Genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for xylose fermentation

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 425-441

  Chu, Byron C H ^a   Lee, Hung ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioethanol; Biomass conversion; Fermentation; Metabolic engineering; Pentose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Xylitol; Xylose

Indexed keywords

BIOETHANOL; BIOMASS CONVERSION;

BIOCONVERSION; FERMENTATION; FORESTRY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; XYLOSE;

YEAST;

ALCOHOL; XYLOSE;

BIOFUEL; BIOMASS; CELLULOSE; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM; YEAST;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMASS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHEMICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETICS; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

BIOMASS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, CHEMICAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; XYLOSE;

FERMENTATION; FORESTRY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; PENTOSES; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; XYLITOL; XYLOSE;

SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 34447286236     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Amore R., Wilhelm M., and Hollenberg C.P. The fermentation of xylose - an analysis of the expression of Bacillus and Actinoplanes xylose isomerase genes in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 30 (1989) 351-357
2. Amore R., Kotter P., Kuster C., Ciriacy M., and Hollenberg C.P. Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase-encoding gene (XYL1) from the xylose-assimilating yeast Pichia stipitis. Gene 109 (1991) 89-97
3. Anderlund M., Nissen T.L., Nielsen J., Villadsen J., Rydstrom J., Hahn-Hägerdal B., et al. Expression of the Escherichia coli pntA and pntB genes, encoding nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its effect on product formation during anaerobic glucose fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 (1999) 2333-2340
4. Anderlund M., Radstrom P., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Expression of bifunctional enzymes with xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alters product formation during xylose fermentation. Metab Eng 3 (2001) 226-235
5. Aristidou A., and Penttila M. Metabolic engineering applications to renewable resource utilization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11 (2000) 187-198
6. Attfield P.V., and Bell P.J. Use of population genetics to derive nonrecombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that grow using xylose as a sole carbon source. FEMS Yeast Res 6 (2006) 862-868
7. Barnett J.A. The utilization of sugars by yeasts. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 32 (1976) 125-234
8. Batista A.S., Miletti L.C., and Stambuk B.U. Sucrose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking hexose transport. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 8 (2004) 26-33
9. Batt C.A., Carvallo S., Easson D.D., Akedo M., and Sinskey A.J. Direct evidence for a xylose metabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 28 (1986) 549-553
10. Bicho P.A., Runnals P.L., Cunningham J.D., and Lee H. Induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis on mixed sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 (1988) 50-54
11. Bisson L.F. High-affinity glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is under general glucose repression control. J Bacteriol 170 (1988) 4838-4845
12. Bisson L.F., and Fraenkel D.G. Expression of kinase-dependent glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 159 (1984) 1013-1017
13. Bisson L.F., Coons D.M., Kruckeberg A.L., and Lewis D.A. Yeast sugar transporters. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 28 (1993) 259-308
14. Boles E., and Hollenberg C.P. The molecular genetics of hexose transport in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 21 (1997) 85-111
15. Boles E., Lehnert W., and Zimmermann F.K. The role of the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in restoring growth on glucose of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoglucose isomerase mutant. Eur J Biochem 217 (1993) 469-477
16. Bruinenberg P.M. The NADP(H) redox couple in yeast metabolism. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 52 (1986) 411-429
17. Bruinenberg P.M., Debot P.H.M., Vandijken J.P., and Scheffers W.A. The role of redox balances in the anaerobic fermentation of xylose by yeasts. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 18 (1983) 287-292
18. Bruinenberg P.M., Vandijken J.P., and Scheffers W.A. A theoretical analysis of NADPH production and consumption in yeasts. J Gen Microbiol 129 (1983) 953-964
19. Bruinenberg P.M., Debot P.H.M., Vandijken J.P., and Scheffers W.A. NADH-linked aldose reductase - the key to anaerobic alcoholic fermentation of xylose by yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19 (1984) 256-260
