Statins-Treatment Option for Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease?

Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 693-700

  Weber, Martin S ^a   Steinman, Lawrence ^b   Zamvil, Scott S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; immunomodulatory agents; Multiple sclerosis; novel therapy; statins

Indexed keywords

5 AMINOIMIDAZOLE 4 CARBOXAMIDE 1 BETA DEXTRO RIBOFURANOSIDE; ATORVASTATIN; BETA1A INTERFERON; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; GELATINASE B; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; MEVALONIC ACID; MEVINOLIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENZYME INHIBITION; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; KIDNEY FAILURE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANIMALS; DEMYELINATING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, CNS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; MICE;

EID: 34848896981     PISSN: 19337213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.08.004     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ginsberg H.N. Effects of statins on triglyceride metabolism. Am J Cardiol 81 (1998) 32B-35B
2. Goldstein J.L., and Brown M.S. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343 (1990) 425-430
3. Zhang F.L., and Casey P.J. Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Annu Rev Biochem 65 (1996) 241-269
4. Takai Y., Sasaki T., and Matozaki T. Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev 81 (2001) 153-208
5. Zamvil S.S., and Steinman L. The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Ann. Rev. Immunol 8 (1990) 579-621
6. Kornek B., Storch M.K., Weissert R., et al. Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions. Am J Pathol 157 (2000) 267-276
7. Youssef S., Stuve O., Patarroyo J.C., et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature 420 (2002) 78-84
8. Aktas O., Waiczies S., Smorodchenko A., et al. Treatment of relapsing paralysis in experimental encephalomyelitis by targeting Th1 cells through atorvastatin. J Exp Med 197 (2003) 725-733
9. Stanislaus R., Gilg A.G., Singh A.K., and Singh I. Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rats by Lovastatin. Neurosci Lett 333 (2002) 167-170
10. Greenwood J., Walters C.E., Pryce G., et al. Lovastatin inhibits brain endothelial cell Rho-mediated lymphocyte migration and attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Faseb J 17 (2003) 905-907
11. Kwak B., Mulhaupt F., Myit S., and Mach F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med 6 (2000) 1399-1402
12. Sadeghi M.M., Tiglio A., Sadigh K., et al. Inhibition of interferon-gamma-mediated microvascular endothelial cell major histocompatibility complex class II gene activation by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Transplantation 71 (2001) 1262-1268
13. Dustin M.L., and Shaw A.S. Costimulation: building an immunological synapse. Science 283 (1999) 649-650
14. Yilmaz A., Reiss C., Tantawi O., Weng A., Stumpf C., Raaz D., et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suppress maturation of human dendritic cells: new implications for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 172 (2004) 85-93
15. Stuve O., Youssef S., Weber M.S., et al. Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 1037-1044
16. Waiczies S., Prozorovski T., Infante-Duarte C., et al. Atorvastatin induces T cell anergy via phosphorylation of ERK1. J Immunol 174 (2005) 5630-5635
17. Abbas A.K., Murphy K.M., and Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 383 (1996) 787-793
18. Bettelli E., Carrier Y., Gao W., et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441 (2006) 235-238
19. Steinman L. A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13 (2007) 139-145
20. Viglietta V., Baecher-Allan C., Weiner H.L., and Hafler D.A. Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 199 (2004) 971-979
21. Nath N., Giri S., Prasad R., Singh A.K., and Singh I. Potential targets of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor for multiple sclerosis therapy. J Immunol 172 (2004) 1273-1286
22. Ho I.C., and Glimcher L.H. Transcription: tantalizing times for T cells. Cell 109 Suppl (2002) S109-S120
23. Murphy K.M., and Reiner S.L. The lineage decisions of helper T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2 (2002) 933-944
