Resistant Starch and/or Aspirin Prevent the Development of Colonic Neoplasia? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003, 62 (1) 57-57.
132. Englyst, H.N.; Kingman, S.M.; Hudsen, G.J.; Cummings, J.H. Measurement of Resistant Starch in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Nutr. 1996, 75, 749-755.
133. Fergusen, L.R.; Harris, P.J. Do Resistant Starches as well as Dietary Fibers Protect against Colorectal Cancer? J. Environ. Pathol. Oncol. 1997, 16, 335-341.
134. Jenkins, D.J.A.; Wolever, T.M.S.; Taylor, R.H.; Ghafari, H.; Basker, H.M.; Fielden, H.; Baldwin, J.M.; Bowling, A.C.; Newman, H.C.; Jenkins, A.L.; Goff, D.V. Glycemie Index of Foods: Physiological Basis for Carbohydrate Exchange. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34, 362.
135. Foster - Powell, K.; Holt, S.H.; Brand Miller, J.C. International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 5-56.
136. Akerberg, A.; Liljeberg, H.; Bjorck, I. Effects of Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio and Baking Conditions on Resistant Starch Formation and Glycaemic Indices. J. Cereal Sci. 1998, 28(1), 71-80.
137. Thorburn, A.W., Brand, J.C. Truswell, A.S. The Glycemic Index of Foods. Med. J. Austr. 1986, 144, 580.
138. Brand - Miller, J.; Pang, E.; Bramall, L. Rice: A High or low Glycemic Index Food? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 56, 1034.
139. Brand, J.; Nicholson, P.L.; Thorburn, A.W.; Truswell, A.S. Food Processing and the Glycemic Index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985, 42, 1192.
140. Barkeling, B.; Granfeldt, Y.; Bjorck, I.; Rossner, S. Effects of Slow Release Carbohydrates in Form of Pasta and Bread on Food Intake and Satiety in Man. Nutr. Res. 1995, 15, 467.
141. Holm, J.; Bjorck, I. Bioavailability of Starch in Various Wheat Based Bread Products-Evaluation of Metabolic Responses in Healthy Subjects and Rate and Extent of in vitro Starch Digestion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 55, 420.
142. Raben, A.; Tagliabue, A.; Christensen, N.J.; Madsn, J.; Holst, J.J.; Astrup, A. Resistant Starch: The Effect on Postprandial Glycemia, Hormonal Response and Satiety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 50, 544-551.
143. Reader, D.; Johnson, M.L.; Hollander, P.; Franz, M. Response of Resistant Starch in a Food Bar Vs. two Commercially Available Bass in Persons with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes 1997, 45(1), 254 A.
144. Truwell, A.S. GLycemic Index of Foods. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 45(2), S91-S101.
145. Higgins, J.A. Resistant Starch: Metabolic Effects and Potential Health Benefits. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87(3), 761-768.
146. Behall, K.M.; Hallfrisch, J. Plasma Glucose and Insulin Reduction after Consumption of Breads Varying in Amylose Content. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 913-920.
147. Brown, M.A.; Storlien, L.H.; Brown, I.L. Cooking Attenuates the Ability of High Amylose Meals to Reduce Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 90, 823-827.
148. Heijnen, M.L.; Van Amelsvoort, J.M.; Westrate, JA. Interaction between Physical Structure and Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio of Foods on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 49, 446-451.
149. Krezowski, P.A.; Nuttall, F.O.; Gannan, M.C. Insulin and Glucose Responses to Various Starch Containing Foods in Type II Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes Care 1987, 10 (2), 205-212.
150. Granfeldt, Y.; Drews, A.; Bjorck, I. Starch Bioavailability in Arepas Made from Ordinary or High Amylose Corn: Content and Gastro Intestinal Fate of Resistant Starch. J. Nutr. 1993, 123, 1676.
151. Roben, A.; Andersen, K.; Karberg, M.A. Acetylation of or B- Cyclodesetrin Addition to Potato Starch: Beneficial Effect on Glucose Metabolism and Appetite Sensations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 66, 304-314.
152. Livingstone, B.E.; Robson, P.J.; Welch, R.W. Methodological Issues in the Assessment of Satiety. Scand. J. Nutrition/Naringsfors-Kning, 2000, 44, 98-103.