20. Busturia A., and Lagunas R. Catabolite inactivation of the glucose transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 132 (1986) 379-385
21. Chandrakant P., and Bisaria V.S. Simultaneous bioconversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 18 (1998) 295-331
22. Chang S.F., and Ho N.W. Cloning the yeast xylulokinase gene for the improvement of xylose fermentation. Scientific note. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 17 (1988) 313-318
23. Deng X.X., and Ho N.W. Xylulokinase activity in various yeasts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the cloned xylulokinase gene. Scientific note. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 24-25 (1990) 193-199
24. Diderich J.A., Schepper M., van Hoek P., Luttik M.A., van Dijken J.P., Pronk J.T., et al. Glucose uptake kinetics and transcription of HXT genes in chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 15350-15359
25. Ditzelmuller G., Kubicek C.P., Wohrer W., and Rohr M. Xylitol dehydrogenase from Pachysolen tannophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25 (1984) 195-198
26. Ditzelmuller G., Kubicek C.P., Wohrer W., and Rohr M. Xylose metabolism in Pachysolen tannophilus - purification and properties of xylose reductase. Can J Microbiol 30 (1984) 1330-1336
27. Ditzelmuller G., Kubicekpranz E.M., Rohr M., and Kubicek C.P. NADPH-specific and NADH-specific xylose reduction is catalyzed by 2 separate enzymes in Pachysolen tannophilus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 22 (1985) 297-299
28. Does A.L., and Bisson L.F. Characterization of xylose uptake in the yeasts Pichia heedii and Pichia stipitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 (1989) 159-164
29. Does A.L., and Bisson L.F. Isolation and characterization of Pichia heedii mutants defective in xylose uptake. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 (1990) 3321-3328
30. Du Preez J.C. Process parameters and environmental factors affecting d-xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 16 (1994) 944-956
31. Du Preez J.C., Bosch M., and Prior B.A. The fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars by Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23 (1986) 228-233
32. Du Preez J.C., Vandriessel B., and Prior B.A. Effect of aerobiosis on fermentation and key enzyme levels during growth of Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae and Candida tenuis on d-xylose. Arch Microbiol 152 (1989) 143-147
33. Eliasson A., Christensson C., Wahlbom C.F., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Anaerobic xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying XYL1, XYL2, and XKS1 in mineral medium chemostat cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 (2000) 3381-3386
34. Ford G., and Ellis E.M. Three aldo-keto reductases of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Biol Interact 130-132 (2001) 685-698
35. Garay-Arroyo A., and Covarrubias A.A. Three genes whose expression is induced by stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15 (1999) 879-892
36. Gardonyi M., Jeppsson M., Liden G., Gorwa-Grauslund M.F., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Control of xylose consumption by xylose transport in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 82 (2003) 818-824
37. Girio F.M., Pelica F., and AmaralCollaco M.T. Characterization of xylitol dehydrogenase from Debaryomyces hansenii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 56 (1996) 79-87
38. Gong C.S., Cao N.J., Du J., and Tsao G.T. Ethanol production from renewable resources. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 65 (1999) 207-241
39. Habenicht A., Motejadded H., Kiess M., Wegerer A., and Mattes R. Xylose utilisation: cloning and characterisation of the xylitol dehydrogenase from Galactocandida mastotermitis. J Biol Chem 380 (1999) 1405-1411
40. Hahn-Hägerdal B., Linden T., Senac T., and Skoog K. Ethanolic fermentation of pentoses in lignocellulose hydrolysates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 28-29 (1991) 131-144
41. Hahn-Hägerdal B., Jeppsson H., Skoog K., and Prior B.A. Biochemistry and physiology of xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb Technol 16 (1994) 933-943
42. Hahn-Hägerdal B., Karhumaa K., Fonseca C., Spencer-Martins I., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Towards industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74 (2007) 937-953
43. Hallborn J., Walfridsson M., Airaksinen U., Ojamo H., Hahn-Hägerdal B., Penttila M., et al. Xylitol production by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology (N Y) 9 (1991) 1090-1095
44. Hamacher T., Becker J., Gardonyi M., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Boles E. Characterization of the xylose-transporting properties of yeast hexose transporters and their influence on xylose utilization. Microbiology 148 (2002) 2783-2788
