Banding carcinogenic risks in developed countries: A procedural basis for qualitative assessment

Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research

Volumn 658, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 124-151

  Stewart, Bernard W ^a,b  

^a South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Public Health Unit   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cancer causation; Consumer products; Contamination; Environmental carcinogens; Environmental exposure; Occupational exposure; Pollution; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; ACRYLAMIDE; AFLATOXIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; AROMATIC AMINE; ARSENIC; ASBESTOS; BENZENE; CADMIUM; CARCINOGEN; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DIESEL FUEL; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; DIOXIN; FORMALDEHYDE; HEAVY METAL; INSECTICIDE; NICKEL; NITROSAMINE; NITROSO DERIVATIVE; PETROLEUM; PHENACETIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; RADON; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; VINYL CHLORIDE;

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; CARCINOGENICITY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXHAUST GAS; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; OCCUPATIONAL CANCER; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOLAR RADIATION; WORK ENVIRONMENT;

CARCINOGENS; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 38849155165     PISSN: 13835742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.007     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. In: Stewart B.W., and Kleihues P. (Eds). World Cancer Report (2003), IARC Press, Lyon
2. Vainio H., and Weiderpass E. From hazard identification to weighing the benefits and drawbacks of prevention. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207 (2005) 28-33
3. Cogliano V.J., Baan R.A., Straif K., Grosse Y., Secretan M.B., El Ghissassi F., and Kleihues P. The science and practice of carcinogen identification and evaluation. Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (2004) 1269-1274
4. Butterworth B.E. A classification framework and practical guidance for establishing a mode of action for chemical carcinogens. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 45 (2006) 9-23
5. Cogliano V.J. Current criteria to establish human carcinogens. Semin. Cancer Biol. 14 (2004) 407-412
6. Shields P.G. Understanding population and individual risk assessment: the case of polychlorinated biphenyls. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 830-839
7. National Toxicology Program, 11th Report on Carcinogens, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004.
8. IARC, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 2006. Available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ (accessed March 2007).
9. O'Brien J., Renwick A.G., Constable A., Dybing E., Muller D.J., Schlatter J., Slob W., Tueting W., van Benthem J., Williams G.M., and Wolfreys A. Approaches to the risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens in food: a critical appraisal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (2006) 1613-1635
10. National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process (1983), National Academies Press, Washington, DC
11. Salmon A.G. Risk assessment for chemical carcinogens. In: Warshawsky D., and Landolph J.R. (Eds). Molecular Carcinogenesis and the Molecular Biology of Human Cancer (2006), Taylor & Francis, London 501-545
12. Stayner L., Bailer A.J., Smith R., Gilbert S., Rice F., and Kuempel E. Sources of uncertainty in dose-response modeling of epidemiological data for cancer risk assessment. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 895 (1999) 212-222
13. Benner T.C. Brief survey of EPA standard-setting and health assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 3457-3464
14. Foran J.A., Carpenter D.O., Hamilton M.C., Knuth B.A., and Schwager S.J. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005) 552-556
15. Quantitative Estimation and Prediction of Human Cancer Risks (1999), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
16. Bailer A.J. Uncertainty in risk assessment. Current efforts and future hopes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 895 (1999) 367-372
17. Preston R.J. Extrapolations are the Achilles heel of risk assessment. Mutat. Res. 589 (2005) 153-157
18. van Wijngaarden E., and Hertz-Picciotto I. A simple approach to performing quantitative cancer risk assessment using published results from occupational epidemiology studies. Sci. Total Environ. 332 (2004) 81-87
19. Lohman P.H. Qualitative and quantitative procedures for health risk assessment. Mutat. Res. 428 (1999) 237-254
20. Schwetz B., and Gaylor D. New directions for predicting carcinogenesis. Mol. Carcinogen. 20 (1997) 275-279
21. Greim H. Mechanistic and toxicokinetic data reducing uncertainty in risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 138 (2003) 1-8
22. Sanner T., and Dybing E. Comparison of carcinogenic and in vivo genotoxic potency estimates. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 96 (2005) 131-139
23. Sanner T., Dybing E., Kroese D., Roelfzema H., and Hardeng S. Potency grading in carcinogen classification. Mol. Carcinogen. 20 (1997) 280-287
24. Boffetta P. Human cancer from environmental pollutants: the epidemiological evidence. Mutat. Res. 608 (2006) 157-162
25. Callahan M.A., and Sexton K. If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question?. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 799-806
26. Boobis A.R., Cohen S.M., Dellarco V., McGregor D., Meek M.E., Vickers C., Willcocks D., and Farland W. IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36 (2006) 781-792
27. Jakubowski M., and Trzcinka-Ochocka M. Biological monitoring of exposure: trends and key developments. J. Occup. Health 47 (2005) 22-48
28. Stewart B.W., and Coates A.S. Cancer prevention: a global perspective. J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2005) 392-403
29. Sasco A.J., Merrill R.M., Dari I., Benhaim-Luzon V., Carriot F., Cann C.I., and Bartal M. A case-control study of lung cancer in Casablanca, Morocco. Cancer Causes Control 13 (2002) 609-616
30. Danaei G., Vander H.S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J., and Ezzati M. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 366 (2005) 1784-1793
31. Strosnider H., Azziz-Baumgartner E., Banziger M., Bhat R.V., Breiman R., Brune M.N., DeCock K., Dilley A., Groopman J., Hell K., Henry S.H., Jeffers D., Jolly C., Jolly P., Kibata G.N., Lewis L., Liu X., Luber G., McCoy L., Mensah P., Miraglia M., Misore A., Njapau H., Ong C.N., Onsongo M.T., Page S.W., Park D., Patel M., Phillips T., Pineiro M., Pronczuk J., Rogers H.S., Rubin C., Sabino M., Schaafsma A., Shephard G., Stroka J., Wild C., Williams J.T., and Wilson D. Workgroup report: public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1898-1903
32. Chan D., MacDonald S.J., Boughtflower V., and Brereton P. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food using a fully automated immunoaffinity column clean-up and liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1059 (2004) 13-16
33. Yoshida T., Yamauchi H., and Fan S.G. Chronic health effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water: dose-response relationships in review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198 (2004) 243-252
34. Occupational Cancers in Developing Countries, IARC Scientific Publications No. 129, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1994.
