Polymer coating of quantum dots - A powerful tool toward diagnostics and sensorics

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 138-152

  Hezinger, A F E ^a   Tessmar J ^a   Gopferich A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biocompatible; Diagnostics; Nanoparticles; Polymer coating; Quantum dots; Sensorics

Indexed keywords

LIGAND; POLYMER; QUANTUM DOT;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OPTICAL ROTATION; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHESIS; TECHNOLOGY;

COATED MATERIALS, BIOCOMPATIBLE; COLLOIDS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLYMERS; QUANTUM DOTS; SOLUBILITY;

EID: 36549018052     PISSN: 09396411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.05.013     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Niemeyer C.M. Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids: biotechnology meets materials science. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40 (2001) 4128-4158
2. Whaley S.R., English D.S., Hu E.L., Barbara P.F., and Belcher A.M. Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly. Nature 405 (2000) 665-668
3. Bruchez Jr. M., Moronne M., Gin P., Weiss S., and Alivisatos A.P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281 (1998) 2013-2015
4. Chan W.C.W., and Nie S.M. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 281 (1998) 2016-2018
5. Mattoussi H., Mauro J.M., Goldman E.R., Anderson G.P., Sundar V.C., Mikulec F.V., and Bawendi M.G. Self-assembly of CdSe-ZnS quantum dots bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 12142-12150
6. Mitchell G.P., Mirkin C.A., and Letsinger R.L. Programmed assembly of DNA functionalized quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 8122-8123
7. Pathak S., Choi S.K., Arnheim N., and Thompson M.E. Hydroxylated quantum dots as luminescent probes for in situ hybridization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 4103-4104
8. Han M.Y., Gao X.H., Su J.Z., and Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat. Biotechnol. 19 (2001) 631-635
9. Michalet X., Pinaud F.F., Bentolila L.A., Tsay J.M., Li J.J., Sundaresan G., Wu A.M., Gambhir S.S., and Weiss S. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging and diagnostics. Science 307 (2005) 538-544
10. Mednitz I.L., Uyeda H.T., Goldman E.R., and Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labeling and sensing. Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 435-446
11. 2O. Chem. Commun. (2006) 263-365
12. Cordes D.B., Gamsey S., and Singaram B. Fluorescent quantum dots with boronic acid substituted viologens to sense glucose in aqueous solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 3829-3832
13. Jovin T.M. Quantum dots finally come of age. Nat. Biotechnol. 12 (2003) 32-33
14. Murray C.B., Norris D.J., and Bawendi M.G. Synthesis and characterisation of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = S, Se, Te) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993) 8706-8715
15. Hines M.A., and Guynot-Sionest P. Synthesis and characterisation of strongly luminescing ZnS-capped CdSe nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 468-471
16. Qu L.H., and Peng X.G. Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 2049-2055
17. 1-xS nanocrystals with highly narrow luminescence spectral width. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 13559-13563
18. Bailey R.E., and Nie S.M. Alloyed semiconductor quantum dots: tuning the optical properties without changing the particle size. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 7100-7106
19. Kim S., Fisher B., Eisler H.J., and Bawendi M. Type-II quantum dots: CdTe/CdSe(core/shell) and CdSe/ZnTe(core/shell) heterostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 11466-11467
20. Wehrenberg B.L., Wang C.J., and Guyot-Sionnest P. Interband and intraband optical studies of PbSe colloidal quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 10634-10640
21. Alivisatos A.P. Perspectives on the physical chemistry of semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 13226-13239
22. Sutherland A.J. Quantum dots as luminescent probes in biological systems. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 6 (2002) 365-370
23. Balluo B., Lagerholm B.C., Ernst L.A., Bruchez M.P., and Waggoner A.S. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug. Chem. 15 (2004) 79-86
24. Chan W.C., Maxwell D.J., Gao X., Bailey R.E., Han M., and Nie S. Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological imaging. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13 (2002) 40-46