45. Harhangi H.R., Akhmanova A.S., Emmens R., van der Drift C., De Laat W.T.A.M., van Dijken J.P., et al. Xylose metabolism in the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp strain E2 follows the bacterial pathway. Arch Microbiol 180 (2003) 134-141
46. Helle S.S., Murray A., Lam J., Cameron D.R., and Duff S.J.B. Xylose fermentation by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae 259ST in spent sulfite liquor. Bioresour Technol 92 (2004) 163-171
47. Ho N.W.Y., Stevis P., Rosenfeld S., Huang J.J., and Tsao G.T. Expression of the Escherichia coli xylose isomerase gene by a yeast promoter. Biotechnol Bioeng (1983) 245-250
48. Ho N.W., Chen Z., and Brainard A.P. Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 (1998) 1852-1859
49. Jeffries T.W., and Jin Y.S. Ethanol and thermotolerance in the bioconversion of xylose by yeasts. Adv Appl Microbiol 47 (2000) 221-268
50. Jeffries T.W., and Jin Y.S. Metabolic engineering for improved fermentation of pentoses by yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63 (2004) 495-509
51. Jeong E.Y., Sopher C., Kim I.S., and Lee H. Mutational study of the role of tyrosine-49 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae xylose reductase. Yeast 18 (2001) 1081-1089
52. Jeong E.Y., Kim I.S., and Lee H. Identification of lysine-78 as an essential residue in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae xylose reductase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 209 (2002) 223-228
53. Jeppsson M., Johansson B., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Reduced oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux in recombinant xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains improves the ethanol yield from xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 (2002) 1604-1609
54. Jeppsson M., Träff K., Johansson B., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Effect of enhanced xylose reductase activity on xylose consumption and product distribution in xylose-fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 3 (2003) 167-175
55. Jeppsson M., Bengtsson O., Franke K., Lee H., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. The expression of a Pichia stipitis xylose reductase mutant with higher K(M) for NADPH increases ethanol production from xylose in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 93 (2006) 665-673
56. Jin Y.S., and Jeffries T.W. Changing flux of xylose metabolites by altering expression of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105-108 (2003) 277-286
57. Jin Y.S., Laplaza J.M., and Jeffries T.W. Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for xylose metabolism exhibits a respiratory response. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 (2004) 6816-6825
58. Johansson B., Christensson C., Hobley T., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Xylulokinase overexpression in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae also expressing xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase and its effect on fermentation of xylose and lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 (2001) 4249-4255
59. Karhumaa K., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Investigation of limiting metabolic steps in the utilization of xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae using metabolic engineering. Yeast 22 (2005) 359-368
60. Karhumaa K., Fromanger R., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. High activity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase improves xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73 (2007) 1039-1046
61. Karhumaa K., Garcia S.R., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Comparison of the xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase and the xylose isomerase pathways for xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 6 (2007) 5
62. Kilian S.G., and Vanuden N. Transport of xylose and glucose in the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 27 (1988) 545-548
63. Kostrzynska M., Sopher C.R., and Lee H. Mutational analysis of the role of the conserved lysine-270 in the Pichia stipitis xylose reductase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 159 (1998) 107-112
64. Kotter P., and Ciriacy M. Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38 (1993) 776-783
65. Kruckeberg A.L. The hexose transporter family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch Microbiol 166 (1996) 283-292
66. Kuhn A., van Zyl C., van Tonder A., and Prior B.A. Purification and partial characterization of an aldo-keto reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 (1995) 1580-1585
67. Kuyper M., Harhangi H.R., Stave A.K., Winkler A.A., Jetten M.S., de Laat W.T., et al. High-level functional expression of a fungal xylose isomerase: the key to efficient ethanolic fermentation of xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae?. FEMS Yeast Res 4 (2003) 69-78