35. Bruce N., Perez-Padilla R., and Albalak R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bull. World Health Org. 78 (2000) 1078-1092
36. Straif K., Baan R., Grosse Y., Secretan B., El Ghissassi F., and Cogliano V. Carcinogenicity of household solid fuel combustion and of high-temperature frying. Lancet Oncol. 7 (2006) 977-978
37. Lewis D.R., Southwick J.W., Ouellet-Hellstrom R., Rench J., and Calderon R.L. Drinking water arsenic in Utah: a cohort mortality study. Environ. Health Perspect. 107 (1999) 359-365
38. Ramanakumar A.V., Parent M.E., and Siemiatycki J. Risk of lung cancer from residential heating and cooking fuels in Montreal, Canada. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (2007) 634-642
39. LeMasters G.K., Genaidy A.M., Succop P., Deddens J., Sobeih T., Barriera-Viruet H., Dunning K., and Lockey J. Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48 (2006) 1189-1202
40. Schwarz M., and Appel K.E. Carcinogenic risks of dioxin: mechanistic considerations. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 43 (2005) 19-34
41. Popp J.A., Crouch E., and McConnell E.E. A weight-of-evidence analysis of the cancer dose-response characteristics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). Toxicol. Sci. 89 (2006) 361-369
42. Vineis P., and Perera F. Molecular epidemiology and biomarkers in etiologic cancer research: the new in light of the old. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 16 (2007) 1954-1965
43. Fuhr U., Boettcher M.I., Kinzig-Schippers M., Weyer A., Jetter A., Lazar A., Taubert D., Tomalik-Scharte D., Pournara P., Jakob V., Harlfinger S., Klaassen T., Berkessel A., Angerer J., Sorgel F., and Schomig E. Toxicokinetics of acrylamide in humans after ingestion of a defined dose in a test meal to improve risk assessment for acrylamide carcinogenicity. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 266-271
44. Caldwell J.C., and Keshava N. Key issues in the modes of action and effects of trichloroethylene metabolites for liver and kidney tumorigenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1457-1463
45. Shaham J., Bomstein Y., Gurvich R., Rashkovsky M., and Kaufman Z. DNA-protein crosslinks and p53 protein expression in relation to occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Occup. Environ. Med. 60 (2003) 403-409
46. Soliman A.S., Lo A.C., Banerjee M., El Ghawalby N., Khaled H.M., Bayoumi S., Seifeldin I.A., Abdel-Aziz A., Abbruzzese J.L., Greenson J.K., and Hamilton S.R. Differences in K-ras and p53 gene mutations among pancreatic adenocarcinomas associated with regional environmental pollution. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 1794-1799
47. Husgafvel-Pursiainen K., Boffetta P., Kannio A., Nyberg F., Pershagen G., Mukeria A., Constantinescu V., Fortes C., and Benhamou S. p53 mutations and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in a multicenter study on lung cancer. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 2906-2911
48. Lea I.A., Jackson M.A., Li X., Bailey S., Peddada S.D., and Dunnick J.K. Genetic pathways and mutation profiles of human cancers: site- and exposure-specific patterns. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 1851-1858
49. Paustenbach D., and Galbraith D. Biomonitoring and biomarkers: exposure assessment will never be the same. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1143-1149
50. Kiviranta H., Vartiainen T., and Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in fishermen in Finland. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (2002) 355-361
51. Ward M.H., Lubin J., Giglierano J., Colt J.S., Wolter C., Bekiroglu N., Camann D., Hartge P., and Nuckols J.R. Proximity to crops and residential exposure to agricultural herbicides in Iowa. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 893-897
52. Hamula C., Wang Z., Zhang H., Kwon E., Li X.F., Gabos S., and Le X.C. Chromium on the hands of children after playing in playgrounds built from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 460-465
53. Dobbinson S., Wakefield M., and Sambell N. Access to commercial indoor tanning facilities by adults with highly sensitive skin and by under-age youth: compliance tests at solarium centres in Melbourne, Australia. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 15 (2006) 424-430
54. Wong O. Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure among auto mechanics: appraisal of scientific evidence. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34 (2001) 170-177
55. Meguellati-Hakkas D., Cyr D., Stucker I., Fevotte J., Pilorget C., Luce D., and Guenel P. Lung cancer mortality and occupational exposure to asbestos among telephone linemen: a historical cohort study in France. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48 (2006) 1166-1172
56. Doll R., and Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981) 1192-1308
57. Colditz G.A., Sellers T.A., and Trapido E. Epidemiology-identifying the causes and preventability of cancer?. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6 (2006) 75-83
58. Peto J. Cancer edipemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature 411 (2001) 390-395
59. Warshawsky D., and Landolph J.R. Overview of human cancer induction and human exposure to carcinogens. In: Warshawsky D., and Landolph J.R. (Eds). Molecular Carcinogenesis and the Molecular Biology of Human Cancer (2006), Taylor & Francis, New York 289-302
60. Carbone M., and Pass H.I. Multistep and multifactorial carcinogenesis: when does a contributing factor become a carcinogen?. Semin. Cancer Biol. 14 (2004) 399-405
61. Boffetta P., McLaughlin J.K., La Vecchia C., Autier P., and Boyle P. 'Environment' in cancer causation and etiological fraction: limitations and ambiguities. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 913-915
62. Belpomme D., Irigaray P., Hardell L., Clapp R., Montagnier L., Epstein S., and Sasco A.J. The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environ. Res. 105 (2007) 414-429
63. Pruss-Ustun A., and Corvalan C. Reply to the recent article by Boffetta et al. [28(5):913-915] on attribution of cancer to the environment. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 1849
64. McMillan D.C., Sattar N., and McArdle C.S. ABC of obesity. Obesity and cancer. Br. Med. J. 333 (2006) 1109-1111
65. Stevens R.G., Blask D.E., Brainard G.C., Hansen J., Lockley S.W., Provencio I., Rea M.S., and Reinlib L. Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 1357-1362
66. Metcalfe C., Davey S.G., Macleod J., and Hart C. The role of self-reported stress in the development of breast cancer and prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study of employed males and females with 30 years of follow-up. Eur. J. Cancer 43 (2007) 1060-1065
67. Michels K.B., Xue F., Colditz G.A., and Willett W.C. Induced and spontaneous abortion and incidence of breast cancer among young women: a prospective cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (2007) 814-820
68. Lagergren J., Viklund P., and Jansson C. Carbonated soft drinks and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a population-based case-control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (2006) 1158-1161
69. Lagergren J., Jansson C., and Viklund P. Chewing gum and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a new hypothesis tested in a population-based study. Eur. J. Cancer 42 (2006) 2359-2362