153. Holt, S.H.A.; Brand Miller, J.C.; Petcoz, P.; Farmakalidie, E.A. Satiety Index of Common Food. Eur. J. Clinical Nutr. 1995, 49, 675-690.
154. Liljeberg, H.G.M.; Lonner, C.H.; Bjorck, I.M.E. Sour Dough Fermentation or Addition of Organic Acids or Corresponding Salts to Bread Improves Nutritional Properties of Starch in Healthy Humans. J. Nutr. 1995, 125, 1503-1511.
155. Liljeberg, H.G.; Akerberg, A.K., Bjorck, I.M. Effect of the Glycemic Index and Content of Indigestible Carbohydrates of Cereal based Breakfast Meals on Glucose Tolerance at Lunch in Healthy Subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 69 (4), 647-655.
156. Bjorck, I.; Elmstahl, H. Glykemiskt Index Metabolism Och mattnadsgrad. Scand. J. Nutr. 2000, 44 (3), 113-117.
157. De Roos, N.; Heijnen, M.L.; De Graff, C. Resistant Starch has Little Effect on Appetite, Food Intake and Insulin Secretion of Healthy Young Men. Eur. J. of Clin. Nutr. 1995, 49, 532-541.
158. Anderson, G.H.; Catherine, N.L.; Woodend, D.M. Inverse Association between the Effect of Carbohydrates on Blood Glucose and Subsequent Short term Food Intake in Young Men. Am. J.Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 1023-1030.
159. Skrabanja, V.; Liljeberg, H.G.; Kreft, I. Nutritional Properties of Starch in Buck Wheat Product: Studies in vitro and in vivo. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49 (1), 490-496.
160. Menee, S.; Achovr, L.; Briend, A. Comparison of Starch digestibility of a Blended Food Prepared with and without Extrusion Cooking. European. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 53, 844-849.
161. Gibson, G.R.; Roberfroid, M.B. Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. J. Nutr. 1995, 125, 1401-1412.
162. Bird, A.R.; Brown, I.L.; Topping, D.L. Starches, Resistant Starches, the Gut Micro Health. Intest. Microbiol. 2000, 1 (1), 25-37.
163. De Simon,C.; Vesley, R.; Bianchi, Salvadori, B.; Jirillo, E. The Role of Probiotics in Modulation of the Immune System in Man and in Animals. Int. J. Immunotherapy. 1993, 9, 23-28.
164. Fooks, L.J., Fuller, R., and Gibson, G.R. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Human Gut Microbiology. Int. Dairy J. 1999, 9, 53-61.
165. Rafter, J.J. The Role of Lactic acid Bacteria in Colon Cancer Prevention. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1995, 30, 4.
166. Goldin, B.R. Health Benefits of Probiotics. Br. J. Nutr. 1998, 80, S203-S207.
167. Sanders, M.E. Effect of Consumption of Lactic Cultures on Human Health. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 1993, 37, 67-130.
168. Bezkorovainy, A. Probiotics: Determinants of Survival and Growth in the Gut. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 399S-405S.
169. Topping, D.L.; Anthony, M.F.; Bird. F. Resistant Starch as Prebiotic and Synbiotic: State of the Art. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003, 62, 171-176.
170. Brown, I.; Warhurst, M.; Arcot, J.; Playne,M.; Illman, R.J.;Topping,D.L. Fecal Numbers of Bifidobacteria are Higher in Pigs fed Bifidibacterium longum with a High Amylose Cornstarch than with a Low Amylose Cornstarch. J. Nutr. 1997, 127, 1822-1827.
171. Wang, X.; Conway, P.L.; Brown, I.L. In vitro Utilization of Amylopectin and High Amylose Maize (Amylomaize) Starch Granules by Human Colonic Bacteria. J. Appl. Micrbio. 1999, 87, 631-639.
172. Stephen, A.M.; Starch and Dietary Fiber: Their Physiological and Epidemiological Interrelationship. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1991, 87, 631-639.
173. Brown, I.L.; Wang, X.; Topping, D.L.; Playne, M.J.; Conway, P.L. High Amylose Maize Starch as a Versatile Prebiotic for use with Probiotic Bacteria. Food Australia. 1998, 50, 602-609.