24. Robinson D.S., and O'Garra A. Further checkpoints in Th1 development. Immunity 16 (2002) 755-758
25. Gegg M.E., Harry R., Hankey D., et al. Suppression of autoimmune retinal disease by lovastatin does not require Th2 cytokine induction. J Immunol 174 (2005) 2327-2335
26. Leung B.P., Sattar N., Crilly A., et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for simvastatin in inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 170 (2003) 1524-1530
27. Cannella B., and Raine C.S. The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 37 (1995) 424-435
28. Weitz-Schmidt G., Welzenbach K., Brinkmann V., et al. Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nat Med 7 (2001) 687-692
29. Weber C., Erl W., Weber K.S., and Weber P.C. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease CD11b expression and CD11b-dependent adhesion of monocytes to endothelium and reduce increased adhesiveness of monocytes isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 (1997) 1212-1217
30. Chung H.K., Lee I.K., Kang H., et al. Statin inhibits interferon-gamma-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Exp Mol Med 34 (2002) 451-461
31. Doo Y.C., Han S.J., Han S.W., et al. Effect of preexisting statin use on expression of C-reactive protein, adhesion molecules, interleukin-6, and antioxidized low-density lipoprotein antibody in patients with unstable angina undergoing coronary stenting. Clin Cardiol 28 (2005) 72-76
32. Prasad R., Giri S., Nath N., Singh I., and Singh A.K. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3 kinase-Akt (protein kinase B)-nuclear factor-kappa B pathway by lovastatin limits endothelial-monocyte cell interaction. J Neurochem 94 (2005) 204-214
33. Greenwood J., Steinman L., and Zamvil S. Statin therapy in autoimmunity: From protein prenylation to immunomodulation. Nat Rev Immunol 6 (2006) 358
34. Etienne S., Adamson P., Greenwood J., Strosberg A.D., Cazaubon S., and Couraud P.O. ICAM-1 signaling pathways associated with Rho activation in microvascular brain endothelial cells. J Immunol 161 (1998) 5755-5761
35. Adamson P., Etienne S., Couraud P.O., Calder V., and Greenwood J. Lymphocyte migration through brain endothelial cell monolayers involves signaling through endothelial ICAM-1 via a rho-dependent pathway. J Immunol 162 (1999) 2964-2973
36. Etienne-Manneville S., Manneville J.B., Adamson P., Wilbourn B., Greenwood J., and Couraud P.O. ICAM-1-coupled cytoskeletal rearrangements and transendothelial lymphocyte migration involve intracellular calcium signaling in brain endothelial cell lines. J Immunol 165 (2000) 3375-3383
37. Adamson P., Wilbourn B., Etienne-Manneville S., et al. Lymphocyte trafficking through the blood-brain barrier is dependent on endothelial cell heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. Faseb J 16 (2002) 1185-1194
38. Walters C.E., Pryce G., Hankey D.J., et al. Inhibition of Rho GTPases with protein prenyltransferase inhibitors prevents leukocyte recruitment to the central nervous system and attenuates clinical signs of disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 168 (2002) 4087-4094
39. Yong V.W., Krekoski C.A., Forsyth P.A., Bell R., and Edwards D.R. Matrix metalloproteinases and diseases of the CNS. Trends Neurosci 21 (1998) 75-80
40. Ganne F., Vasse M., Beaudeux J.L., et al. Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits urokinase/urokinase-receptor expression and MMP-9 secretion by peripheral blood monocytes-a possible protective mechanism against atherothrombosis. Thromb Haemost 84 (2000) 680-688
41. Bellosta S., Via D., Canavesi M., et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998) 1671-1678
42. Wong B., Lumma W.C., Smith A.M., Sisko J.T., Wright S.D., and Cai T.Q. Statins suppress THP-1 cell migration and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by inhibiting geranylgeranylation. J Leukoc Biol 69 (2001) 959-962
43. Sena A., Pedrosa R., and Graca Morais M. Therapeutic potential of lovastatin in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 250 (2003) 754-755
44. Vollmer T., Key L., Durkalski V., et al. Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 363 (2004) 1607-1608
45. McCarey D.W., McInnes I.B., Madhok R., et al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 363 (2004) 2015-2021
