Immunopathogenesis of IgAN

Seminars in Immunopathology

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 427-443

  Barratt, Jonathan ^a,b   Smith, Alice C ^a,b   Molyneux, Karen ^a,b   Feehally, John ^a,b  

^a LEICESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Glomerulonephritis; IgA immune complexes; Lymphocyte homing; Mesangial cells; O Glycosylation

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A;

ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; B LYMPHOCYTE; BONE MARROW; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL MIGRATION; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GLYCOSYLATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; LIVER CLEARANCE; LYMPHOCYTE HOMING; MESANGIUM; MUCOSA; MUCOSA CELL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMA CELL; PLASMA CLEARANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX; BONE MARROW; CELL MOVEMENT; GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, IGA; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; PLASMA CELLS;

EID: 35948963205     PISSN: 18632297     EISSN: 18632300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0089-9     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Abe K, Miyazaki M, Koji T, Furusu A, Ozono Y, Harada T, Sakai H, Nakane PK, Kohno S (1998) Expression of decay accelerating factor mRNA and complement C3 mRNA in human diseased kidney. Kidney Int 54(1):120-130
2. Abe K, Miyazaki M, Koji T, Furusu A, Shioshita K, Tsukasaki S, Ozono Y, Harada T, Sakai H, Kohno S (2001) Intraglomerular synthesis of complement C3 and its activation products in IgA nephropathy. Nephron 87(3):231-239
3. Abreu-Martin MT, Targan SR (1996) Regulation of immune responses of the intestinal mucosa. Crit Rev Immunol 16(3):277-309
4. Alexander WS, Viney EM, Zhang JG, Metcalf D, Kauppi M, Hyland CD, Carpinelli MR, Stevenson W, Croker BA, Hilton AA, Ellis S, Selan C, Nandurkar HH, Goodnow CC, Kile BT, Nicola NA, Roberts AW, Hilton DJ (2006) Thrombocytopenia and kidney disease in mice with a mutation in the C1galt1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(44):16442-16447
5. Allen AC, Bailey EM, Barratt J, Buck KS, Feehally J (1999) Analysis of IgA1 O-glycans in IgA nephropathy by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 10(8):1763-1771
6. Allen AC, Bailey EM, Brenchley PE, Buck KS, Barratt J, Feehally J (2001) Mesangial IgA1 in IgA nephropathy exhibits aberrant O-glycosylation: observations in three patients. Kidney Int 60(3):969-973
7. Allen AC, Harper SJ, Feehally J (1995) Galactosylation of N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties of IgA1 and IgG in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 100(3):470-474
8. Allen AC, Topham PS, Harper SJ, Feehally J (1997) Leucocyte beta 1,3 galactosyltransferase activity in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(4):701-706
9. Allen AC, Willis FR, Beattie TJ, Feehally J (1998) Abnormal IgA glycosylation in Henoch-Schonlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13(4):930-934
10. Amore A, Cirina P, Conti G, Brusa P, Peruzzi L, Coppo R (2001) Glycosylation of circulating iga in patients with iga nephropathy modulates proliferation and apoptosis of mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 12(9):1862-1871
11. Amore A, Conti G, Cirina P, Peruzzi L, Alpa M, Bussolino F, Coppo R (2000) Aberrantly glycosylated IgA molecules downregulate the synthesis and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human mesangial cells. Am J Kidney Dis 36(6):1242-1252
12. Appel GB, Waldman M (2006) The IgA nephropathy treatment dilemma. Kidney Int 69(11):1939-1944
13. Arima S, Nakayama M, Naito M, Sato T, Takahashi K (1991) Significance of mononuclear phagocytes in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 39(4):684-692
14. Baharaki D, Dueymes M, Perrichot R, Basset C, Le Corre R, Cledes J, Youinou P (1996) Aberrant glycosylation of IgA from patients with IgA nephropathy. Glycoconj J 13(4):505-511
15. Barratt J, Bailey EM, Buck KS, Mailley J, Moayyedi P, Feehally J, Turney JH, Crabtree JE, Allen AC (1999) Exaggerated systemic antibody response to mucosal Helicobacter pylori infection in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 33(6):1049-1057