70. Jakszyn P., Bingham S., Pera G., Agudo A., Luben R., Welch A., Boeing H., Del Giudice G., Palli D., Saieva C., Krogh V., Sacerdote C., Tumino R., Panico S., Berglund G., Siman H., Hallmans G., Sanchez M.J., Larranaga N., Barricarte A., Chirlaque M.D., Quiros J.R., Key T.J., Allen N., Lund E., Carneiro F., Linseisen J., Nagel G., Overvad K., Tjonneland A., Olsen A., Bueno-De-Mesquita H.B., Ocke M.O., Peeters P.H., Numans M.E., Clavel-Chapelon F., Trichopoulou A., Fenger C., Stenling R., Ferrari P., Jenab M., Norat T., Riboli E., and Gonzalez C.A. Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 1497-1501
71. Gottschalg E., Scott G.B., Burns P.A., and Shuker D.E. Potassium diazoacetate-induced p53 mutations in vitro in relation to formation of O6-carboxymethyl- and O6-methyl-2′-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts-relevance for gastrointestinal cancer. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 356-362
72. Grosse Y., Baan R., Straif K., Secretan B., El Ghissassi F., and Cogliano V. Carcinogenicity of nitrate, nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Lancet Oncol. 7 (2006) 628-629
73. IARC. Formaldehyde. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans vol. 88 (2006), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon pp. 39-325
74. Cohn B.A., Wolff M.S., Cirillo P.M., and Sholtz R.I. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 1406-1414
75. Morton L.M., Bernstein L., Wang S.S., Hein D.W., Rothman N., Colt J.S., Davis S., Cerhan J.R., Severson R.K., Welch R., Hartge P., and Zahm S.H. Hair dye use, genetic variation in N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2), and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 1759-1764
76. Granath F., and Tornqvist M. Who knows whether acrylamide in food is hazardous to humans?. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95 (2003) 842-843
77. Mucci L.A., Adami H.O., and Wolk A. Prospective study of dietary acrylamide and risk of colorectal cancer among women. Int. J. Cancer 118 (2006) 169-173
78. Sexton K., Linder S.H., Marko D., Bethel H., and Lupo P.J. Comparative assessment of air pollution-related health risks in Houston. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 1388-1393
79. Birnbaum L.S., and Fenton S.E. Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 111 (2003) 389-394
80. Barton H.A., Cogliano V.J., Flowers L., Valcovic L., Setzer R.W., and Woodruff T.J. Assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005) 1125-1133
81. de Boer J., and Hoeijmakers J.H. Nucleotide excision repair and human syndromes. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 453-460
82. Vineis P. Individual susceptibility to carcinogens. Oncogene 23 (2004) 6477-6483
83. Bermejo J.L., and Hemminki K. Gene-environment studies: any advantage over environmental studies?. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 1526-1532
84. Urayama K.Y., Wiencke J.K., Buffler P.A., Chokkalingam A.P., Metayer C., and Wiemels J.L. MDR1 gene variants, indoor insecticide exposure, and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 16 (2007) 1172-1177
85. National Research Council. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2007), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
86. Detours V., Delys L., Libert F., Weiss S.D., Bogdanova T., Dumont J.E., Franc B., Thomas G., and Maenhaut C. Genome-wide gene expression profiling suggests distinct radiation susceptibilities in sporadic and post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancers. Br. J. Cancer 97 (2007) 818-825
87. Maltoni C., Soffritti M., and Belpoggi F. The scientific and methodological bases of experimental studies for detecting and quantifying carcinogenic risks. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 895 (1999) 10-26
88. Mansour S.A. Pesticide exposure-Egyptian scene. Toxicology 198 (2004) 91-115
89. Chang C.C., Ho S.C., Wang L.Y., and Yang C.Y. Bladder cancer in Taiwan: relationship to trihalomethane concentrations present in drinking-water supplies. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 (2007) 1752-1757
90. Andruchow J.E., Soskolne C.L., Racioppi F., Senthilselvan A., Makhmudov E., and Asadov A. Cancer incidence and mortality in the industrial city of Sumgayit, Azerbaijan. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 12 (2006) 234-241
91. Calle E.E., Frumkin H., Henley S.J., Savitz D.A., and Thun M.J. Organochlorines and breast cancer risk. CA Cancer J. Clin. 52 (2002) 301-309
92. Kingsley B.S., Schmeichel K.L., and Rubin C.H. An update on cancer cluster activities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 165-171
93. Bouvier G., Blanchard O., Momas I., and Seta N. Pesticide exposure of non-occupationally exposed subjects compared to some occupational exposure: a French pilot study. Sci. Total Environ. 366 (2006) 74-91
94. Roy W.R., Krapac I.G., Chou S.F., and Simmons F.W. Pesticide storage and release in unsaturated soil in Illinois, USA. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 36 (2001) 245-260
95. Monson R.R. Occupation. In: Schottenfeld D., and Fraumeni J.F. (Eds). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (1996), Oxford University Press, New York 373-405
96. Kibble A., and Harrison R. Point sources of air pollution. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 55 (2005) 425-431
97. Vrijheid M. Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 Suppl 1 (2000) 101-112
98. Colt J.S., Davis S., Severson R.K., Lynch C.F., Cozen W., Camann D., Engels E.A., Blair A., and Hartge P. Residential insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 251-257
99. Alavanja M.C., Dosemeci M., Samanic C., Lubin J., Lynch C.F., Knott C., Barker J., Hoppin J.A., Sandler D.P., Coble J., Thomas K., and Blair A. Pesticides and lung cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160 (2004) 876-885
100. Swaen G.M., de Jong G., Slangen J.J., van L.G., and Amelsvoort. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to dieldrin and aldrin: an update. Toxicol. Ind. Health 18 (2002) 63-70
101. Huff J. Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays predict human cancer hazards. Issues, controversies, and uncertainties. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 895 (1999) 56-79
102. Starr T.B., Matanoski G., Anders M.W., and Andersen M.E. Workshop overview: reassessment of the cancer risk of dichloromethane in humans. Toxicol. Sci. 91 (2006) 20-28
103. Soffritti M., Belpoggi F., Minardi F., Bua L., and Maltoni C. Mega-experiments to identify and assess diffuse carcinogenic risks. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 895 (1999) 34-55
104. McLean D., Pearce N., Langseth H., Jappinen P., Szadkowska-Stanczyk I., Persson B., Wild P., Kishi R., Lynge E., Henneberger P., Sala M., Teschke K., Kauppinen T., Colin D., Kogevinas M., and Boffetta P. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to organochlorine compounds in the pulp and paper industry: an international collaborative study. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1007-1012
105. Prince M.M., Ruder A.M., Hein M.J., Waters M.A., Whelan E.A., Nilsen N., Ward E.M., Schnorr T.M., Laber P.A., and Davis-King K.E. Mortality and exposure response among 14,458 electrical capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1508-1514
106. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 87. Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds (2006), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
107. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 83. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking (2004), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
108. Boffetta P., Jourenkova N., and Gustavsson P. Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control 8 (1997) 444-472
109. Tapio S., and Grosche B. Arsenic in the aetiology of cancer. Mutat. Res. 612 (2006) 215-246
110. Bourdes V., Boffetta P., and Pisani P. Environmental exposure to asbestos and risk of pleural mesothelioma: review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16 (2000) 411-417
111. IARC. IARC Monographs of the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 53. Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application and Some Pesticides (1991), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
112. Rafnsson V. Cancer incidence among farmers exposed to lindane while sheep dipping. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 32 (2006) 185-189
113. Fritschi L., Benke G., Hughes A.M., Kricker A., Turner J., Vajdic C.M., Grulich A., Milliken S., Kaldor J., and Armstrong B.K. Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162 (2005) 849-857
114. Mills P.K., Yang R., and Riordan D. Lymphohematopoietic cancers in the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), 1988-2001. Cancer Causes Control 16 (2005) 823-830
115. Purdue M.P., Hoppin J.A., Blair A., Dosemeci M., and Alavanja M.C. Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Int. J. Cancer 120 (2007) 642-649
116. McDuffie H.H., Pahwa P., McLaughlin J.R., Spinelli J.J., Fincham S., Dosman J.A., Robson D., Skinnider L.F., and Choi N.W. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 10 (2001) 1155-1163
117. Pearce N., and McLean D. Agricultural exposures and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 31 Suppl 1 (2005) 18-25
118. Menegaux F., Baruchel A., Bertrand Y., Lescoeur B., Leverger G., Nelken B., Sommelet D., Hemon D., and Clavel J. Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood acute leukaemia. Occup. Environ. Med. 63 (2006) 131-134
119. Muir K., Rattanamongkolgul S., Smallman-Raynor M., Thomas M., Downer S., and Jenkinson C. Breast cancer incidence and its possible spatial association with pesticide application in two counties of England. Public Health 118 (2004) 513-520
120. Winn D.M. The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5 (2005) 986-994
121. Brody J.G., and Rudel R.A. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 111 (2003) 1007-1019
122. Lynge E., Anttila A., and Hemminki K. Organic solvents and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8 (1997) 406-419
123. Cole P., Trichopoulos D., Pastides H., Starr T., and Mandel J.S. Dioxin cancer: a critical review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38 (2003) 378-388
124. Brown L.M., Moradi T., Gridley G., Plato N., Dosemeci M., and Fraumeni Jr. J.F. Exposures in the painting trades and paint manufacturing industry and risk of cancer among men and women in Sweden. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44 (2002) 258-264
125. Lynge E., Andersen A., Rylander L., Tinnerberg H., Lindbohm M.L., Pukkala E., Romundstad P., Jensen P., Clausen L.B., and Johansen K. Cancer in persons working in dry cleaning in the Nordic countries. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 213-219
126. Harrold G., Gooddy D.C., Reid S., Lerner D.N., and Leharne S.A. Changes in interfacial tension of chlorinated solvents following flow through U.K. soils and shallow aquifer material. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 1919-1925
127. Yoshimoto Y., Yoshinaga S., Yamamoto K., Fijimoto K., Nishizawa K., and Sasaki Y. Research on potential radiation risks in areas with nuclear power plants in Japan: leukaemia and malignant lymphoma mortality between 1972 and 1997 in 100 selected municipalities. J. Radiol. Prot. 24 (2004) 343-368
128. Browne M.L., Varadarajulu D., Lewis-Michl E.L., and Fitzgerald E.F. Cancer incidence and asbestos in drinking water, Town of Woodstock, New York, 1980-1998. Environ. Res. 98 (2005) 224-232
129. Lim U., Subar A.F., Mouw T., Hartge P., Morton L.M., Stolzenberg-Solomon R., Campbell D., Hollenbeck A.R., and Schatzkin A. Consumption of aspartame-containing beverages and incidence of hematopoietic and brain malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 1654-1659
130. Straif K., Baan R., Grosse Y., Secretan B., El Ghissassi F., and Cogliano V. Carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Lancet Oncol. 6 (2005) 931-932
131. Engel L.S., Laden F., Andersen A., Strickland P.T., Blair A., Needham L.L., Barr D.B., Wolff M.S., Helzlsouer K., Hunter D.J., Lan Q., Cantor K.P., Comstock G.W., Brock J.W., Bush D., Hoover R.N., and Rothman N. Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in peripheral blood and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from three cohorts. Cancer Res. 67 (2007) 5545-5552
132. Rudel R.A., Attfield K.R., Schifano J.N., and Brody J.G. Chemicals causing mammary gland tumors in animals signal new directions for epidemiology, chemicals testing, and risk assessment for breast cancer prevention. Cancer 109 (2007) 2635-2666
133. Loh M.M., Levy J.I., Spengler J.D., Houseman E.A., and Bennett D.H. Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 1160-1168
134. Colditz G.A. From epidemiology to cancer prevention: implications for the 21st Century. Cancer Causes Control 18 (2007) 117-123
135. Clapp R.W., Howe G.K., and Jacobs M.M. Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: a call to act on what we know. Biomed. Pharmacother. 61 (2007) 631-639
136. Grandjean P. Implications of the precautionary principle for primary prevention and research. Annu. Rev. Public Health 25 (2004) 199-223
137. Anonymous. Is modern technology increasing our risk of cancer?. Lancet Oncol. 8 (2007) 455
138. Curran W.J. Cancer-causing substances in food, drugs, and cosmetics. The de Minimis rule versus the Delaney clause. N. Engl. J. Med. 319 (1988) 1262-1264
139. Cokkinides V., Bandi P., Ward E., Jemal A., and Thun M. Progress and opportunities in tobacco control. CA Cancer J. Clin. 56 (2006) 135-142
140. Fichtenberg C.M., and Glantz S.A. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. Br. Med. J. 325 (2002) 188
141. Perez-Stable E.J., Sabogal F., Otero-Sabagal R., Hiatt R.A., and McPhee S.J. Misconceptions about cancer among Latinos and Anglos. JAMA 268 (1992) 3219-3223
142. Garcia M., Fernandez E., Borras J.M., Nieto F.J., Schiaffino A., Peris M., Perez G., and La Vecchia C. Cancer risk perceptions in an urban Mediterranean population. Int. J. Cancer 117 (2005) 132-136
143. Inoue M., Iwasaki M., Otani T., Sasazuki S., and Tsugane S. Public awareness of risk factors for cancer among the Japanese general population: a population-based survey. BMC Public Health 6 (2006) 2
144. Starr G., Langley A., and Taylor A. Environmental Health Risk Perception in Australia (2000), Department of Health and Aged Care, Canberra
145. Robb-Nicholson C. By the way, doctor: I received an E-mail about the dangers of using tampons because of the asbestos, dioxin, and rayon in them. Harv. Womens Health Watch. 7 (2000) 8
146. Enneking P.A. Phthalates not in plastic food packaging. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) A89-A90
147. Siegrist M., Earle T.C., Gutscher H., and Keller C. Perception of mobile phone and base station risks. Risk Anal. 25 (2005) 1253-1264
148. Harvard Center For Cancer Prevention, Human Causes of Cancer, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard, 1996.