25. Grecco H.E., Lidke K.A., Heintzmann R., Lidke D.S., Spagnuolo C., Martinez O.E., Jares-Erijman E.A., and Jovin T.M. Ensemble and single particle photophysical properties (Two-Photon excitation, anisotropy, FRET, lifetime, spectral conversion) of commercial quantum dots in solution and in live cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65 (2004) 169-179
26. Dahan M., Laurence T., Schumacher A., Chemla D.S., Alivisatos A.P., Sauer M., and Weiss S. Fluorescence lifetime study of single qdots. Biophys. J. 78 (2000) 2270
27. Dahan M., Laurence T., Pinaud F., Chemla D.S., Alivisatos A.P., Sauer M., and Weiss S. Time-gated biological imaging by use of colloidal quantum dots. Opt. Lett. 26 (2001) 825-827
28. Alivisatos A.P. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 271 (1996) 933-937
29. Alivisatos A.P. Perspectives on the physical chemistry of semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 13227-13239
30. Crouch D., Norager S., O'Brien P., Park J.-H., and Pickett N. New synthetic routes for quantum dots. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 361 (2003) 297-310
31. Peng Z.A., and Peng X.G. Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 183-184
32. Talapin D.V., Rogach A.L., Kornowski A., Haase M., and Weller H. Highly luminescent monodisperse CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylamine-trioctylphosphine oxide-trioctylphosphine mixture. Nano Lett. 1 (2001) 207-211
33. Mekis I., Talapin D.V., Koronowski A., Haase M., and Weller H. One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals via organometallic and "Greener" chemical approaches. J. Phys. Chem. 107 (2003) 7454-7462
34. Yordanov G.G., Dushkin C.D., Gicheva G.D., Bochev B.H., and Adachi E. Synthesis of high-quality semiconductor nanoparticles in a composite hot-matrix. Colloid Polym. Sci. 284 (2005) 229-232
35. Yu W.W., and Peng X. Formation of high-quality CdS and Other II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals in noncoordinating solvents: tunable reactivity of monomers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 2368-2371
36. Huang G.-W., Chen C.-Y., Wu K.-C., Ahmed M.O., and Chou P.-T. One-pot synthesis and characterisation of high-quality CdSe/ZnX (X = S, Se) nanocrystals via the CdO precursor. J. Cryst. Growth. 265 (2004) 250-259
37. Liu X., Lin Y., Chen Y., An L., Ji X., and Jiang B. New Organometallic Approach to Synthesize High-quality CdSe Quantum Dots. Chem. Lett. 34 (2005) 1284-1285
38. Reiss P., Carayon S., and Bleuse J. Large fluorescence quantum yield and low size dispersion from CdSe/ZnSe core/shell nanocrystals. Physica E 17 (2003) 95-96
39. Reiss P., Bleuse J., and Pron A. Highly luminescent CdSe/ZnSe core/shell nanocrystals of low size dispersion. Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 781-784
40. Gerion D., Pinaud F., Williams S.C., PArak W.J., Zanchet D., Weiss S., and Alivisatos P.A. Synthesis and properties of biocompartible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 8861-8871
41. Schroedter A., and Weller H. Biofunctionalization of silica-coated CdTe and gold nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 1363-1367
42. Nann T., and Mulvaney P. Single quantum dots in spherical silica particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 5393-5396
43. Petruska M.A., Bartko A.P., and Klimov V.I. An amphiphilic approach to nanocrystal quantum dot-titania nanocomposites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 714-715
44. Selvan S.T., Tan T.T., and Ying J.Y. Robust, non-cytotoxic, silica-coated cdse quantum dots with efficient photoluminescence. Adv. Mater. 17 (2005) 1620-1625
45. 2 particles with single CdTe nanocrystal cores by the reverse microemulsion method. Adv. Mater. 17 (2005) 2354-2357
46. Darbandi M., Thomann R., and Nann T. Single quantum dots in silica spheres by microemulsion synthesis. Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 5720-5725
47. Bakalova R., Zhelev Z., Aoki I., Ohba H., Imai Y., and Kanno I. Silica-shelled single quantum dot micelles as imaging probes with dual or multimodality. Anal. Chem. 78 (2006) 5925-5932
48. Zehlev Z., Ohba H., and Bakalova R. Single quantum dot-micelles with silica shell as potentially non-cytotoxic fluorescent cell tracers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 6234-6235
49. Wolcott A., Gerion D., Visconte M., Sun J., Schwartzberg A., Chen S., and Zhang J.Z. Silica-coated CdTe quantum dots functionalized with thiols for bioconjugation to IgG proteins. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 5779-5789