68. Kuyper M., Winkler A.A., van Dijken J.P., and Pronk J.T. Minimal metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation: a proof of principle. FEMS Yeast Res 4 (2004) 655-664
69. Kuyper M., Hartog M.M., Toirkens M.J., Almering M.J., Winkler A.A., van Dijken J.P., et al. Metabolic engineering of a xylose-isomerase-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for rapid anaerobic xylose fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 5 (2005) 399-409
70. Lang J.M., and Cirillo V.P. Glucose transport in a kinaseless Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. J Bacteriol 169 (1987) 2932-2937
71. Laplace J.M., Delgenes J.P., Moletta R., and Navarro J.M. Alcoholic fermentation of glucose and xylose by Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis - oxygen requirement as a key factor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 36 (1991) 158-162
72. Leandro M.J., Goncalves P., and Spencer-Martins I. Two glucose/xylose transporter genes from the yeast Candida intermedia: first molecular characterization of a yeast xylose-H+ symporter. Biochem J 395 (2006) 543-549
73. Lee W.J., Kim M.D., Ryu Y.W., Bisson L.F., and Seo J.H. Kinetic studies on glucose and xylose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60 (2002) 186-191
74. Ligthelm M.E., Prior B.A., Du Preez J.C., and Brandt V. An investigation of d-(1-C-13) xylose metabolism in Pichia stipitis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 28 (1988) 293-296
75. Lonn A., Gardonyi M., van Zyl W., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Otero R.C. Cold adaptation of xylose isomerase from Thermus thermophilus through random PCR mutagenesis. Gene cloning and protein characterization. Eur J Biochem 269 (2002) 157-163
76. Lucas C., and Vanuden N. Transport of hemicellulose monomers in the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida shehatae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 23 (1986) 491-495
77. Lunzer R., Mamnun Y., Haltrich D., Kulbe K.D., and Nidetzky B. Structural and functional properties of a yeast xylitol dehydrogenase, a Zn2+-containing metalloenzyme similar to medium-chain sorbitol dehydrogenases. Biochem J 336 Pt 1 (1998) 91-99
78. Mahmourides G., Lee H., Maki N., and Schneider H. Ethanol accumulation in cultures of Pachysolen tannophilus on d-xylose is associated with a transition to a state of low oxygen consumption. Biotechnology 3 (1985) 59-62
79. Maleszka R., and Schneider H. Concurrent production and consumption of ethanol by cultures of Pachysolen tannophilus growing on d-xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 44 (1982) 909-912
80. Mishra P., and Singh A. Microbial pentose utilization. Adv Appl Microbiol 39 (1993) 91-152
81. Moes C.J., Pretorius I.S., and vanZyl W.H. Cloning and expression of the Clostridium thermosulfurogenes d-xylose isomerase gene (xylA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 18 (1996) 269-274
82. Moniruzzaman M., Dien B.S., Skory C.D., Chen Z.D., Hespell R.B., Ho N.W.Y., et al. Fermentation of corn fibre sugars by an engineered xylose utilizing Saccharomyces yeast strain. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 13 (1997) 341-346
83. Muller S., Boles E., May M., and Zimmermann F.K. Different internal metabolites trigger the induction of glycolytic gene-expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 177 (1995) 4517-4519
84. National Renewable Energy Laboratory USDoE. Softwood biomass to ethanol feasibility study. SR-580-27310. 2004. Ref Type: Report.
85. Neirinck L.G., Maleszka R., and Schneider H. The requirement of oxygen for incorporation of carbon from d-xylose and d-glucose by Pachysolen tannophilus. Arch Biochem Biophys 228 (1984) 13-21
86. Nidetzky B., Helmer H., Klimacek M., Lunzer R., and Mayer G. Characterization of recombinant xylitol dehydrogenase from Galactocandida mastotermitis expressed in Escherichia coli. Chem Biol Interact 143 (2003) 533-542
87. Nissen T.L., Anderlund M., Nielsen J., Villadsen J., and Kielland-Brandt M.C. Expression of a cytoplasmic transhydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in formation of 2-oxoglutarate due to depletion of the NADPH pool. Yeast 18 (2001) 19-32
88. Ostergaard S., Olsson L., and Nielsen J. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64 (2000) 34-50
89. Pitkanen J.P., Rintala E., Aristidou A., Ruohonen L., and Penttila M. Xylose chemostat isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show altered metabolite and enzyme levels compared with xylose, glucose, and ethanol metabolism of the original strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67 (2005) 827-837
90. Ramos J., Szkutnicka K., and Cirillo V.P. Relationship between low-and high-affinity glucose transport systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 170 (1988) 5375-5377
91. Richard P., Toivari M.H., and Penttila M. Evidence that the gene YLR070c of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a xylitol dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 457 (1999) 135-138