149. Niederdeppe J., and Levy A.G. Fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention and three prevention behaviors. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 16 (2007) 998-1003
150. Goldstein B.D. Advances in risk assessment and communication. Annu. Rev. Public Health 26 (2005) 141-163
151. Calman K.C. Cancer: science and society and the communication of risk. Br. Med. J. 313 (1996) 799-802
152. Sandman P.M., Weinstein N.D., and Miller P. High risk or low: how location on a "risk ladder" affects perceived risk. Risk Anal. 14 (1994) 35-45
153. Maibach E. Cancer risk communication-what we need to learn. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. (1999) 179-181
154. Hopwood P. Psychosocial aspects of risk communication and mutation testing in familial breast-ovarian cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 17 (2005) 340-344
155. Marcus A.C. New directions for risk communication research: a discussion with additional suggestions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. (1999) 35-42
156. Vineis P., Alavanja M., Buffler P., Fontham E., Franceschi S., Gao Y.T., Gupta P.C., Hackshaw A., Matos E., Samet J., Sitas F., Smith J., Stayner L., Straif K., Thun M.J., Wichmann H.E., Wu A.H., Zaridze D., Peto R., and Doll R. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (2004) 99-106
157. Reid A., de Klerk N.H., Ambrosini G.L., Berry G., and Musk A.W. The risk of lung cancer with increasing time since ceasing exposure to asbestos and quitting smoking. Occup. Environ. Med. 63 (2006) 509-512
158. Beane J., Sebastiani P., Liu G., Brody J.S., Lenburg M.E., and Spira A. Reversible and permanent effects of tobacco smoke exposure on airway epithelial gene expression. Genome Biol. 8 (2007) R201
159. Boffetta P., Aagnes B., Weiderpass E., and Andersen A. Smokeless tobacco use and risk of cancer of the pancreas and other organs. Int. J. Cancer 114 (2005) 992-995
160. Cogliano V., Straif K., Baan R., Grosse Y., Secretan B., and El Ghissassi F. Smokeless tobacco and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Lancet Oncol. 5 (2004) 708
161. Allan J.M., and Travis L.B. Mechanisms of therapy-related carcinogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5 (2005) 943-955
162. Luijten M., Speksnijder E.N., van Alphen N., Westerman A., Heisterkamp S.H., van Benthem J., van Kreijl C.F., Beems R.B., and van Steeg H. Phenacetin acts as a weak genotoxic compound preferentially in the kidney of DNA repair deficient Xpa mice. Mutat. Res. 596 (2006) 143-150
163. Newbold R.R. Lessons learned from perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 199 (2004) 142-150
164. Bernstein L. The risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in users of hormonal preparations. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 (2006) 288-296
165. Kahlenborn C., Modugno F., Potter D.M., and Severs W.B. Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 81 (2006) 1290-1302
166. Boffetta P., and Hashibe M. Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 7 (2006) 149-156
167. Baan R., Straif K., Grosse Y., et al., on behalf of the WHO IARC Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol. 8 (2007) 292-293
168. Cardis E., Vrijheid M., Blettner M., Gilbert E., Hakama M., Hill C., Howe G., Kaldor J., Muirhead C.R., Schubauer-Berigan M., Yoshimura T., Bermann F., Cowper G., Fix J., Hacker C., Heinmiller B., Marshall M., Thierry-Chef I., Utterback D., Ahn Y.O., Amoros E., Ashmore P., Auvinen A., Bae J.M., Solano J.B., Biau A., Combalot E., Deboodt P., Diez S.A., Eklof M., Engels H., Engholm G., Gulis G., Habib R., Holan K., Hyvonen H., Kerekes A., Kurtinaitis J., Malker H., Martuzzi M., Mastauskas A., Monnet A., Moser M., Pearce M.S., Richardson D.B., Rodriguez-Artalejo F., Rogel A., Tardy H., Telle-Lamberton M., Turai I., Usel M., and
169. Boffetta P., and Kogevinas M. Occupational cancer in Europe. Environ. Health Perspect. 107 Suppl. 2 (1999) 227
170. Bosetti C., Boffetta P., and La Vecchia C. Occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and respiratory and urinary tract cancers: a quantitative review to 2005. Ann. Oncol. 18 (2007) 431-446
171. Gallagher R.P., and Lee T.K. Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 92 (2006) 119-131
172. Ascoli V., Belli S., Carnovale-Scalzo C., Corzani F., Facciolo F., Lopergolo M., Nardi F., Pasetto R., and Comba P. Malignant mesothelioma in Rome and Latium region, 1993-2001. Tumori 89 (2003) 377-381
173. Dahlgren J., Warshaw R., Thornton J., Anderson-Mahoney C.P., and Takhar H. Health effects on nearby residents of a wood treatment plant. Environ. Res. 92 (2003) 92-98
174. Nawrot T., Plusquin M., Hogervorst J., Roels H.A., Celis H., Thijs L., Vangronsveld J., Van Hecke E., and Staessen J.A. Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of cancer: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 7 (2006) 119-126
175. Chen J. Canadian individual risks of radon-induced lung cancer for different exposure profiles. Can. J. Public Health 96 (2005) 360-363
176. Field R.W., Krewski D., Lubin J.H., Zielinski J.M., Alavanja M., Catalan V.S., Klotz J.B., Letourneau E.G., Lynch C.F., Lyon J.L., Sandler D.P., Schoenberg J.B., Steck D.J., Stolwijk J.A., Weinberg C., and Wilcox H.B. An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 69 (2006) 599-631
177. Laden F., Hart J.E., Eschenroeder A., Smith T.J., and Garshick E. Historical estimation of diesel exhaust exposure in a cohort study of U.S. railroad workers and lung cancer. Cancer Causes Control 17 (2006) 911-919
178. Richiardi L., Mirabelli D., Calisti R., Ottino A., Ferrando A., Boffetta P., and Merletti F. Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and risk for lung cancer in a population-based case-control study in Italy. Ann. Oncol. 17 (2006) 1842-1847
179. Shipp A., Lawrence G., Gentry R., McDonald T., Bartow H., Bounds J., Macdonald N., Clewell H., Allen B., and Van Landingham C. Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer effects. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36 (2006) 481-608
180. Scott C.S., and Chiu W.A. Trichloroethylene cancer epidemiology: a consideration of select issues. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1471-1478
181. Boffetta P., Andersen A., Lynge E., Barlow L., and Pukkala E. Employment as hairdresser and risk of ovarian cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas among women. J. Occup. Med. 36 (1994) 61-65
182. Huebner W.W., Wojcik N.C., Rosamilia K., Jorgensen G., and Milano C.A. Mortality updates (1970-1997) of two refinery/petrochemical plant cohorts at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Baytown, Texas. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46 (2004) 1229-1245