174. Comway, P.L. Prebiotics and Human Health: The State of Art and Future Perspectives. Scan. J. Nutr. 2001, 45, 13-21.
175. Stephan, A. Constipation. In Dietry Fiber, Fiber-Depleted Foods and Disease. Academic Press: London, 1985.
176. Schneeman, B.O. Soluble vs. Insoluble Fiber-Different Physiological Responses. Food Tech. 1987, 81-82.
177. Heijnnen, M.L.; Van Amelsvoort, J.M.D.; Eurenberg, P. Limited Effect of Consumption of Uncooked (RS2) or Retrograded (RS3) Resistant Starch on Putative Risk Factors for Colon Cancer in Healthy Men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 67, 322-331.
178. Hylla, S.; Gostner, A.; Dusel, G. Effects of Resistant Starch on the Colon in Healthy Volunteers: Possible Implications for Cancer Prevention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 67, 136-142.
179. Jenkin, D.J.A.; Peterson, R.D.; Thorne, M.J.; Ferguson, P.W. Wheat Fiber and Laxation: Dose Responses and Equilibration time. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1987, 82, 1259-1263.
180. Jenkins, D.J.A.; Vuksan, V.; Kendall, C.W.C.; Wresh, P.; Jeffcoat, R.; Waring, S.; Mehling, C.C.; Vidgen, E.; August, L.S. Physiological Effects of Resistant Starch on Fecal Bulk, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Bloods Lipids and Glycemic Index. J. Amer. College Nutr. 1998, 17 (6), 609-616.
181. Gibson,G.R.; Beatty, E.R.; Wang, X.; Cummings, J.H. Selective Stimulation of Bifidobacteria in the Human Colon by Oligofructose and Inulin. Gastroenterology 1995, 108, 975-982.
182. Scheppach, W.; Fabian, C.; Ahrens, F.; Spengler, M.; Kasper, H. The Effect of Starch Malabsorption on Colonic Function and Metabolism in Humans. Gastroenterology. 1988, 95, 1549-1555.
183. Flourié, B.; Leblond, A.; Florent, C.; Rautureau, M.; Bisalli, A.; Rambaud, J.C. Starch Malabsorption and Breath Gas Excretion in Healthy Humans Consuming Low- and High-Starch Diets. Gastroenterology. 1988, 95, 356-363.
184. Tomlin, J.; Read, N.W. The Effect of Resistant Starch on Colon Function in Humans. Br. J. Nutr. 1990, 64, 589-595.
185. Shetty, P.S.; Kurpad, A.V. Increasing Starch Intake in the Human Diet Increases Fecal Bulking. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1986, 43, 210-212.
186. Tovar, J.; Granfeidt, Y.; Bjorck, I. Effect of Processing on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses to Legumes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1992, 40, 1846.
187. Bjorck, I.; Siljestrom, M. In vivo and in vitro Digestibility of Starch in Autoclaved Pea and Potato Products. J. Agric. Food Sc. 1992, 58, 541.
188. Bjorck, I.; Nyman,M.; Pedersen, B.; Siljestrom,M.; Asp, N.G.; Eggum, B.O. On the Digestibility of Starch in Wheat Bread - Studies in vitro and in vivo. J.Cereal Sc. 1986, 4, 1.
189. Bjorck, I.; Gunnarson, A.; Ostergard, K. A Study of Native and Chemically Modified Potato Starch. Part II. Digestibility in the Rat Intestinal Tract. Starke 1989, 41, 128.
190. Salvador,V.; Cherbut, C.; Barry, J.L.; Bertrand, D.; Bonnet, C.; Delort-Laval, J. Sugar Composition of Dietary Fibre and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production during in vitro Fermentation by Human Bacteria. B. J. Nutr.1993, 70, 189-197.
191. Baghurst, K.I.; Hope, A.K.; Down, E.C. Dietary Fibre Intake in a Group of Institutionalized Elderly and the Effects of a Fibre Supplementation Program on Nutrient Intake and Weight Gain. Community Health Stud. 1985, 9, 99-108.
192. Flourie, B.; Florent, C.; Jouany, J.P.; Thivend, P. Etanchaud, F.; Rambaud, J.C. Colonic Metabolism of Wheat Strachin Healthy Humans. Effects on Fecal outputs and Clinical Symptoims. Gastroenterol. 1986, 90, 111-119.