16. Barratt J, Feehally J (2005) IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(7):2088-2097
17. Barratt J, Feehally J (2006) Treatment of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 69(11):1934-1938
18. Barratt J, Feehally J, Smith AC (2004) Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 24(3):197-217
19. Barratt J, Greer MR, Pawluczyk IZ, Allen AC, Bailey EM, Buck KS, Feehally J (2000) Identification of a novel Fcalpha receptor expressed by human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 57(5):1936-1948
20. Barratt J, Smith AC, Feehally J (2007) The pathogenic role of IgA1 O-linked glycosylation in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 12(3):275-284
21. Batra A, Smith AC, Feehally J, Barratt J (2007) T-cell homing receptor expression in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2540-2548
22. Beerman I, Novak J, Wyatt RJ, Julian BA, Gharavi AG (2007) The genetics of IgA nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3(6):325-338
23. Berlin C, Bargatze RF, Campbell JJ, von Andrian UH, Szabo MC, Hasslen SR, Nelson RD, Berg EL, Erlandsen SL, Butcher EC (1995) alpha 4 integrins mediate lymphocyte attachment and rolling under physiologic flow. Cell 80(3):413-422
24. Bisceglia L, Cerullo G, Forabosco P, Torres DD, Scolari F, Di Perna M, Foramitti M, Amoroso A, Bertok S, Floege J, Mertens PR, Zerres K, Alexopoulos E, Kirmizis D, Ermelinda M, Zelante L, Schena FP (2006) Genetic heterogeneity in Italian families with IgA nephropathy: suggestive linkage for two novel IgA nephropathy loci. Am J Hum Genet 79(6):1130-1134
25. Breitfeld PP, Simmons CF Jr, Strous GJ, Geuze HJ, Schwartz AL (1985) Cell biology of the asialoglycoprotein receptor system: a model of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Int Rev Cytol 97:47-95
26. Buck KS, Barratt J, Feehally J, Smith AC (2003) Beta-1-3- galactosyltransferase activity in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:632A
27. Butcher EC, Picker LJ (1996) Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272(5258):60-66
28. Chao CC, Sandor M, Dailey MO (1994) Expression and regulation of adhesion molecules by gamma delta T cells from lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium. Eur J Immunol 24(12):3180-3187
29. Chen A, Chen WP, Sheu LF, Lin CY (1994) Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy: in vitro activation of human mesangial cells by IgA immune complex leads to cytokine secretion. J Pathol 173(2):119-126
30. Chintalacharuvu SR, Emancipator SN (1997) The glycosylation of IgA produced by murine B cells is altered by Th2 cytokines. J Immunol 159(5):2327-2333
31. Coppo R, Amore A (2004) Aberrant glycosylation in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Kidney Int 65(5):1544-1547
32. Coppo R, Amore A, Gianoglio B, Porcellini MG, Peruzzi L, Gusmano R, Giani M, Sereni F, Gianviti A, Rizzoni G et al (1995) Macromolecular IgA and abnormal IgA reactivity in sera from children with IgA nephropathy. Italian collaborative paediatric IgA nephropathy study. Clin Nephrol 43(1):1-13
33. Coppo R, Amore A, Gianoglio B, Reyna A, Peruzzi L, Roccatello D, Alessi D, Sena LM (1993) Serum IgA and macromolecular IgA reacting with mesangial matrix components. Contrib Nephrol 104:162-171
34. Cuevas X, Lloveras J, Mir M, Aubia J, Masramon J (1987) Disappearance of mesangial IgA deposits from the kidneys of two donors after transplantation. Transplant Proc 19(1 Pt 3):2208-2209
35. D'Amico G (2004) Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy and factors predictive of disease outcome. Semin Nephrol 24(3):179-196
36. Davin JC, Ten Berge IJ, Weening JJ (2001) What is the difference between IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis? Kidney Int 59(3):823-834
37. de Fijter JW, Eijgenraam JW, Braam CA, Holmgren J, Daha MR, van Es LA, van den Wall Bake AW (1996) Deficient IgA1 immune response to nasal cholera toxin subunit B in primary IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 50(3):952-961
38. Defrance T, Vanbervliet B, Briere F, Durand I, Rousset F, Banchereau J (1992) Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta cooperate to induce anti-CD40-activated naive human B cells to secrete immunoglobulin A. J Exp Med 175(3):671-682
39. Elangbam CS, Qualls CW Jr, Dahlgren RR (1997) Cell adhesion molecules-update. Vet Pathol 34(1):61-73
