Implications of the precautionary principle for primary prevention and research

Annual Review of Public Health

Volumn 25, Issue , 2004, Pages 199-223

  Grandjean, Philippe ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Decision making; Environmental pollution; Research design; Risk assessment; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; EUROPE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; THEORY; UNITED STATES;

DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HUMANS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROBABILITY; RESEARCH; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 2142809620     PISSN: 01637525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.050503.153941     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Altenburger R. 1995. Drinking water: for human consumption only? The amendment of directive 80/778/EEC parameter 55 in the light of aquatic toxicology. Chemosphere 30:307-12
2. Andersen HR, Nielsen JB, Grandjean P. 2000. Toxicologic evidence of developmental neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals. Toxicology 144:121-27
3. Applegate JS. 2000. The precautionary preference: an American perspective on the precautionary principle. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 6:413-43
4. Ashford NA. 1999. A conceptual framework for the use of the precautionary principle in law. See Ref. 59, pp. 198-206
5. Baker G. 1772. An inquiry concerning the cause of the endemial colic of Devonshire. Med. Trans. R. Coll. Phys. 1:175-256
6. Barnard RC. 1995. Risk assessment: the default conservatism controversy. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21:431-38
7. Barrett K, Raffensperger C. 1999. Precautionary science. See Ref. 59, pp. 106-22
8. Becker E, Lee JB. 2003. Europe plan on chemicals seen as threat to U.S. exports. The New York Times, May 8
9. Boehmner-Christiansen S. 1994. The precautionary principle in Germany. In Interpreting the Precautionary Principle, ed T O'Riordan, J Cameron, pp. 31-60. London: Cameron May
10. Brown SL, Brett SM, Gough M, Rodricks JV, Tardiff RG, Turnbull D. 1988. Review of interspecies risk comparisons. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8:191-206
11. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. 2003. Hormesis: The dose-response revolution. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43:175-97
12. Castleman BI, Ziem GE. 1988. Corporate influence on threshold limit values. Am. J. Ind. Med. 13:531-59
13. Cent. Dis. Control 1991. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control-October 1991. Atlanta, GA: Cent. Dis. Control
14. Comm. Eur. Communities. 2001. White paper, Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy (COM2001 88 final). Accessed 10 June 2003 http://europa.eu.int/ eur-lex/en/com/ wpr/2001/com200L0088en01.pdf
15. Comm. Eur. Communities. 2003. Final Report on Setting the Scientific Frame for the Inclusion of New Quality of Life Concerns in the Risk Assessment Process. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Accessed 10 June 2003 http://europa. eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out362_en.pdf
16. Comm. Eur. Communities. 2003. The New Chemicals Legislation - REACH. Accessed 10 June 2003 http://europa.eu.int/ comm/enterprise/chemicals/chempol/ white paper/reach.htm
17. Commun. Comm. Precautionary Princ. (COM2000 1). Brussels: European Commission, 2000. Accessed 10 June 2003 http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health. cons umer/library/pub/pub07_en.pdf
18. Covello VT, Merkhofer MW. 1993. Risk Assessment Methods, Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks. New York: Plenum
19. Cranor CF. 2001. Learning from the law to address uncertainty in the precautionary principle. Sci. Eng. Ethics 7:313-26
20. Crump KS. 1996. The linearized multistage model and the future of quantitative risk assessment. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 15:787-98
21. de Rosnay J. 1979. The Macroscope. A New World Scientific System. New York: Harper & Row
22. Dourson M, Charnley G, Scheuplein R. 2002. Differential sensitivity of children and adults to chemical toxicity. II. Risk and regulation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35:448-67
23. Eisinger J. 1982. Lead and wine. Eberhard Gockel and the colica Pictonum. Med. Hist. 26:279-302
24. Environ. Health Track. Proj. Team. 2000. America's Environmental Health Gap: Why the Country Needs a Nationwide Health Tracking Network. Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management. Accessed 10 June 2003 http:// healthyamericans.org/resources/files/health gap.pdf
25. Eur. Environ. Agency. 2001. Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000. Environ. Issue Rep. No. 22. Luxembourg: Off. Off. Publ. Eur. Communities
26. Fisher E. 2002. Precaution, precaution everywhere: developing a 'common understanding' of the precautionary principle in the European Community. Maastricht J. Eur. Comp. Law 9:7-25
27. Foster KR, Vecchia P, Repacholi MH. 2000. Science and the precautionary principle. Science 288:979-81
28. Gallopin GC, Funtowicz S, O'Connor M, Ravetz J. 2001. Science for the twenty-first century: from social contract to the scientific core. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 53:219-37
29. Gee D. 2003. Strengths of the precautionary principles: late lessons from early warnings. Presented at Conf. Appl. Precautionary Princ. Electromagn. Fields (EMF), Luxembourg, 24-26 February 2003. Accessed 3 July 2003 http://europa.eu.int/co mm/health/ph_determinants/environment/ EMF/Conf24_26feb2003/gee.pdf
30. Goldstein BD. 2001. The precautionary principle also applies to public health actions. Am. J. Public Health 91:1358-61
31. Goldstein BD. 1999. The precautionary principle and scientific research are not antithetical. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:A594-95
32. Gori GB. 1996. Science, imaginable risks, and public policy: anatomy of a mirage. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 23:304-11