193. th, 2005. http://www.gograins.grdc.com.au/ grainsnutrition/ie/15_6.html. Accessed December 2005.
194. Younes, H.; Levrat, MA.; Demige, C. Resistant Starch is more Effective than Cholestyramine as a Lipid-Lowering Agent in the Rat. Lipids, 1995, 30, 847-853.
195. Mathe, D.; Riottot, M.; Rostaqui, N. Effect of Amylomaizestarch on Plasma Lipoproteins of Lean and Obese Zucker Rats. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutri. 1993, 14, 17-21.
196. Kim, W.K.; Chung, M.K.; Kang, N.E. Effect of Resistant Starch from Com or Rice on Glucose Control, Colonic events, and Blood Lipid Concentrations in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. J. Nutri. Biochem. 2003, 14, 166-172.
197. Han, K.H.; Fukushima, M.; Kato, T.; Kojima, M.; Ohba, K.; Shimada, K.; Sekikawa, M.; Nakano, M. Enzyme-Resistant Fractions of Beans Lowered Serum Cholesterol and Increased Sterol Excretions and Hepatic mRNA Levels in Rats. Lipids 2003, 38 (9), 919-924.
198. Martinez-Flores, H.E.; Yoon-Kil-Chang ; Martinez-Bustos, F.; Sgarbieri, V. Effect of High Fiber Products on Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins in Hamsters. Nutr Res. 2004, 24 (1), 85-93.
199. Behall, K.M.; Scholfield, DJ.; Yuhaniak, I. Diets Containing High Amylose Vs Amylopectin Starch: Effects on Metabolic Variables in Human Subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutri. 1989, 49, 337-344.
200. Reiser, S.; Powell, A.S.; Scholfield, D.J. Day-Long Glucose, Insulin, and Fructose Responses of Hyperinsulinemic and non Hyperinsulinemic Men Adapted to Diets Containing either Fructose or High Amylose Cornstarch. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1989, 50, 913-920.
201. Noakes, M.; Clifton, P.M.; Nestel, P.J. Effect of High-Amylose Starch and Oat Bran on Metabolic Variables and Bowel Function in Subjects with Hypertriglyceridemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 64, 944-951.
202. Illman, R.J.; Storer, G.B. Topping, D.L. White Wheat Flour Lowers Plasma Cholesterol and Increases Cecal Steroids Relative to Whole Wheat Flour, Wheat Bran and Wheat Pollard in Rats. J. Nutr. 1993, 123, 1094-1100.
203. Tapsell, L.C. Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: Where does Resistant Starch Fit in? J. Associ. Analyt. Chem. Internat. 2004, 87 (3), 756-760.
204. Ranganathan, S.; Champ, M.; Pechard, C. Comparative Study of the Acute Effects of Resistant Starch and Dietary Fibres on Metabolic Indexes in Men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59, 879-883.
205. Tagliabue, A.; Raben, A.; Heijnen, M.L. The Effect of Raw Potato Starch on Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 61, 1070-1075.
206. Howe, J.C.; Rumpler, W. V.; Behall, K.M. Dietary Starch Composition and Level of Energy Intake Alter Nutrient Oxidation in 'Carbohydrate-Sensitive'. Men. J. Nutr. 1996, 126, 2120-2129.
207. De Deckere, E.A.M.; Kloots, W.J.; Van Amelsvoort, J.M.M. Resistant Starch Decreases Serum Total Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations in Rats. J. Nutr. 1993, 123, 2142-2151.
208. Lerer- Metzger, M.; Rizkalla, S.W.; Luo, J. Effects of Long term Low-Glycaemic Index Starchy Food on Plasma Glucose and Lipid Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Cellularity in Normal and Diabetic Rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 1996, 75, 723-732.
209. Kabir, M.; Rizkalla, S.W.; Quignard-Boulange, A. High Glycemic Index Starch Diet Affects Lipid Storage-related Enzymes in Normal and to a Lesser Extent in Diabetic Rats. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 35-43.
210. Kishida, T.; Nogami, H.; Himeno, S. Heat Moisture Treatment of High Amylose Cornstarch Increases its Resistant Starch Content but not its Physiologic Effect in Rats. J.Nutr. 2001, 131, 2716-2721.