40. Endo M, Ohi H, Ohsawa I, Fujita T, Matsushita M (1998) Glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) indicates a novel mechanism of complement activation in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13(8):1984-1990
41. Feehally J (1988) Immune mechanisms in glomerular IgA deposition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3(4):361-78
42. Fortune F, Courteau M, Williams DG, Lehner T (1992) T and B cell responses following immunization with tetanus toxoid in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 88(1):62-67
43. Fujihashi K, Kweon MN, Kiyono H, VanCott JL, van Ginkel FW, Yamamoto M, McGhee JR (1997) A T cell/B cell/epithelial cell internet for mucosal inflammation and immunity. Springer Semin Immunopathol 18(4):477-494
44. Fujihashi K, McGhee JR, Kweon MN, Cooper MD, Tonegawa S, Takahashi I, Hiroi T, Mestecky J, Kiyono H (1996) gamma/delta T cell-deficient mice have impaired mucosal immunoglobulin A responses. J Exp Med 183(4):1929-1935
45. Fujii K, Muller KD, Clarkson AR, Woodroffe AJ (1990) The effect of IgA immune complexes on the proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells. Am J Kidney Dis 16(3):207-210
46. Gharavi AG, Yan Y, Scolari F, Schena FP, Frasca GM, Ghiggeri GM, Cooper K, Amoroso A, Viola BF, Battini G, Caridi G, Canova C, Farhi A, Subramanian V, Nelson-Williams C, Woodford S, Julian BA, Wyatt RJ, Lifton RP (2000) IgA nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis, is linked to 6q22-23. Nat Genet 26(3):354-357
47. Gomez-Guerrero C, Duque N, Egido J (1998) Mesangial cells possess an asialoglycoprotein receptor with affinity for human immunoglobulin A. J Am Soc Nephrol 9(4):568-576
48. Gomez-Guerrero C, Lopez-Armada MJ, Gonzalez E, Egido J (1994) Soluble IgA and IgG aggregates are catabolized by cultured rat mesangial cells and induce production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and proliferation. J Immunol 153(11):5247-5255
49. Grossetete B, Launay P, Lehuen A, Jungers P, Bach JF, Monteiro RC (1998) Down-regulation of Fc alpha receptors on blood cells of IgA nephropathy patients: evidence for a negative regulatory role of serum IgA. Kidney Int 53(5):1321-1335
50. Grossetete B, Viard JP, Lehuen A, Bach JF, Monteiro RC (1995) Impaired Fc alpha receptor expression is linked to increased immunoglobulin A levels and disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients. Aids 9(3):229-234
51. Harada T, Hobby P, Courteau M, Knight JF, Williams DG (1989) Charge distribution of plasma IgA in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 77(2):211-214
52. Harper SJ, Allen AC, Bene MC, Pringle JH, Faure G, Lauder I, Feehally J (1995) Increased dimeric IgA-producing B cells in tonsils in IgA nephropathy determined by in situ hybridization for J chain mRNA. Clin Exp Immunol 101(3):442-448
53. Harper SJ, Allen AC, Pringle JH, Feehally J (1996) Increased dimeric IgA producing B cells in the bone marrow in IgA nephropathy determined by in situ hybridisation for J chain mRNA. J Clin Pathol 49(1):38-42
54. Harper SJ, Pringle JH, Wicks AC, Hattersley J, Layward L, Allen A, Gillies A, Lauder I, Feehally J (1994) Expression of J chain mRNA in duodenal IgA plasma cells in IgA nephropathy. Kidney International 45(3):836-844
55. Hashim OH, Shuib AS, Chua CT (2001) The interaction of selective plant lectins with neuraminidase-treated and untreated IgA1 from the sera of IgA nephropathy patients. Immunol Invest 30(1):21-31
56. Hiemstra PS, Biewenga J, Gorter A, Stuurman ME, Faber A, van Es LA, Daha MR (1988) Activation of complement by human serum IgA, secretory IgA and IgA1 fragments. Mol Immunol 25(6):527-533
57. Hiki Y, Odani H, Takahashi M, Yasuda Y, Nishimoto A, Iwase H, Shinzato T, Kobayashi Y, Maeda K (2001) Mass spectrometry proves under-O-glycosylation of glomerular IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 59(3):1077-1085
58. Hiki Y, Saitoh M, Kobayashi Y (1991) Serum IgA class anti-IgA antibody in IgA nephropathy. Nephron 59(4):552-560
59. Hiki Y, Tanaka A, Kokubo T, Iwase H, Nishikido J, Hotta K, Kobayashi Y (1998) Analyses of IgA1 hinge glycopeptides in IgA nephropathy by matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Nephrol 9(4):577-582