92. Richard P., Toivari M.H., and Penttila M. The role of xylulokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae xylulose catabolism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 190 (2000) 39-43
93. Rizzi M., Harwart K., Buithanh N.A., and Dellweg H. A kinetic-study of the NAD+-xylitol dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia stipitis. J Ferment Bioeng 67 (1989) 25-30
94. Rizzi M., Harwart K., Erlemann P., Buithanh N.A., and Dellweg H. Purification and properties of the NAD+-xylitol dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia stipitis. J Ferment Bioeng 67 (1989) 20-24
95. Rodriguez-Pena J.M., Cid V.J., Arroyo J., and Nombela C. The YGR194c (XKS1) gene encodes the xylulokinase from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162 (1998) 155-160
96. Saleh A.A., Watanabe S., Annaluru N., Kodaki T., and Makino K. Construction of various mutants of xylose metabolizing enzymes for efficient conversion of biomass to ethanol. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) (2006) 279-280
97. Sarthy A.V., Mcconaughy B.L., Lobo Z., Sundstrom J.A., Furlong C.E., and Hall B.D. Expression of the Escherichia coli xylose isomerase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 (1987) 1996-2000
98. Schneider H., Wang P.Y., Chan Y.K., and Maleszka R. Conversion of d-xylose into ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol Lett 3 (1981) 89-92
99. Sedlak M., and Ho N.W. Characterization of the effectiveness of hexose transporters for transporting xylose during glucose and xylose co-fermentation by a recombinant Saccharomyces yeast. Yeast 21 (2004) 671-684
100. Senac T., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Intermediary metabolite concentrations in xylulose- and glucose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 (1990) 120-126
101. Sene L., Felipe M.G., Silva S.S., and Vitolo M. Preliminary kinetic characterization of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase extracted from Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 cultivated in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate for xylitol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91-93 (2001) 671-680
102. Serrano R., and Delafuente G. Regulatory properties of the constitutive hexose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biochem 5 (1974) 161-171
103. Skoog K., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Effect of oxygenation on xylose fermentation by Pichia stipitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 (1990) 3389-3394
104. Skoog K., Jeppsson H., and HahnHägerdal B. The effect of oxygenation on glucose fermentation with Pichia stipitis - Scientific Note. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 34-5 (1992) 369-375
105. Slininger P.J., Bothast R.J., Vancauwenberge J.E., and Kurtzman C.P. Conversion of d-xylose to ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol Bioeng 24 (1982) 371-384
106. Slininger P.J., Bothast R.J., Okos M.R., and Ladisch M.R. Comparative evaluation of ethanol production by xylose-fermenting yeasts presented high xylose concentrations. Biotechnol Lett 7 (1985) 431-436
107. Sonderegger M., and Sauer U. Evolutionary engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for anaerobic growth on xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 1990-1998
108. Stephanopoulos G. Challenges in engineering microbes for biofuels production. Science 315 (2007) 801-804
109. Stevis P.E., and Ho N.W.Y. Construction of yeast xylulokinase mutant by recombinant DNA techniques. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 20 (1989) 327-334
110. Takamizawa K., Uchida S., Hatsu M., Suzuki T., and Kawai K. Development of a xylitol biosensor composed of xylitol dehydrogenase and diaphorase. Can J Microbiol 46 (2000) 350-357
111. Takuma S., Nakashima N., Tantirungkij M., Kinoshita S., Okada H., Seki T., et al. Isolation of xylose reductase gene of Pichia stipitis and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 28-29 (1991) 327-340
112. Tantirungkij M., Seki T., and Yoshida T. Genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from xylose. Ann N Y Acad Sci 721 (1994) 138-147
113. Toivari M.H., Aristidou A., Ruohonen L., and Penttila M. Conversion of xylose to ethanol by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae: importance of xylulokinase (XKS1) and oxygen availability. Metab Eng 3 (2001) 236-249
114. Toivari M.H., Salusjarvi L., Ruohonen L., and Penttila M. Endogenous xylose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 (2004) 3681-3686
115. Träff K.L., Otero Cordero R.R., van Zyl W.H., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Deletion of the GRE3 aldose reductase gene and its influence on xylose metabolism in recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the xylA and XKS1 genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 (2001) 5668-5674