211. Heijnen, M.L.; Van, Amelsvoort, J.M.M.; Deurenberg, P. Neither Raw nor Retrograded Resistant Starch Lowers Fasting Serum Cholesterol Concentrations in Healthy Normolipidaemic Subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 64, 312-318.
212. Ramkrishna, B.S.; Venkataraman,S.; Srinivasan, P.; Dash, P.; Young, G.P.; Binder, H.J. Amylase Resistant Starch Plus Oral Rehydration Solution for Cholera. New England J. Medicine 2000, 342, 308-313.
213. Rabbani, G.H.; Teke, T.; Zaman, B.; Majid, N.; Khatun, M.; Fuchs, G.J. Clinical Studies in Persistent Diarrhoea: Dietary Management with Green Bananas or Pectin in Bangladeshi Children. Gastroenterology 2001, 121, 554-560.
214. Marsono, Y.; Illman, R.J.; Clarke, J.M.; Trimble, R.P.; Topping, D.L. Plasma Lipids and Large Bowel Volatile Fatty Acids in Pigs Fed White Rice, Brown Rice and Rice Bran. Brit. J. Nutr. 1993, 70, 503-513.
215. Hampson, D.J.; Robertson I.D.; La, T.; Oxberry, S.L.; Pethick, D.W. Influences of Diet and Vaccination on Colonisation of Pigs by the Intestinal Spirochaete Brachyspira(Serpulina) pilosicoli. Veterinary Microbio. 2000, 73, 75-84.
216. Trinidad, T.P.; Wolever, T.M.S.; Thompson, L.U. Effect of Acetate and Propionate on Calcium Absorption from the Rectum and Distal Colon of Humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 63, 574-578.
217. Coudray, C.; Bellanger, J.; Castiglia-Delavaud, C. Effect of Soluble or Partly Soluble Dietary Fibers Supplementation on Absorption and Balance of Calcium, Magnesium, Iron and Zinc in Healthy Young Men. Euro. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 51, 375-380.
218. Lopez, H.W.; Levrat-Verny, MA.; Coudray, C. Class 2 Resistant Starches Lower Plasma and Liver Lipids and Improve Mineral Retention in Rats. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 1283-1289.
219. Morais, M.B.; Feste, A.; Miller, R.G.; Lifichitz, C.H. Effect of Resistant Starch and Digestible Starch on Intestinal Absorption of Calcium, Iron and Zinc in Infant Pigs. Pediatr. Res. 1996, 39 (5), 872-876.
220. Schulz, A.G.M.; Van Amelsvoort, J.M.M.; Beynen, A.C. Dietary Native Resistant Starch but not Retrograded Starch Raises Magnesium and Calcium Absorption in Rats. J. Nutr. 1993, 123, 1724-1731.
221. Jacobasach, G.; Schmiedl, D.; Kruschewski, M. Dietary Resistant Starch and Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Internat. J. Colorectal Disease. 1999, 14 (4-5), 201-211.
222. Moreau, N.M.; Martin, L.J.; Toquet, C.S. Restoration of the Integrity of Rat Caeco-colonic Mucosa by Resistant Starch, but not by Fructo- oligosaccharides, in Dextran Sulfate Sodium induced Experimental Colitis. Brit. J. Nutr. 2003, 90 (1), 75-85.
223. Segain, J.P.; Raingeard de la Bletiere, D.; Bourreille, A. Butyrate Inhibits Inflammatory Responses through NF kappa B Inhibition: Implications for Crohn's Disease. Gut. 2000, 47 (3), 397-403.
224. Sotnikova, E.V.; Martynova, E.A.; Gorbacheva, E.V. Resistant Starches and Immune System. Voprosy Pitaniia. 2002, 71 (5), 34-38.
225. Premavalli, K.S.; Roopa, S.; Bawa, A.S. Resistant Starch- A Functional Dietary Fiber. Indian Food Industry. 2006, 25 (2) 40-45.
226. Fausto, F.D.; Kacchi, A.I.; Mehta, D. Starch Products in Confectionery. Bev. Food World. 1997, 24 (4), 4-16.
227. Tharanathan, R.N.; Mahadevamma, S. Grain Legumes-A Boon to Human Nutrition. Trends Food Sei Technol. 2003, 14, 507-518.