60. Hisano S, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Endo Y, Takebayashi S (2001) Mesangial IgA2 deposits and lectin pathway-mediated complement activation in IgA glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 38(5):1082-1088
61. Horie A, Hiki Y, Odani H, Yasuda Y, Takahashi M, Kato M, Iwase H, Kobayashi Y, Nakashima I, Maeda K (2003) IgA1 molecules produced by tonsillar lymphocytes are under-O-glycosylated in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 42(3):486-496
62. Hotta O, Furuta T, Chiba S, Tomioka S, Taguma Y (2002) Regression of IgA nephropathy: a repeat biopsy study. Am J Kidney Dis 39(3):493-502
63. Itoh A, Iwase H, Takatani T, Nakamura I, Hayashi M, Oba K, Hiki Y, Kobayashi Y, Okamoto M (2003) Tonsillar IgA1 as a possible source of hypoglycosylated IgA1 in the serum of IgA nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18(6):1108-1114
64. Iwasaki H, Zhang Y, Tachibana K, Gotoh M, Kikuchi N, Kwon YD, Togayachi A, Kudo T, Kubota T, Narimatsu H (2003) Initiation of O-glycan synthesis in IgA1 hinge region is determined by a single enzyme, UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2. J Biol Chem 278(8):5613-5621
65. Iwase H, Tanaka A, Hiki Y, Kokubo T, Sano T, Ishii-Karakasa I, Toma K, Kobayashi Y, Hotta K (1999) Aggregated human serum immunoglobulin A1 induced by neuraminidase treatment had a lower number of O-linked sugar chains on the hinge portion. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 724(1):1-7
66. Iwase H, Yokozeki Y, Hiki Y, Tanaka A, Kokubo T, Sano T, Ishii-Karakasa I, Hisatani K, Kobayashi Y, Hotta K (1999) Human serum immunoglobulin G3 subclass bound preferentially to asialo-, agalactoimmunoglobulin A1/Sepharose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 264(2):424-429
67. Ju T, Brewer K, D'Souza A, Cummings RD, Canfield WM (2002) Cloning and expression of human core 1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 277(1):178-186
68. Ju T, Cummings RD (2005) Protein glycosylation: chaperone mutation in Tn syndrome. Nature 437(7063):1252
69. Ju T, Cummings RD (2002) A unique molecular chaperone Cosmc required for activity of the mammalian core 1 beta 3-galactosyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(26):16613-16618
70. Kennel-de March A, Bene MC, Renoult E, Kessler M, Faure GC, Kolopp-Sarda MN (1999) Enhanced expression of L-selectin on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 115(3):542-546
71. Kerr MA (1990) The structure and function of human IgA. Biochem J 271(2):285-296
72. Kobayashi I, Nogaki F, Kusano H, Ono T, Miyawaki S, Yoshida H, Muso E (2002) Interleukin-12 alters the physicochemical characteristics of serum and glomerular IgA and modifies glycosylation in a ddY mouse strain having high IgA levels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(12):2108-2116
73. Kokubo T, Hashizume K, Iwase H, Arai K, Tanaka A, Toma K, Hotta K, Kobayashi Y (2000) Humoral immunity against the proline-rich peptide epitope of the IgA1 hinge region in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15(1):28-33
74. Kokubo T, Hiki Y, Iwase H, Horii A, Tanaka A, Nishikido J, Hotta K, Kobayashi Y (1997) Evidence for involvement of IgA1 hinge glycopeptide in the IgA1-IgA1 interaction in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 8(6):915-919
75. Kokubo T, Hiki Y, Iwase H, Tanaka A, Toma K, Hotta K, Kobayashi Y (1998) Protective role of IgA1 glycans against IgA1 self-aggregation and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. J Am Soc Nephrol 9(11):2048-2054
76. Kriz W, Gretz N, Lemley KV (1998) Progression of glomerular diseases: is the podocyte the culprit? Kidney Int 54(3):687-697
77. Kunkel EJ, Butcher EC (2002) Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity 16(1):1-4
78. Lam CW, Chui SH, Leung NW, Li EK, Lai KN (1991) Light chain ratios of serum immunoglobulins in disease. Clin Biochem 24(3):283-287
79. Layward L, Allen AC, Harper SJ, Hattersley JM, Feehally J (1992) Increased and prolonged production of specific polymeric IgA after systemic immunization with tetanus toxoid in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 88(3):394-398
80. Layward L, Allen AC, Hattersley JM, Harper SJ, Feehally J (1993) Elevation of IgA in IgA nephropathy is localized in the serum and not saliva and is restricted to the IgA1 subclass. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8(1):25-28