183. Rego M.A., Sousa C.S., Kato M., de Carvalho A.B., Loomis D., and Carvalho F.M. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and organic solvents. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44 (2002) 874-881
184. Baena A.V., Allam M.F., Diaz-Molina C., Del Castillo A.S., Abdel-Rahman A.G., and Navajas R.F. Urinary bladder cancer and the petroleum industry: a quantitative review. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 15 (2006) 493-497
185. Maele-Fabry G., Duhayon S., and Lison D. A systematic review of myeloid leukemias and occupational pesticide exposure. Cancer Causes Control 18 (2007) 457-478
186. Bhopal R.S., Moffatt S., Pless-Mulloli T., Phillimore P.R., Foy C., Dunn C.E., and Tate J.A. Does living near a constellation of petrochemical, steel, and other industries impair health?. Occup. Environ. Med. 55 (1998) 812-822
187. Parodi S., Stagnaro E., Casella C., Puppo A., Daminelli E., Fontana V., Valerio F., and Vercelli M. Lung cancer in an urban area in Northern Italy near a coke oven plant. Lung Cancer 47 (2005) 155-164
188. Pan X.L., Day H.W., Wang W., Beckett L.A., and Schenker M.B. Residential proximity to naturally occurring asbestos and mesothelioma risk in California. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172 (2005) 1019-1025
189. Edwards R., Pless-Mulloli T., Howel D., Chadwick T., Bhopal R., Harrison R., and Gribbin H. Does living near heavy industry cause lung cancer in women? A case-control study using life grid interviews. Thorax 61 (2006) 1076-1082
190. Vineis P., Hoek G., Krzyzanowski M., Vigna-Taglianti F., Veglia F., Airoldi L., Autrup H., Dunning A., Garte S., Hainaut P., Malaveille C., Matullo G., Overvad K., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Clavel-Chapelon F., Linseisen J., Boeing H., Trichopoulou A., Palli D., Peluso M., Krogh V., Tumino R., Panico S., Bueno-De-Mesquita H.B., Peeters P.H., Lund E.E., Gonzalez C.A., Martinez C., Dorronsoro M., Barricarte A., Cirera L., Quiros J.R., Berglund G., Forsberg B., Day N.E., Key T.J., Saracci R., Kaaks R., and Riboli E. Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe. Int. J. Cancer 119 (2006) 169-174
191. Hesterberg T.W., Bunn W.B., McClellan R.O., Hart G.A., and Lapin C.A. Carcinogenicity studies of diesel engine exhausts in laboratory animals: a review of past studies and a discussion of future research needs. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 35 (2005) 379-411
192. Bataille V., Boniol M., de Vries E., Severi G., Brandberg Y., Sasieni P., Cuzick J., Eggermont A., Ringborg U., Grivegnee A.R., Coebergh J.W., Chignol M.C., Dore J.F., and Autier P. A multicentre epidemiological study on sunbed use and cutaneous melanoma in Europe. Eur. J. Cancer 41 (2005) 2141-2149
193. IARC Working Group on UV Light and Skin Cancer, The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review, Int. J. Cancer 120 (2007) 1116-1122.
194. Mehra R., Moore B.A., Crothers K., Tetrault J., and Fiellin D.A. The association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (2006) 1359-1367
195. Hashibe M., Morgenstern H., Cui Y., Tashkin D.P., Zhang Z.F., Cozen W., Mack T.M., and Greenland S. Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 1829-1834
196. Cavallo D., Ursini C.L., Perniconi B., Francesco A.D., Giglio M., Rubino F.M., Marinaccio A., and Iavicoli S. Evaluation of genotoxic effects induced by exposure to antineoplastic drugs in lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells of oncology nurses and pharmacy employees. Mutat. Res. 587 (2005) 45-51
197. Dranitsaris G., Johnston M., Poirier S., Schueller T., Milliken D., Green E., and Zanke B. Are health care providers who work with cancer drugs at an increased risk for toxic events? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. 11 (2005) 69-78
198. Chang J.S., Selvin S., Metayer C., Crouse V., Golembesky A., and Buffler P.A. Parental smoking and the risk of childhood leukemia. Am. J. Epidemiol. 163 (2006) 1091-1100
199. Kim S., and Kim H.J. Comparison of formaldehyde emission from building finishing materials at various temperatures in under heating system. Indoor Air 15 (2005) 317-325
200. Hemond H.F., and Solo-Gabriele H.M. Children's exposure to arsenic from CCA-treated wooden decks and playground structures. Risk Anal. 24 (2004) 51-64
201. Palmer S., and Mathews R.A. The role of non-nutritive dietary constituents in carcinogenesis. Surg. Clin. North Am. 66 (1986) 891-915
202. Fleming-Jones M.E., and Smith R.E. Volatile organic compounds in foods: a five year study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 8120-8127
203. White-Koning M.L., Hemon D., Laurier D., Tirmarche M., Jougla E., Goubin A., and Clavel J. Incidence of childhood leukaemia in the vicinity of nuclear sites in France, 1990-1998. Br. J. Cancer 91 (2004) 916-922
204. Hoffmann W., Terschueren C., and Richardson D.B. Childhood leukemia in the vicinity of the Geesthacht nuclear establishments near Hamburg, Germany. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 947-952
205. Kjaerheim K., Ulvestad B., Martinsen J.I., and Andersen A. Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and exposure to asbestos in drinking water among lighthouse keepers (Norway). Cancer Causes Control 16 (2005) 593-598
206. Engel L.S., Lan Q., and Rothman N. Polychlorinated biphenyls and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 16 (2007) 373-376
207. Roberts R.J., and Chen M. Waste incineration-how big is the health risk? A quantitative method to allow comparison with other health risks. J. Public Health (Oxf.) 28 (2006) 261-266
208. Floret N., Mauny F., Challier B., Cahn J.Y., Tourneux F., and Viel J.F. [Dioxin emissions and soft-tissue sarcoma: results of a population-based case-control study]. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique 52 (2004) 213-220
209. Najem G.R., Strunck T., and Feuerman M. Health effects of a Superfund hazardous chemical waste disposal site. Am. J. Prev. Med. 10 (1994) 151-155
210. Eizaguirre-Garcia D., Rodriguez-Andres C., Watt G.C., and Hole D. A study of leukaemia in Glasgow in connection with chromium-contaminated land. J. Public Health Med. 21 (1999) 435-438
211. Lee L.J., Chung C.W., Ma Y.C., Wang G.S., Chen P.C., Hwang Y.H., and Wang J.D. Increased mortality odds ratio of male liver cancer in a community contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater. Occup. Environ. Med. 60 (2003) 364-369
212. Besaratinia A., and Pfeifer G.P. A review of mechanisms of acrylamide carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 28 (2007) 519-528
213. Peters J.M., Preston-Martin S., London S.J., Bowman J.D., Buckley J.D., and Thomas D.C. Processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia (California, USA). Cancer Causes Control 5 (1994) 195-202
214. Relevance to Human Cancer of N-Nitroso Compounds, Tobacco and Mycotoxins, IARC Scientific Publication No. 105, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1991.