116. Träff-Bjerre K.L., Jeppsson M., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Gorwa-Grauslund M.F. Endogenous NADPH-dependent aldose reductase activity influences product formation during xylose consumption in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 21 (2004) 141-150
117. van Maris A.J.A., Abbott D.A., Bellissimi E., van den Brink J., Kuyper M., Luttik M.A.H., et al. Alcoholic fermentation of carbon sources in biomass hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: current status. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 90 (2006) 391-418
118. van Urk H., Postma E., Scheffers W.A., and van Dijken J.P. Glucose transport in crabtree-positive and crabtree-negative yeasts. J Gen Microbiol 135 (1989) 2399-2406
119. van Zyl C., Prior B.A., Kilian S.G., and Kock J.L. d-xylose utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 135 (1989) 2791-2798
120. van Zyl W.H., Eliasson A., Hobley T., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Xylose utilisation by recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on different carbon sources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52 (1999) 829-833
121. Verduyn C., Van Kleef R., Frank J., Schreuder H., van Dijken J.P., and Scheffers W.A. Properties of the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase from the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. Biochem J 226 (1985) 669-677
122. Verduyn C., Postma E., Scheffers W.A., and Van Dijken J.P. Effect of benzoic acid on metabolic fluxes in yeasts: a continuous-culture study on the regulation of respiration and alcoholic fermentation. Yeast 8 (1992) 501-517
123. Verho R., Londesborough J., Penttila M., and Richard P. Engineering redox cofactor regeneration for improved pentose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 5892-5897
124. Wahlbom C.F., Cordero Otero R.R., van Zyl W.H., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Jonsson L.J. Molecular analysis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with improved ability to utilize xylose shows enhanced expression of proteins involved in transport, initial xylose metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 740-746
125. Wahlbom C.F., van Zyl W.H., Jonsson L.J., Hahn-Hägerdal B., and Otero R.R. Generation of the improved recombinant xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB 3400 by random mutagenesis and physiological comparison with Pichia stipitis CBS 6054. FEMS Yeast Res 3 (2003) 319-326
126. Walfridsson M., Hallborn J., Penttila M., Keranen S., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Xylose-metabolizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing the TKL1 and TAL1 genes encoding the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes transketolase and transaldolase. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 (1995) 4184-4190
127. Walfridsson M., Bao X., Anderlund M., Lilius G., Bulow L., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Ethanolic fermentation of xylose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the Thermus thermophilus xylA gene, which expresses an active xylose (glucose) isomerase. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (1996) 4648-4651
128. Walsh M.C., Smits H.P., Scholte M., Smits G., and van Dam K. Rapid kinetics of glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 39 (1994) 557-559
129. Wang P.Y., and Schneider H. Growth of yeasts on d-xylulose 1. Can J Microbiol 26 (1980) 1165-1168
130. Watson N.E., Prior B.A., Du Preez J.C., and Lategan P.M. Oxygen requirements for d-xylose fermentation to ethanol and polyols by Pachysolen tannophilus. Enzyme Microb Technol 6 (1984) 447-450
131. Webb S.R., and Lee H. Regulation of d-xylose utilization by hexoses in pentose-fermenting yeasts. Biotechnol Adv 8 (1990) 685-697
132. Weierstall T., Hollenberg C.P., and Boles E. Cloning and characterization of three genes (SUT1-3) encoding glucose transporters of the yeast Pichia stipitis. Mol Microbiol 31 (1999) 871-883
133. Wieczorke R., Krampe S., Weierstall T., Freidel K., Hollenberg C.P., and Boles E. Concurrent knock-out of at least 20 transporter genes is required to block uptake of hexoses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 464 (1999) 123-128
134. Yablochkova E.N., Bolotnikova O.I., Mikhailova N.P., Nemova N.N., and Ginak A.I. Specific features of fermentation of d-xylose and d-glucose by xylose-assimilating yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 39 (2003) 265-269
135. Yamanaka K. Inhibition of d-xylose isomerase by pentitols and d-lyxose. Arch Biochem Biophys 131 (1969) 502-506
136. Yang V.W., and Jeffries T.W. Purification and properties of xylitol dehydrogenase from the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida shehatae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 26 (1990) 197-206
137. Yu S., Jeppsson H., and Hahn-Hägerdal B. Xylulose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and xylose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44 (1995) 314-320