81. Layward L, Allen AC, Hattersley JM, Harper SJ, Feehally J (1994) Low antibody affinity restricted to the IgA isotype in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 95(1):35-41
82. Layward L, Allen AC, Hattersley JM, Harper SJ, Feehally J (1995) Response to mucosal antigen challenge in IgA nephropathy. Exp Nephrol 3(5):300-307
83. Leung JC, Poon PY, Lai KN (1999) Increased sialylation of polymeric immunoglobulin A1: mechanism of selective glomerular deposition in immunoglobulin A nephropathy? J Lab Clin Med 133(2):152-160
84. Leung JC, Tang SC, Chan DT, Lui SL, Lai KN (2002) Increased sialylation of polymeric lambda-IgA1 in patients with IgA nephropathy. J Clin Lab Anal 16(1):11-19
85. Leung JC, Tang SC, Lam MF, Chan TM, Lai KN (2001) Charge-dependent binding of polymeric IgA1 to human mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 59(1):277-285
86. Leung JC, Tsang AW, Chan DT, Lai KN (2000) Absence of CD89, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and asialoglycoprotein receptor on human mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 11(2):241-249
87. Leung JC, Tsang AW, Chan LY, Tang SC, Lam MF, Lai KN (2002) Size-dependent binding of IgA to HepG2, U937, and human mesangial cells. J Lab Clin Med 140(6):398-406
88. Li GS, Zhang H, Lv JC, Shen Y, Wang HY (2007) Variants of C1GALT1 gene are associated with the genetic susceptibility to IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 71:448-453
89. Li HL, Hancock WW, Dowling JP, Atkins RC (1991) Activated (IL-2R) intraglomerular mononuclear cells in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 39(4):793-798
90. Linossier MT, Palle S, Berthoux F (2003) Different glycosylation profile of serum IgA1 in IgA nephropathy according to the glomerular basement membrane thickness: normal versus thin. Am J Kidney Dis 41(3):558-564
91. Lopez-Armada MJ, Gomez-Guerrero C, Egido J (1996) Receptors for immune complexes activate gene expression and synthesis of matrix proteins in cultured rat and human mesangial cells: role of TGF-beta. J Immunol 157(5):2136-2142
92. Lycke N (1998) T cell and cytokine regulation of the IgA response. Chem Immunol 71:209-234
93. Matousovic K, Novak J, Yanagihara T, Tomana M, Moldoveanu Z, Kulhavy R, Julian BA, Konecny K, Mestecky J (2006) IgA-containing immune complexes in the urine of IgA nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21(9):2478-2484
94. Matsuda M, Shikata K, Wada J, Sugimoto H, Shikata Y, Kawasaki T, Makino H (1998) Deposition of mannan binding protein and mannan binding protein-mediated complement activation in the glomeruli of patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephron 80(4):408-413
95. McDonald KJ, Cameron AJ, Allen JM, Jardine AG (2002) Expression of Fc alpha/mu receptor by human mesangial cells: a candidate receptor for immune complex deposition in IgA nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290(1):438-442
96. Meadow SR, Scott DG (1985) Berger disease: Henoch-Schonlein syndrome without the rash. J Pediatr 106(1):27-32
97. Moldoveanu Z, Wyatt RJ, Lee JY, Tomana M, Julian BA, Mestecky J, Huang WQ, Anreddy SR, Hall S, Hastings MC, Lau KK, Cook WJ, Novak J (2007) Patients with IgA nephropathy have increased serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels. Kidney Int 71:1148-1154
98. Moll S, Miot S, Sadallah S, Gudat F, Mihatsch MJ, Schifferli JA (2001) No complement receptor 1 stumps on podocytes in human glomerulopathies. Kidney Int 59(1):160-168
99. Monteiro RC, Chevailler A, Noel LH, Lesavre P (1988) Serum IgA preferentially binds to cationic polypeptides in IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 73(2):300-306
100. Monteiro RC, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Roque-Barreira MC, Noel LH, Berger J, Lesavre P (1985) Charge and size of mesangial IgA in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 28(4):666-671
101. Monteiro RC, Moura IC, Launay P, Tsuge T, Haddad E, Benhamou M, Cooper MD, Arcos-Fajardo M (2002) Pathogenic significance of IgA receptor interactions in IgA nephropathy. Trends Mol Med 8(10):464-468
102. Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, Sadaka C, Leroy V, Benhamou M, Novak J, Vrtovsnik F, Haddad E, Chintalacharuvu KR, Monteiro RC (2004) Glycosylation and size of IgA1 are essential for interaction with mesangial transferrin receptor in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 15(3):622-634
103. Moura IC, Centelles MN, Arcos-Fajardo M, Malheiros DM, Collawn JF, Cooper MD, Monteiro RC (2001) Identification of the transferrin receptor as a novel immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 receptor and its enhanced expression on mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy. J Exp Med 194(4):417-425
104. Nakamura I, Iwase H, Arai K, Nagai Y, Toma K, Katsumata T, Hiki Y, Kokubo T, Sano T, Kobayashi Y (2004) Detection of gender difference and epitope specificity of IgG antibody activity against IgA1 hinge portion in IgA nephropathy patients by using synthetic hinge peptide and glycopeptide probes. Nephrology (Carlton) 9(1):26-30
105. Nakamura I, Iwase H, Ohba Y, Hiki Y, Katsumata T, Kobayashi Y (2002) Quantitative analysis of IgA1 binding protein prepared from human serum by hypoglycosylated IgA1/Sepharose affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 776(1):101-106
106. Nishie T, Miyaishi O, Azuma H, Kameyama A, Naruse C, Hashimoto N, Yokoyama H, Narimatsu H, Wada T, Asano M (2007) Development of immunoglobulin a nephropathy- like disease in {beta}-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I-deficient mice. Am J Pathol 170(2):447-456
107. Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Renfrow MB, Yanagihara T, Suzuki H, Raska M, Hall S, Brown R, Huang WQ, Goepfert A, Kilian M, Poulsen K, Tomana M, Wyatt RJ, Julian BA, Mestecky J (2007) IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis: aberrant glycosylation of IgA1, formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes, and activation of mesangial cells. Contrib Nephrol 157:134-138
108. Novak J, Tomana M, Matousovic K, Brown R, Hall S, Novak L, Julian BA, Wyatt RJ, Mestecky J (2005) IgA1-containing immune complexes in IgA nephropathy differentially affect proliferation of mesangial cells. Kidney Int 67(2):504-513
109. Olive C, Allen AC, Harper SJ, Wicks AC, Feehally J, Falk MC (1997) Expression of the mucosal gamma delta T cell receptor V region repertoire in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 52(4):1047-1053
110. Oortwijn BD, Roos A, Royle L, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, Faber-Krol MC, Eijgenraam JW, Dwek RA, Daha MR, Rudd PM, van Kooten C (2006) Differential glycosylation of polymeric and monomeric IgA: a possible role in glomerular inflammation in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 17(12):3529-3539
111. Oortwijn BD, van der Boog PJ, Roos A, van der Geest RN, de Fijter JW, Daha MR, van Kooten C (2006) A pathogenic role for secretory IgA in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 69(7):1131-1138
112. Osborn L (1990) Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium in inflammation. Cell 62(1):3-6
113. Paynter HE, Banks RA (1998) Evolution of IgA nephropathy into Henoch-Schoenlein purpura in an adult. Clin Nephrol 49(2):121-123
114. Peruzzi L, Amore A, Cirina P, Trusolino L, Basso G, Ricotti E, Emancipator SN, Marchisio PC, Coppo R (2000) Integrin expression and IgA nephropathy: in vitro modulation by IgA with altered glycosylation and macromolecular IgA. Kidney Int 58(6):2331-2340
115. Qin W, Zhou Q, Yang LC, Li Z, Su BH, Luo H, Fan JM (2005) Peripheral B lymphocyte beta1,3-galactosyltransferase and chaperone expression in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. J Intern Med 258(5):467-477
116. Rifai A, Fadden K, Morrison SL, Chintalacharuvu KR (2000) The N-glycans determine the differential blood clearance and hepatic uptake of human immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 and IgA2 isotypes. J Exp Med 191(12):2171-2182
117. Rifai A, Schena FP, Montinaro V, Mele M, D'Addabbo A, Nitti L, Pezzullo JC (1989) Clearance kinetics and fate of macromolecular IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy. Lab Invest 61(4):381-388
118. Rigby S, Dailey MO (2000) Traffic of L-selectin-negative T cells to sites of inflammation. Eur J Immunol 30(1):98-107
119. Roodnat JI, de Fijter JW, van Kooten C, Daha MR, van Es LA (1999) Decreased IgA1 response after primary oral immunization with live typhoid vaccine in primary IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14(2):353-359