50. Zhang T., Stilwell J.L., Gerion D., Ding L., Elboudwarej O., Cook P.A., Gray J.W., Alivisatos A.P., and Chen F.F. Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 800-808
51. Selvan S.T., Prata P.K., Ang C.Y., and Ying J.Y. Synthesis of silica-coated semiconductor and magnetic quantum dos and their use in the imaging of live cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (2007) 248-2452
52. van Sark W.G.J.H.M., Frederix P.L.T.M., Bol A.A., Gerritsen H.C., and Meijerink A. Blueing, bleaching, and blinking of single CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Chem. Phys. Chem. 3 (2002) 871-879
53. Sanhel L., Haase M., Weller H., and Henglein A. Photochemistry of colloidal semiconductors. 20. Surface modification and stability of strong luminescing CdS particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987) 5649-5655
54. Katari J.E.B., Colvin V.L., and Alivisatos A.P. X-ray spectroscopy of CdSe nanocrystals with applications to studies of the nanocrystal surface. J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 4109-4117
55. Alivisatos A.P. Perspectives on the physical chemistry of semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 13226-13239
56. van Sark W.G.J.H.M., Frederix P.L.T.M., van den Heuvel D.J., and Gerritsen H.C. Photooxidation and photobleaching of single CdSe/ZnS quantum dots probed by room-temperature time-resolved spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 8281-8284
57. van Sark W.G.J.H.M., Frederix P.L.T.M., van den Heuvel D.J., Bol A.A., van Lingen J.N.J., de Mello Donea C., Gerritsen H.C., and Meijerink A. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy study on the photophysical behavior of quantum dots. J. Fluoresc. 12 (2002) 69-75
58. Smith A.M., Duan H., Rhyner M.N., Ruan G., and Nie S. A systematic examination of surface coatings an the optical and chemical properties of semiconductor quantum dots. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 (2006) 3895-3903
59. Bentzen E.L., Tomlinson I.D., Manson J., Gresch P., Warnement M.R., Wright D., Sanders-Bush E., Blakely R., and Rosenthal S.J. Surface modification to reduce nonspecific binding of quantum dots in live cell assays. Bioconjug. Chem. 16 (2005) 1488-1494
60. Uyeda H.T., Mednitz I.L., Jaiswal J.K., Simon S.M., and Mattoussi H. Synthesis of compact multidentate ligands to prepare stable hydrophilic quantum dot fluorophores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 3870-3878
61. Kang E.-C., Ogura a., Kataoka K., and Nagasaki Y. Preparation of water-soluble PEGylated semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Lett. 33 (2004) 840-841
62. Dixit S.K., Goicochea N.L., Daniel M.-C., Murali A., Bronstein L., De M., Stein B., Rotello V.M., Kao C.C., and Dragnea B. Quantum dot encapsulation in viral capsids. Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 1993-1999
63. Derfus A.M., Chan W.C.W., and Bhatia S.N. Intracellular delivery of quantum dots for live cell labelling and organelle tracking. Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 961-966
64. Hu F., Ran Y., Zhou Z., and Gao M. Preparation of bioconjugates of CdTe nanocrystals for cancer marker detection. Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 2972-2977
65. Jaiswal J.K., Mattoussi H., Mauro J.M., and Simon S.M. Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 47-51
66. Potapova I., Mruk R., Prehl S., Zentel R., Basche T., and Mews A. Semiconductor nanocrystals with multifunctional polymer ligands. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 320-321
67. Ding S.-Y., Rumbles G., Lones M., Tucker M.P., Nedeljkovic J., Simon M.N., Wall J.S., and Himmel M.E. Bioconjugation of (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots using a genetically engineered multiple polyhistidine tagged cohesin/dockerin protein polymer. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289 (2004) 622-628
68. Akerman M.E., Chan W.C.W., Laakkonen P., Bhatia S.N., and Ruoslahti E. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. PNAS 99 (2002) 12617-12621
69. Cai W., Shin D.-W., Chen K., Gheysens O., Cao Q., Wang S.X., Gambhir S.S., and Chen X. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumour vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 669-676
70. Cloninger M.J. Biological applications of denrimers. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6 (2002) 742-748
71. Huang B., and Tomalia D.A. Dendronisation of gold and CdSe/CdS (core-shell) quantum dots with tomalia type, thiol core, functionalized Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrons. J. Luminesc. 111 (2005) 215-223