46. Neuhaus O., Farina C., Wekerle H., and Hohlfeld R. Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 56 (2001) 702-708
47. Duda P.W., Schmied M.C., Cook S.L., Krieger J.I., and Hafler D.A. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 105 (2000) 967-976
48. Kim H.J., Ifergan I., Antel J.P., et al. Type 2 monocyte and microglia differentiation mediated by glatiramer acetate therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 172 (2004) 7144-7153
49. Weber M.S., Starck M., Wagenpfeil S., Meinl E., Hohlfeld R., and Farina C. Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate inhibits monocyte reactivity in vitro and in vivo. Brain 127 Pt 6 (2004) 1370-1378
50. Paintlia A.S., Paintlia M.K., Singh I., and Singh A.K. Immunomodulatory effect of combination therapy with lovastatin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside alleviates neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 169 (2006) 1012-1025
51. Birnbaum I G.A. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of atorvastatin in combination with subcutaneous interferon-beat 1a in persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 68 (2007) A206
52. Zacco A., Togo J., Spence K., et al. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors protect cortical neurons from excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 23 (2003) 11104-11111
53. Paintlia A.S., Paintlia M.K., Khan M., Vollmer T., Singh A.K., and Singh I. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor augments survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in animal model of multiple sclerosis. Faseb J 19 (2005) 1407-1421
54. Wolozin B., Kellman W., Ruosseau P., Celesia G.G., and Siegel G. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch Neurol 57 (2000) 1439-1443
55. Jick H., Zornberg G.L., Jick S.S., Seshadri S., and Drachman D.A. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356 (2000) 1627-1631
56. Sparks D.L., Sabbagh M.N., Connor D.J., et al. Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Arch Neurol 62 (2005) 753-757
57. Sparks D.L., Scheff S.W., Hunsaker III J.C., Liu H., Landers T., and Gross D.R. Induction of Alzheimer-like beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol 126 (1994) 88-94
58. Refolo L.M., Malester B., LaFrancois J., et al. Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer's amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 7 (2000) 321-331
59. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 21 (2000) 383-421
60. Crisby M., Nordin-Fredriksson G., Shah P.K., Yano J., Zhu J., and Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation 103 (2001) 926-933
61. Endres M., Laufs U., Huang Z., et al. Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 8880-8885
62. Notarbartolo A., Davi G., Averna M., et al. Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 247-251
63. Chen J., Zhang Z.G., Li Y., et al. Statins induce angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis after stroke. Ann Neurol 53 (2003) 743-751
64. Amarenco P., and Tonkin A.M. Statins for stroke prevention: disappointment and hope. Circulation 109 23 Suppl 1 (2004) III44-III49
65. Sever P.S., Dahlof B., Poulter N.R., et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361 (2003) 1149-1158
66. Amarenco P. Effect of statins in stroke prevention. Curr Opin Lipidol 16 (2005) 614-618
67. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344 (1994) 1383-1389
68. Jukema J.W., Bruschke A.V., van Boven A.J., et al. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 91 (1995) 2528-2540
69. Begolka W.S., Vanderlugt C.L., Rahbe S.M., and Miller S.D. Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines parallels progression of central nervous system pathology in two clinically distinct models of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 161 (1998) 4437-4446
70. Graham D.J., Staffa J.A., Shatin D., et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 292 (2004) 2585-2590
71. Gaist D., Jeppesen U., Andersen M., Garcia Rodriguez L.A., Hallas J., and Sindrup S.H. Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: a case-control study. Neurology 58 (2002) 1333-1337
72. Gaist D., Garcia Rodriguez L.A., Huerta C., Hallas J., and Sindrup S.H. Are users of lipid-lowering drugs at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy?. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56 (2001) 931-933