120. Roos A, Bouwman LH, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, Faber-Krol MC, Stahl GL, Daha MR (2001) Human IgA activates the complement system via the mannan-binding lectin pathway. J Immunol 167(5):2861-2868
121. Roos A, Rastaldi MP, Calvaresi N, Oortwijn BD, Schlagwein N, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, Stahl GL, Matsushita M, Fujita T, van Kooten C, Daha MR (2006) Glomerular activation of the lectin pathway of complement in IgA nephropathy is associated with more severe renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 17(6):1724-1734
122. Rosen SD (2004) Ligands for L-selectin: homing, inflammation, and beyond. Annu Rev Immunol 22:129-156
123. Rott LS, Briskin MJ, Andrew DP, Berg EL, Butcher EC (1996) A fundamental subdivision of circulating lymphocytes defined by adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Comparison with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and correlation with beta 7 integrins and memory differentiation. J Immunol 156(10):3727-3736
124. Royle L, Roos A, Harvey DJ, Wormald MR, van Gijlswijk-Janssen D, Redwan el RM, Wilson IA, Daha MR, Dwek RA, Rudd PM (2003) Secretory IgA N- and O-glycans provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. J Biol Chem 278(22):20140-20153
125. Sanfilippo F, Croker BP, Bollinger RR (1982) Fate of four cadaveric donor renal allografts with mesangial IgA deposits. Transplantation 33(4):370-376
126. Schena FP, Scivittaro V, Ranieri E, Sinico R, Benuzzi S, Di Cillo M, Aventaggiato L (1993) Abnormalities of the IgA immune system in members of unrelated pedigrees from patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 92(1):139-144
127. Schietinger A, Philip M, Yoshida BA, Azadi P, Liu H, Meredith SC, Schreiber H (2006) A mutant chaperone converts a wild-type protein into a tumor-specific antigen. Science 314(5797):304-308
128. Schweighoffer T, Tanaka Y, Tidswell M, Erle DJ, Horgan KJ, Luce GE, Lazarovits AI, Buck D, Shaw S (1993) Selective expression of integrin alpha 4 beta 7 on a subset of human CD4+memory T cells with Hallmarks of gut-trophism. J Immunol 151(2):717-729
129. Smith AC, de Wolff JF, Molyneux K, Feehally J, Barratt J (2006) O-glycosylation of serum IgD in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 17(4):1192-1199
130. Smith AC, Molyneux K, Feehally J, Barratt J (2006) O-glycosylation of serum IgA1 antibodies against mucosal and systemic antigens in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 17(12):3520-3528
131. Stad RK, Bruijn JA, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, van Es LA, Daha MR (1993) An acute model for IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation in rats induced by monoclonal polymeric rat IgA antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 92(3):514-521
132. Suzuki K, Honda K, Tanabe K, Toma H, Nihei H, Yamaguchi Y (2003) Incidence of latent mesangial IgA deposition in renal allograft donors in Japan. Kidney Int 63(6):2286-2294
133. Takatani T, Iwase H, Itoh A, Nakamura I, Hayashi M, Sakamoto H, Kamata K, Kobayashi Y, Hiki Y, Okamoto M, Higashihara M (2004) Compositional similarity between immunoglobulins binding to asialo-, agalacto-IgA1-Sepharose and those deposited in glomeruli in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 17(5):679-686
134. Tarelli E, Smith AC, Hendry BM, Challacombe SJ, Pouria S (2004) Human serum IgA1 is substituted with up to six O-glycans as shown by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 339(13):2329-2335
135. Tarkowski M, Pacheco KA, Rosenwasser LJ (2000) The effect of antigen stimulation on alpha(4), beta(1) and beta(7) chain integrin expression and function in CD4+cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 121(1):25-33
136. Tomana M, Matousovic K, Julian BA, Radl J, Konecny K, Mestecky J (1997) Galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera of IgA nephropathy patients is present in complexes with IgG. Kidney Int 52(2):509-516
137. Tomana M, Novak J, Julian BA, Matousovic K, Konecny K, Mestecky J (1999) Circulating immune complexes in IgA nephropathy consist of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge region and antiglycan antibodies. J Clin Invest 104(1):73-81