72. Pan B., Gao F., He R., Cui D., and Zhang Y. Study on interaction between poly(amidoamine) dendrimer and CdSe nanocrystal in chloroform. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 297 (2006) 151-156
73. Wisher A.C., Bronstein I., and Chechik V. Thiolated PAMAM dendriner-coated CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles as protein transfection agents. Chem. Commun. (2006) 1637-1639
74. Nann T. Phase-transfer of CdSe@ZnS quantum dots using amphiphilic hyperbranched polyethyleneimine. Chem. Commun. (2005) 1735-1736
75. Wang M., Oh J.K., Dykstra T.E., Lou X., Scholes G.D., and Winnik M.A. Surface modification of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals with Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 39 (2006) 3664-3672
76. Kim S., and Bawendi M.G. Oligomeric ligands for luminescent and stable nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 14652-14653
77. Kim S.-W., Kim S., Tracy J.B., Jasanoff A., and Bawendi M.G. Phosphine oxide polymer for water-soluble nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 4556-4557
78. Huang B., and Tomalia D.A. Poly(ether) dendrons possessing phosphine focal points for stabilisation and reduced quenching of luminescent quantum dots. Inorg. Chim. Acta 359 (2006) 1951-1966
79. Luccardini C., Tribet C., Vial F., Marchi-Artzner V., and Dahan M. Size, charge, and interactions with giant lipid vesicles of quantum dots coated with an amphiphilic macromolecule. Langmuir 22 (2006) 2304-2310
80. Wu X., Liu H., Liu J., Haley K.N., Treadway J.A., Larson J.P., Ge N., Peale F., and Bruchez M.P. Immunofluorescent labelling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 41-46
81. Larson D.R., Zipfel W.R., Willams R.M., Clark S.W., Bruchez M.P., Wise F.W., and Web W.W. Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 300 (2003) 1434-1436
82. Pellegrino T., Manna L., Kudera S., Liedl T., Koktysh D., Rogach A.L., Keller S., Rädler J., Natile G., and Parak W.J. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with an amphiphilic polymer shell: a general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 703-707
83. Dubertret B., Skourides P., Norris D.J., Noireaux V., Brivanlou A.H., and Libchaber A. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298 (2002) 1759-1762
84. Srinivasan C., Lee J., Papadimitrakopoulos F., Silbart L.K., Zhao M., and Burgess D.J. Labelling and intracellular tracking of functionally active plasmid DNA with semiconductor quantum dots. Mol. Ther. 14 (2006) 192-200
85. Boulmedais F., Bauchat P., Brienne M.J., Arnal I., Artzner F., Gaocin T., Dahan M., and Marchi-Artzner V. Water-soluble pegylated quantum dots: from a composite hexagonal phase to isolated micelles. Langmuir 22 (2006) 9797-9803
86. van Tilborg G.A.F., Mulder W.J.M., Chin P.T.K., Strom G., Reutelingsperger C.P., Nicolay K., and Strijkers G.J. Annexin A5-conjugated quantum dots with a paramagnetic lipidic coating for the multimodal detection of apoptotic cells. Bioconjug. Chem. 17 (2006) 865-868
87. Fan H., Leve E.W., Scullin C., Gabaldon J., Tallant D., Bunge S., Boyle T., Wilson M.C., and Brinker C.J. Surfactant-assisted synthesis of water-soluble and biocompatible semiconductor quantum dot micelles. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 645-648
88. Feng J., Ding S.-Y., Tucker M.P., Himmel M.E., Kim Y.-H., Zhang S.B., Keyes B.M., and Rumbles G. Cyclodextrin driven hydrophobic/hydrophilic transformation of semiconductor nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 033108
89. Palaniappan K., Hackney S.A., and Liu J. Supramolecular control of complexation-induced fluorescence change of water-soluble, β-cyclodextrin-modified CdS quantum dots. Chem. Commun. (2004) 2704-2705
90. Jin T., Fujii F., Sakata H., Tamura M., and Kinjo M. Calixarene-coated water-soluble CdSe-ZnS semiconductor quantum dots that are highly fluorescent and stable in aqueous solution. Chem. Commun. (2005) 2829-2831
91. Jin T., Fujii F., Sakata H., Tamura M., and Kinjo M. Amphiphilic p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene-coated quantum dots for the optical detection of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Chem. Commun. (2005) 4300-4302
92. Chen J.-L., and Zhu C.-Q. Functionalized cadmium sulphide quantum dots as fluorescence probe for silver ion determination. Anal. Chim. Acta 546 (2005) 147-153
93. Fernandez-Argülles M.T., Jin W.J., Costa-Fernandez J.M., Pereiro R., and Sanz-Medel A. Surface-modified CdSe quantum dots for the sensitive and selective determination of Cu(II) in aqueous solutions by luminescent measurements. Anal. Chim. Acta 549 (2005) 20-25