33. Graham JD, Hsia S. 2002. Europe's precautionary principle: promise and pitfalls. J. Risk Res. 5:371-90
34. Grandjean P. 1992. Individual susceptibility to toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 64/65:43-51
35. Grandjean P, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Keiding N, Weihe P. 2003. Underestimation of risk due to exposure misclassification. Eur. J. Oncol. Suppl. 2:165-72
36. Grandjean P, Jensen BM, Sandø SH, Jørgensen PJ, Antonsen S. 1989. Delayed blood regeneration in lead exposure: an effect on reserve capacity. Am. J. Public Health 79:1385-88
37. Hill AB. 1965. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58:295-300
38. Hoffmann-Riem H, Wynne B. 2002. In risk assessment, one has to admit ignorance. Nature 416:123
39. Holling CS. 1998. Two cultures of ecology. Conserv. Ecol. 2:4
40. Int. Agency Res. Cancer. 2000. Some Industrial Chemicals. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: Int. Agency Res. Cancer. Vol. 77
41. Int. Programme Chem. Safety. 1994. Assessing Human Health Risks of Chemicals: Derivation of Guidance Values for Health-Based Exposure Limits (Environmental Health Criteria 170). Geneva: World Health Organ.
42. Int. Programme Chem. Safety. 2002. Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors (WHO/ PCS/EDC/02.2). Geneva: World Health Organ. Accessed 3 July 2003 http://www. who.int/pcs/ emerg_site/edc/ global_edc_ TOC.htm
43. Keiding N, Budtz-Jørgensen E. 2003. Statistical issues in precaution. Eur. J. Oncol. Suppl. 2:185-91
44. Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P, Lemons J, Levins R, et al. 2001. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:871-76
45. Kroes R, Kozianowski G. 2002. Threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) in food safety assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 127:43-46
46. Kurland J. 2002. The heart of the precautionary principle in democracy. Public Health Rep. 117:498-500
47. Landrigan PJ. 1999. Risk assessment for children and other sensitive populations. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 895:1-9
48. Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. 2002. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:721-28
49. Markowitz G, Rosner G. 2002. Deceit and Denial. The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
50. McNeill JR. 2000. Something New Under the Sun. An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Norton
51. Melnick RL. 2001. Is peroxisome proliferation an obligatory precursor step in the carcinogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)? Environ. Health Perspect. 109:437-42
52. Miettinen OS, Rossiter CE. 1990. Man-made mineral fibers and lung cancer. Epidemiologic evidence regarding the causal hypothesis. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 16:221-31
53. Natl. Res. Counc. 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
54. Natl. Res. Counc. 2000. Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
55. Neutra RR, Delpizzo V. 2002. Transparent democratic foresight strategies in the California EMF program. Public Health Rep. 117:553-63
56. Ong EK, Glantz SA. 2001. Constructing "sound science" and "good epidemiology": tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms. Am. J. Public Health 91:1749-57
57. O'Riordan T, Cameron J. 1994. Interpreting the Precautionary Principle. London: Cameron May
58. Ozonoff D. 1999. The precautionary principle as a screening device. See Ref. 59, pp. 100-5
59. Raffensperger C, Tickner J, ed. 1999. Wingspread statement on the precautionary principle. In Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle, pp. 353-55. Washington, DC: Island
60. Ricci PF, Rice D, Ziagos J, Cox LA Jr. 2003. Precaution, uncertainty and causation in environmental decisions. Environ. Int. 29:1-19
61. Roe D, Pease W, Florini K, Silbergeld E. 1997. Toxic Ignorance: The Continuing Absence of Basic Health Testing for Top-Selling Chemicals in the United States. New York: Environ. Def. Fund. Accessed 10 June 2003 http://www. environmentaldefense.org/documents/243_toxicignorance.pdf
62. Sand PH. 2000. The precautionary principle: a European perspective. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 6:445-58
63. Sandin P. 1999. Dimensions of the precautionary principle. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 5:889-907
64. Schwartz S, Carpenter KM. 1999. The right answer for the wrong question: consequences of type III error for public health research. Am. J. Public Health 89:1175-80
65. Sexton K, Beck BD, Bingham E, Brain JD, DeMarini DM, et al. 1995. Chemical mixtures from a public health perspective: the importance of research for informed decision making. Toxicology 105:429-41
66. Smith KR, Corvalan CF, Kjellstrom T. 1999. How much global ill health is attributable to environmental factors? Epidemiology 10:573-84
67. Stirling A, Gee D. 2002. Science, precaution, and practice. Public Health Rep. 117:521-33
68. Taubes G. 1995. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 269:164-69
69. Tickner J. 2003. Precautionary assessment: a framework for integrating science, uncertainty, and preventive public policy. In Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive Public Policy, ed. J Tickner, pp. 106-22. Washington, DC: Island
70. Tudge C. 2003. Where to draw the line. New Sci. 178:23
71. U. N. Conf. Environ. Dev. 1992. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 27 June 2003 http://www.unep.org/ Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163
72. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency. 1998. Chemical Hazard Data Availability Study, April 1998. Off. Pollut. Prev. Toxics. Accessed 27 June 2003 http://www.epa.gov/ opptintr/chemtest/hazchem.pdf
73. Wiener JB, Rogers MD. 2002. Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe. J. Risk Res. 5:317-49
74. World Health Organ. 2002. Precautionary policies and health protection: principles and applications. Rep. WHO Workshop, Rome, Italy, 28-29 May 2001 (EUR/02/5027100). Copenhagen: WHO Reg. Off. Eur. Accessed 3 July 2003 http:// www.euro.who.int/document/e75313.pdf