228. Gelroth, J.A.; Ranhotra, G.S. Determination of Resistant Starch in Selected Grain-based Foods. J. AOAC Intr. 2000, 83 (4), 988-991.
229. Prosky, L.; Asp, N.G.; Furada, I. Determination of Total Dietary Fiber in Foods and Food Products: Collaborative Study. J. AOAC Intr. 1985, 68, 677-679.
230. Liversey, G. Energy value of resistant starch. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA; (Asp, N.-G.; van Amelsvoort, J.M.M.; Hautvast J.G.A.I. Eds.); Wageningen, Netherlands: EURESTA, 1994; 56-62.
231. Waring, S. Functionality of Resistant Starch in Food Applications. Retrieved from http/ www.foodinnovations.com/pdf/functresist.pdf. Accessed 19 October 2005.
232. Crosby, G.A. Commercial processes for the manufacture of resistant starch. AACC Annual Meeting; Charlotte, N.C., 2001, Oct. 14-8. Opta Food Ingredients, Inc.: Bedford, MA, 2001.
233. Eliasson, A.C. Starch in Food: Structure, Function and Applications; CRC Press: New York, 2004; 560-574.
234. Shi,Y.C.; Trzasko,P.T. Process for Producing Amylase Resistant Granular Starch. U.S. Patent 5, 593, 503. Jan 14, 1997. Wilmington, Del.: National Starch and Chem. Investment Holding Corp.
235. Brown, I.L. Applications and Uses of Resistant Starch. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87 (3): 727-732.
236. th, 2004. Accessed 10 October 2005.
237. Moe, P.W. Future Directions for Energy Requirements and Food Energy Values. J. Nutr. 1994, 124, 1738S-1742S.
238. Livesey, G. Symposium on Modifying the Energy Density of Human Diets.' Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1991, 50, 371-382.
239. Miller, D.S.; Judd, P.A. The Metabolizable Energy of Foods. J. Scient. Food Agri. 1984, 35, 111-116.
240. Livesey, G. Calculating the Energy Value of Foods: Towards New Empirical Formulae based on Diets with Varied Intakes of Unavailable Complex Carbohydrates. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 45, 1-12.
241. Livesey, G. Energy Value of Unavailable Carbohydrates and Diets: an Inquiry and Analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 51, 617-637.
242. Johnson, I.T.; Livesy, G.; Gee, J.M.; Brown, J.C.; Wortley, G.M. The Biological Effects and Digestible Energy Value of Sugar Beet Fiber Preoarartion in the Rat. Br. J. Nutr. 1990, 64, 187-199.
243. BNF. Briefing Paper: Nutrition Labelling and Health Claims BNF. 2002, London.
244. Baghurst, K.; Baghurst, P.A.; Record, S.J. Dietary Fibre, Nonstarch Polysaccharide and resistant Starch Intakes in Australia. In CRC Handbook of Dietary Fibre in Human Health; Spiller, G.A, Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2001; 583-591.
245. Muir, J.B.; Walker, K.Z.; Kaimakamis, M.A. Modulation of Fecal Markers Relevant to Colon Cancer Risk: a High-Starch Chinese Diet did not Generate Expected Beneficial Changes Relative to a Western-type Diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 372-379.
246. Patel, K.; Shurpalekar, K. S. Resistant Starch Content of Indian Foods. Plant Foods Human Nutrition. 1994, 45, 91-95.
247. Dyssler, P.; Hoffmann, D. Estimation of resistant starch intake in Europe. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA, Asp, N.-G., van Amelsvoort J.M.M. Hautvast J.G.A.J. Eds.; EURESTA: Wageningen, Netherlands, 1994; 84-86.
248. Liljeberg, E.H. Resistant Starch Content in a Selection of Starchy Foods on the Swedish Market. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56 (6), 500-505.
249. Cummings, J.H.; Macfarlane, G.T. The Control and Consequences of Bacterial Fermentation in the Human Colon. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1991, 70, 443-459.
250. Champ, M.J. Physiological Aspects of Resistant Starch and in vivo Measurements. J. AOAC Intr. 2004, 87 (3), 749-755.