94. Chen Y., and Rosenzweig Z. Luminescent CdS quantum dots as selective ion probes. Anal. Chem. 74 (2002) 5132-5138
95. Jin W.J., Fernandez-Argueelles M.T., Costa-Fernandez J.M., Pereiro R., and Sanz-Medel A. Photoactivated luminescent CdSe quantum dots as sensitive cyanide probes in aqueous solutions. Chem. Commun. (2005) 883-885
96. Liu T.-C., Huang Z.-L., Wang H.-Q., Wang J.-H., Li X.-Q., Zhao Y.-D., and Luo Q.-M. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence of water-soluble quantum dots for a bioprobe. Anal. Chim. Acta 559 (2006) 120-123
97. Wuister S.F., van Houselt A., de Mello Donega C., Vanmaekelbergh D., and Meijerink A. Temperature antiquenching of the luminescence from capped cdse quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 3029-3033
98. Jorge P.A.S., Mayeh M., Benrashid R., Cadas P., Santos J.L., and Farahi F. Quantum dots as self-referenced optical fibre temperature probes for luminescent chemical sensors. Meas. Sci. Technol. 17 (2006) 1032-1038
99. Clapp A.R., Medintz I.L., Mauro J.M., Fisher B.R., Bawendi M.G., and Mattoussi H. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between quantum dot donors and dye-labeled protein acceptors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 110-301
100. Dyadyusha L., Yin H., Jaiswal S., Brown T., Baumberg J.J., Booy F.P., and Melvin T. Quenching of CdSe quantum dot emission, a new approach for biosensing. Chem. Commun. (2005) 3201-3203
101. Zhou D., Piper J.D., Abell C., Klenerman D., Kang D.-j., and Ying L. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a quantum dot donor and a dye acceptor attached to DNA. Chem. Commun. (2005) 4807-4809
102. Oh E., Hong M.-Y., Lee D., Man S.-H., Yoon H.C., and Kim H.-S. Inhibition assay of biomolecules based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 3270-3271
103. Tomasulo M., Yildiz I., and Raymo F.M. pH-Sensitive quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 3853-3855
104. Medintz I.L., Clapp A.R., Mattoussi H., Goldman E.R., Fisher B., and Mauro J.M. Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors. Nat. Mater. 2 (2003) 630-638
105. Kim S., Lim Y.T., Soltesz E.G., De Grand A.M., Lee J., and Nakayama A. Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol. 22 (2004) 93-97
106. Frangioni J.V. Self-illuminating quantum dots light the way. Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (2006) 326-328
107. So M.-K., Xu C., Loening A.M., Gambhir S.S., and Rao J. Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 24 (2006) 339-343
108. Zhang Y., So M.-K., Loening A.M., Yao H., Gambhir S.S., and Rao J. HaloTag protein-mediated site-specific conjugation of bioluminescent proteins to quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 4936-4940
109. Gao Y., Cui Y., Levenson R.M., Chung L.W.K., and Nie S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22 (2004) 969-976
110. Hoshino A., Fujioka K., Oku T., Nakamura S., Suga M., and Yamaguchi Y. Quantum dots targeted to the assigned organelle in living cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (2004) 985-994
111. Derfus A.M., Chan W.C.W., and Bhatia S.N. Intracellular delivery of quantum dots for live cell labelling and organelle tracking. Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 961
112. Pinaud F., Michalet X., Bentonlila L.A., Tsay J.M., Doose S., Li J.J., Iyer G., and Weiss S. Advances in fluorescence imaging with quantum dot bio-probes. Biomaterials 27 (2006) 1679-1687
113. Chen F.Q., and Gerion D. Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal-peptide conjugates for long-term, nontoxic imaging and nuclear targeting in living cells. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 1827-1832
114. Ron H. A toxicological review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physico-chemical and environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 (2006) 165-172
115. Derfus A.M., Chan W.C.W., and Bhatia S.N. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 11-18
116. Kirchner C., Liedl T., Kudera S., Pellegrino T., Javier A.M., Gaub H.E., Stölzle S., Fertig N., and Parak W.J. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 331-338
117. 3 beads-CdSe/ZnS quantum dots core-shell nanocomposite particles for cell separation. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 409-413
118. Gu H.W., Zheng R.K., Zhang X.X., and Xu B. Facile one-pot synthesis of bifunctional heterodimers of nanoparticles: a conjugate of quantum dot and magnetic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 5664-5665