215. Blum A., Gold M.D., Ames B.N., Jones F.R., Hett E.A., Dougherty R.C., Horning E.C., Dzidic I., Carroll D.I., Stillwell R.N., and Thenot J.P. Children absorb Tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol. Science 201 (1978) 1020-1023
216. Cocco P., Fadda D., Billai B., D'Atri M., Melis M., and Blair A. Cancer mortality among men occupationally exposed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 9588-9594
217. Sponsiello-Wang Z., Sanders E., and Weitkunat R. Occupational acrylonitrole exposure and lung cancer. J. Environ. Sci. Health C: Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 24 (2006) 257-284
218. van Balen E., Font R., Cavalle N., Font L., Garcia-Villanueva M., Benavente Y., Brennan P., and Sanjose de.S. Exposure to non-arsenic pesticides is associated with lymphoma among farmers in Spain. Occup. Environ. Med. 63 (2006) 663-668
219. Beard J. DDT and human health. Sci. Total Environ. 355 (2006) 78-89
220. Colt J.S., Lubin J., Camann D., Davis S., Cerhan J., Severson R.K., Cozen W., and Hartge P. Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self-reported pest treatment practices in four US sites. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 14 (2004) 74-83
221. Cross A.J., Peters U., Kirsh V.A., Andriole G.L., Reding D., Hayes R.B., and Sinha R. A prospective study of meat and meat mutagens and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 11779-11784
222. Sugimura T., Wakabayashi K., Nakagama H., and Nagao M. Heterocyclic amines: mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish. Cancer Sci. 95 (2004) 290-299
223. Moore D.H., Chasseaud L.F., Majeed S.K., Prentice D.E., Roe F.J., and Van Abbe N.J. The effect of dose and vehicle on early tissue damage and regenerative activity after chloroform administration to mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 20 (1982) 951-954
224. Darnerud P.O. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environ. Int. 29 (2003) 841-853
225. Schecter A., Papke O., Tung K.C., Joseph J., Harris T.R., and Dahlgren J. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 47 (2005) 199-211
226. Edgar J.A., Roeder E., and Molyneux R.J. Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: a potential threat to health. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 2719-2730
227. Przyrembel H., Heinrich-Hirsch B., and Vieth B. Exposition to and health effects of residues in human milk. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 478 (2000) 307-325
228. Noakes P.S., Taylor P., Wilkinson S., and Prescott S.L. The relationship between persistent organic pollutants in maternal and neonatal tissues and immune responses to allergens: a novel exploratory study. Chemosphere 63 (2005) 1304-1311
229. Charnley G., and Kimbrough R.D. Overview of exposure, toxicity, and risks to children from current levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds in the USA. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (2006) 601-615
230. Kogevinas M., Fernandez F., Garcia-Closas M., Tardon A., Garcia-Closas R., Serra C., Carrato A., Castano-Vinyals G., Yeager M., Chanock S.J., Lloreta J., Rothman N., Real F.X., Dosemeci M., Malats N., and Silverman D. Hair dye use is not associated with risk for bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in Spain. Eur. J. Cancer 42 (2006) 1448-1454
231. Lin J., Dinney C.P., Grossman H.B., and Wu X. Personal permanent hair dye use is not associated with bladder cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 15 (2006) 1746-1749
232. Raaschou-Nielsen O., and Reynolds P. Air pollution and childhood cancer: a review of the epidemiological literature. Int. J. Cancer 118 (2006) 2920-2929
233. Kim A.S., Eastmond D.A., and Preston R.J. Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and perspectives on risk assessment of early-life stage exposures. Mutat. Res. 613 (2006) 138-160
234. Neri M., Ugolini D., Bonassi S., Fucic A., Holland N., Knudsen L.E., Sram R.J., Ceppi M., Bocchini V., and Merlo D.F. Children's exposure to environmental pollutants and biomarkers of genetic damage. II. Results of a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis. Mutat. Res. 612 (2006) 14-39
235. Belson M., Kingsley B., and Holmes A. Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: a review. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 138-145
236. Draper G., Vincent T., Kroll M.E., and Swanson J. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. Br. Med. J. 330 (2005) 1290
237. Kabuto M., Nitta H., Yamamoto S., Yamaguchi N., Akiba S., Honda Y., Hagihara J., Isaka K., Saito T., Ojima T., Nakamura Y., Mizoue T., Ito S., Eboshida A., Yamazaki S., Sokejima S., Kurokawa Y., and Kubo O. Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: a case-control study of childhood leukemia and residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan. Int. J. Cancer 119 (2006) 643-650
238. Ahlbom A., Day N., Feychting M., Roman E., Skinner J., Dockerty J., Linet M., McBride M., Michaelis J., Olsen J.H., Tynes T., and Verkasalo P.K. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br. J. Cancer 83 (2000) 692-698
239. Lai D.Y. Rodent carcinogenicity of peroxisome proliferators and issues on human relevance. J. Environ. Sci. Health C: Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 22 (2004) 37-55
240. Weuve J., Sanchez B.N., Calafat A.M., Schettler T., Green R.A., Hu H., and Hauser R. Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 1424-1431
241. Baan R., Straif K., Grosse Y., Secretan B., El Ghissassi F., and Cogliano V. Carcinogenicity of carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. Lancet Oncol. 7 (2006) 295-296
242. Wild P. Lung cancer risk and talc not containing asbestiform fibres: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup. Environ. Med. 63 (2006) 4-9
243. Parent M.E., Rousseau M.C., Boffetta P., Cohen A., and Siemiatycki J. Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (2007) 53-62
244. Rusiecki J.A., De Roos A., Lee W.J., Dosemeci M., Lubin J.H., Hoppin J.A., Blair A., and Alavanja M.C. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to atrazine in the Agricultural Health Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (2004) 1375-1382
245. Villanueva C.M., Cantor K.P., Grimalt J.O., Malats N., Silverman D., Tardon A., Garcia-Closas R., Serra C., Carrato A., Castano-Vinyals G., Marcos R., Rothman N., Real F.X., Dosemeci M., and Kogevinas M. Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (2007) 148-156
246. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 84. Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants Including Arsenic (2004), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
247. Hepworth S.J., Schoemaker M.J., Muir K.R., Swerdlow A.J., van Tongeren M.J., and McKinney P.A. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study. Br. Med. J. 332 (2006) 883-887
248. Lahkola A., Auvinen A., Raitanen J., Schoemaker M.J., Christensen H.C., Feychting M., Johansen C., Klaeboe L., Lonn S., Swerdlow A.J., Tynes T., and Salminen T. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int. J. Cancer 120 (2007) 1769-1775
249. Hardell L., Carlberg M., Soderqvist F., Mild K.H., and Morgan L.L. Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or = 10 years. Occup. Environ. Med. 64 (2007) 626-632
250. Schuz J., Jacobsen R., Olsen J.H., Boice Jr. J.D., McLaughlin J.K., and Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (2006) 1707-1713
251. Magnuson B.A., Burdock G.A., Doull J., Kroes R.M., Marsh G.M., Pariza M.W., Spencer P.S., Waddell W.J., Walker R., and Williams G.M. Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37 (2007) 629-727
252. Soffritti M., Belpoggi F., Tibaldi E., Esposti D.D., and Lauriola M. Life-span exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 1293-1297
253. Mills P.K., and Yang R. Regression analysis of pesticide use and breast cancer incidence in California Latinas. J. Environ. Health 68 (2006) 15-22
254. McElroy J.A., Gangnon R.E., Newcomb P.A., Kanarek M.S., Anderson H.A., Brook J.V., Trentham-Dietz A., and Remington P.L. Risk of breast cancer for women living in rural areas from adult exposure to atrazine from well water in Wisconsin. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17 (2007) 207-214
255. Colt J.S., Hartge P., Davis S., Cerhan J.R., Cozen W., and Severson R.K. Hobbies with solvent exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 18 (2007) 385-390
256. Maras M., Vanparys C., Muylle F., Robbens J., Berger U., Barber J.L., Blust R., and De Coen W. Estrogen-like properties of fluorotelomer alcohols as revealed by mcf-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 100-105
257. Safe S., and Papineni S. The role of xenoestrogenic compounds in the development of breast cancer. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 27 (2006) 447-454
258. Brody J.G., Moysich K.B., Humblet O., Attfield K.R., Beehler G.P., and Rudel R.A. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer: epidemiologic studies. Cancer 109 (2007) 2667-2711
259. Bergfeld W.F., Belsito D.V., Marks Jr. J.G., and Andersen F.A. Safety of ingredients used in cosmetics. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52 (2005) 125-132
260. Johnson F.M. How many food additives are rodent carcinogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39 (2002) 69-80
261. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, Evaluation of certain food additives, fifty-ninth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, World Health Org. Tech. Rep. Ser. 913 (2002) 1-153.
262. Dash C., Marcus M., Terry P.D., and Bisphenol A. Do recent studies of health effects among humans inform the long-standing debate?. Mutat. Res. 613 (2006) 68-75
263. Keri R.A., Ho S.M., Hunt P.A., Knudsen K.E., Soto A.M., and Prins G.S. An evaluation of evidence for the carcinogenic activity of bisphenol A. Reprod. Toxicol. 24 (2007) 240-252
264. Weihrauch M.R., and Diehl V. Artificial sweeteners-do they bear a carcinogenic risk?. Ann. Oncol. 15 (2004) 1460-1465
265. Gallus S., Scotti L., Negri E., Talamini R., Franceschi S., Montella M., Giacosa A., Dal Maso L., and La Vecchia C. Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Ann. Oncol. 18 (2007) 40-44
266. Kurozawa Y., Ogimoto I., Shibata A., Nose T., Yoshimura T., Suzuki H., Sakata R., Fujita Y., Ichikawa S., Iwai N., and Tamakoshi A. Coffee and risk of death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort study in Japan. Br. J. Cancer 93 (2005) 607-610
267. Michels K.B., Willett W.C., Fuchs C.S., and Giovannucci E. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97 (2005) 282-292
268. Larsson S.C., Giovannucci E., and Wolk A. Coffee consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Int. J. Cancer 119 (2006) 2186-2189
269. Harvey P.W., and Everett D.J. Significance of the detection of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours. J. Appl. Toxicol. 24 (2004) 1-4
270. Takahashi K., Akiniwa K., and Narita K. Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992). International Agency for Research on Cancer. J. Epidemiol. 11 (2001) 170-179
271. Bassin E.B., Wypij D., Davis R.B., and Mittleman M.A. Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17 (2006) 421-428
272. Willett E.V., McKinney P.A., Fear N.T., Cartwright R.A., and Roman E. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and acute leukaemia: analysis of a case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 60 (2003) 577-583
273. Forssen U.M., Rutqvist L.E., Ahlbom A., and Feychting M. Occupational magnetic fields and female breast cancer: a case-control study using Swedish population registers and new exposure data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 161 (2005) 250-259
274. Karipidis K.K., Benke G., Sim M.R., Yost M., and Giles G. Occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and the risk of low grade and high grade glioma. Cancer Causes Control 18 (2007) 305-313
275. Brisson J., Holowaty E.J., Villeneuve P.J., Xie L., Ugnat A.M., Latulippe L., and Mao Y. Cancer incidence in a cohort of Ontario and Quebec women having bilateral breast augmentation. Int. J. Cancer 118 (2005) 2854-2862
276. Friis S., Holmich L.R., McLaughlin J.K., Kjoller K., Fryzek J.P., Henriksen T.F., and Olsen J.H. Cancer risk among Danish women with cosmetic breast implants. Int. J. Cancer 118 (2006) 998-1003
277. McLaughlin J.K., Lipworth L., Fryzek J.P., Ye W., Tarone R.E., and Nyren O. Long-term cancer risk among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: an update of a nationwide study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (2006) 557-560
278. Ahlqwist M., Bengtsson C., and Lapidus L. Number of amalgam fillings in relation to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and early death in Swedish women. Comm. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 21 (1993) 40-44