138. Tomino Y (2007) Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 157:1-7
139. Tomino Y, Endoh M, Nomoto Y, Sakai H (1982) Specificity of eluted antibody from renal tissues of patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1(5):276-280
140. van den Wall Bake AW, Beyer WE, Evers-Schouten JH, Hermans J, Daha MR, Masurel N, van Es LA (1989) Humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in patients with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy. An analysis of isotype distribution and size of the influenza-specific antibodies. J Clin Invest 84(4):1070-1075
141. van den Wall Bake AW, Daha MR, Evers-Schouten J, van Es LA (1988) Serum IgA and the production of IgA by peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocytes in patients with primary IgA nephropathy: evidence for the bone marrow as the source of mesangial IgA. Am J Kidney Dis 12(5):410-414
142. van der Boog PJ, van Kooten C, de Fijter JW, Daha MR (2005) Role of macromolecular IgA in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 67(3):813-821
143. Van Dixhoorn MG, Sato T, Muizert Y, Van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, De Heer E, Daha MR (2000) Combined glomerular deposition of polymeric rat IgA and IgG aggravates renal inflammation. Kidney Int 58(1):90-99
144. van Egmond M, van Garderen E, van Spriel AB, Damen CA, van Amersfoort ES, van Zandbergen G, van Hattum J, Kuiper J, van de Winkel JG (2000) FcalphaRI-positive liver Kupffer cells: reappraisal of the function of immunoglobulin A in immunity. Nat Med 6(6):680-685
145. van Zandbergen G, van Kooten C, Mohamad NK, Reterink TJ, de Fijter JW, van de Winkel JG, Daha MR (1998) Reduced binding of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from patients with primary IgA nephropathy to the myeloid IgA Fc-receptor, CD89. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13(12):3058-3064
146. Wang Y, Zhao MH, Zhang YK, Li XM, Wang HY (2004) Binding capacity and pathophysiological effects of IgA1 from patients with IgA nephropathy on human glomerular mesangial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 136(1):168-175
147. Westberg NG, Baklien K, Schmekel B, Gillberg R, Brandtzaeg P (1983) Quantitation of immunoglobulin-producing cells in small intestinal mucosa of patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 26(3):442-445
148. Westerhuis R, Van Zandbergen G, Verhagen NA, Klar-Mohamad N, Daha MR, van Kooten C (1999) Human mesangial cells in culture and in kidney sections fail to express Fc alpha receptor (CD89). J Am Soc Nephrol 10(4):770-778
149. Wiedle G, Dunon D, Imhof BA (2001) Current concepts in lymphocyte homing and recirculation. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 38(1):1-31
150. Wiercinski R, Zoch-Zwierz W, Stasiak-Barmuta A, Wasilewska A, Tomaszewska B, Winiecka W (2004) Assessment of selected adhesion molecules and lymphocyte subpopulations in children with IgA nephropathy. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 49:106-110
151. Wyatt RJ (1993) The complement system in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura: functional and genetic aspects. Contrib Nephrol 104:82-91
152. Xu LX, Yan Y, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao MH (2005) The glycans deficiencies of macromolecular IgA1 is a contributory factor of variable pathological phenotypes of IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 142(3):569-575
153. Xu LX, Zhao MH (2005) Aberrantly glycosylated serum IgA1 are closely associated with pathologic phenotypes of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 68(1):167-172
154. Yan Y, Xu LX, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao MH (2006) Self-aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 with or without IgG were associated with the development of IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 144(1):17-24
155. Yoshioka K, Takemura T, Aya N, Akano N, Miyamoto H, Maki S (1989) Monocyte infiltration and cross-linked fibrin deposition in IgA nephritis and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis. Clin Nephrol 32(3):107-112
156. Zhang W, Lachmann PJ (1994) Glycosylation of IgA is required for optimal activation of the alternative complement pathway by immune complexes. Immunology 81(1):137-141